Provided by: libpcre2-dev_10.21-1_amd64 
NAME
PCRE2 - Perl-compatible regular expressions (revised API)
PCRE2 DISCUSSION OF STACK USAGE
When you call pcre2_match(), it makes use of an internal function called match(). This calls itself
recursively at branch points in the pattern, in order to remember the state of the match so that it can
back up and try a different alternative after a failure. As matching proceeds deeper and deeper into the
tree of possibilities, the recursion depth increases. The match() function is also called in other
circumstances, for example, whenever a parenthesized sub-pattern is entered, and in certain cases of
repetition.
Not all calls of match() increase the recursion depth; for an item such as a* it may be called several
times at the same level, after matching different numbers of a's. Furthermore, in a number of cases where
the result of the recursive call would immediately be passed back as the result of the current call (a
"tail recursion"), the function is just restarted instead.
Each time the internal match() function is called recursively, it uses memory from the process stack. For
certain kinds of pattern and data, very large amounts of stack may be needed, despite the recognition of
"tail recursion". Note that if PCRE2 is compiled with the -fsanitize=address option of the GCC compiler,
the stack requirements are greatly increased.
The above comments apply when pcre2_match() is run in its normal interpretive manner. If the compiled
pattern was processed by pcre2_jit_compile(), and just-in-time compiling was successful, and the options
passed to pcre2_match() were not incompatible, the matching process uses the JIT-compiled code instead of
the match() function. In this case, the memory requirements are handled entirely differently. See the
pcre2jit documentation for details.
The pcre2_dfa_match() function operates in a different way to pcre2_match(), and uses recursion only when
there is a regular expression recursion or subroutine call in the pattern. This includes the processing
of assertion and "once-only" subpatterns, which are handled like subroutine calls. Normally, these are
never very deep, and the limit on the complexity of pcre2_dfa_match() is controlled by the amount of
workspace it is given. However, it is possible to write patterns with runaway infinite recursions; such
patterns will cause pcre2_dfa_match() to run out of stack. At present, there is no protection against
this.
The comments that follow do NOT apply to pcre2_dfa_match(); they are relevant only for pcre2_match()
without the JIT optimization.
Reducing pcre2_match()'s stack usage
You can often reduce the amount of recursion, and therefore the amount of stack used, by modifying the
pattern that is being matched. Consider, for example, this pattern:
([^<]|<(?!inet))+
It matches from wherever it starts until it encounters "<inet" or the end of the data, and is the kind of
pattern that might be used when processing an XML file. Each iteration of the outer parentheses matches
either one character that is not "<" or a "<" that is not followed by "inet". However, each time a
parenthesis is processed, a recursion occurs, so this formulation uses a stack frame for each matched
character. For a long string, a lot of stack is required. Consider now this rewritten pattern, which
matches exactly the same strings:
([^<]++|<(?!inet))+
This uses very much less stack, because runs of characters that do not contain "<" are "swallowed" in one
item inside the parentheses. Recursion happens only when a "<" character that is not followed by "inet"
is encountered (and we assume this is relatively rare). A possessive quantifier is used to stop any
backtracking into the runs of non-"<" characters, but that is not related to stack usage.
This example shows that one way of avoiding stack problems when matching long subject strings is to write
repeated parenthesized subpatterns to match more than one character whenever possible.
Compiling PCRE2 to use heap instead of stack for pcre2_match()
In environments where stack memory is constrained, you might want to compile PCRE2 to use heap memory
instead of stack for remembering back-up points when pcre2_match() is running. This makes it run more
slowly, however. Details of how to do this are given in the pcre2build documentation. When built in this
way, instead of using the stack, PCRE2 gets memory for remembering backup points from the heap. By
default, the memory is obtained by calling the system malloc() function, but you can arrange to supply
your own memory management function. For details, see the section entitled "The match context" in the
pcre2api documentation. Since the block sizes are always the same, it may be possible to implement
customized a memory handler that is more efficient than the standard function. The memory blocks obtained
for this purpose are retained and re-used if possible while pcre2_match() is running. They are all freed
just before it exits.
Limiting pcre2_match()'s stack usage
You can set limits on the number of times the internal match() function is called, both in total and
recursively. If a limit is exceeded, pcre2_match() returns an error code. Setting suitable limits should
prevent it from running out of stack. The default values of the limits are very large, and unlikely ever
to operate. They can be changed when PCRE2 is built, and they can also be set when pcre2_match() is
called. For details of these interfaces, see the pcre2build documentation and the section entitled "The
match context" in the pcre2api documentation.
As a very rough rule of thumb, you should reckon on about 500 bytes per recursion. Thus, if you want to
limit your stack usage to 8Mb, you should set the limit at 16000 recursions. A 64Mb stack, on the other
hand, can support around 128000 recursions.
The pcre2test test program has a modifier called "find_limits" which, if applied to a subject line,
causes it to find the smallest limits that allow a a pattern to match. This is done by calling
pcre2_match() repeatedly with different limits.
Changing stack size in Unix-like systems
In Unix-like environments, there is not often a problem with the stack unless very long strings are
involved, though the default limit on stack size varies from system to system. Values from 8Mb to 64Mb
are common. You can find your default limit by running the command:
ulimit -s
Unfortunately, the effect of running out of stack is often SIGSEGV, though sometimes a more explicit
error message is given. You can normally increase the limit on stack size by code such as this:
struct rlimit rlim;
getrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, &rlim);
rlim.rlim_cur = 100*1024*1024;
setrlimit(RLIMIT_STACK, &rlim);
This reads the current limits (soft and hard) using getrlimit(), then attempts to increase the soft limit
to 100Mb using setrlimit(). You must do this before calling pcre2_match().
Changing stack size in Mac OS X
Using setrlimit(), as described above, should also work on Mac OS X. It is also possible to set a stack
size when linking a program. There is a discussion about stack sizes in Mac OS X at this web site:
http://developer.apple.com/qa/qa2005/qa1419.html.
AUTHOR
Philip Hazel
University Computing Service
Cambridge, England.
REVISION
Last updated: 21 November 2014
Copyright (c) 1997-2014 University of Cambridge.
PCRE2 10.00 21 November 2014 PCRE2STACK(3)