Provided by: mjpegtools_2.1.0+debian-8.1build1_amd64 bug

NAME

       mpeg2enc - MPEG-1/2 encoder

SYNOPSIS

       mpeg2enc   [-v|--verbose   num]  [-M|--multi-thread  num_CPU]  [-f|--format  mpeg_profile]
       [-l|--level]h|high|m|main     [-b|--video-bitrate     bitrate_kbps]     [-V|--video-buffer
       video_buf_size_kB] [-T|--target-still-size still_size_kB] [-q|--quantisation quantisation]
       [-r|--motion-search-radius motion_search_radius]  [-Q|--quantisation-reduction  -4.0..5.0]
       [-X|--quant-reduction-max-var 0.0..2500.0] [-p|--3-2-pulldown] [-I|--interlace-mode 0|1|2]
       [-s|--sequence-header-every-gop]   [-g|--min-gop-size   min_gop_size]   [-G|--max-gop-size
       max_gop_size] [-P|--force-b-b-p] [-n|--video-norm n|p|s] [-F|--frame-rate frame_rate_code]
       [-x|--display-hsize]    32..38383]    [-y|--display-vsize]     32..38383]     [-a|--aspect
       aspect_ratio_code]     [-z|--playback-field-order     b|t]    [-4|--reduction-4x4    1..4]
       [-2|--reduction-2x2   1..4]    [-S|--sequence-length    size_MB]    [-B|--nonvideo-bitrate
       bitrate_kbps]   [-N|--reduce-hf   0.0..2.0]   [-D|--intra_dc_prec   8..11]  [-H|--keep-hf]
       [-d|--no-dummy-svcd-SOF]  [-C|--correct-svcd-hds]  [--no-constraints]  [-K|--custom-quant-
       matrices  kvcd|tmpgenc|default|hi-res|file=inputfile|help]  [-E|--unit-coeff-elim -40..40]
       [-R|--b-per-refframe 0..2] [--no-altscan-mpeg2]  [--dualprime-mpeg2]  [-A|--ratecontroller
       0..1] [-u|--cbr] [--chapters frame,...]  [-?|--help] -o|--output filename

DESCRIPTION

       mpeg2enc  is  heavily  enhanced  derivative of the MPEG Software Simulation Group's MPEG-2
       reference encoder.  It accepts streams in a simple planar YUV format  "YUV4MPEG"  produced
       by the lav2yuv and related filters (e.g. yuvscaler(1)) from the mjpegtools(1) package.  An
       output plug-in to the  mpeg2dec(1)  MPEG  decoder  is  available  to  permit  its  use  in
       transcoding   applications.  The  encoder  currently  fully  supports  the  generation  of
       elementary MPEG-1, progressive and interlaced frame MPEG-2 streams.  Field encoded  MPEG-2
       is also possible but is not currently maintained or supported.

       For  most  purposes  this elementary stream output will need to be multiplexed with one or
       more audio streams into a program/systems stream using the mplex(1) tool.

       Note that although this manual page aims to explain how mpeg2enc can be  used  effectively
       it is not intended as an introduction to MPEG-1/2 video which is a fairly complex topic in
       its own right.  The MPEG video format is  a  somewhat  baroque  standard  with  many  many
       options,  not  all  of  which necessarily easy to explain or even particular useful in the
       context of a software encoder.

       Much useful practical information for novices can be found  in  the  mjpeg-HOWTO  document
       that  should  have  been  installed  with  mjpegtools(1) package.  Further information and
       useful supporting software can be found on the mjpegtools web-site:

              http://mjpeg.sourceforge.net

SELECTING THE MPEG PROFILE

       Set the MPEG profile to use.  The MPEG standards support a vast  number  of  options.   In
       practice,  different  applications  of the MPEG format place additional constraints of the
       form the MPEG stream.  Setting this flag selects the kind of stream to produce.

       -f|--format 0
               -       Generic MPEG1.

