Provided by: pcp_4.0.1-1_amd64 
NAME
pcp-atop, pmatop - Advanced System and Process Monitor
SYNOPSIS
Interactive Usage:
pcp [pcp options] atop [-g|-m|-d|-n|-u|-p|-s|-c|-v|-o|-y] [-C|-M|-D|-N|-A] [-afFG1xR] [-L linelen]
[-Plabel[,label]...] [interval [samples]]
Writing and reading raw logfiles:
pcp atop -w rawfile [-a] [-S] [interval [samples]]
pcp atop -r [ rawfile ] [-b hh:mm ] [-e hh:mm ] [-g|-m|-d|-n|-u|-p|-s|-c|-v|-o|-y] [-C|-M|-D|-N|-A]
[-fFG1xR] [-L linelen] [-Plabel[,label]...]
DESCRIPTION
The program pcp-atop is an interactive monitor to view various aspects of load on a system. It shows the
occupation of the most critical hardware resources (from a performance point of view) on system level,
i.e. cpu, memory, disk and network.
It also shows which processes are responsible for the indicated load with respect to cpu and memory load
on process level. Disk load is shown per process if "storage accounting" is active in the kernel.
Every interval (default: 10 seconds) information is shown about the resource occupation on system level
(cpu, memory, disks and network layers), followed by a list of processes which have been active during
the last interval (note that all processes that were unchanged during the last interval are not shown,
unless the key 'a' has been pressed or unless sorting on memory occupation is done). If the list of
active processes does not entirely fit on the screen, only the top of the list is shown (sorted in order
of activity).
The intervals are repeated till the number of samples (specified as command argument) is reached, or till
the key 'q' is pressed in interactive mode.
When invoked via the pcp(1) command, the PCPIntro(1) options -h/--host, -a/--archive, -O/--origin,
-s/--samples, -t/--interval, -Z/--timezone and several other pcp options become indirectly available.
The long option form of these is directly available. Additionally, the --hotproc option can be used to
request the per-process PCP metrics be used instead of the default proc metrics from pmdaproc(1).
When pcp-atop is started, it checks whether the standard output channel is connected to a screen, or to a
file/pipe. In the first case it produces screen control codes (via the ncurses library) and behaves
interactively; in the second case it produces flat ASCII-output.
In interactive mode, the output of pcp-atop scales dynamically to the current dimensions of the
screen/window.
If the window is resized horizontally, columns will be added or removed automatically. For this purpose,
every column has a particular weight. The columns with the highest weights that fit within the current
width will be shown.
If the window is resized vertically, lines of the process/thread list will be added or removed
automatically.
Furthermore in interactive mode the output of pcp-atop can be controlled by pressing particular keys.
However it is also possible to specify such key as flag on the command line. In that case pcp-atop
switches to the indicated mode on beforehand; this mode can be modified again interactively. Specifying
such key as flag is especially useful when running pcp-atop with output to a pipe or file (non-
interactively). These flags are the same as the keys that can be pressed in interactive mode (see
section INTERACTIVE COMMANDS).
Additional flags are available to support storage of pcp-atop data in PCP archive format (see section PCP
DATA STORAGE).
COLORS
For the resource consumption on system level, pcp-atop uses colors to indicate that a critical occupation
percentage has been (almost) reached. A critical occupation percentage means that is likely that this
load causes a noticeable negative performance influence for applications using this resource. The
critical percentage depends on the type of resource: e.g. the performance influence of a disk with a busy
percentage of 80% might be more noticeable for applications/user than a CPU with a busy percentage of
90%.
Currently pcp-atop uses the following default values to calculate a weighted percentage per resource:
Processor
A busy percentage of 90% or higher is considered `critical'.
Disk
A busy percentage of 70% or higher is considered `critical'.
Network
A busy percentage of 90% or higher for the load of an interface is considered `critical'.
Memory
An occupation percentage of 90% is considered `critical'. Notice that this occupation percentage is
the accumulated memory consumption of the kernel (including slab) and all processes; the memory for
the page cache (`cache' and `buff' in the MEM-line) and the reclaimable part of the slab (`slrec`)
is not implied!
If the number of pages swapped out (`swout' in the PAG-line) is larger than 10 per second, the
memory resource is considered `critical'. A value of at least 1 per second is considered `almost
critical'.
If the committed virtual memory exceeds the limit (`vmcom' and `vmlim' in the SWP-line), the SWP-
line is colored due to overcommitting the system.
Swap
An occupation percentage of 80% is considered `critical' because swap space might be completely
exhausted in the near future; it is not critical from a performance point-of-view.
These default values can be modified in the configuration file (see separate man-page of pcp-atoprc).
When a resource exceeds its critical occupation percentage, the concerning values in the screen line are
colored red by default.
When a resource exceeded (default) 80% of its critical percentage (so it is almost critical), the
concerning values in the screen line are colored cyan by default. This `almost critical percentage' (one
value for all resources) can be modified in the configuration file (see separate man-page of pcp-atoprc).
The default colors red and cyan can be modified in the configuration file as well (see separate man-page
of pcp-atoprc).
With the key 'x' (or flag -x), the use of colors can be suppressed.
INTERACTIVE COMMANDS
When running pcp-atop interactively (no output redirection), keys can be pressed to control the output.
In general, lower case keys can be used to show other information for the active processes and upper case
keys can be used to influence the sort order of the active process/thread list.
g Show generic output (default).
Per process the following fields are shown in case of a window-width of 80 positions: process-id,
cpu consumption during the last interval in system and user mode, the virtual and resident memory
growth of the process.
The subsequent columns depend on the used kernel:
When the kernel supports "storage accounting" (>= 2.6.20), the data transfer for read/write on disk,
the status and exit code are shown for each process. When the kernel does not support "storage
accounting", the username, number of threads in the thread group, the status and exit code are
shown.
