Provided by: libembperl-perl_2.5.0-6_amd64 
NAME
Embperl - Building dynamic Websites with Perl
SYNOPSIS
For a list of available Embperl documentation please view Embperl::TOC with perldoc(1) or
man(1). If Embperl is not yet installed, have a look at perldoc TOC.pod in the
distribution archive.
DESCRIPTION
Embperl is a framework for building websites with Perl.
For the beginner it's any easy to setup and use way of embedding Perl code in HTML pages.
It delivers several features that ease the task of creating a websites, including dynamic
tables, formfield-processing, escaping/unescaping, session handling, caching and more.
If your demands grows it gives you the power to make your Web site object-oriented and
build it out of small reusable components. If you don't like the idea of mixing up all
your layout and code Embperl supports separating it in different objects (e.g. createing
an MVC application). Of course Embperl doesn't ties you to HTML, it allows components to
be from different source formats (e.g. HTML, WML, XML, POD, ...) and if necessary
transforms it (for example via XSLT) to other output formats. This is achieved by diving
the output generation in small steps, where each is processed by a plugable provider.
Advanced user can create their own syntax definitions (for example tag libraries) and
extent Embperl by writing their own providers and much more
IMPORTANT: This document describes the syntax and several features of Embperl. Please
read also perldoc Config.pod, which describes how to configure Embperl and how to access
the different Embperl objects and their data. Also take a look at perldoc Embperl::Object
to learn how to use Embperl page as objects.
Additionally there are a few introductions documents should consider to read: Intro.pod,
IntroEmbperl2.pod and IntroEmbperlObject.pod.
SYNTAX
Embperl understands two categories of commands. The first one are special Embperl
commands, and the second category consists of some HTML tags which can trigger special
processing. Embperl commands can span multiple lines and need not start or end at a line
boundary.
Before the special Embperl commands are processed, and for the VALUE attribute of the
INPUT tag (see below), all HTML tags are removed and special HTML characters are
translated to their ASCII values (e.g., `<' is translated to `<'). You can avoid this
behavior by preceding the special character or HTML tag with a backslash. This is done in
case your favorite (WYSIWYG) HTML editor inserts tags like line breaks or formatting into
your Embperl commands where you don't want them.
All Embperl commands start with a `[' and end with a `]'. To get a real `[' you must
enter `[['.
Embperl does not use SGML comments (i.e., <! ... !> or similar things) because some HTML
editors can't create them, or it's much more complicated. Since every HTML editor takes
(or should take) `[' and `]' as normal text, there should be no problem.
[+ Perl code +]
Replace the command with the result you get from evaluating the Perl code. The Perl code
can be anything which can be used as an argument to a Perl eval statement. (See
"(Safe-)Namespaces and opcode restrictions" below for restrictions.) Examples:
[+ $a +] Replaces the [+ $a +] with the content of
the variable $a
[+ $a+1 +] (Any expression can be used)
[+ $x[$i] +] (Arrays, hashes, and more complex
expressions work)
"NOTE:" Whitespace is ignored. The output will be automatically HTML-escaped (e.g., `<'
is translated to `<') depending on the value of the variables $escmode. You do not
have to worry about it.
[- Perl code -]
Executes the Perl code, but deletes the whole command from the HTML output.
Examples:
[- $a=1 -] Set the variable $a to one.
No output will be generated.
[- use SomeModule ; -] You can use other modules. NOTE the semicolon!
[- $i=0; while ($i<5) {$i++} -] Even more complex
statements or multiple
statements are possible.
"NOTE:" Statements like if, while, for, etc., must be contained in a single Embperl
command. You cannot have the if in one command block and the terminating `}' or else in
another.
"NOTE:" To define subroutines, use "[! Perl Code !]" (see below) instead of [- ... -] to
avoid recompilation of the subroutine on every request.
[! Perl Code !]
Same as [- Perl Code -] with the exception that the code is only executed at the first
request. This could be used to define subroutines, or do one-time initialization.
[* Perl code *]
(only version 1.2b2 or higher) EXPERIMENTAL!
This is similar to [- Perl Code -]. The main difference is, while [- Perl Code -] always
has its own scope, all [* Perl code *] blocks runs in the same scope. This allows you to
define "local" variables with a scope of the whole page. Normally, you don't need to use
local, because Embperl takes care of separate namespaces of different documents and
cleanup after the request is finished, but in special cases it's necessary. For example,
if you want to recursively call an Embperl document via Execute.
There is a second reason to use the [* Perl code *] instead of the [- Perl Code -]. If you
like to use perl's control structures. Perl's if, while, for etc. can not span mulitple [-
Perl Code -] blocks, but it can span multiple [* Perl Code *].
Example:
[* foreach $i (1..10) { *]
[- $a = $i + 5 -]
loop count + 5 = [+ $a +] <br>
[* } *]
The following B<won't> work:
[- foreach $i (1..10) { -]
some text here <br>
[- } -]
The same can be done with Embperl meta commands (see below)
[$ foreach $i (1..10) $]
[- $a = $i + 5 -]
loop count + 5 = [+ $a +] <br>
[$ endforeach $]
NOTE 1: [* ... *] blocks _must_ always end with a ;,{ or }
NOTE 2: [* ... *] cannot apear inside a html tag that is interpreted by Embperl (unless
you disable the interpretation of such tags like table, input etc.)
NOTE 3: There are still benefits of using [- ... -] and metacommands:
- much better debugging in the log file.
- no restriction on where they can be used. You can use them anywhere; even inside html
tags that are interpreted by Embperl.
[# Some Text #] (Comments)
(only version 1.2b2 or higher)
This is a comment block. Everything between the [# and the #] will be removed from the
output.
NOTE 1: The [* ... *] blocks are interpreted before the comment block, so they are
executed also inside a comment.
NOTE 2: Everything (except [* ... *]) is really removed from the source, so you can also
use the [# ... #] block to take a part out of your document.
[= =] (Internationalisation)
Defines a string which should be translated into a local language. See
Internationalisation (I18N) for details.
[$ Cmd Arg $] (Meta-Commands)
Execute an Embperl metacommand. Cmd can be one of the following. (Arg varies depending
on <Cmd>).
if, elsif, else, endif
Everything following the if metacommand until the else, elsif, or endif is only output
if the Perl expression given in Arg is true. else and elsif work similarly.
