Provided by: libffcall-dev_2.1-1_amd64 bug

NAME

       vacall - C functions called with variable arguments

SYNOPSIS

       #include <vacall.h>

       extern void* vacall_function;

       void function (va_alistalist)
       {
         va_start_type(alist[, return_type]);
         arg = va_arg_type(alist[, arg_type]);
         va_return_type(alist[[, return_type], return_value]);
       }

       vacall_function = &function;

       val = ((return_type (*) ()) vacall) (arg1,arg2,...);

DESCRIPTION

       This  set  of macros permit a C function function to be called with variable arguments and
       to return variable return values.  This is much like  the  stdarg(3)  facility,  but  also
       allows the return value to be specified at run time.

       Function  calling  conventions  differ  considerably  on  different  machines,  and vacall
       attempts to provide some degree of isolation from such architecture dependencies.

       The function that can be called with any number and  type  of  arguments  and  which  will
       return  any  type  of return value is vacall.  It will do some magic and call the function
       stored in the variable vacall_function.  If you want to make more than one use of  vacall,
       use the trampoline(3) facility to store &function into vacall_function just before calling
       vacall.

       Within function, the following macros can be used to walk through the  argument  list  and
       specify a return value:

       va_start_type(alist[, return_type]);
              starts the walk through the argument list and specifies the return type.

       arg = va_arg_type(alist[, arg_type]);
              fetches the next argument from the argument list.

       va_return_type(alist[[, return_type], return_value]);
              ends the walk through the argument list and specifies the return value.

       The type in va_start_type and va_return_type shall be one of void, int, uint, long, ulong,
       longlong, ulonglong, double, struct, ptr or (for ANSI C calling  conventions  only)  char,
       schar, uchar, short, ushort, float, depending on the class of return_type.

       The type specifiers in va_start_type and va_return_type must be the same.  The return_type
       specifiers passed to va_start_type and va_return_type must be the same.

       The type in va_arg_type shall be one of  int,  uint,  long,  ulong,  longlong,  ulonglong,
       double,  struct,  ptr  or (for ANSI C calling conventions only) char, schar, uchar, short,
       ushort, float, depending on the class of arg_type.

       In va_start_struct(alist, return_type, splittable); the splittable flag specifies  whether
       the  struct  return_type  can  be  returned in registers such that every struct field fits
       entirely  in  a  single  register.  This  needs  to  be  specified  for  structs  of  size
       2*sizeof(long).  For structs of size <= sizeof(long), splittable is ignored and assumed to
       be 1. For structs of size > 2*sizeof(long), splittable is ignored and  assumed  to  be  0.
       There are some handy macros for this:
       va_word_splittable_1 (type1)
       va_word_splittable_2 (type1, type2)
       va_word_splittable_3 (type1, type2, type3)
       va_word_splittable_4 (type1, type2, type3, type4)
       For a struct with three slots
       struct { type1 id1; type2 id2; type3 id3; }
       you can specify splittable as va_word_splittable_3 (type1, type2, type3) .

NOTES

       Functions  which  want  to  emulate  Kernighan & Ritchie style functions (i.e., in ANSI C,
       functions without a typed argument list) cannot use the type values  char,  schar,  uchar,
       short, ushort, float.  As prescribed by the default K&R C expression promotions, they have
       to use int instead of char, schar, uchar, short, ushort and double instead of float.

       The    macros     va_start_longlong(),     va_start_ulonglong(),     va_return_longlong(),
       va_return_ulonglong(),  va_arg_longlong()  and  va_arg_ulonglong()  work  only  if  the  C
       compiler has a working long long 64-bit integer type.

       The struct types used in va_start_struct() and va_struct() must only  contain  (signed  or
       unsigned)  int,  long,  long  long  or pointer fields.  Struct types containing (signed or
       unsigned) char, short, float, double or other structs are not supported.

EXAMPLE

       This example, a possible implementation of execl(3) on top of execv(2) using stdarg(3),

       #include <stdarg.h>
       #define MAXARGS 100
       /* execl is called by execl(file, arg1, arg2, ..., (char *)0); */
       int execl (...)
       {
         va_list ap;
         char* file;
         char* args[MAXARGS];
         int argno = 0;
         va_start (ap);
         file = va_arg(ap, char*);
         while ((args[argno] = va_arg(ap, char*)) != (char *)0)
           argno++;
         va_end (ap);
         return execv(file, args);
       }

       looks like this using vacall(3):

       #include <vacall.h>
       #define MAXARGS 100
       /* execl is called by vacall(file, arg1, arg2, ..., (char *)0); */
       void execl (va_alist ap)
       {
         char* file;
         char* args[MAXARGS];
         int argno = 0;
         int retval;
         va_start_int (ap);
         file = va_arg_ptr(ap, char*);
         while ((args[argno] = va_arg_ptr(ap, char*)) != (char *)0)
           argno++;
         retval = execv(file, args);
         va_return_int (ap, retval);
       }
       vacall_function = &execl;

SEE ALSO

       stdarg(3), trampoline(3), callback(3).

BUGS

       The current implementations have been tested on a selection of common cases but there  are
       probably still many bugs.

       There  are  typically  built-in  limits  on  the size of the argument-list, which may also
       include the size of any structure arguments.

       The decision whether a struct is to be returned in registers or in memory  considers  only
       the struct's size and alignment. This is inaccurate: for example, gcc on m68k-next returns
       struct { char a,b,c; } in registers and struct { char a[3]; }  in  memory,  although  both
       types have the same size and the same alignment.

       The argument list can only be walked once.

       The  use  of  the  global  variable vacall_function is not reentrant. This is fixed in the
       callback(3) package.

PORTING

       Knowledge about argument passing  conventions  can  be  found  in  the  gcc  source,  file
       gcc-2.6.3/config/cpu/cpu.h, section "Stack layout; function entry, exit and calling."

       The   implementation   of  varargs  for  gcc  can  be  found  in  the  gcc  source,  files
       gcc-2.6.3/ginclude/va*.h.

       gcc's   __builtin_saveregs()   function   is   defined   in   the   gcc    source,    file
       gcc-2.6.3/libgcc2.c.

AUTHOR

       Bruno Haible <bruno@clisp.org>

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

       Many ideas and a lot of code were cribbed from the gcc source.

                                          1 January 2017                                VACALL(3)