The last columns contain the state, the occupation percentage for the chosen resource (default: cpu)
and the process name.
When more than 80 positions are available, other information is added.
m Show memory related output.
Per process the following fields are shown in case of a window-width of 80 positions: process-id,
minor and major memory faults, size of virtual shared text, total virtual process size, total
resident process size, virtual and resident growth during last interval, memory occupation
percentage and process name.
When more than 80 positions are available, other information is added.
For memory consumption, always all processes are shown (also the processes that were not active
during the interval).
d Show disk-related output.
When "storage accounting" is active in the kernel, the following fields are shown: process-id,
amount of data read from disk, amount of data written to disk, amount of data that was written but
has been withdrawn again (WCANCL), disk occupation percentage and process name.
s Show scheduling characteristics.
Per process the following fields are shown in case of a window-width of 80 positions: process-id,
number of threads in state 'running' (R), number of threads in state 'interruptible sleeping' (S),
number of threads in state 'uninterruptible sleeping' (D), scheduling policy (normal timesharing,
realtime round-robin, realtime fifo), nice value, priority, realtime priority, current processor,
status, exit code, state, the occupation percentage for the chosen resource and the process name.
When more than 80 positions are available, other information is added.
v Show various process characteristics.
Per process the following fields are shown in case of a window-width of 80 positions: process-id,
user name and group, start date and time, status (e.g. exit code if the process has finished),
state, the occupation percentage for the chosen resource and the process name.
When more than 80 positions are available, other information is added.
c Show the command line of the process.
Per process the following fields are shown: process-id, the occupation percentage for the chosen
resource and the command line including arguments.
o Show the user-defined line of the process.
In the configuration file the keyword ownprocline can be specified with the description of a user-
defined output-line.
Refer to the man-page of pcp-atoprc for a detailed description.
y Show the individual threads within a process (toggle).
Single-threaded processes are still shown as one line.
For multi-threaded processes, one line represents the process while additional lines show the
activity per individual thread (in a different color). Depending on the option 'a' (all or active
toggle), all threads are shown or only the threads that were active during the last interval.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header line.
u Show the process activity accumulated per user.
Per user the following fields are shown: number of processes active or terminated during last
interval (or in total if combined with command `a'), accumulated cpu consumption during last
interval in system and user mode, the current virtual and resident memory space consumed by active
processes (or all processes of the user if combined with command `a').
When "storage accounting" is active in the kernel, the accumulated read and write throughput on disk
is shown. When the kernel module `netatop' has been installed, the number of received and sent
network packets are shown.
The last columns contain the accumulated occupation percentage for the chosen resource (default:
cpu) and the user name.
p Show the process activity accumulated per program (i.e. process name).
Per program the following fields are shown: number of processes active or terminated during last
interval (or in total if combined with command `a'), accumulated cpu consumption during last
interval in system and user mode, the current virtual and resident memory space consumed by active
processes (or all processes of the user if combined with command `a').
When "storage accounting" is active in the kernel, the accumulated read and write throughput on disk
is shown. When the kernel module `netatop' has been installed, the number of received and sent
network packets are shown.
The last columns contain the accumulated occupation percentage for the chosen resource (default:
cpu) and the program name.
j Show the process activity accumulated per Docker container.
Per container the following fields are shown: number of processes active or terminated during last
interval (or in total if combined with command `a'), accumulated cpu consumption during last
interval in system and user mode, the current virtual and resident memory space consumed by active
processes (or all processes of the user if combined with command `a').
When "storage accounting" is active in the kernel, the accumulated read and write throughput on disk
is shown. When the kernel module `netatop' has been installed, the number of received and sent
network packets are shown.
The last columns contain the accumulated occupation percentage for the chosen resource (default:
cpu) and the Docker container id (CID).
C Sort the current list in the order of cpu consumption (default). The one-but-last column changes to
``CPU''.
M Sort the current list in the order of resident memory consumption. The one-but-last column changes
to ``MEM''. In case of sorting on memory, the full process list will be shown (not only the active
processes).
D Sort the current list in the order of disk accesses issued. The one-but-last column changes to
``DSK''.
N Sort the current list in the order of network bandwidth (received and transmitted). The one-but-
last column changes to ``NET''.
A Sort the current list automatically in the order of the most busy system resource during this
interval. The one-but-last column shows either ``ACPU'', ``AMEM'', ``ADSK'' or ``ANET'' (the
preceding 'A' indicates automatic sorting-order). The most busy resource is determined by comparing
the weighted busy-percentages of the system resources, as described earlier in the section COLORS.
This option remains valid until another sorting-order is explicitly selected again.
A sorting-order for disk is only possible when "storage accounting" is active. A sorting-order for
network is only possible when the kernel module `netatop' is loaded.
Miscellaneous interactive commands:
? Request for help information (also the key 'h' can be pressed).
V Request for version information (version number and date).
R Gather and calculate the proportional set size of processes (toggle). Gathering of all values that
are needed to calculate the PSIZE of a process is a relatively time-consuming task, so this key
should only be active when analyzing the resident memory consumption of processes.
x Suppress colors to highlight critical resources (toggle).
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header line.
z The pause key can be used to freeze the current situation in order to investigate the output on the
screen. While pcp-atop is paused, the keys described above can be pressed to show other information
about the current list of processes. Whenever the pause key is pressed again, pcp-atop will
continue with a next sample.
i Modify the interval timer (default: 10 seconds). If an interval timer of 0 is entered, the interval
timer is switched off. In that case a new sample can only be triggered manually by pressing the key
't'.
t Trigger a new sample manually. This key can be pressed if the current sample should be finished
before the timer has exceeded, or if no timer is set at all (interval timer defined as 0). In the
latter case pcp-atop can be used as a stopwatch to measure the load being caused by a particular
application transaction, without knowing on beforehand how many seconds this transaction will last.