               A basic MPEG-1 profile that lets most parameters
               be adjusted for particular applications using the other flags.
               Typical applications would be to produce a variable bitrate MPEG-1
               stream with big buffers and a high data-rate software playback
               on a computer.

       -f|--format 1
               -       Standard VCD.

       An MPEG1 profile exactly to the VCD2.0 specification.  Flag settings that would result  in
       a non-standard stream structure are simply ignored.

       -f|--format 2
               -       User VCD.

       As  for  profile  2  but  bitrate and video buffer size can be set to non-standard values.
       Frame size may also be non-standard.  Bit-rate and  buffer  sizes  default  to  those  for
       standard VCD.

       -f|--format 3
               -       Generic MPEG2.

       A  basic  MPEG-2 profile that lets most parameters be adjusted for particular applications
       using the other flags.  Typical applications would be to produce a MPEG-2 stream with  big
       buffers and long GOP's for software playback on a computer.

       -f|--format 4
               -       Standard SVCD.

       An MPEG-2 profile exactly to the SVCD2.0 specification. Flag settings that would result in
       a non-standard stream structure are simply ignored.

       -f|--format 5
               -       Non-standard SVCD.

       As for profile 4 but bitrate, video buffer size, GOP sizes and structure  can  be  set  to
       non-standard  values.  Frame  size  may  also  be non-standard.  Bit-rate and buffer sizes
       default to those for standard SVCD.

       -f|--format 6
               -       VCD Stills sequence.

       Encodes the special style of MPEG stream used for still  images  on  VCDs.   To  use  this
       profile you must set the target size you wish to compress the images to using the -T flag.
       Reasonable values are around 35KB for standard resolution stills (352 wide) and 120KB  for
       high resolution stills (704 wide).

       -f|--format 7
               -       SVCD Stills sequence.

       Encodes  the  special  style of MPEG stream used for still images on SVCDs.  Both standard
       (480 wide) and high resolution (704 wide) images are supported. As  with  VCD  stills  you
       select how big each compressed still should be using the -T flag.

       -f|--format 8
               -       DVD MPEG-2 for 'dvdauthor'

       This  version  adds  special  dummy  navigation  packets  into  the output stream that the
       dvdauthor tool fills in to make  a  proper  .VOB  for  authoring.   Bit-rate  defaults  to
       7500kbps, buffer sizes to the maximum permitted by the DVD specification.

       -f|--format 9
               -       DVD MPEG-2.

       Just  a  very  basic  implementation. Useful with DXR2 board and similar hardware that can
       decode MPEG-2 only if it is presented in a DVD like form.  Bit-rate defaults to  7500kbps,
       buffer sizes to the maximum permitted by the DVD specification.

       -f|--format 10
               -       ATSC 480i

       -f|--format 11
               -       ATSC 480p

       -f|--format 12
               -       ATSC 720p

       -f|--format 13
               -       ATSC 1080i

GENERAL FUNCTION LETTERS

       -v|--verbose num

       Set  verbosity  level  to  num.   0  =  warnings and errors only, 1 = information as well,
       2=really verbose.

       -K|--custom-quant-matriceskvcd|tmpgenc|
        default | hi-res | file=inputfile | help

       Specify which quantisation matrices to use instead of the defaults (which can be specified
       by using "-K default").   Using "-K hi-res" is identical to using the -H option. The value
       kvcd uses the Kvcd.Net matrices from http://www.kvcd.net/; the value tmpgenc  invokes  the
       TMPGEnc  matrices from http://www.tmpgenc.net/e_main.html. On average (this depends on the
       source material), the tmpgenc tables reduce the average bitrate by about 10% and the  kvcd
       tables reduce bitrate by about 16% (compared to the default tables).

       -E|--unit-coeff-elim -40..40

       Specify  when  a special 'unit coefficient elimination' algorithm should be applied to the
       encoded picture blocks.  Basically, this procedure forces blocks  of  a  type  that  don't
       carry  much  information but are expensive to encode to be simply skipped.  The larger the
       number the more potentially visible this skipping is likely to be but the more compression
       is  boosted.  A negative value means that all coefficients are zeroed, positive means only
       texture but not base intensity coefficients are zeroed.  Values of around 10 or  -10  seem
       to  work  well  with  high quality source material. For noisier material it might be worth
       trying 20 or -20.