Example:
[$ if $ENV{REQUEST_METHOD} eq 'GET' $]
Method was GET<BR>
[$ else $]
Method other than GET used<BR>
[$ endif $]
This will send one of the two sentences to the client, depending on the request method
used to retrieve the document.
while, endwhile
Executes a loop until the Arg given to while is false.
Example: (see eg/x/loop.htm)
[- $i = 0; @k = keys %ENV -]
[$ while ($i < $#k) $]
[+ $k[$i] +] = [+ $ENV{$k[$i]} +]<BR>
[- $i++ -]
[$ endwhile $]
This will send a list of all environment variables to the client.
do, until
Executes a loop until the Arg given to until is true.
Example:
[- $i = 0 -]
[$ do $]
[+ $i++ +] <BR>
[$ until $i > 10 $]
foreach, endforeach
Executes a loop for each element of the second Arg, setting the first Arg accordingly.
Example:
[- @arr = (1, 3, 5) -]
[$ foreach $v (@arr) $]
[+ $v +] <BR>
[$ endforeach $]
next
Inside of looks same as Perl next statement. You could also use the following syntax,
which allows you to add an addtional condition (or any other Perl code):
[* next if ($foo) *]
last
Inside of looks same as Perl last statement. You could also use the following syntax,
which allows you to add an addtional condition (or any other Perl code):
[* last if ($foo) *]
redo
Inside of looks same as Perl redo statement. You could also use the following syntax,
which allows you to add an addtional condition (or any other Perl code):
[* redo if ($foo) *]
hidden
Arg consists of zero, one or two names of hashes (with or without the leading %) and
an optional array as third parameter. The hidden metacommand will generate hidden
fields for all data contained in the first hash but not in the second hash. The
default used for the first hash is %fdat, %idat is used for the second.
If the third parameter is specified, the fields are written in the order they appear
in this array. That is, all keys of the first hash must be properly sorted in this
array. This is intended for situations where you want to pass data from one form to
the next, for example, two forms which should be filled in one after the other.
(Examples might be an input form and a second form to review and accept the input, or
a Windows-style "wizard"). Here you can pass along data from previous forms in hidden
fields. (See eg/x/neu.htm for an example.) If you use just the 'hidden' command
without parameters, it simply generates hidden fields for all form fields submitted to
this document which aren't already contained in another input field.
Example:
<FORM ACTION="inhalt.htm" METHOD="GET">
<INPUT TYPE="TEXT" NAME="field1">
[$ hidden $]
</FORM>
If you request this with
http://host/doc.htm?field1=A&field2=B&field3=C
the output will be
<FORM ACTION="inhalt.htm" METHOD="GET">
<INPUT TYPE="TEXT" NAME="feld1" VALUE="A">
<INPUT TYPE="HIDDEN" NAME="field2" VALUE="B">
<INPUT TYPE="HIDDEN" NAME="field3" VALUE="C">
</FORM>
"NOTE:" This should only be used for a small amount of data, since the hidden fields
are sent to the browser, which sends it back with the next request. If you have a
large amount of data, store it in a file with a unique name and send only the filename
in a hidden field. Be aware of the fact that the data can be changed by the browser
if the user doesn't behave exactly as you expect. Users have a nasty habit of doing
this all of the time. Your program should be able to handle such situations properly.
var The var command declares one or more variables for use within this Embperl document
and sets the strict pragma. The variable names must be supplied as a space-separated
list.
Example:
[$var $a %b @c $]
This is the same as writing the following in normal Perl code:
use strict ;
use vars qw($a %b @c) ;
NOTE 1: `use strict' within an Embperl document will only apply to the block in which
it occurs.
sub (Only Embperl 1.2b5 and above)
Defines a Embperl subroutine. Example:
[$ sub foo $]
<p> Here we do something </p>
[$ endsub $]
You can call this subroutine either as a normal Perl subroutine
[- foo -]
or via the Embperl::Execute function.
[- Execute ('#foo') # short form -]
[- Execute ({ sub => 'foo'}) # long form -]
The difference is that the Execute function will reset the internal states of Embperl
like they were before the subrountine call, when the subroutine returns.
You may also pass Parameters to the subroutine:
[$ sub foo $]
[- $p = shift -]
<p> Here we show the first parameter [+ $p +]</p>
[$ endsub $]
[- foo ('value') -]
In Embperl 2.0.2 and up you can use a shortcut syntax for passing parameters:
[$ sub foo ($p) $]
<p> Here we show the first parameter [+ $p +]</p>
[$ endsub $]
This behaves the same as the example above, but in addition the parameters defined in
this way are lexcialy scoped and therefore only available inside the subroutine.
In addtion you can define some initial Perl code for the subroutine:
[$ sub foo ($a, $b)
my $c = $a + $b ;
$]
<p> The result is [+ $c +]</p>
[$ endsub $]
If you have a couple of commonly used subroutines you can define then in one file and
import them into the modules where they are necessary:
[- Execute ({ inputfile => 'mylib.htm', import => 1 }) -]
This will import all subroutines from the file mylib.htm into the current page where
they could call just as a normal Perl subroutine.
dump
Embperl 2.1.1 and above.
"dump" can be used to output the values of variables either to the output or to
logfiles. The first parameter specifies the output channel:
out Output to the page output
pre Same as "out", but suround with a <pre> tag. This is the default, if the output
parameter is omitted.
log Output to embperl log file
err Output to stderr, which normally goes to the httpd error log.
If the output parameter is omitted, "pre" is assumed.
The following parameter can be a literal text (in quotes) or a list of variables.
Example:
[$ dump err 'dump test', %fdat $]
[$ dump %fdat, $i, @array $]
HTML Tags
Embperl recognizes the following HTML tags in a special way. All others are simply passed
through, as long as they are not part of a Embperl command.
TABLE, /TABLE, TR, /TR
Embperl can generate dynamic tables (one- or two-dimensional). You only need to
specify one row or column.
Embperl generates as many rows or columns as necessary. This is done by using the
magic variables $row, $col, and $cnt. If you don't use $row/$col/$cnt within a table,
Embperl does nothing and simply passes the table through.
Embperl checks if any of $row, $col, or $cnt is used. Embperl repeats all text
between <table> and </table>, as long as the expressions in which $row or $cnt occurs
are defined.