When viewing the contents of a raw file, this key can be used to show the next sample from the file.
T When viewing the contents of a raw file, this key can be used to show the previous sample from the
file.
b When viewing the contents of a raw file, this key can be used to branch to a certain timestamp
within the file (either forward or backward).
r Reset all counters to zero to see the system and process activity since boot again.
When viewing the contents of a raw file, this key can be used to rewind to the beginning of the file
again.
U Specify a search string for specific user names as a regular expression. From now on, only (active)
processes will be shown from a user which matches the regular expression. The system statistics are
still system wide. If the Enter-key is pressed without specifying a name, (active) processes of all
users will be shown again.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header line.
I Specify a list with one or more PIDs to be selected. From now on, only processes will be shown with
a PID which matches one of the given list. The system statistics are still system wide. If the
Enter-key is pressed without specifying a PID, all (active) processes will be shown again.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header line.
P Specify a search string for specific process names as a regular expression. From now on, only
processes will be shown with a name which matches the regular expression. The system statistics are
still system wide. If the Enter-key is pressed without specifying a name, all (active) processes
will be shown again.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header line.
/ Specify a specific command line search string as a regular expression. From now on, only processes
will be shown with a command line which matches the regular expression. The system statistics are
still system wide. If the Enter-key is pressed without specifying a string, all (active) processes
will be shown again.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header line.
J Specify a Docker container id of 12 (hexadecimal) characters. From now on, only processes will be
shown that run in that specific Docker container (CID). The system statistics are still system
wide. If the Enter-key is pressed without specifying a container id, all (active) processes will be
shown again.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header line.
S Specify search strings for specific logical volume names, specific disk names and specific network
interface names. All search strings are interpreted as a regular expressions. From now on, only
those system resources are shown that match the concerning regular expression. If the Enter-key is
pressed without specifying a search string, all (active) system resources of that type will be shown
again.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header line.
a The `all/active' key can be used to toggle between only showing/accumulating the processes that were
active during the last interval (default) or showing/accumulating all processes.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header line.
G By default, pcp-atop shows/accumulates the processes that are alive and the processes that are
exited during the last interval. With this key (toggle), showing/accumulating the processes that are
exited can be suppressed.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header line.
f Show a fixed (maximum) number of header lines for system resources (toggle). By default only the
lines are shown about system resources (CPUs, paging, logical volumes, disks, network interfaces)
that really have been active during the last interval. With this key you can force pcp-atop to show
lines of inactive resources as well.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header line.
F Suppress sorting of system resources (toggle). By default system resources (CPUs, logical volumes,
disks, network interfaces) are sorted on utilization.
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header line.
1 Show relevant counters as an average per second (in the format `..../s') instead of as a total
during the interval (toggle).
Whether this key is active or not can be seen in the header line.
l Limit the number of system level lines for the counters per-cpu, the active disks and the network
interfaces. By default lines are shown of all CPUs, disks and network interfaces which have been
active during the last interval. Limiting these lines can be useful on systems with huge number
CPUs, disks or interfaces in order to be able to run pcp-atop on a screen/window with e.g. only 24
lines.
For all mentioned resources the maximum number of lines can be specified interactively. When using
the flag -l the maximum number of per-cpu lines is set to 0, the maximum number of disk lines to 5
and the maximum number of interface lines to 3. These values can be modified again in interactive
mode.
k Send a signal to an active process (a.k.a. kill a process).
q Quit the program.
PgDn Show the next page of the process/thread list.
With the arrow-down key the list can be scrolled downwards with single lines.
^F Show the next page of the process/thread list (forward).
With the arrow-down key the list can be scrolled downwards with single lines.
PgUp Show the previous page of the process/thread list.
With the arrow-up key the list can be scrolled upwards with single lines.
^B Show the previous page of the process/thread list (backward).
With the arrow-up key the list can be scrolled upwards with single lines.
^L Redraw the screen.
PCP DATA STORAGE
In order to store system and process level statistics for long-term analysis (e.g. to check the system
load and the active processes running yesterday between 3:00 and 4:00 PM), pcp-atop can store the system
and process level statistics in the PCP archive format, as an archive folio (see mkaf(1)).
All processes/threads are stored in the raw file.
The interval (default: 10 seconds) and number of samples (default: infinite) can be passed as last
arguments. Instead of the number of samples, the flag -S can be used to indicate that pcp-atop should
finish anyhow before midnight.
A PCP archive can be read and visualized again with the flag -r . The argument is a comma-separated list
of names, each of which may be the base name of an archive or the name of a directory containing one or
more archives. If no argument is specified, the file $PCP_LOG_DIR/pmlogger/HOST/YYYYMMDD is opened for
input (where YYYYMMDD are digits representing the current date, and HOST is the hostname of the machine
being logged). If a filename is specified in the format YYYYMMDD (representing any valid date), the file
$PCP_LOG_DIR/pmlogger/HOST/YYYYMMDD is opened. If a filename with the symbolic name y is specified,
yesterday's daily logfile is opened (this can be repeated so 'yyyy' indicates the logfile of four days
ago).
The samples from the file can be viewed interactively by using the key 't' to show the next sample, the
key 'T' to show the previous sample, the key 'b' to branch to a particular time or the key 'r' to rewind
to the begin of the file.
When output is redirected to a file or pipe, pcp-atop prints all samples in plain ASCII. The default line
length is 80 characters in that case; with the flag -L followed by an alternate line length, more (or
less) columns will be shown.
With the flag -b (begin time) and/or -e (end time) followed by a time argument of the form HH:MM, a
certain time period within the raw file can be selected.
OUTPUT DESCRIPTION
The first sample shows the system level activity since boot (the elapsed time in the header shows the
time since boot). Note that particular counters could have reached their maximum value (several times)
and started by zero again, so do not rely on these figures.
