NAME

       dnssec-keygen - DNSSEC key generation tool

SYNOPSIS

       dnssec-keygen [-a algorithm] [-b keysize] [-n nametype] [-3] [-A date/offset] [-C]
                     [-c class] [-D date/offset] [-E engine] [-f flag] [-G] [-g generator] [-h]
                     [-I date/offset] [-i interval] [-K directory] [-L ttl] [-k] [-P date/offset]
                     [-p protocol] [-q] [-R date/offset] [-r randomdev] [-S key] [-s strength]
                     [-t type] [-v level] [-V] [-z] {name}

DESCRIPTION

       dnssec-keygen generates keys for DNSSEC (Secure DNS), as defined in RFC 2535 and RFC 4034.
       It can also generate keys for use with TSIG (Transaction Signatures) as defined in RFC
       2845, or TKEY (Transaction Key) as defined in RFC 2930.

       The name of the key is specified on the command line. For DNSSEC keys, this must match the
       name of the zone for which the key is being generated.

OPTIONS

       -a algorithm
           Selects the cryptographic algorithm. For DNSSEC keys, the value of algorithm must be
           one of RSAMD5, RSASHA1, DSA, NSEC3RSASHA1, NSEC3DSA, RSASHA256, RSASHA512, ECCGOST,
           ECDSAP256SHA256 or ECDSAP384SHA384. For TSIG/TKEY, the value must be DH (Diffie
           Hellman), HMAC-MD5, HMAC-SHA1, HMAC-SHA224, HMAC-SHA256, HMAC-SHA384, or HMAC-SHA512.
           These values are case insensitive.

           If no algorithm is specified, then RSASHA1 will be used by default, unless the -3
           option is specified, in which case NSEC3RSASHA1 will be used instead. (If -3 is used
           and an algorithm is specified, that algorithm will be checked for compatibility with
           NSEC3.)

           Note 1: that for DNSSEC, RSASHA1 is a mandatory to implement algorithm, and DSA is
           recommended. For TSIG, HMAC-MD5 is mandatory.

           Note 2: DH, HMAC-MD5, and HMAC-SHA1 through HMAC-SHA512 automatically set the -T KEY
           option.

       -b keysize
           Specifies the number of bits in the key. The choice of key size depends on the
           algorithm used. RSA keys must be between 512 and 2048 bits. Diffie Hellman keys must
           be between 128 and 4096 bits. DSA keys must be between 512 and 1024 bits and an exact
           multiple of 64. HMAC keys must be between 1 and 512 bits. Elliptic curve algorithms
           don't need this parameter.

           The key size does not need to be specified if using a default algorithm. The default
           key size is 1024 bits for zone signing keys (ZSK's) and 2048 bits for key signing keys
           (KSK's, generated with -f KSK). However, if an algorithm is explicitly specified with
           the -a, then there is no default key size, and the -b must be used.

       -n nametype
           Specifies the owner type of the key. The value of nametype must either be ZONE (for a
           DNSSEC zone key (KEY/DNSKEY)), HOST or ENTITY (for a key associated with a host
           (KEY)), USER (for a key associated with a user(KEY)) or OTHER (DNSKEY). These values
           are case insensitive. Defaults to ZONE for DNSKEY generation.

       -3
           Use an NSEC3-capable algorithm to generate a DNSSEC key. If this option is used and no
           algorithm is explicitly set on the command line, NSEC3RSASHA1 will be used by default.
           Note that RSASHA256, RSASHA512, ECCGOST, ECDSAP256SHA256 and ECDSAP384SHA384
           algorithms are NSEC3-capable.

       -C
           Compatibility mode: generates an old-style key, without any metadata. By default,
           dnssec-keygen will include the key's creation date in the metadata stored with the
           private key, and other dates may be set there as well (publication date, activation
           date, etc). Keys that include this data may be incompatible with older versions of
           BIND; the -C option suppresses them.

       -c class
           Indicates that the DNS record containing the key should have the specified class. If
           not specified, class IN is used.

       -E engine
           Specifies the cryptographic hardware to use, when applicable.

           When BIND is built with OpenSSL PKCS#11 support, this defaults to the string "pkcs11",
           which identifies an OpenSSL engine that can drive a cryptographic accelerator or
           hardware service module. When BIND is built with native PKCS#11 cryptography
           (--enable-native-pkcs11), it defaults to the path of the PKCS#11 provider library
           specified via "--with-pkcs11".

       -f flag
           Set the specified flag in the flag field of the KEY/DNSKEY record. The only recognized
           flags are KSK (Key Signing Key) and REVOKE.

       -G
           Generate a key, but do not publish it or sign with it. This option is incompatible
           with -P and -A.

       -g generator
           If generating a Diffie Hellman key, use this generator. Allowed values are 2 and 5. If
           no generator is specified, a known prime from RFC 2539 will be used if possible;
           otherwise the default is 2.

       -h
           Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to dnssec-keygen.

       -K directory
           Sets the directory in which the key files are to be written.

       -k
           Deprecated in favor of -T KEY.

       -L ttl
           Sets the default TTL to use for this key when it is converted into a DNSKEY RR. If the
           key is imported into a zone, this is the TTL that will be used for it, unless there
           was already a DNSKEY RRset in place, in which case the existing TTL would take
           precedence. If this value is not set and there is no existing DNSKEY RRset, the TTL
           will default to the SOA TTL. Setting the default TTL to 0 or none is the same as
           leaving it unset.