Embperl repeats all text between <tr> and </tr>, as long as the expressions in which
$col or $cnt occurs are defined.
See also "$tabmode" (below) for end-of-table criteria.
Examples: (see eg/x/table.htm for more examples)
[- @k = keys %ENV -]
<TABLE>
<TR>
<TD>[+ $i=$row +]</TD>
<TD>[+ $k[$row] +]</TD>
<TD>[+ $ENV{$k[$i]} +]</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
This will show all entries in array @k (which contains the keys from %ENV), so the
whole environment is displayed (as in the while example), with the first column
containing the zero-based index, the second containing the content of the variable
name, and the third the environment variable's value.
This could be used to display the result of a database query if you have the result in
an array. You may provide as many columns as you need. It is also possible to call a
'fetch' subroutine in each table row.
DIR, MENU, OL, UL, DL, SELECT, /DIR, /MENU, /OL, /UL, /DL, /SELECT
Lists and dropdowns or list boxes are treated exactly as one- dimensional tables.
Only "$row", "$maxrow", "$col", "$maxcol" and "$tabmode" are honored. $col and
$maxcol are ignored. See eg/x/lists.htm for an example.
OPTION
Embperl checks if there is a value from the form data for a specific option in a menu.
If so, this option will be pre-selected.
Example:
<FORM METHOD="POST">
<P>Select Tag</P>
If you request this document with list.htm?SEL1=x
you can specify that the element which has a value
of x is initially selected
<P><SELECT NAME="SEL1">
<OPTION VALUE="[+ $v[$row] +]">
[+ $k[$row] +]
</OPTION>
</SELECT></P>
</FORM>
INPUT
The INPUT tag interacts with the hashes %idat and %fdat. If the input tag has no
value and a key exists with the same text as the NAME attribute of the input tag,
Embperl will generate a VALUE attribute with the corresponding value of the hash key.
All values of <INPUT> tags are stored in the hash %idat, with NAME as the hash key and
VALUE as the hash value. Special processing is done for TYPE=RADIO and TYPE=CHECKBOX.
If the VALUE attribute contains the same text as the value of the hash the CHECKED
attribute is inserted, else it is removed.
So, if you specify, as the ACTION URL, the file which contains the form itself, the
form will be redisplayed with same values as entered the first time. (See eg/x/neu.htm
for an example.)
TEXTAREA, /TEXTAREA
The "TEXTAREA" tag is treated exactly like other input fields.
META HTTP-EQUIV=
<meta http-equiv= ... > will over-ride the corresponding http header. This keeps
Netscape from asking the user to reload the document when the content-type differs
between the http header and the meta http-equiv.
This can also be used to set http headers. When running under mod_perl http-headers
can also be set by the function header_out
Example of how to set a http header:
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Language" CONTENT="DE">
This is the same as using the Apache function
[- $req_rec -> header_out("Language" => "DE"); -]
A, EMBED, IMG, IFRAME, FRAME, LAYER
The output of perl blocks inside the "HREF" attribute of the "A" Tags and the "SRC"
attribute of the other Tags are URL escaped instead of HTML escaped. (see also
$escmode). Also, when inside such a URL, Embperl expands array and hash references to
URL parameter syntax. Example:
[-
$A = { A => 1, B => 2 } ; # Hashreference
@A = (X, 9, Y, 8, Z, 7)
-]
<A HREF="http://localhost/tests?[+ $A +]">
<A HREF="http://localhost/tests?[+ \@A +]">
is expanded by Embperl to
<A HREF="http://localhost/tests?A=1&B=2">
<A HREF="http://localhost/tests?X=9&Y=8&Z=7">
Variable scope and cleanup
The scope of a variable declared with my or local ends at the end of the enclosing [+/-
... -/+] block; the [+/- ... -/+] blocks act much like Perl's { ... } in that regard.
Global variables (everything not declared with my or local) will be undef'ed at the end of
each request, so you don't need to worry about any old variables laying around and causing
suspicious results. This is only done for variables in the package the code is eval'ed in
-- every variable that does not have an explicit package name. All variables with an
explicit package name (i.e., in modules you use) will stay valid until the httpd child
process dies. Embperl will change the current package to a unique name for every
document, so the influence between different documents is kept to a minimum. You can set
the name of the package with EMBPERL_PACKAGE. (See also "(Safe-)Namespaces and opcode
restrictions".)
Since a CGI script is always a process of its own, you don't need to worry about that when
you use Embperl as a CGI script.
If you need to declare variables which need to live longer than just one HTTP request (for
example, a database handle), you must either put it's name in the hash %CLEANUP or declare
them in another package (i.e., $Persistent::handle instead of $handle).
If you want to use the strict pragma, you can do this by using the var metacommand to
declare your variables.
"NOTE:" Bacause Apache::DBI has its own namespace, this module will work together with
Embperl to maintain your persistent database connection.
You can disable the automatic cleanup of global variables with EMBPERL_OPTIONS or the
cleanup parameter of the Execute function.
You can define exceptions to the cleanup rule with the hash %CLEANUP.
If you like to do your own cleanup you can define a subroutine CLEANUP in your document.
This will be called right before the variables are cleaned up, but after the connection to
the client is closed.
EXAMPLE:
[! sub CLEANUP { close FH ; } !]
Predefined variables
Embperl has some special variables which have a predefined meaning.
%ENV
Contains the environment as seen from a CGI script.
$epreq
Contains a reference to the Embperl request object. This is the same as adding "$epreq =
shift" at the top of each page.
$epapp
Contains a reference to the Embperl application object. This is the same as "$epreq -"
app> would return.
%fdat
Contains all the form data sent to the script by the calling form. The NAME attribute
builds the key and the VALUE attribute is used as the hash value. Embperl doesn't care if
it is called with the GET or POST method, but there may be restrictions on the length of
parameters using GET -- not from Embperl, but perhaps from the web server, especially if
you're using Embperl's CGI mode -- it is safer to use POST.
If multiple fields with the same name are sent to a Embperl page, they will put in the
same hash element and separated be tabs. You can split it up in an array, by writing:
@array = split (/\t/, $fdat{'fieldname'}) ;
Embperl also supports ENCTYPE multipart/form-data, which is used for file uploads. The
entry in %fdat corresponding to the file field will be a filehandle, as with CGI.pm.
(Embperl uses CGI.pm internally to process forms encoded with multipart/form-data.)