For every sample pcp-atop first shows the lines related to system level activity. If a particular system
resource has not been used during the interval, the entire line related to this resource is suppressed.
So the number of system level lines may vary for each sample.
After that a list is shown of processes which have been active during the last interval. This list is by
default sorted on cpu consumption, but this order can be changed by the keys which are previously
described.
If values have to be shown by pcp-atop which do not fit in the column width, another format is used. If
e.g. a cpu-consumption of 233216 milliseconds should be shown in a column width of 4 positions, it is
shown as `233s' (in seconds). For large memory figures, another unit is chosen if the value does not fit
(Mb instead of Kb, Gb instead of Mb, Tb instead of Gb, ...). For other values, a kind of exponent
notation is used (value 123456789 shown in a column of 5 positions gives 123e6).
OUTPUT DESCRIPTION - SYSTEM LEVEL
The system level information consists of the following output lines:
PRC Process and thread level totals.
This line contains the total cpu time consumed in system mode (`sys') and in user mode (`user'), the
total number of processes present at this moment (`#proc'), the total number of threads present at
this moment in state `running' (`#trun'), `sleeping interruptible' (`#tslpi') and `sleeping
uninterruptible' (`#tslpu'), the number of zombie processes (`#zombie'), the number of clone system
calls (`clones'), and the number of processes that ended during the interval (`#exit') when process
accounting is used. Instead of `#exit` the last column may indicate that process accounting could
not be activated (`no procacct`).
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters, only a relevant subset is shown.
CPU CPU utilization.
At least one line is shown for the total occupation of all CPUs together.
In case of a multi-processor system, an additional line is shown for every individual processor
(with `cpu' in lower case), sorted on activity. Inactive CPUs will not be shown by default. The
lines showing the per-cpu occupation contain the cpu number in the last field.
Every line contains the percentage of cpu time spent in kernel mode by all active processes (`sys'),
the percentage of cpu time consumed in user mode (`user') for all active processes (including
processes running with a nice value larger than zero), the percentage of cpu time spent for
interrupt handling (`irq') including softirq, the percentage of unused cpu time while no processes
were waiting for disk-I/O (`idle'), and the percentage of unused cpu time while at least one process
was waiting for disk-I/O (`wait').
In case of per-cpu occupation, the last column shows the cpu number and the wait percentage (`w')
for that cpu. The number of lines showing the per-cpu occupation can be limited.
For virtual machines the steal-percentage is shown (`steal'), reflecting the percentage of cpu time
stolen by other virtual machines running on the same hardware.
For physical machines hosting one or more virtual machines, the guest-percentage is shown (`guest'),
reflecting the percentage of cpu time used by the virtual machines. Notice that this percentage
overlaps the user-percentage.
In case of frequency-scaling, all previously mentioned CPU-percentages are relative to the used
scaling of the CPU during the interval. If a CPU has been active for e.g. 50% in user mode during
the interval while the frequency-scaling of that CPU was 40%, only 20% of the full capacity of the
CPU has been used in user mode.
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters, only a relevant subset is shown.
CPL CPU load information.
This line contains the load average figures reflecting the number of threads that are available to
run on a CPU (i.e. part of the runqueue) or that are waiting for disk I/O. These figures are
averaged over 1 (`avg1'), 5 (`avg5') and 15 (`avg15') minutes.
Furthermore the number of context switches (`csw'), the number of serviced interrupts (`intr') and
the number of available CPUs are shown.
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters, only a relevant subset is shown.
MEM Memory occupation.
This line contains the total amount of physical memory (`tot'), the amount of memory which is
currently free (`free'), the amount of memory in use as page cache including the total resident
shared memory (`cache'), the amount of memory within the page cache that has to be flushed to disk
(`dirty'), the amount of memory used for filesystem meta data (`buff'), the amount of memory being
used for kernel mallocs (`slab'), the amount of slab memory that is reclaimable (`slrec'), the
resident size of shared memory including tmpfs (`shmem`), the resident size of shared memory
(`shrss`) the amount of shared memory that is currently swapped (`shswp`), the amount of memory that
is currently claimed by vmware's balloon driver (`vmbal`), the amount of memory that is claimed for
huge pages (`hptot`), and the amount of huge page memory that is really in use (`hpuse`).
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters, only a relevant subset is shown.
SWP Swap occupation and overcommit info.
This line contains the total amount of swap space on disk (`tot') and the amount of free swap space
(`free').
Furthermore the committed virtual memory space (`vmcom') and the maximum limit of the committed
space (`vmlim', which is by default swap size plus 50% of memory size) is shown. The committed
space is the reserved virtual space for all allocations of private memory space for processes. The
kernel only verifies whether the committed space exceeds the limit if strict overcommit handling is
configured (vm.overcommit_memory is 2).
PAG Paging frequency.
This line contains the number of scanned pages (`scan') due to the fact that free memory drops below
a particular threshold and the number times that the kernel tries to reclaim pages due to an urgent
need (`stall').
Also the number of memory pages the system read from swap space (`swin') and the number of memory
pages the system wrote to swap space (`swout') are shown.
LVM/MDD/DSK
Logical volume/multiple device/disk utilization.
Per active unit one line is produced, sorted on unit activity. Such line shows the name (e.g.
VolGroup00-lvtmp for a logical volume or sda for a hard disk), the busy percentage i.e. the portion
of time that the unit was busy handling requests (`busy'), the number of read requests issued
(`read'), the number of write requests issued (`write'), the number of KiBytes per read (`KiB/r'),
the number of KiBytes per write (`KiB/w'), the number of MiBytes per second throughput for reads
(`MBr/s'), the number of MiBytes per second throughput for writes (`MBw/s'), the average queue depth
(`avq') and the average number of milliseconds needed by a request (`avio') for seek, latency and
data transfer.