       -p protocol
           Sets the protocol value for the generated key. The protocol is a number between 0 and
           255. The default is 3 (DNSSEC). Other possible values for this argument are listed in
           RFC 2535 and its successors.

       -q
           Quiet mode: Suppresses unnecessary output, including progress indication. Without this
           option, when dnssec-keygen is run interactively to generate an RSA or DSA key pair, it
           will print a string of symbols to stderr indicating the progress of the key
           generation. A '.' indicates that a random number has been found which passed an
           initial sieve test; '+' means a number has passed a single round of the Miller-Rabin
           primality test; a space means that the number has passed all the tests and is a
           satisfactory key.

       -r randomdev
           Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating system does not provide a
           /dev/random or equivalent device, the default source of randomness is keyboard input.
           randomdev specifies the name of a character device or file containing random data to
           be used instead of the default. The special value keyboard indicates that keyboard
           input should be used.

       -S key
           Create a new key which is an explicit successor to an existing key. The name,
           algorithm, size, and type of the key will be set to match the existing key. The
           activation date of the new key will be set to the inactivation date of the existing
           one. The publication date will be set to the activation date minus the prepublication
           interval, which defaults to 30 days.

       -s strength
           Specifies the strength value of the key. The strength is a number between 0 and 15,
           and currently has no defined purpose in DNSSEC.

       -T rrtype
           Specifies the resource record type to use for the key.  rrtype must be either DNSKEY
           or KEY. The default is DNSKEY when using a DNSSEC algorithm, but it can be overridden
           to KEY for use with SIG(0).  Using any TSIG algorithm (HMAC-* or DH) forces this
           option to KEY.

       -t type
           Indicates the use of the key.  type must be one of AUTHCONF, NOAUTHCONF, NOAUTH, or
           NOCONF. The default is AUTHCONF. AUTH refers to the ability to authenticate data, and
           CONF the ability to encrypt data.

       -v level
           Sets the debugging level.

       -V
           Prints version information.

TIMING OPTIONS

       Dates can be expressed in the format YYYYMMDD or YYYYMMDDHHMMSS. If the argument begins
       with a '+' or '-', it is interpreted as an offset from the present time. For convenience,
       if such an offset is followed by one of the suffixes 'y', 'mo', 'w', 'd', 'h', or 'mi',
       then the offset is computed in years (defined as 365 24-hour days, ignoring leap years),
       months (defined as 30 24-hour days), weeks, days, hours, or minutes, respectively. Without
       a suffix, the offset is computed in seconds. To explicitly prevent a date from being set,
       use 'none' or 'never'.

       -P date/offset
           Sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone. After that date, the key
           will be included in the zone but will not be used to sign it. If not set, and if the
           -G option has not been used, the default is "now".

       -A date/offset
           Sets the date on which the key is to be activated. After that date, the key will be
           included in the zone and used to sign it. If not set, and if the -G option has not
           been used, the default is "now". If set, if and -P is not set, then the publication
           date will be set to the activation date minus the prepublication interval.

       -R date/offset
           Sets the date on which the key is to be revoked. After that date, the key will be
           flagged as revoked. It will be included in the zone and will be used to sign it.

       -I date/offset
           Sets the date on which the key is to be retired. After that date, the key will still
           be included in the zone, but it will not be used to sign it.

       -D date/offset
           Sets the date on which the key is to be deleted. After that date, the key will no
           longer be included in the zone. (It may remain in the key repository, however.)

       -i interval
           Sets the prepublication interval for a key. If set, then the publication and
           activation dates must be separated by at least this much time. If the activation date
           is specified but the publication date isn't, then the publication date will default to
           this much time before the activation date; conversely, if the publication date is
           specified but activation date isn't, then activation will be set to this much time
           after publication.

           If the key is being created as an explicit successor to another key, then the default
           prepublication interval is 30 days; otherwise it is zero.

           As with date offsets, if the argument is followed by one of the suffixes 'y', 'mo',
           'w', 'd', 'h', or 'mi', then the interval is measured in years, months, weeks, days,
           hours, or minutes, respectively. Without a suffix, the interval is measured in
           seconds.

GENERATED KEYS

       When dnssec-keygen completes successfully, it prints a string of the form Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii
       to the standard output. This is an identification string for the key it has generated.

       •   nnnn is the key name.

       •   aaa is the numeric representation of the algorithm.

       •   iiiii is the key identifier (or footprint).

       dnssec-keygen creates two files, with names based on the printed string.
       Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.key contains the public key, and Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.private contains the
       private key.

       The .key file contains a DNS KEY record that can be inserted into a zone file (directly or
       with a $INCLUDE statement).

       The .private file contains algorithm-specific fields. For obvious security reasons, this
       file does not have general read permission.

       Both .key and .private files are generated for symmetric encryption algorithms such as
       HMAC-MD5, even though the public and private key are equivalent.

EXAMPLE

       To generate a 768-bit DSA key for the domain example.com, the following command would be
       issued:

       dnssec-keygen -a DSA -b 768 -n ZONE example.com

       The command would print a string of the form:

       Kexample.com.+003+26160

       In this example, dnssec-keygen creates the files Kexample.com.+003+26160.key and
       Kexample.com.+003+26160.private.

SEE ALSO

       dnssec-signzone(8), BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual, RFC 2539, RFC 2845, RFC 4034.

AUTHOR

       Internet Systems Consortium

COPYRIGHT

       Copyright © 2004, 2005, 2007-2012, 2014, 2015 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
       Copyright © 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.