File upload example:
HTML page:
<FORM METHOD="POST" ENCTYPE="multipart/form-data">
<INPUT TYPE="FILE" NAME="ImageName">
</FORM>
Embperl ACTION:
[- if (defined $fdat{ImageName}) {
open FILE, "> /tmp/file.$$";
print FILE $buffer
while read($fdat{ImageName}, $buffer, 32768);
close FILE;
}
-]
When you have installed CGI.pm 2.46 or above, you may also retrieve the filename (local
filename, as it was on the browser side) and the information provided by the CGI.pm
uploadInfo function. To get the filename, simply print out the value of the corresponding
%fdat entry, instead of using it as a filehandle. To get the uploadInfo use the fieldname
with a dash in front of it:
Example:
# ImageName is the NAME of the field, you must replace it with whatever
# name is given in your HTML code
Filename: [+ $fdat{ImageName} +] <br>
Content-Type: [+ $fdat{-ImageName} -> {'Content-Type'} +] <br>
NOTE: The way uploadInfos are accessed before 1.2b11 is not supported anymore.
NOTE: This works the other way as well: any input fields with names that are %fdat keys,
and without values, will have their values automatically set to the appropriate %fdat
value. See "HTML Tags" "INPUT/OPTION/TEXTAREA".
@ffld
Contains all the field names in the order in which they were sent by the browser. This is
normally -- but not necessarily -- the order in which they appear in your form.
%idat
Contains all the values from all input tags processed so far.
%udat (only 1.2b1 or higher)
You can use %udat to store per user data. As long as you don't use %udat, nothing happens,
but as soon as you write anything to %udat, Embperl creates a session id and sends it via
a cookie to the browser. The data you have written to %udat is stored by Apache::Session.
The next time the same user request an Embperl page, the browser sends the cookie with the
session id back and Embperl fills the %udat hash from Apache::Session with the same values
as you have stored for that user. (See also "Session handling")
%mdat (only 1.2b2 or higher)
You can use %mdat to store per module/page data. As long as you don't use %mdat, nothing
happens, but as soon as you write anything to %mdat, Embperl creates a session id and
stores the data via Apache::Session. The next time any user hits the same Embperl page,
Embperl fill the %mdat hash from Apache::Session with the same values as you have stored
within the last request to that page. (See also "Session handling")
$row, $col
Row and column counts for use in dynamic tables. (See "HTML tag table".)
$maxrow, $maxcol
Maximum number of rows or columns to display in a table. To prevent endless loops, $maxrow
defaults to 100 and $maxcol to 10. (See "HTML tag table".)
$cnt
Contains the number of table cells displayed so far. (See "HTML tag table".)
$tabmode
Determines how the end of a dynamic table is detected. Tables are always limited to the
size specified in $maxrow and $maxcol, but can be ended early when the row ($row) and
column ($col) variables become undefined. $tabmode operates as follows:
$tabmode = 1
End table looping when any one of the expressions in the table row using $row returns
undefined. The row containing the undefined expression is not displayed. Only those
expressions are observed which contain an access to the variable $row.
$tabmode = 2
End when an expression with $row becomes undefined. The row containing the undefined
expression is displayed.
$tabmode = 4
End when $maxrow rows have been displayed.
end of row
$tabmode = 16
End table column looping when any one of the expressions in the table column using
$col returns undefined. The column containing the undefined expression is not
displayed. Only those expressions are observed which contain an access to the
variable $col.
$tabmode = 32
End when an expression with $col becomes undefined. The column containing the
undefined expression is displayed.
$tabmode = 64
End when $maxcol columns have been displayed.
The default is 17, which is correct for all sort of arrays. You should rarely need to
change it. The two values can be added together.
$escmode
Turn HTML and URL escaping on and off. The default is on ($escmode = 3).
NOTE: Normaly you can disable escaping by preceding the item that normally is escaped with
a backslash. While this is a handy thing, it could be very dangerous in situations, where
content that is inserted by some user is redisplayed, because they can enter arbitrary
HTML and preceed them with a backslash to avoid correct escaping when their input is
redisplayed again. To avoid this problem, add 4 to the values below. This will cause
Embperl to ignore the backslash when it does output escaping at all. (only 1.3b4 and
above)
NOTE 2: If you want to output binary data, you must set the escmode to zero. (only 1.3b6
and above)
$escmode = 8 (or 15) (2.0b4 and above)
The result of a Perl expression is always XML-escaped (e.g., `>' becomes `>' and '
become ').
$escmode = 3 (or 7)
The result of a Perl expression is HTML-escaped (e.g., `>' becomes `>') in normal
text and URL-escaped (e.g., `&' becomes `%26') within of "A", "EMBED", "IMG",
"IFRAME", "FRAME" and "LAYER" tags.
$escmode = 2 (or 6)
The result of a Perl expression is always URL-escaped (e.g., `&' becomes `%26').
$escmode = 1 (or 5)
The result of a Perl expression is always HTML-escaped (e.g., `>' becomes `>').
$escmode = 0
No escaping takes place.
SEE ALSO: Configuration directive EMBPERL_INPUT_ESCMODE (was optRawInput in Embperl 1.3.x)
$req_rec
This variable is only available when running under control of mod_perl. It contains the
request record needed to access the Apache server API. See perldoc Apache for more
information.
LOG
This is the filehandle of the Embperl logfile. By writing `print LOG "something"' you can
add lines to the logfile. NOTE: The logfile line should always start with the pid of the
current process and continue with a four-character signature delimited by a ':', which
specifies the log reason.
Example: print LOG "[$$]ABCD: your text\n" ;
If you are writing a module for use under Embperl you can say
tie *LOG, 'Embperl::Log';
to get a handle by which you can write to the Embperl logfile.
OUT
This filehandle is tied to Embperl's output stream. Printing to it has the same effect as
using the [+ ... +] block. (See also optRedirectStdout)
@param
Will be setup by the 'param' parameter of the Execute function. Could be used to pass
parameters to an Embperl document and back. (see Execute for further docs)
%http_headers_out (only 1.2b10 and above)
You can put any http headers you want to send into this hash.
If you set a location header, Embperl will automatically set the status to 301 (Redirect).