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters, only a relevant subset is shown.
The number of lines showing the units can be limited per class (LVM, MDD or DSK) with the 'l' key or
statically (see separate man-page of pcp-atoprc(5)). By specifying the value 0 for a particular
class, no lines will be shown any more for that class.
NFM Network Filesystem (NFS) mount at the client side.
For each NFS-mounted filesystem, a line is shown that contains the mounted server directory, the
name of the server (`srv'), the total number of bytes physically read from the server (`read') and
the total number of bytes physically written to the server (`write'). Data transfer is subdivided
in the number of bytes read via normal read() system calls (`nread'), the number of bytes written
via normal read() system calls (`nwrit'), the number of bytes read via direct I/O (`dread'), the
number of bytes written via direct I/O (`dwrit'), the number of bytes read via memory mapped I/O
pages (`mread'), and the number of bytes written via memory mapped I/O pages (`mwrit').
NFC Network Filesystem (NFS) client side counters.
This line contains the number of RPC calls issues by local processes (`rpc'), the number of read RPC
calls (`read`) and write RPC calls (`rpwrite') issued to the NFS server, the number of RPC calls
being retransmitted (`retxmit') and the number of authorization refreshes (`autref').
NFS Network Filesystem (NFS) server side counters.
This line contains the number of RPC calls received from NFS clients (`rpc'), the number of read RPC
calls received (`cread`), the number of write RPC calls received (`cwrit'), the number of network
requests handled via TCP (`nettcp'), the number of network requests handled via UDP (`netudp'), the
number of Megabytes/second returned to read requests by clients (`MBcr/s`), the number of
Megabytes/second passed in write requests by clients (`MBcw/s`), the number of reply cache hits
(`rchits'), the number of reply cache misses (`rcmiss') and the number of uncached requests
(`rcnoca'). Furthermore some error counters indicating the number of requests with a bad format
(`badfmt') or a bad authorization (`badaut'), and a counter indicating the number of bad clients
(`badcln'). and the number of authorization refreshes (`autref').
NET Network utilization (TCP/IP).
One line is shown for activity of the transport layer (TCP and UDP), one line for the IP layer and
one line per active interface.
For the transport layer, counters are shown concerning the number of received TCP segments including
those received in error (`tcpi'), the number of transmitted TCP segments excluding those containing
only retransmitted octets (`tcpo'), the number of UDP datagrams received (`udpi'), the number of UDP
datagrams transmitted (`udpo'), the number of active TCP opens (`tcpao'), the number of passive TCP
opens (`tcppo'), the number of TCP output retransmissions (`tcprs'), the number of TCP input errors
(`tcpie'), the number of TCP output resets (`tcpor'), the number of UDP no ports (`udpnp'), and the
number of UDP input errors (`udpie').
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters, only a relevant subset is shown.
These counters are related to IPv4 and IPv6 combined.
For the IP layer, counters are shown concerning the number of IP datagrams received from interfaces,
including those received in error (`ipi'), the number of IP datagrams that local higher-layer
protocols offered for transmission (`ipo'), the number of received IP datagrams which were forwarded
to other interfaces (`ipfrw'), the number of IP datagrams which were delivered to local higher-layer
protocols (`deliv'), the number of received ICMP datagrams (`icmpi'), and the number of transmitted
ICMP datagrams (`icmpo').
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters, only a relevant subset is shown.
These counters are related to IPv4 and IPv6 combined.
For every active network interface one line is shown, sorted on the interface activity. Such line
shows the name of the interface and its busy percentage in the first column. The busy percentage
for half duplex is determined by comparing the interface speed with the number of bits transmitted
and received per second; for full duplex the interface speed is compared with the highest of either
the transmitted or the received bits. When the interface speed can not be determined (e.g. for the
loopback interface), `---' is shown instead of the percentage.
Furthermore the number of received packets (`pcki'), the number of transmitted packets (`pcko'), the
line speed of the interface (`sp'), the effective amount of bits received per second (`si'), the
effective amount of bits transmitted per second (`so'), the number of collisions (`coll'), the
number of received multicast packets (`mlti'), the number of errors while receiving a packet
(`erri'), the number of errors while transmitting a packet (`erro'), the number of received packets
dropped (`drpi'), and the number of transmitted packets dropped (`drpo').
If the screen-width does not allow all of these counters, only a relevant subset is shown.
The number of lines showing the network interfaces can be limited.
OUTPUT DESCRIPTION - PROCESS LEVEL
Following the system level information, the processes are shown from which the resource utilization has
changed during the last interval. These processes might have used cpu time or issued disk or network
requests. However a process is also shown if part of it has been paged out due to lack of memory (while
the process itself was in sleep state).
Per process the following fields may be shown (in alphabetical order), depending on the current output
mode as described in the section INTERACTIVE COMMANDS and depending on the current width of your window:
AVGRSZ The average size of one read-action on disk.
AVGWSZ The average size of one write-action on disk.
CID Container ID (Docker) of 12 hexadecimal digits, referring to the container in which the
process/thread is running. If a process has been started and finished during the last interval,
a `?' is shown because the container ID is not part of the standard process accounting record.
CMD The name of the process. This name can be surrounded by "less/greater than" signs (`<name>')
which means that the process has finished during the last interval.
Behind the abbreviation `CMD' in the header line, the current page number and the total number
of pages of the process/thread list are shown.
COMMAND-LINE
The full command line of the process (including arguments). If the length of the command line
exceeds the length of the screen line, the arrow keys -> and <- can be used for horizontal
scroll.
Behind the verb `COMMAND-LINE' in the header line, the current page number and the total number
of pages of the process/thread list are shown.
CPU The occupation percentage of this process related to the available capacity for this resource on
system level.
CPUNR The identification of the CPU the (main) thread is running on or has recently been running on.