       -R|--b-per-refframe 0..2

       Specify how many bi-directionally (B type) difference-encoded  frames  should  be  encoded
       between reference (I or P) frames.  The default is 0 except for VCD encoding where it is 2
       B frames as required by the standard.  Experts differ on how much using B frames  improves
       compression.  In  practice  unless  you  have really clean material they tend to be fairly
       useless and sometimes even harmful.  Encoding is significantly faster and uses less memory
       if no B frames are encoded and compression is rarely more than marginally worse.

       -?|--help

       Display a synopsis of the command syntax.

FUNCTION LETTERS ADJUSTING THE SELECTED PROFILE

       N.b.  If the profile you have selected sets particular values for these parameters it will
       over-ride these adjustment flags.  In particular, there is  almost  nothing  that  can  be
       adjusted for the standard VCD and SVCD profiles.

       -b|--video-bitrate num

       The  bitrate  of the output video stream in kBits/sec.  The default is exactly the bitrate
       required for VCD streams.  If variable bitrate (VBR) mode has been selected  (see  the  -q
       option)  this is the maximum bitrate of the stream. NOTE: By default MPEG-2 streams (-f 3,
       4, 5, 8 and 9 are VBR.  Use the --cbr  option  for  generating  CBR  (Constant  Bit  Rate)
       streams.

       -A|--ratecontroller 0..1

       Specify which of the rate control algorithms to use.   Default is 0.

       -V|--video-buffer num

       The  maximum  video  buffer usage required to decode the stream in KBytes.  The default is
       46KB the (tiny) size specified for VCD.  The size to use for SVCD is the (more reasonable)
       230KB.  If you are encoding for a half-decent software decoder it makes sense to push this
       up to 500K or more.

       -T|--target-still-size num

       Set the target size for (S)VCD still images in KB.

       -s|--sequence-header-every-gop

       This flag forces the encoder to generate a "sequence header" at the start of every  group-
       of-pictures.  This is needed by some player hardware to support fast forward/rewind/random
       access functions but is a waste of bits otherwise.

       -d|--no-dummy-svcd-SOF

       The SVCD MPEG-2 profile demands that special "Scan OFfset" which are (in effect)  pointers
       to the place on the final SVCD disk where the video for 0.5 and around 5-10 seconds behind
       and ahead in the  stream  is  located.   The  intended  use  of  this  information  is  to
       support"Fast  forward/Rewind"  functions.  Unfortunately, at the time mpeg2enc encodes the
       video it doesn't know where the video is going to finally end up.  So special dummy  "Scan
       OFfset"  values  are written which are intended to be filled in during the creation of the
       SVCD image. Currently the  GNU  vcdimager  tool  handles  this  task.   However,  in  some
       circumstances the dummy offsets can cause problems.   This flags stops mpeg2enc generating
       them.

       --correct-svcd-hds

       In the official SVCD standards the field in the MPEG-2 header information that  passes  on
       the  encoders  "recommended"  horizontal resolution to decode the stream to is supposed to
       take the values 540 (for 4:3 sequences) or 720 (for 16:9  sequences).   In  practice  many
       players  don't  work  unless  the  value  is 480. This flag, forces mpeg2enc to follow the
       official standard. It is worth trying if 16:9 sequences play at 4:3 aspect ratio.

       --no-constraints

       This  flag  deactivates  all  constraints  for  the  maximum  video  samplerate  or  video
       resolution.  Its  purpose  is  to  allow the encoding of unusual resolutions of MPEG-video
       (e.g. 2200 x 576, 160 degrees FOV VR-theatre MPEG movies), but should be used  with  care:
       It  can  possible  circumvent a number of other security checks, and untested settings can
       cause mpeg2enc to crash in this mode.  -l|--level h|high|m|main

       This flag allows the MPEG-2 implementation level against which the coding  parameters  are
       checked to be set.  You may need to set this to 'high' if you're encoding HDTV material.

