Provided by: grass-doc_7.0.3-1build1_all 
NAME
v.kernel - Generates a raster density map from vector points map.
Density is computed using a moving kernel. Optionally generates a vector density map on a vector network.
KEYWORDS
vector, kernel density, point density, heatmap, hotspot
SYNOPSIS
v.kernel
v.kernel --help
v.kernel [-oqnm] input=name [net=name] output=name radius=float [dsize=float] [segmax=float]
[distmax=float] [multiplier=float] [node=string] [kernel=string] [--help] [--verbose] [--quiet]
[--ui]
Flags:
-o
Try to calculate an optimal radius with given ’radius’ taken as maximum (experimental)
-q
Only calculate optimal radius and exit (no map is written)
-n
In network mode, normalize values by sum of density multiplied by length of each segment. Integral
over the output map then gives 1.0 * mult
-m
In network mode, multiply the result by number of input points
--help
Print usage summary
--verbose
Verbose module output
--quiet
Quiet module output
--ui
Force launching GUI dialog
Parameters:
input=name [required]
Name of input vector map with training points
net=name
Name of input network vector map
output=name [required]
Name for output raster/vector map
Outputs vector map if network map is given, otherwise raster map
radius=float [required]
Kernel radius in map units
dsize=float
Discretization error in map units
Default: 0.
segmax=float
Maximum length of segment on network
Default: 100.
distmax=float
Maximum distance from point to network
Default: 100.
multiplier=float
Multiply the density result by this number
Default: 1.
node=string
Node method
Options: none, split
Default: none
none: No method applied at nodes with more than 2 arcs
split: Equal split (Okabe 2009) applied at nodes
kernel=string
Kernel function
Options: uniform, triangular, epanechnikov, quartic, triweight, gaussian, cosine
Default: gaussian
DESCRIPTION
v.kernel generates a raster density map from vector points data using a moving kernel. Available kernel
density functions are uniform, triangular, epanechnikov, quartic, triweight, gaussian, cosine, default is
gaussian.
The module can also generate a vector density map on a vector network. Conventional kernel functions
produce biased estimates by overestimating the densities around network nodes, whereas the equal split
method of Okabe et al. (2009) produces unbiased density estimates. The equal split method uses the kernel
function selected with the kernel option and can be enabled with node=split.
NOTES
The multiplier option is needed to overcome the limitation that the resulting density in case of a vector
map output is stored as category (integer). The density result stored as category may be multiplied by
this number.
For the gaussian kernel, standard deviation for the gaussian function is set to 1/4 of the radius.
With the -o flag (experimental) the command tries to calculate an optimal radius. The value of radius is
taken as maximum value. The radius is calculated based on the gaussian function, using ALL points, not
just those in the current region.
LIMITATIONS
The module only considers the presence of points, but not (yet) any attribute values.
REFERENCES
• Okabe, A., Satoh, T., Sugihara, K. (2009). A kernel density estimation method for networks, its
computational method and a GIS-based tool. International Journal of Geographical Information
Science, Vol 23(1), pp. 7-32.
DOI: 10.1080/13658810802475491
SEE ALSO
v.surf.rst
AUTHORS
Stefano Menegon, ITC-irst, Trento, Italy
Radim Blazek (additional kernel density functions and network part)
Last changed: $Date: 2015-08-13 18:32:08 +0200 (Thu, 13 Aug 2015) $
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