Example:
[- $http_headers_out{'Location'} = "http://www.ecos.de/embperl/" -]
however, it is possible to specify a two element array for Location, the second element of
which gives the desired HTTP status:
[- $http_headers_out{Location} = [ "http://www.ecos.de/embperl/", 303 ]; -]
Starting with version 1.3.2 all headers with the exception of "Content-Type" can take
multiple values. For instance, if you wanted to set two cookies, you can proceed as
follows:
[- $http_headers_out{'Set-Cookie'} =
['name=cook1;value=2;','name=cook2;value=b'] ; -]
If you supply multiple values for "Location" or "Content-Type" via an array reference,
then Embperl will simply use the first in the list. Empty arrays will be ignored. For
instance, the following will neither change the status to 301 nor create a Location: line
in the HTTP headers:
[- $http_headers_out{'Location'} = [] ; -]
see also META HTTP-EQUIV=
$optXXX $dbgXXX
All options (see "EMBPERL_OPTIONS") and all debugging flags (see "EMBPERL_DEBUG") can be
read and most of them can be set by the corresponding variables. See "perldoc Config".
Example:
[- $dbgInput = 1 -]
[- $dbgInput = 0 -]
[+ $dbgCmd +] # Output the state of the dbgCmd flag
%CLEANUP
Embperl cleanups up only variables with are defined within the Embperl page. If you want
Embperl to cleanup additional variables you can add them to the hash %CLEANUP, with the
key set to the variable name and the value set to one. The other way you could prevent
Embperl from cleaning up some variables, is by adding them to this hash, with values of
zero.
%CLEANUPFILE (1.2b6+)
Same purpose as %CLEANUP, but you may add filenames. All variables defined inside that
file will be cleaned up.
Session handling
From 1.2b1 and higher Embperl is able to handle per user sessions for you. You can store
any data in the %udat hash and if the same user requests an Embperl document again, you
will see the same values in that hash again.
From 1.2b2 and higher Embperl is able to handle per module/page persistent data for you.
You can store any data in the %mdat hash and if any request comes to the same Embperl
document, you will see the same values in that hash again.
Session handling has changed from 1.3.3 to 1.3.4 and 2.0b3 to 2.0b4. You must either
install Apache::SessionX or set
PerlSetEnv EMBPERL_SESSION_HANDLER_CLASS "Embperl::Session"
to get the old behaviour. If you have Apache::SessionX installed, you don't have to make
addtional configuration, otherwise you must do the following things. You are also able to
override the Apache::SessionX defaults, by using the following parameters:
To configure Embperl to do session management for you, you must have installed
Apache::Session (1.53 or higher) and tell Embperl which storage and locker classes you
would like to use for Apache::Session. This is done by setting the environment variable
"EMBPERL_SESSION_CLASSES". If you want to use a MySQL database for storing your sessions,
you may have a startup.pl for your httpd which looks like this:
BEGIN
{
$ENV{EMBPERL_SESSION_CLASSES} = "MySQL Semaphore" ;
$ENV{EMBPERL_SESSION_ARGS} = "DataSource=dbi:mysql:session UserName=test" ;
} ;
use Embperl ;
or you may put this in the httpd/srm.conf:
PerlSetEnv EMBPERL_SESSION_CLASSES "MySQL Semaphore"
PerlSetEnv EMBPERL_SESSION_ARGS "DataSource=dbi:mysql:session UserName=test"
PerlModule Embperl ;
Refer to the Apache::Session docs (e.g. Apache::Session::Store::MySQL) on how to setup
your database tables.
"EMBPERL_SESSION_ARGS" is a space separated list of name/value pairs, which gives
additional arguments for Apache::Session classes.
Here is an example for using a filesystem based storage:
PerlSetEnv EMBPERL_SESSION_CLASSES "File Semaphore" PerlSetEnv EMBPERL_SESSION_ARGS
"Directory=/path/to/your/sessions"
Refer to the Apache::Session docs to find out which other storage/locker methods are
available.
"EMBPERL_SESSION_CLASSES" can (optionally) take two more classnames, which specify
the class for serialization (Default: "Storable") and for generating the id (Default:
"MD5").
NOTE: The above configuration works only with Apache::Session 1.52 and Embperl 1.3b5 or
above. Older versions of Embperl only support Apache::Session 1.0x, which has different
parameters for "EMBPERL_SESSION_CLASSES" (e.g. "$ENV{EMBPERL_SESSION_CLASSES} = "DBIStore
SysVSemaphoreLocker" ; ") Apache::Session 1.0x still works with this Embperl version.
Now you are able to use the %udat and %mdat hashes for your user/module sessions. As long
as you don't touch %udat or %mdat, Embperl will not create any session, and
Apache::Session is not loaded. As soon as you store any value to %udat, Embperl will
create a new session and send a cookie to the browser to maintain its id, while the data
is stored by Apache::Session. (Further version may also be able to use URL rewriting for
storing the id). When you modify %mdat, Embperl will store the data via Apache::Session
and retrieve it when the next request comes to the same page.
Functions/Methods for session handling
Embperl::Req::SetupSession ($req_rec, $uid, $sid, $app_param) [1.3b6+]
This can be used from a script that will later call Embperl::Execute to preset the session
so it's available to the calling script.
$req_rec
Apache request record when running under mod_perl, "undef" otherwise.
$uid
Session ID of the user session. If not given it is taken from the session cookie or
out of the query_string.
$sid
Session ID of the state session. If not given it is taken out of the query_string.
$app_param
SetupSession tries to figure out the correct Application object for this request, in
case this is not possible you can pass parameters for the Application object as a hash
ref. To pass the name of the application object to use, try to pass:
{ appname => 'myappname' }
Returns a reference to %udat or, if call in an array context, a reference to %udat %mdat
and %sdat. See also "CleanupSession".
Embperl::Req::GetSession / $r -> GetSession [1.3b6+]
Returns a reference to %udat or, if called in an array context, a reference to %udat and
%mdat. This could be used by modules that are called from inside an Embperl page, where
the session management is already setup. If called as a method $r must be a Embperl::Req
object, which is passed as first parameter to every Embperl page in @_ .
Embperl::Req::CleanupSession ($req_rec, $app_param) [1.3b6+]
Must be called at the end of a script by scripts that use "SetupSession", but do not call
Embperl::Execute.
$req_rec
Apache request record when running under mod_perl, "undef" otherwise.
