NAME

     counter — SMP-friendly kernel counter implementation

SYNOPSIS

     #include <sys/types.h>
     #include <sys/systm.h>
     #include <sys/counter.h>

     counter_u64_t
     counter_u64_alloc(int wait);

     void
     counter_u64_free(counter_u64_t c);

     void
     counter_u64_add(counter_u64_t c, int64_t v);

     void
     counter_enter();

     void
     counter_exit();

     void
     counter_u64_add_protected(counter_u64_t c, int64_t v);

     uint64_t
     counter_u64_fetch(counter_u64_t c);

     void
     counter_u64_zero(counter_u64_t c);

     #include <sys/sysctl.h>

     SYSCTL_COUNTER_U64(parent, nbr, name, access, ptr, descr);

     SYSCTL_ADD_COUNTER_U64(ctx, parent, nbr, name, access, ptr, descr);

DESCRIPTION

     counter is a generic facility to create counters that can be utilized for any purpose (such
     as collecting statistical data).  A counter is guaranteed to be lossless when several kernel
     threads do simultaneous updates.  However, counter does not block the calling thread, also
     no atomic(9) operations are used for the update, therefore the counters can be used in any
     non-interrupt context.  Moreover, counter has special optimisations for SMP environments,
     making counter update faster than simple arithmetic on the global variable.  Thus counter is
     considered suitable for accounting in the performance-critical code pathes.

     counter_u64_alloc(how)
             Allocate a new 64-bit unsigned counter.  The wait argument is the malloc(9) wait
             flag, should be either M_NOWAIT or M_WAITOK.  If M_NOWAIT is specified the operation
             may fail.

     counter_u64_free(c)
             Free the previously allocated counter c.

     counter_u64_add(c, v)
             Add v to c.  The KPI does not guarantee any protection from wraparound.

     counter_enter()
             Enter mode that would allow to safely update several counters via
             counter_u64_add_protected().  On some machines this expands to critical(9) section,
             while on other is a nop.  See IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS.

     counter_exit()
             Exit mode for updating several counters.

     counter_u64_add_protected(c, v)
             Same as counter_u64_add(), but should be preceded by counter_enter().

     counter_u64_fetch(c)
             Take a snapshot of counter c.  The data obtained is not guaranteed to reflect the
             real cumulative value for any moment.

     counter_u64_zero(c)
             Clear the counter c and set it to zero.

     SYSCTL_COUNTER_U64(parent, nbr, name, access, ptr, descr)
             Declare a static sysctl oid that would represent a counter.  The ptr argument should
             be a pointer to allocated counter_u64_t.  A read of the oid returns value obtained
             through counter_u64_fetch().  Any write to the oid zeroes it.

     SYSCTL_ADD_COUNTER_U64(ctx, parent, nbr, name, access, ptr, descr)
             Create a sysctl oid that would represent a counter.  The ptr argument should be a
             pointer to allocated counter_u64_t.  A read of the oid returns value obtained
             through counter_u64_fetch().  Any write to the oid zeroes it.

IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS

     On all architectures counter is implemented using per-CPU data fields that are specially
     aligned in memory, to avoid inter-CPU bus traffic due to shared use of the variables between
     CPUs.  These are allocated using UMA_ZONE_PCPU uma(9) zone.  The update operation only
     touches the field that is private to current CPU.  Fetch operation loops through all per-CPU
     fields and obtains a snapshot sum of all fields.

     On amd64 a counter update is implemented as a single instruction without lock semantics,
     operating on the private data for the current CPU, which is safe against preemption and
     interrupts.

     On i386 architecture, when machine supports the cmpxchg8 instruction, this instruction is
     used.  The multi-instruction sequence provides the same guarantees as the amd64 single-
     instruction implementation.

     On some architectures updating a counter require a critical(9) section.

SEE ALSO

     atomic(9), critical(9), locking(9), malloc(9), sysctl(9), uma(9)

HISTORY

     The counter facility first appeared in FreeBSD 10.0.

AUTHORS

     The counter facility was written by Gleb Smirnoff and Konstantin Belousov.