CTID Container ID (OpenVZ). If a process has been started and finished during the last interval, a
`?' is shown because the container ID is not part of the standard process accounting record.
DSK The occupation percentage of this process related to the total load that is produced by all
processes (i.e. total disk accesses by all processes during the last interval).
This information is shown when per process "storage accounting" is active in the kernel.
EGID Effective group-id under which this process executes.
ENDATE Date that the process has been finished. If the process is still running, this field shows
`active'.
ENTIME Time that the process has been finished. If the process is still running, this field shows
`active'.
ENVID Virtual environment identified (OpenVZ only).
EUID Effective user-id under which this process executes.
EXC The exit code of a terminated process (second position of column `ST' is E) or the fatal signal
number (second position of column `ST' is S or C).
FSGID Filesystem group-id under which this process executes.
FSUID Filesystem user-id under which this process executes.
MAJFLT The number of page faults issued by this process that have been solved by creating/loading the
requested memory page.
MEM The occupation percentage of this process related to the available capacity for this resource on
system level.
MINFLT The number of page faults issued by this process that have been solved by reclaiming the
requested memory page from the free list of pages.
NET The occupation percentage of this process related to the total load that is produced by all
processes (i.e. consumed network bandwidth of all processes during the last interval).
This information will only be shown when kernel module `netatop' is loaded.
NICE The more or less static priority that can be given to a process on a scale from -20 (high
priority) to +19 (low priority).
NPROCS The number of active and terminated processes accumulated for this user or program.
PID Process-id.
POLI The policies 'norm' (normal, which is SCHED_OTHER), 'btch' (batch) and 'idle' refer to
timesharing processes. The policies 'fifo' (SCHED_FIFO) and 'rr' (round robin, which is
SCHED_RR) refer to realtime processes.
PPID Parent process-id.
PRI The process' priority ranges from 0 (highest priority) to 139 (lowest priority). Priority 0 to
99 are used for realtime processes (fixed priority independent of their behavior) and priority
100 to 139 for timesharing processes (variable priority depending on their recent CPU
consumption and the nice value).
PSIZE The proportional memory size of this process (or user).
Every process shares resident memory with other processes. E.g. when a particular program is
started several times, the code pages (text) are only loaded once in memory and shared by all
incarnations. Also the code of shared libraries is shared by all processes using that shared
library, as well as shared memory and memory-mapped files. For the PSIZE calculation of a
process, the resident memory of a process that is shared with other processes is divided by the
number of sharers. This means, that every process is accounted for a proportional part of that
memory. Accumulating the PSIZE values of all processes in the system gives a reliable impression
of the total resident memory consumed by all processes.
Since gathering of all values that are needed to calculate the PSIZE is a relatively time-
consuming task, the 'R' key (or '-R' flag) should be active. Gathering these values also
requires superuser privileges (otherwise '?K' is shown in the output).
RDDSK When the kernel maintains standard io statistics (>= 2.6.20):
The read data transfer issued physically on disk (so reading from the disk cache is not
accounted for).
Unfortunately, the kernel aggregates the data tranfer of a process to the data transfer of its
parent process when terminating, so you might see transfers for (parent) processes like cron,
bash or init, that are not really issued by them.
RGID The real group-id under which the process executes.
RGROW The amount of resident memory that the process has grown during the last interval. A resident
growth can be caused by touching memory pages which were not physically created/loaded before
(load-on-demand). Note that a resident growth can also be negative e.g. when part of the
process is paged out due to lack of memory or when the process frees dynamically allocated
memory. For a process which started during the last interval, the resident growth reflects the
total resident size of the process at that moment.
RSIZE The total resident memory usage consumed by this process (or user). Notice that the RSIZE of a
process includes all resident memory used by that process, even if certain memory parts are
shared with other processes (see also the explanation of PSIZE).
RTPR Realtime priority according the POSIX standard. Value can be 0 for a timesharing process
(policy 'norm', 'btch' or 'idle') or ranges from 1 (lowest) till 99 (highest) for a realtime
process (policy 'rr' or 'fifo').
RUID The real user-id under which the process executes.
S The current state of the (main) thread: `R' for running (currently processing or in the
runqueue), `S' for sleeping interruptible (wait for an event to occur), `D' for sleeping non-
interruptible, `Z' for zombie (waiting to be synchronized with its parent process), `T' for
stopped (suspended or traced), `W' for swapping, and `E' (exit) for processes which have
finished during the last interval.
SGID The saved group-id of the process.
ST The status of a process.
The first position indicates if the process has been started during the last interval (the value
N means 'new process').
The second position indicates if the process has been finished during the last interval.
The value E means 'exit' on the process' own initiative; the exit code is displayed in the
column `EXC'.
The value S means that the process has been terminated unvoluntarily by a signal; the signal
number is displayed in the in the column `EXC'.
The value C means that the process has been terminated unvoluntarily by a signal, producing a
core dump in its current directory; the signal number is displayed in the column `EXC'.
STDATE The start date of the process.
STTIME The start time of the process.
SUID The saved user-id of the process.
SWAPSZ The swap space consumed by this process (or user).
SYSCPU CPU time consumption of this process in system mode (kernel mode), usually due to system call
handling.
THR Total number of threads within this process. All related threads are contained in a thread
group, represented by pcp-atop as one line or as a separate line when the 'y' key (or -y flag)
is active.
On Linux 2.4 systems it is hardly possible to determine which threads (i.e. processes) are
related to the same thread group. Every thread is represented by pcp-atop as a separate line.
TID Thread-id. All threads within a process run with the same PID but with a different TID. This
value is shown for individual threads in multi-threaded processes (when using the key 'y').
TRUN Number of threads within this process that are in the state 'running' (R).
TSLPI Number of threads within this process that are in the state 'interruptible sleeping' (S).
TSLPU Number of threads within this process that are in the state 'uninterruptible sleeping' (D).