$app_param
CleanupSession tries to figure out the correct Application object for this request, in
case this is not possible you can pass parameters for the Application object as a hash
ref. To pass the name of the application object to use, try to pass:
{ appname => 'myappname' }
Embperl::Req::DeleteSession / $r -> DeleteSession [1.3b6+]
Deletes the session data and removes the cookie from the browser. If called as a method
$r must be a Embperl::Req object, which is passed as first parameter to every Embperl page
in @_ .
Embperl::Req::RefreshSession / $r -> RefreshSession [1.3b6+]
Triggers a resend of the cookie. Normaly the cookie is only send the first time. If
called as a method $r must be a Embperl::Req object, which is passed as first parameter to
every Embperl page in @_ .
Embperl::Req::SetSessionCookie ($req_rec, $app_param) [1.3b7+]
Must be called by scripts that use "SetupSession", but do not call Embperl::Execute. This
is necessary to set the cookie for the user session id, in case a new session is created,
which is normally done by Embperl::Execute.
SetSessionCookie does only set the cookie for the user session and it works only when
running under mod_perl. It does not set session id if no cookies are used. Also it does
not care about the state session.
$req_rec
Apache request record when running under mod_perl, "undef" otherwise.
$app_param
SetupSessionCookie tries to figure out the correct Application object for this
request, in case this is not possible you can pass parameters for the Application
object as a hash ref. To pass the name of the application object to use, try to pass:
{ appname => 'myappname' }
Recipes
Starting with 2.0b4 Embperl introduces the concept of recipes. A recipe basically tells
Embperl how a component should be build. While before 2.0b4 you could have only one
processor that works on the request (the Embperl processor - you're also able to define
different syntaxes), now you can have multiple of them arranged in a pipeline or even a
tree. While you are able to give the full recipe when calling Execute, this is not very
convenient, so normally you will only give the name of a recipe, either as parameter
'recipe' to Execute or as EMBPERL_RECIPE in your httpd.conf. Of course you can have
different recipes for different locations and/or files. A recipe is constructed out of
providers. A provider can either be read from some source or do some processing on a
source. There is no restriction on what sort of data a provider has as in- and output -
you just have to make sure that output format of a provider matches the input format of
the next provider. In the current implementation Embperl comes with a set of built-in
providers:
file
read file data
memory
get data from a scalar
epparse
parse file into a Embperl tree structure
epcompile
compile Embperl tree structure
eprun
execute Embperl tree structure
eptostring
convert Embperl tree structure to string
libxslt-parse-xml
parse xml source for libxslt
libxslt-compile-xsl
parse and compile stylesheet for libxslt
libxslt
do an xsl transformation via libxslt
xalan-parse-xml
parse xml source for xalan
xalan-compile-xsl
parse and compile stylesheet for xalan
xalan
do an xsl transformation via xalan
There is a C interface, so new custom providers can be written, but what makes it really
useful is that the next release of Embperl will contain a Perl interface, so you can write
your own providers in Perl.
The default recipe is named Embperl and contains the following providers:
+-----------+
+ file +
+-----------+
|
v
+-----------+
+ epparse +
+-----------+
|
v
+-----------+
+ epcompile +
+-----------+
|
v
+-----------+
+ eprun +
+-----------+
This cause Embperl to behave like it has done in the past, when no recipes existed.
Each intermediate result could be cached. So for example you are able to cache the already
parsed XML or compiled stylesheet in memory, without the need to reparse/recompile it over
and over again.
Another nice thing about recipes is that they are not static. A recipe is defined by a
recipe object. When a request comes in, Embperl calls the get_recipe method of the
application object, which by default calls the get_recipe of the named recipe object,
which should return a array that describes what Embperl has to do. The get_recipe methods
can of course build the array dynamically, looking, for example, at the request parameters
like filename, formvalues, mime type or whatever. For example if you give a scalar as
input the Embperl recipe replaces the file provider with a memory provider. Additionally
you can specify more then one recipe (separated by spaces). Embperl will call all the new
methods in turn until the first one that returns undef. This way you can create recipes
that are known for what they are responsible. One possibility would be to check the file
extension and only return the recipe if it matches. Much more sophisticated things are
possible...
See perldoc Embperl::Recipe for how to create your own provider.
XML, XSLT
As mentioned above, Embperl now contains a provider for doing XSLT transformations. More
XML will come in the next releases. The easiest thing is to use the XSLT stuff thru the
predefined recipes:
EmbperlLibXSLT
the result of Embperl will run thru the Gone libxslt
EmbperlXalanXSLT
the result of Embperl will run thru Xalan-C
EmbperlXSLT
the result of Embperl will run thru the XSL transformer given by xsltproc or
EMBPERL_XSLTPROC
LibXSLT
run source thru the Gone libxslt
XalanXSLT
run source thru Xalan-C
XSLT
run source thru the XSL transformer given by xsltproc or
EMBPERL_XSLTPROC
For example, including the result of an XSLT transformation into your html page could look
like this:
<html><head><title>Include XML via XSLT</title></head>
<body>
<h1>Start xml</h1>
[- Execute ({inputfile => 'foo.xml', recipe => 'EmbperlXalanXSLT', xsltstylesheet => 'foo.xsl'}) ; -]
<h1>END</h1>
</body>
</html>
As you already guessed, the xsltstylesheet parameter gives the name of the xsl file. You
can also use the EMBPERL_XSLTSTYLESHEET configuration directive to set it from your
configuration file.
By setting EMBPERL_ESCMODE (or $escmode) to 15 you get the correct escaping for XML.
Form Validation
Embperl comes with the ability to validate form data. Rules can be defined how the data
from forms should be validated. This done by the module Embperl::Form::Validate. This
module is able to do client side verification by generation JavaScript code and server
side verification by providing a Perl method to validate the data.
Embperl::Form::Validate comes with a lot of standard tests and you can extent it by
providing your own test classes, which can inherit from the shiped test classes.
For further details see perldoc Embperl::Form::Validate.
Caching
Embperl caches a lot of intermediate results by default to speed up generation of pages.
(For example compiled Perl code and compiled XSLT templates)
With Embperl is also possible to cache the output of pages or components. This is
controlled by parameters passed to the providers via recipes or as configuration
directives inside the page, passed to Execute or in your httpd.conf.
See Emperl_Cache_* and Embperl_Expires_* in Config.pod.
