Provided by: dacs_1.4.38a-2build1_amd64 
NAME
dacs.groups - DACS groups
DESCRIPTION
These files are part of the DACS suite.
Groups are a convenient shorthand for a jurisdiction's administrator to use when
specifying access control rules. Rather than explicitly listing the set of users who have
certain access rights to a service, an administrator can reference a group name that
represents the membership of the set. The set's membership is built dynamically and
consists of any combination of users and other group names. The membership of a particular
group may vary over time and is resolved when a service request is subjected to access
control. A jurisdiction may define any number of groups and specify their membership;
these definitions may then be referenced by other jurisdictions, in their access control
rules and their group definitions. It is the task of the DACS group membership service to
manage group membership and determine the set of users who belong to each group defined
within DACS.
A group's membership is determined solely by the administrator of the jurisdiction that
defines it, unless membership is delegated to other jurisdictions.
For its own purposes, a jurisdiction often maintains group membership information, such as
the organizational unit within the jurisdiction to which each of its users belong. DACS
can consult such a group membership database to associate roles (or "internal-group
membership") with the jurisdiction's users. This separately maintained information may
easily be imported into DACS, eliminating the administrative burden that would arise from
having to maintain the same information within two different systems.
When DACS needs to resolve group membership to determine whether the user making a service
request is a member of a particular group, it may need to consult any combination of local
group definitions, the roles associated with the user, and remote group definitions
(groups defined by other jurisdictions).
DACS does not dictate any particular method of storing group information; group
information is accessed through the DACS virtual filestore.
Every referenced group must be defined somewhere within DACS, whether locally or by
another jurisdiction, before the referencing group is considered valid by DACS.
Role-Based Group Membership
Jurisdictions, such as companies or organizations, typically have a hierarchical internal
structure, perhaps based on subdivisions such as departments, groups, projects, and so on.
Typically, an individual is associated with one or more of these subdivisions.
Alternatively, jurisdictions might use an organizational structure that is based on the
role of each individual.
Regardless of the type of structure, jurisdictions may have information services that
describe and manage where an individual belongs within that structure. A directory system,
such as X.500 or Microsoft's Active Directory, which is typically accessible using the
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)[1], is a common example of such an
information service. Another example is found in Unix-type systems, which assign their
users to groups[2] for access control purposes. By exporting this information, or by
creating and managing its own group definitions, a jurisdiction can use DACS to provide
role-based security.
DACS uses the concept of a role-based group to allow a jurisdiction to implicitly create
groups and associate users with them. At authentication time, a jurisdiction can indicate
which roles a user belongs to within the jurisdiction. This information becomes part of
the user's credentials and is consulted when determining whether the user is a member of a
given group. The entire membership of a role-based group, potentially very large and
possibly sensitive, need never be revealed or distributed to other jurisdictions.
Group information may sometimes be extracted from a directory system by processing the
distinguished names of users. Consider a distinguished name like the following, which
might be retrieved from a directory system:
{cou=CA, prov=BC, o=BigBank, ou=RandD, ou=Software, ou=Networks, cn=Auggie Doggie}
For this individual, a role descriptor asserting membership in three groups within the
jurisdiction might be produced: 1) RandD, 2) Software within RandD, and 3) Networks within
Software under RandD. Within DACS access control rules, these groups might be referred to
as "%BigBank:RandD", "%BigBank:RandD-Software", and "%BigBank:RandD-Software-Networks",
respectively. These group names may also be included in the membership of other groups.
Also, a group having one of these names can be defined and administered using DACS's
standard group membership methods; its membership is the union of the role-based group
members and the explicitly named group members.
A concise syntax is available for expressing hierarchically-related elements of a role
descriptor. The role descriptor "RandD/Software/Networks" is an equivalent way of
expressing the three-element descriptor given above.
It is relatively easy for a jurisdiction to use its existing services to export the
required role description to DACS. The Roles clause (see dacs.conf(5)[3]) configures how
this is done.
Group Syntax and Semantics
The following BNF syntax describes the names and symbols used in group definitions. Upper
and lower case are distinct in the defined strings and all strings are constructed from a
subset of the printable ASCII characters (e.g., the group name DSS:abc is different from
the group name DSS:AbC).
<Jurisdiction-Name> ::= [A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9\-_]*
<Jurisdiction-Group-Name> ::= [A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9\-_]*
Thus, jurisdiction names and group names are composed of upper and lower case letters,
digits, dashes, and underscores and must begin with a letter.
The name of a group is formed from two components:
<Group-Name> ::= <Jurisdiction-Name> ':' <Jurisdiction-Group-Name>
The <Jurisdiction-Name> is the unique, officially-assigned abbreviated name for the DACS
jurisdiction. The <Jurisdiction-Group-Name> is a unique name for the group within the
jurisdiction that defines the <Group-Name>.