USRCPU CPU time consumption of this process in user mode, due to processing the own program text.
VDATA The virtual memory size of the private data used by this process (including heap and shared
library data).
VGROW The amount of virtual memory that the process has grown during the last interval. A virtual
growth can be caused by e.g. issueing a malloc() or attaching a shared memory segment. Note that
a virtual growth can also be negative by e.g. issueing a free() or detaching a shared memory
segment. For a process which started during the last interval, the virtual growth reflects the
total virtual size of the process at that moment.
VPID Virtual process-id (within an OpenVZ container). If a process has been started and finished
during the last interval, a `?' is shown because the virtual process-id is not part of the
standard process accounting record.
VSIZE The total virtual memory usage consumed by this process (or user).
VSLIBS The virtual memory size of the (shared) text of all shared libraries used by this process.
VSTACK The virtual memory size of the (private) stack used by this process
VSTEXT The virtual memory size of the (shared) text of the executable program.
WRDSK When the kernel maintains standard io statistics (>= 2.6.20):
The write data transfer issued physically on disk (so writing to the disk cache is not accounted
for). This counter is maintained for the application process that writes its data to the cache
(assuming that this data is physically transferred to disk later on). Notice that disk I/O
needed for swapping is not taken into account.
Unfortunately, the kernel aggregates the data tranfer of a process to the data transfer of its
parent process when terminating, so you might see transfers for (parent) processes like cron,
bash or init, that are not really issued by them.
WCANCL When the kernel maintains standard io statistics (>= 2.6.20):
The write data transfer previously accounted for this process or another process that has been
cancelled. Suppose that a process writes new data to a file and that data is removed again
before the cache buffers have been flushed to disk. Then the original process shows the written
data as WRDSK, while the process that removes/truncates the file shows the unflushed removed
data as WCANCL.
PARSEABLE OUTPUT
With the flag -P followed by a list of one or more labels (comma-separated), parseable output is produced
for each sample. The labels that can be specified for system-level statistics correspond to the labels
(first verb of each line) that can be found in the interactive output: "CPU", "cpu" "CPL" "MEM", "SWP",
"PAG", "LVM", "MDD", "DSK", "NFM", "NFC", "NFS" and "NET".
For process-level statistics special labels are introduced: "PRG" (general), "PRC" (cpu), "PRM" (memory),
"PRD" (disk, only if "storage accounting" is active) and "PRN" (network, only if the kernel module
'netatop' has been installed).
With the label "ALL", all system and process level statistics are shown.
For every interval all requested lines are shown whereafter pcp-atop shows a line just containing the
label "SEP" as a separator before the lines for the next sample are generated.
When a sample contains the values since boot, pcp-atop shows a line just containing the label "RESET"
before the lines for this sample are generated.
The first part of each output-line consists of the following six fields: label (the name of the label),
host (the name of this machine), epoch (the time of this interval as number of seconds since 1-1-1970),
date (date of this interval in format YYYY/MM/DD), time (time of this interval in format HH:MM:SS), and
interval (number of seconds elapsed for this interval).
The subsequent fields of each output-line depend on the label:
CPU Subsequent fields: total number of clock-ticks per second for this machine, number of
processors, consumption for all CPUs in system mode (clock-ticks), consumption for all CPUs in
user mode (clock-ticks), consumption for all CPUs in user mode for niced processes (clock-
ticks), consumption for all CPUs in idle mode (clock-ticks), consumption for all CPUs in wait
mode (clock-ticks), consumption for all CPUs in irq mode (clock-ticks), consumption for all CPUs
in softirq mode (clock-ticks), consumption for all CPUs in steal mode (clock-ticks), consumption
for all CPUs in guest mode (clock-ticks) overlapping user mode, frequency of all CPUs and
frequency percentage of all CPUs.
cpu Subsequent fields: total number of clock-ticks per second for this machine, processor-number,
consumption for this CPU in system mode (clock-ticks), consumption for this CPU in user mode
(clock-ticks), consumption for this CPU in user mode for niced processes (clock-ticks),
consumption for this CPU in idle mode (clock-ticks), consumption for this CPU in wait mode
(clock-ticks), consumption for this CPU in irq mode (clock-ticks), consumption for this CPU in
softirq mode (clock-ticks), consumption for this CPU in steal mode (clock-ticks), consumption
for this CPU in guest mode (clock-ticks) overlapping user mode, frequency of this CPU and
frequency percentage of this CPU.
CPL Subsequent fields: number of processors, load average for last minute, load average for last
five minutes, load average for last fifteen minutes, number of context-switches, and number of
device interrupts.
MEM Subsequent fields: page size for this machine (in bytes), size of physical memory (pages), size
of free memory (pages), size of page cache (pages), size of buffer cache (pages), size of slab
(pages), dirty pages in cache (pages), reclaimable part of slab (pages), total size of vmware's
balloon pages (pages), total size of shared memory (pages), size of resident shared memory
(pages), size of swapped shared memory (pages), huge page size (in bytes), total size of huge
pages (huge pages), and size of free huge pages (huge pages).
SWP Subsequent fields: page size for this machine (in bytes), size of swap (pages), size of free
swap (pages), 0 (future use), size of committed space (pages), and limit for committed space
(pages).
PAG Subsequent fields: page size for this machine (in bytes), number of page scans, number of
allocstalls, 0 (future use), number of swapins, and number of swapouts.
LVM/MDD/DSK
For every logical volume/multiple device/hard disk one line is shown.
Subsequent fields: name, number of milliseconds spent for I/O, number of reads issued, number of
sectors transferred for reads, number of writes issued, and number of sectors transferred for
write.