Internationalisation (I18N)
Starting with 2.0b6 Embperl has buildin support for multi-language applications. There
are two things to do. First inside your pages marks which parts are translateable, by
using the [= =]. Inside the [= =] blocks you could either put id, which are symbolic names
for the text, or you put the text in your primary lanaguage inside the blocks. An example
code could look like:
[= heading =]
<input name="foo" value="[=bar=]" type="submit">
Now you run the embpmsgid.pl utility, which extracts all the ids from your page:
perl embpmsgid.pl -l de -l en -d msg.pl foo.htm
This will create a file msg.pl which contains empty definitions for 'en' and 'de' with all
the ids found in the page. If the file msg.pl already exists, the definitions are added.
You can give more then one filename to the commandline. The format of the msg.pl file is
written with Data::Dumper, so it can be easily read in via 'do' and postprocessed. As next
step fill the empty definition with the correct translation. The last thing to do, is
tell Embperl which language set to use. You do this inside the init method of the
application object. Create an application object, which reads in the message and when the
init method is called, pass the correct one to Embperl. There are tow methods $r ->
message and $r -> default_message. Both returns a array ref on which you can push your
message hashs. Embperl consults first the message array and if not found afterwards the
default_message array for the correct message. Because both are arrays you can push
multiple message sets on it. This is handy when your application object calls it's base
class, which also may define some messages. Starting with version 2.3.0 it is also
possible, to add a code ref instead of a hash ref to the arrays. The code is than called
with the key as argument and must return the translated text.
Here is an example:
package My::App ;
@ISA = ('Embperl::App') ;
%messages =
(
'de' =>
{
'heading' => '\[:U]berschrift',
'bar' => 'Absenden',
},
'en' =>
{
'heading' => 'Heading',
'bar' => 'Submit',
},
) ;
sub init
{
my $self = shift ;
my $r = $self -> curr_req ;
$lang = $r -> param -> language || 'de' ;
push @{$r -> messages}, $messages{$lang} ;
push @{$r -> default_messages}, $messages{'en'} if ($lang ne 'en') ;
}
# Code ref works too...
@{$r -> messages} = (\&ecos::I18L::translate::gettext) ;
# and gettext is defined as
sub gettext
{
my ($key) = @_ ;
return "translated text" ;
}
1 ;
Just load this package and set EMBPERL_APP_HANDLER_CLASS to My::App, then Embperl will
call the init method on the start of the request.
If you are using Embperl::Object, you may instead save it as a file in your document
hiearchie make the filename know to Embperl::Object with the EMBPERL_OBJECT_APP directive
and Embperl::Object will retrieve the correct application file, just in the same way it
retrieves other files.
NOTE: When using with Embperl::Object, don't make a package declaration at the top of your
application object, Embperl::Object assign it's own namespace to the application object.
In case you need to retrieve a text inside your Perl code, you can do this with $r ->
gettext('bar')
Encoding/UTF-8
Requires Embperl 2.1.0 and up.
Embperl tries to do the right thing to handle ISO-8859-1 and UTF-8 out of the box. There
are three places where encoding comes into places:
Posted form data
Output escaping
Source code
While the first two things are handled by Embperl itself, the third item is currently left
to handle by Perl.
Perl carries for each string value a flag that tells if the string is UTF-8 or not.
Embperl uses this flag.
Posted form data is examined. If a string contains valid UTF-8 characters Perl's internal
UTF-8 flag is set. You can disable setting the UTF-8 flag by setting "optFormDataNoUtf8"
in "EMBPERL_OPTIONS".
Output escaping is done based on the UTF-8 flag. In case the UTF-8 flags is set characters
above 127 are not escaped. To get the correct appearance in your browser you also have to
specify the encoding as UTF-8 in your content-type http header.
If the UTF-8 flag is not set the output escaping is done based on the setting of
"EMBPERL_OUTPUT_ESC_CHARSET", which defaults to ISO-8859-1 (latin1). ISO-8859-2 (latin2)
is also selectable.
If you wish to have your Perl source code in UTF-8, you have to add a "use utf8;" at the
top of each page.
Please note that not all modules sets Perl's internal UTF-8 flag correctly. At the time of
this writing for example DBI and Net::LDAP does not set this flag. You have to correct it
manualy, for example by using "Encode::_utf8_on".
Error trapping
When an error occurs inside an Embperl page, Embperl will display an error page,
containing the error message.
Sometimes you want to have a different behaviour. One possibility is to let Apache display
a custom error page (of course only when you run under mod_perl).
To get this working you need to set the option "optReturnError" (262144) in your
httpd.conf in the "EMBPERL_OPTIONS" directive.
With this option set, Embperl sends no output in case of an error. It returns the error
back to Apache or the calling program. When running under mod_perl this gives you the
chance to use the Apache ErrorDocument directive to show a custom error-document. Inside
the ErrorDocument you can retrieve the error messages with
$errors = $req_rec -> prev -> pnotes('EMBPERL_ERRORS') ;
where $errors is a array reference.
If you want to trap exceptions in a Embperl document, that you call via Execute, you can
do this by passing an array to Execute, which receives all error/warning messages and/or
all error objects.
[-
Execute ({inputfile => 'foo.epl', errors => \@errors}) ;
-]
[$if @errors$]
The following errors had occured:<br>
[$foreach $err (@errors)$]
[+ $err +]<br>
[$endforeach$]
[$endif$]
In case you call "die" inside the executed page and pass an object (or a reference) to
"die" instead of a string this will also show up in @errors. The last object passed to
"die" is also available via "$epreq -" errobj>.
"$epreq -" error> can be used to test if an error occured so far during the current
request. You can also set "$epreq -" error> to false to reset Embperl's internal error
condition.
If the option "optReturnError" or an error array is passed to a component the error flag
is reset after the execution of component.
If an error array is passed to a component, the errors inside the component are not added
to the overall errors of the request and therefore will not cause Embperl to display an
error page.
An more seldom used option is "optDisableEmbperlErrorPage" (2), which tells tells Embperl
not to send its own errorpage in case of failure, but instead show as much of the page as
possible. Errors are only logged to the log file.
Utility Functions
MailFormTo($MailTo, $Subject, $ReturnField)
Sends the content of the hash %fdat in the order specified by @ffld to the given $MailTo
addressee, with a subject of $Subject. If you specify $ReturnField the value of that
formfield will be used as Return-Path. Usually, this will be the field where the user
enters his e-mail address in the form.