The following XML DTD is used as the external representation of group definitions and
membership. It is used by DACS both to distribute this information from one jurisdiction
to another.
<!ELEMENT groups (group_definition)* >
<!ELEMENT group_definition (group_member*) >
<!ATTLIST group_definition
jurisdiction CDATA #REQUIRED
name CDATA #REQUIRED
mod_date CDATA #REQUIRED
type (public | private) #REQUIRED
>
<!ELEMENT group_member EMPTY >
<!ATTLIST group_member
jurisdiction CDATA #REQUIRED
name CDATA #REQUIRED
alt_name CDATA #IMPLIED
type (role | dacs | username | meta) #REQUIRED
dacs_url CDATA #IMPLIED
authenticates (yes | no) #IMPLIED
prompts (yes | no) #IMPLIED
auxiliary CDATA #IMPLIED
>
A group_definition gives the official name of the jurisdiction that defined the group
(jurisdiction), a name for the group that is unique with that jurisdiction (name), the
date and time the group's definition was last changed (mod_date) and whether the group's
membership is to be kept private (type). The date and time are expressed in UTC and using
a 24 hour clock, in the format Wdy, DD-Mon-YYYY HH:MM:SS GMT, based on RFC 822[4], with
the variations that the only legal time zone is GMT and the separators between the
elements of the date must be dashes. If public, the type attribute indicates that the
group membership may be distributed to other jurisdictions and included in the definition
of another group that is distributed.
Each group_member specifies a member of the group. The type is role if the named member is
a role, username if it is a DACS username, and dacs if it is the name of another DACS
group. The special type meta is reserved for the internal use of DACS and associated with
this type only is the presence of information about the jurisdiction: dacs_url, name,
altname, authenticates, and prompts, each of which must be present for this type, and
auxiliary, which is optional. Refer to DACS Metadata[5] for additional information.
Note
In conjunction with dacs_list_jurisdictions(8)[6], if the dacs_url attribute value
does not begin with "http" or "https", then name interpolation is performed on the
value as if by the pathname()[7] function with hostname formed by prepending the name
attribute value to the FEDERATION_DOMAIN[8] and port obtained from the port associated
with the dacs_list_jurisdictions request.
For example, assuming FEDERATION_DOMAIN is test-03.example.com and given the entry:
<group_member jurisdiction="METALOGIC" name="Metalogic"
type="meta" alt_name="Metalogic Software Corp."
dacs_url="%2+/metalogic/dacs" authenticates="yes"
prompts="no" auxiliary="local" />
and the request:
http://test-03.example.com/fedadmin/dacs/dacs_list_jurisdictions
then the effective value of dacs_url for the entry would be:
http://test-03.example.com/metalogic/dacs
And assuming FEDERATION_DOMAIN is dss.ca and given the entry:
<group_member jurisdiction="DACS" name="DSS Inc." type="meta"
alt_name="DSS Inc." dacs_url="%0:%p/cgi-bin/dacs" authenticates="yes"
prompts="no" auxiliary="local" />
and the request:
https://dacs.dss.ca:8443/cgi-bin/dacs/dacs_list_jurisdictions
then the effective value of dacs_url would be:
https://dacs.dss.ca:8443/cgi-bin/dacs
If the type is role, any user who has credentials that name the given role is a member of
the group.
The appearance of a group name in the membership list of a group definition effectively
inserts the entire membership of that referenced group in the definition. This type of
inclusion is recursive, allowing for a configurable maximum depth. A cycle of inclusions
is detected and not considered an error. Duplicate members are culled from the final
membership list. All invalid group definitions are considered by DACS to have no members
(that is, they are treated as having an empty membership list). The included group may
belong to the same jurisdiction as the one being defined or it may refer to a group
defined by some other jurisdiction. In the latter case, the administrator who defines the
group delegates part of the responsibility for the group definition to another
administrator who might do the same.
A group may be defined to be empty (i.e., not having any members).
DACS Metadata
At each jurisdiction in a federation, DACS requires metadata that describes the
jurisdictions. This information might be used by middleware or client-side software, for
instance, for creating a menu to present to the user, which would need to obtain a list of
jurisdictions. The metadata is also used for various internal purposes.
Important
The DACS metadata is stored in a group definition named "jurisdictions" relative to
the groups item type. By default, at a jurisdiction with JURISDICTION_NAME[9] BOBO in
a federation with FEDERATION_DOMAIN[8] example.com, this will be a file named
jurisdictions.grp in the directory /usr/local/dacs/federations/example.com/BOBO/DACS.
DACS does not care about the values of the name and alt_name attributes, provided that
they are well-formed. The alt_name might provide descriptive information in another
language. These attributes might be used by middleware to construct a menu for users
to select their home jurisdiction when logging in, for instance. For consistency, a
federation should consider adopting a convention across all jurisdictions for how
these two attributes are used.