       --no-altscan-mpeg2

       This  flag  deactivates  the  use  of  the  'alternate'  macroblock scan pattern for MPEG2
       encoding.  Normally this pattern is used but a few  elderly  software  decoders  had  bugs
       relating to this feature.  You should never need to use this flag.

       --dualprime-mpeg2

       MPEG-2  supports a special motion estimation mode (DPME, Dual Prime Motion Estimation) for
       I/P-frame only streams that can somewhat improve compression.  A number of  players  (both
       hardware  and software) do not support this mode.  Those players  may or may not be MPEG-2
       compliant depending if DPME is an option or not in the  MPEG-2  specs.   If  you  need  to
       generate  content  for   such  players  (e.g.  Ogle or Apple's DVD player application) you
       should NOT turn on dualprime-mpeg2!  Surprisingly at least one hardware/set-top player  is
       known to be allergic to DPME being used.

       -z|--playback-field-order b|t

       This  flag  overrides the field-order specified in the interlacing tag of the input stream
       header. (If you need this option, it indicates a problem in the capturing/encoding process
       where  the  temporal order of the two fields in each frame has been mislabeled. The effect
       of this is weird "juddering" when playing back the stream on a TV. Check  the  mjpeg-howto
       for more information about interlacing problems.)

OPTION LETTERS CONTROLLING VIDEO PARAMETERS

       -n|--video-norm n|p|s

       Force  the  input  stream  to  be  treated as NTSC|PAL|SECAM regardless of what the stream
       header might suggest.  Basically this just sets the defaults for a bunch of other options.

       -F|--frame-rate num

       Set the frame-rate of the output-stream. By default, this value is inferred from the input
       header.  Currently  only  the  standard MPEG rates are supported.  Eventually more-or-less
       arbitrary rates will be possible.
        0 - illegal
        1 - 24000.0/1001.0 (NTSC 3:2 pulldown converted FILM)
        2 - 24.0 (NATIVE FILM)
        3 - 25.0 (PAL/SECAM VIDEO / converted FILM)
        4 - 30000.0/1001.0 (NTSC VIDEO)
        5 - 30.0
        6 - 50.0 (PAL FIELD RATE)
        7 - 60000.0/1001.0 (NTSC FIELD RATE)
        8 - 60.0

       -a|--aspect num

       Set the playback aspect ratio code of  the  encoded  video.  By  default,  this  value  is
       inferred from the input header.
        1 - 1  - 1:1 display
        2 - 2  - 4:3 display
        3 - 3  - 16:9 display
        4 - 4  - 2.21:1 display

              For  MPEG-2  the  specified  aspect  ratios  are used directly. For MPEG-1 mpeg2enc
              infers the MPEG-1 pixel aspect code from the video norm specified and the specified
              playback aspect ratio.

       -x|--display-hsize num

       -y|--display-vsize num

       These  set  the display-horizontal-size and display-vertical-size hints in the MPEG-2.  By
       default these are simply the encode  frame  dimensions.   However,  if  they  are  set  to
       different   values   the  player  gets  a  hint  that  the  appropriate  'black  bars'  or
       cropping/scaling should be performed. The main use  for  these  parameters  is  to  set  a
       display-vertical-size  of  1080  for  HDTV 1080i or 1080p material.  Here, since the frame
       height has to be a multiple of 16, the encoded frame height is forced  to  be  1088,  even
       though  HDTV  standards  specify only 1080 lines of picture content.  Standards committees
       ... love' em.

       -p|--3-2-pulldown

       Setting -p only makes sense for 24frame/sec Movie source material.  It sets flags  in  the
       output stream that tell the decoder to play the movie as NTSC 60field/sec video using "3:2
       pulldown".  This is vastly more efficient than encoding as 60field/sec video.  The classic
       application  is  to transcode a PAL-encoded movie (24fps played too fast at 25 fps!)  into
       NTSC (see the -f flag).