If you specifiy the following example code as the action in your form
<FORM ACTION="x/feedback.htm" METHOD="POST"
ENCTYPE="application/x-www-form-urlencoded">
The content of the form will be mailed to the given e-mail address.
MailFormTo uses "EMBPERL_MAILHOST" as SMTP server or localhost if non given.
Example:
<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>Feedback</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
[- MailFormTo('webmaster@domain.xy',
'Mail from WWW Form', 'email') -]
Your data has been successfully sent!
</BODY>
</HTML>
This will send an email with all the form fields to webmaster@domain.xy, with the Subject
'Mail from WWW Form' and will set the Return-Path of the mail to the address which was
entered in the field with the name 'email'.
NOTE: You must have Net::SMTP (from the libnet package) installed to use this function.
exit
exit will override the normal Perl exit in every Embperl document. Calling exit will
immediately stop any further processing of that file and send the already-done work to the
output/browser.
NOTE 1: If you are inside of an Execute, Embperl will only exit this Execute, but the file
which called the file containing the exit with Execute will continue.
NOTE 2: If you called exit with an argument it exits the whole request e.g. exit (200).
NOTE 3: If you write a module which should work with Embperl under mod_perl, you must use
Apache::exit instead of the normal Perl exit (as always when running under mod_perl).
Performance
To get the best performace from Embperl, it is necessary to restrict logging to a minimum.
You can drastically slow down Embperl if you enable all logging options. (This is why
`make test' takes a while to run.) You should never enable dbgFlushOutput or dbgFlushLog
in a production environment. More debugging options are useful for development where it
doesn't matter if the request takes a little bit longer, but on a heavily-loaded server
they should be disabled.
Preloading of page can save memory, because preloaded page can be shared between child
processes. See "perldoc Config" for more details.
Also take a look at mod_perl_tuning.pod for general ideas about performance.
Bugs
None known.
Compatibility
I have tested Embperl successfully
on Linux 2.x/3.x with
perl5.005_03, 5.6.x, 5.8.x, 5.10.x, 5.12.x, 5.14.x, 5.16.x, 5.18.x
apache_1.3.0 - apache_1.3.31, apache 2.0.x, apache 2.2.x, apache 2.4.x
apache_ssl (Ben SSL)
Stronghold 2.2
Stronghold 2.4.1
Apache_1.3.x with mod_ssl 2.x.x
I know from other people that it works on many other UNIX systems
on Windows NT 4.0 with
perl5.004_04
perl5.005
perl5.6.1
perl5.8.x
apache_1.3.0 - apache_1.3.31
on Windows 95/98 with
perl5.004_02 (binary distribution, only Offline Mode)
perl5.005_02 + apache_1.3.6
Support
Feedback and Bug Reports
Please let me know if you use or test this module. Bugs, questions, suggestions for
things you would find useful, etc., are discussed on the Embperl mailing list. If you have
a site that is using Embperl, I would love to mention it in list of sites using Embperl.
Please drop me a mail with a short description, if your site uses Embperl.
The Embperl mailing list (embperl@perl.apache.org) is available for Embperl users and
developers to share ideas, solve problems and discuss things related to Embperl To
subscribe to this list, send mail to embperl-subscribe@perl.apache.org. To unsubscribe
send email to embperl-unsubscribe@perl.apache.org .
There is an archive for the Embperl mailing list at
http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/perl-embperl
For mod_perl related questions you may search the mod_perl mailing list archive at
http://mail-archives.apache.org/mod_mbox/perl-modperl
Commerical Support
You can get free support on the Embperl mailing list (see above). If you need commercial
support, ecos can provide it for you. We offer:
• Consulting and assistance for you and your programmers
• Planning of your dynamic website
• Creating of parts or a whole website
• Fixing bugs in Embperl (also available for mod_perl)
• Adding new features
You can reach us via http://www.ecos.de or info@ecos.de
How to Support the Development of Embperl
If you use and like Embperl and want to support it's ongoing development you have two
possibilities:
1. Send me patches for things you like to see in Embperl
2. Donate money to Embperl. See http://perl.apache.org/donate.htm
3. Buy commercial support (see above). Also you may get the same answers to your
questions on the mailing list, by buying the commercial support you not only buy
support for yourself and can be sure you get an answer, you also give us the
possibility to put more power in the further development of Embperl.
Links and Download
Information
mod_perl http://perl.apache.org/
Embperl http://perl.apache.org/embperl/
Embperl (german) http://www.ecos.de/embperl/
DBIx::Recordset http://search.cpan.org/~grichter/
Apache web server http://www.apache.org/
Download
mod_perl http://perl.apache.org/dist/
Apache Perl Modules http://www.perl.com/CPAN/modules/by-module/Apache/
Embperl http://www.embperl.org/downloads
DBIx::Recordset http://search.cpan.org/~grichter/
PPM for ActiveState
- Perl 5.6.x http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/ppmpackages/
- Perl 5.8.x http://theoryx5.uwinnipeg.ca/ppms
Informations on how to install Embperl can be found in INSTALL.pod
SVN
The latest developments are available via SVN. Look at "perldoc SVN.pod" for a detailed
description.
Syntaxmodes for various editors
Emacs
From: Erik Arneson [erik@mind.net]
Here's the amount of documentation I've got right now.
They need to get mmm.el from this URL: http://mmm-mode.sourceforge.net/
Then download my mmm-embperl.el from this one: http://www.aarg.net/erik/mmm-embperl.el
The documentation for using these is included in those two elisp files.
VIM
Vim Syntaxfile for Vim 5.x & 6.x from Lukas Zapletal with syntax highliting for
JavaScript, VBScript, Perl+Embperl, CSS and HTML, yellow background for Perl`s code (like
M$ Interdev) and working Perl folding can be found at
http://vim.sourceforge.net/script.php?script_id=61
Vim Syntaxfile from Steve Willer can be found at
http://www.interlog.com/~willer/embperl.vim
Vim Syntaxfile from Kee Hinckley can be found at http://www.somewhere.com/software/
Dreamweaver
Dreamweaver extension which tells Dreamweaver not to touch Embperl code can be found at
http://www.somewhere.com/software/
AUTHOR
G. Richter (richter at embperl dot org)
SEE ALSO
perl(1), mod_perl, Apache httpd