The dacs_url attribute is important because it tells DACS how to construct a URL for
any DACS web service at the jurisdiction.
Group information about jurisdictions is indicated by the meta attribute value for the
type attribute.
This example group definition describes a four jurisdiction DACS federation:
<groups>
<group_definition
jurisdiction="DACS" name="jurisdictions" mod_date="Tue, 11-Sep-2001 3:00:00 GMT" type="public">
<group_member jurisdiction="METALOGIC"
name="Full name of this jurisdiction, in English"
alt_name="Full name of this jurisdiction, in French"
type="meta"
dacs_url="http://metalogic.example.com/cgi-bin"
authenticates="yes"
prompts="no" />
<group_member jurisdiction="BC"
name="Full name of this jurisdiction, in English"
alt_name="Full name of this jurisdiction, in French"
type="meta"
dacs_url="http://bc.example.com/cgi-bin"
authenticates="yes"
prompts="no" />
<group_member jurisdiction="ON"
name="Full name of this jurisdiction, in English"
alt_name="Full name of this jurisdiction, in French"
type="meta"
dacs_url="http://on.example.com/cgi-bin/dacs"
authenticates="yes"
prompts="no" />
<group_member jurisdiction="NF"
name="Full name of this jurisdiction, in English"
alt_name="Full name of this jurisdiction, in French"
type="meta"
dacs_url="http://nf.example.com/cgi-bin"
authenticates="yes"
prompts="yes" />
</group_definition>
</groups>
EXAMPLES
The group ON:gis is defined by the jurisdiction ON to consist of three ordinary users:
<groups>
<group_definition
jurisdiction="ON" name="gis" mod_date="Fri, 30-Nov-2001 13:17:00 GMT" type="public">
<group_member jurisdiction="NF" name="alice@nf.example.org" type="username"/>
<group_member jurisdiction="ON" name="bob@on.example.org" type="username"/>
<group_member jurisdiction="METALOGIC" name="carol@example.org" type="username"/>
</group_definition>
</groups>
This example defines a group that includes other groups as members:
<groups>
<group_definition
jurisdiction="METALOGIC" name="admin" mod_date="Fri, 30-Nov-2001 9:17:00 GMT" type="public">
<group_member jurisdiction="NF" name="admin" type="dacs"/>
<group_member jurisdiction="ON" name="admin" type="dacs"/>
<group_member jurisdiction="BC" name="admin" type="dacs"/>
<group_member jurisdiction="NF" name="alice@gov.nf.example.org" type="username"/>
</group_definition>
The group METALOGIC:admin is defined by jurisdiction METALOGIC to consist of the
membership of three other groups (NF:admin, ON:admin, and BC:admin) and a user.
This group, BC:nobody, has no members:
<groups>
<group_definition
jurisdiction="BC" name="nobody" mod_date="Fri, 30-Nov-2001 10:17:00 GMT" type="public"/>
</groups>
Here is an example of a private group:
<groups>
<group_definition
jurisdiction="BC" name="pilot_admin" mod_date="Fri, 28-Dec-2001 23:59:00 GMT" type="private">
<group_member jurisdiction="BC" name="brain@bc.example.com" type="username"/>
</group_definition>
</groups>
As the first group in the example above has been declared to be private, access control
rules may be constructed to make its membership invisible to other jurisdictions, to
forbid its definition from being forwarded to other jurisdictions, and so on.
Here is a group with dynamic, role-based membership:
<groups>
<group_definition
jurisdiction="BC" name="admin" mod_date="Wed, 22-Aug-2001 17:51:00 GMT" type="public">
<group_member jurisdiction="BC" name="ou_admin" type="role"/>
<group_member jurisdiction="METALOGIC" name="bobo@example.com" type="username"/>
<group_member jurisdiction="BC" name="admin" type="dacs"/>
</group_definition>
</groups>
This definition references a role (ou_admin), a username, and a group.
AUTHOR
Distributed Systems Software (www.dss.ca[10])
COPYING
Copyright2003-2015 Distributed Systems Software. See the LICENSE[11] file that accompanies
the distribution for licensing information.
NOTES
1. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol
2. groups
http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=group&apropos=0&sektion=5&manpath=FreeBSD+10.1-RELEASE&format=html
3. dacs.conf(5)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html
4. RFC 822
http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc822.txt
5. DACS Metadata
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/#dacs_metadata
6. dacs_list_jurisdictions(8)
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs_list_jurisdictions.8.html
7. pathname()
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.exprs.5.html#pathname
8. FEDERATION_DOMAIN
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#FEDERATION_DOMAIN
9. JURISDICTION_NAME
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/dacs.conf.5.html#JURISDICTION_NAME
10. www.dss.ca
http://www.dss.ca
11. LICENSE
http://dacs.dss.ca/man/../misc/LICENSE