OPTION LETTERS FOR CONTROLLING COMPRESSION AND SPEED

       -M|--multi-thread num_CPU

       MPEG encoding is a task that can be split over a small number of CPU's quite  efficiently.
       Mpeg2enc  can  be  internally  set  to  split  major  processing tasks between a number of
       concurrent threads.   This flag adjusts the multi-threading to the optimum to utilise  the
       specified number of CPU's.

       It  should  be noted that even with 1 CPU present some multi-threading is performed: frame
       input takes place in parallel with encoding.  The default -M value is 1.  This allows good
       performance  to  be achieved when when a seperate machine is being used for pre-processing
       (decoding from MJPEG, scaling, denoising etc) with the final result pipe to mpeg2enc (e.g.
       using rsh or ssh).

       Setting  -M  0  disables all multithreading.  This is sometimes useful for debugging or to
       achieve maximum CPU efficiency on a shared machine. Setting -M 3  on  a  dual-CPU  machine
       will  produce  slightly  faster  results  than  -M  2  at  the  price of slightly less CPU
       efficiency.  This is useful if nothing else needs to be done on the encoding machine.   In
       practice  there  is little point setting -M greater than 4 even if the CPU's are available
       due to the fairly coarse-grained parallelism used.  Indeed there is a hardcoded limit of 4
       worker threads.

       The default has been changed to be 0 instead of 1 to avoid the crash at end of encoding:

       INFO: [mpeg2enc] Signaling last frame = 499
       mpeg2enc: seqencoder.cc:433: void SeqEncoder::EncodeStream(): Assertion `pass1coded.size() == 0' failed.
       Abort

       -q|--quantisation 1..31

       Minimum quantisation of the output stream.  Quantisation controls the precision with which
       image information is encoded.  The lower the number the higher the quality but the greater
       the  required  data-rate.   NOTE:  on  IA32 systems it is possible to cause artifacting by
       setting the value too low (3  or  less)  due  to  arithmetic  overflow/truncation  in  the
       DCT/iDCT  routines.  If this option is set a variable bitrate stream is produced.  This is
       more efficient but variable bitrate MPEG-1 cannot be played by some hardware decoders  and
       is rejected by some DVD authoring packages.  If you intend to use a software decoder you'd
       be insane not to use variable bitrate.

       If this option is set without a maximum bitrate being specified then quantisation is fixed
       at  the  specified value.  It should be noted that not specifying a bitrate is probably an
       error and may produce unexpected results.

       For MPEG-2 streams a default of 8 is used  if  -q  is  not  explicitly  given.   To  force
       constant bitrate streams use --cbr and -b NOT -q!

       -I|--interlace-mode 0|1|2

       Set  the  sequence  picture  structure  and  block  encoding  type for MPEG-2 streams.  By
       default, this value is inferred from the interlacing tag of the input  stream.  Setting  0
       encodes  frame-by-frame  with  support for interlaced video turned off, and specifies that
       progressive chroma subsampling has been  used.   Setting  1  encodes  frame-by-frame  with
       interlace-adapted  motion  compensation  and block encoding, and specifies that interlaced
       chroma subsampling has been used. Setting 2 encodes  interlaced  material  field-by-field,
       which will produce more accurate results for highly textured interlaced material with lots
       of motion, at the expense of generally less efficiency.

              This setting should match the interlaced-ness of the input stream, otherwise chroma
              artifacts may be generated when the MPEG stream is played back.

       -g|--min-gop-size num

       -G|--max-gop-size num

       These  flags  set  the minimum and maximum group-of-picture (GOP) size for the output MPEG
       stream.  The default values depend on the output format.

       For MPEG-1 (for example VCD) the default is a fixed GOP size of 12 (-g and -G are both set
       to 12).

       For  MPEG-2  the default value of -G (max) is set according to the video system: -G 15 for
       625 line (PAL) and 18 for 525 line (NTSC).  If -g (min) has not been  specified  then  the
       minimum GOP size is set to be one half of the maximum (-G).