NFM Subsequent fields: mounted NFS filesystem, total number of bytes read, total number of bytes
written, number of bytes read by normal system calls, number of bytes written by normal system
calls, number of bytes read by direct I/O, number of bytes written by direct I/O, number of
pages read by memory-mapped I/O, and number of pages written by memory-mapped I/O.
NFC Subsequent fields: number of transmitted RPCs, number of transmitted read RPCs, number of
transmitted write RPCs, number of RPC retransmissions, and number of authorization refreshes.
NFS Subsequent fields: number of handled RPCs, number of received read RPCs, number of received
write RPCs, number of bytes read by clients, number of bytes written by clients, number of RPCs
with bad format, number of RPCs with bad authorization, number of RPCs from bad client, total
number of handled network requests, number of handled network requests via TCP, number of
handled network requests via UDP, number of handled TCP connections, number of hits on reply
cache, number of misses on reply cache, and number of uncached requests.
NET First one line is produced for the upper layers of the TCP/IP stack.
Subsequent fields: the verb "upper", number of packets received by TCP, number of packets
transmitted by TCP, number of packets received by UDP, number of packets transmitted by UDP,
number of packets received by IP, number of packets transmitted by IP, number of packets
delivered to higher layers by IP, and number of packets forwarded by IP.
Next one line is shown for every interface.
Subsequent fields: name of the interface, number of packets received by the interface, number of
bytes received by the interface, number of packets transmitted by the interface, number of bytes
transmitted by the interface, interface speed, and duplex mode (0=half, 1=full).
PRG For every process one line is shown.
Subsequent fields: PID (unique ID of task), name (between brackets), state, real uid, real gid,
TGID (group number of related tasks/threads), total number of threads, exit code, start time
(epoch), full command line (between brackets), PPID, number of threads in state 'running' (R),
number of threads in state 'interruptible sleeping' (S), number of threads in state
'uninterruptible sleeping' (D), effective uid, effective gid, saved uid, saved gid, filesystem
uid, filesystem gid, elapsed time (hertz), is_process (y/n), OpenVZ virtual pid (VPID), OpenVZ
container id (CTID) and Docker container id (CID).
PRC For every process one line is shown.
Subsequent fields: PID, name (between brackets), state, total number of clock-ticks per second
for this machine, CPU-consumption in user mode (clockticks), CPU-consumption in system mode
(clockticks), nice value, priority, realtime priority, scheduling policy, current CPU, sleep
average, TGID (group number of related tasks/threads) and is_process (y/n).
PRM For every process one line is shown.
Subsequent fields: PID, name (between brackets), state, page size for this machine (in bytes),
virtual memory size (Kbytes), resident memory size (Kbytes), shared text memory size (Kbytes),
virtual memory growth (Kbytes), resident memory growth (Kbytes), number of minor page faults,
number of major page faults, virtual library exec size (Kbytes), virtual data size (Kbytes),
virtual stack size (Kbytes), swap space used (Kbytes), TGID (group number of related
tasks/threads), is_process (y/n) and proportional set size (Kbytes) if in 'R' option is
specified.
PRD For every process one line is shown.
Subsequent fields: PID, name (between brackets), state, obsoleted kernel patch installed ('n'),
standard io statistics used ('y' or 'n'), number of reads on disk, cumulative number of sectors
read, number of writes on disk, cumulative number of sectors written, cancelled number of
written sectors, TGID (group number of related tasks/threads) and is_process (y/n).
If the standard I/O statistics (>= 2.6.20) are not used, the disk I/O counters per process are
not relevant. The counters 'number of reads on disk' and 'number of writes on disk' are
obsoleted anyhow.
PRN For every process one line is shown.
Subsequent fields: PID, name (between brackets), state, kernel module 'netatop' loaded ('y' or
'n'), number of TCP-packets transmitted, cumulative size of TCP-packets transmitted, number of
TCP-packets received, cumulative size of TCP-packets received, number of UDP-packets
transmitted, cumulative size of UDP-packets transmitted, number of UDP-packets received,
cumulative size of UDP-packets transmitted, number of raw packets transmitted (obsolete, always
0), number of raw packets received (obsolete, always 0), TGID (group number of related
tasks/threads) and is_process (y/n).
EXAMPLES
To monitor the current system load interactively with an interval of 5 seconds:
pcp atop 5
To monitor the system load and write it to a file (in plain ASCII) with an interval of one minute during
half an hour with active processes sorted on memory consumption:
pcp atop -M 60 30 > /log/pcp-atop.mem
Store information about the system and process activity in a PCP archive folio with an interval of ten
minutes during an hour:
pcp atop -w /tmp/pcp-atop 600 6
View the contents of this file interactively:
pcp atop -r /tmp/pcp-atop
View the processor and disk utilization of this file in parseable format:
pcp atop -PCPU,DSK -r /tmp/pcp-atop.raw
View the contents of today's standard logfile interactively:
pcp atop -r
View the contents of the standard logfile of the day before yesterday interactively:
pcp atop -r yy
View the contents of the standard logfile of 2014, June 7 from 02:00 PM onwards interactively:
pcp atop -r 20140607 -b 14:00
FILES
/etc/atoprc
Configuration file containing system-wide default values. See related man-page.
~/.atoprc
Configuration file containing personal default values. See related man-page.
NOTES
pcp-atop is based on the source code of the atop(1) command from http://atoptool.nl and aims to be command line and output compatible with it as much as possible. Some features of that atop command are not available in pcp-atop. Some features of pcp-atop (such as reporting on the Apache HTTP daemon, and NFS client mounts) are only activated if the corresonding PCP metrics are available. Refer to the documentation for pmdaapache(1) and pmdanfsclient(1) for further details on activating these metrics.
SEE ALSO
pcp(1), pcp-atopsar(1), pmdaapache(1), pmdanfsclient(1), pmdaproc(1), mkaf(1), pmlogger(1), pmlogger_daily(1), PCPIntro(1) and pcp-atoprc(5).