       To force a fixed GOP size specify both -g and -G with the same value.

       If  the minimum and maximum GOP sizes are not identical then mpeg2enc will start a new GOP
       if more than 60% of the macroblocks in a P or B frame are Intra encoded.  This ensure  big
       changes  of  image coincide with a fully-encoded I-frame by starting  a new GOP.  This can
       help prevent transient "blockiness".

       Reasonable minimum GOP sizes are 6 or 9.  If a minimum is not specified but a  maximum  is
       given  then  the  minimum will be set to one half the maximum.  A larger GOP size can help
       reduce the bitrate required for a given quality.  However, this  really  only  applies  to
       high-quality  source  material  with  little  noise  (e.g.  digital video).  For broadcast
       material there is little point setting GOP size much beyond 21  or  24.   Even  with  good
       source  material  diminishing  returns  set  in quite rapidly.  Also it must be noted that
       specific MPEG-2 formats (such as for DVD) are constrained in  the  maximum  allowable  GOP
       size.

       Note: mpeg2enc is currently hard-wired to produce 2 B frames between each I/P frame unless
       the GOP size forces less.  This is reasonable for medium to high bitrates (>=  1Mbps)  but
       probably sub-optimal for low-bitrate encoding.

       -c|--closed-GOPs

       Setting  this  flag causes the encoder to generate only "closed" GOPs (Groups of Pictures)
       that can be decoded without reference to their predecessor.  This is  useful  for  streams
       that  are  supposed  to  be  used  in multi-angle DVD's and applications where more easily
       edittable MPEG is required.

       -P|--force-b-b-p

       This flag forces the GOP size selection to choose sizes that  ensure  2  B  frames  appear
       between  adjacent  I/P  frames.  Several common MPEG-1 decoders can't handle streams where
       less than 2 B-frames appear between I/P frames.

       -Q|--quantisation-reduction -4.0..5.0

       This flag sets the amount quantisation is reduced for blocks containing large  amounts  of
       sharp  image  detail.   Large  values produces efficient use of bits but may cause visible
       artifacting around detailed sections.  With noisy source material this option may cause  a
       "swimming" effect on textured backgrounds as the noise cause the quantisation of blocks to
       be boosted at random.  The default is 0.0 (off).  See also the -X option.

       -X|--quant-reduction-max-var 0.0..2500.0

       Luma variance below which quantisation boost (-Q) is activated.

       -r|--motion-search-radius num

       This flag sets the motion estimation search radius.  For most purposes  the  default  (16)
       should be just fine.  For high-resolution MPEG-2 and active scenes it may be worth bumping
       it up.  However, this will make encoding significantly  slower.   There  is  little  point
       reducing the radius.  Speed gains are not huge and the impact on quality can be marked.

       -4|--reduction-4x4 1..4

       -2|--reduction-2x2 1..4

       These  options  control  how  radical  the  encoder  is  in  throwing away apparently poor
       candidate estimates during motion estimation.  A setting of 1 means very  few  blocks  are
       discarded early which makes for slow encoding but quality as good as it gets. A setting of
       4 makes for fast encoding but can impact quality.  The -4 flag controls discarding  during
       the  initial  4*4  sub-sampled  search  stage,  the -2 flag controls discarding during the
       secondary 2*2 sub-sampled stage.

              These flags are useful  as  the  speed  quality  trade-off  is  markedly  different
              depending  on which CPU you have.  On modern machines the impact on speed is around
              a factor 2 on older machines a factor 3.  The  impact  on  quality  is  around  10%
              quantisation  (0.2  of a bit of precision in encoding textures).  For most purposes
              the default settings will be fine.  However on P-III Katmai etc -4 2 -2 1  gives  a
              good near-optimum quality setting with reasonably speed.

       -N|--reduce-hf num

       Setting this flag adjusts the way texture detail is quantised to reduce the precision with
       which of high-frequency information encoded. This is very useful for mildly noisy sources.
       If  you  have really noisy material the filtering tools available in mjpegtools are a much
       better bet.  The specified number must be in  the  range  0.0  to  2.0  gives  the  maxium
       quantisation boost.  A useful number to use would be 1.5 or 1.0.

       -H|--keep-hf

       Setting this flag makes the encoder encode as much high-frequency information as possible.
       This is a good setting for maximising quality at VCD resolution  with  good  quality  low-
       noise  source  material.   It  can  also  help with "swimmy" material if you can spare the
       bitrate!

       -D|--intra_dc_prec num

       Specifies the precision of the DC component. The default is 9. Most  commercial  DVDs  use
       10. Using 9 instead saves a few bits. Using 10 might help to avoid looking larger areas of
       nearly the same  color  blocky.   A  value  of  11  is  only  valid  at  the  next  MPEG-2
       profile/level so it's not a currently meaningful value to use.

OPTION LETTERS FOR CHUNKING THE OUTPUT STREAM

       -S|--sequence-length num

       This  flag  allows the target size of individual sequences in the final multiplexed stream
       to be set in MBytes. If set  mpeg2enc keeps track of how  large  the  eventual  stream  is
       getting  and  inserts  a sequence split (actually: sequence end / sequence start) into the
       output stream each time it reaches the specified  limit.   The  multiplexer  mplex(1)  can
       recognise  these  splits  and  start a new multiplexed output file each time it encounters
       one.   In this way it is easy to automatically ensure each component sequence file can  be
       burnt  onto  a CD-R and still be played as a stand-alone MPEG sequence.   For the SVCD and
       VCD profiles the default target sequence length is 700M  bytes.  For  other  profiles  the
       default is that sequence length is unlimited.

       -B|--nonvideo-bitrate num

       Since  mpeg2enc  can't  read  minds  it cannot know in advance what other material will be
       multiplexed with the output video stream.  Thus to get its calculations of where to insert
       split point right it needs to be told the combined data-rate of the other material that is
       eventually to be multiplexed with the video.  This flag allows this rate to  be  specified
       in K bits/sec.

       A  good  rule  of  thumb  is to use the total rate of all the other streams plus 1% of the
       total rate including video.

       -u|--cbr

       Force the use of Constant Bit Rate encoding.  Less than optimal (and inefficient in almost
       all  cases) but some folks insist on it. NOTE: this disables (overrides) the use of the -q
       option!

       It is an error to use this option and not specify a bitrate  using  -b  since  a  constant
       bitrate of 0 makes no sense.

       --chapters frame,...

       This flag allows you to define chapter points within the mpeg stream.  This is most useful
       when generating DVD video.  Each chapter point is specified  by  frame  number,  with  the
       first frame being number 0.  Every chapter point defined will end up at the beginning of a
       closed GOP as an I frame.

SSE, 3D-Now!, MMX !

       mpeg2enc makes extensive use of these SIMD instruction set extension on x86 family  CPU's.
       The  routines  used are determined dynamically at run-time.  It should be noted that using
       SSE requires operating system support.  Old 2.2.x Linux kernels (unless patched ones  like
       RedHat) do not have this and so SSE, although physically present, won't be activated.

BUGS

       There  should  be  an option to force GOP sizes that permit 2 B frames between I/P frames.
       Some decoders (even software)  can't handle the case where I/P frames come back to back or
       with only 1 B frame between them.

       There   needs   to  be  a  facility  for  writing  dummy  user-data  fields  so  that  the
       multiplexer/imager can insert forward/backward pointers when muxing/imaging an SVCD.

AUTHOR

       This man page was written by Andrew Stevens.  If you have questions, remarks, problems  or
       you just want to contact the developers, the main mailing list for the MJPEG-tools is:
         mjpeg-users@lists.sourceforge.net

       For more info, see our website at
         http://mjpeg.sourceforge.net

SEE ALSO

       mplex(1),   mp2enc(1),   lavrec(1),   lavplay(1),  lav2yuv(1),  lav2wav(1),  yuvscaler(1),
       yuvdenoise(1), y4mdenoise(1), mjpegtools(1)