Provided by: unbound_1.6.7-1ubuntu2.6_amd64 
NAME
unbound.conf - Unbound configuration file.
SYNOPSIS
unbound.conf
DESCRIPTION
unbound.conf is used to configure unbound(8). The file format has attributes and values. Some attributes have attributes inside them. The notation is: attribute: value. Comments start with # and last to the end of line. Empty lines are ignored as is whitespace at the beginning of a line. The utility unbound-checkconf(8) can be used to check unbound.conf prior to usage.
EXAMPLE
An example config file is shown below. Copy this to /etc/unbound/unbound.conf and start the server with:
$ unbound -c /etc/unbound/unbound.conf
Most settings are the defaults. Stop the server with:
$ kill `cat /etc/unbound/unbound.pid`
Below is a minimal config file. The source distribution contains an extensive example.conf file with all
the options.
# unbound.conf(5) config file for unbound(8).
server:
directory: "/etc/unbound"
username: unbound
# make sure unbound can access entropy from inside the chroot.
# e.g. on linux the use these commands (on BSD, devfs(8) is used):
# mount --bind -n /dev/random /etc/unbound/dev/random
# and mount --bind -n /dev/log /etc/unbound/dev/log
chroot: "/etc/unbound"
# logfile: "/etc/unbound/unbound.log" #uncomment to use logfile.
pidfile: "/etc/unbound/unbound.pid"
# verbosity: 1 # uncomment and increase to get more logging.
# listen on all interfaces, answer queries from the local subnet.
interface: 0.0.0.0
interface: ::0
access-control: 10.0.0.0/8 allow
access-control: 2001:DB8::/64 allow
FILE FORMAT
There must be whitespace between keywords. Attribute keywords end with a colon ':'. An attribute is
followed by its containing attributes, or a value.
Files can be included using the include: directive. It can appear anywhere, it accepts a single file name
as argument. Processing continues as if the text from the included file was copied into the config file
at that point. If also using chroot, using full path names for the included files works, relative
pathnames for the included names work if the directory where the daemon is started equals its
chroot/working directory or is specified before the include statement with directory: dir. Wildcards can
be used to include multiple files, see glob(7).
Server Options
These options are part of the server: clause.
verbosity: <number>
The verbosity number, level 0 means no verbosity, only errors. Level 1 gives operational
information. Level 2 gives detailed operational information. Level 3 gives query level
information, output per query. Level 4 gives algorithm level information. Level 5 logs client
identification for cache misses. Default is level 1. The verbosity can also be increased from
the commandline, see unbound(8).
statistics-interval: <seconds>
The number of seconds between printing statistics to the log for every thread. Disable with value
0 or "". Default is disabled. The histogram statistics are only printed if replies were sent
during the statistics interval, requestlist statistics are printed for every interval (but can be
0). This is because the median calculation requires data to be present.
statistics-cumulative: <yes or no>
If enabled, statistics are cumulative since starting unbound, without clearing the statistics
counters after logging the statistics. Default is no.
extended-statistics: <yes or no>
If enabled, extended statistics are printed from unbound-control(8). Default is off, because
keeping track of more statistics takes time. The counters are listed in unbound-control(8).
num-threads: <number>
The number of threads to create to serve clients. Use 1 for no threading.
port: <port number>
The port number, default 53, on which the server responds to queries.
interface: <ip address[@port]>
Interface to use to connect to the network. This interface is listened to for queries from
clients, and answers to clients are given from it. Can be given multiple times to work on several
interfaces. If none are given the default is to listen to localhost. The interfaces are not
changed on a reload (kill -HUP) but only on restart. A port number can be specified with @port
(without spaces between interface and port number), if not specified the default port (from port)
is used.
ip-address: <ip address[@port]>
Same as interface: (for easy of compatibility with nsd.conf).
interface-automatic: <yes or no>
Detect source interface on UDP queries and copy them to replies. This feature is experimental,
and needs support in your OS for particular socket options. Default value is no.
outgoing-interface: <ip address or ip6 netblock>
Interface to use to connect to the network. This interface is used to send queries to
authoritative servers and receive their replies. Can be given multiple times to work on several
interfaces. If none are given the default (all) is used. You can specify the same interfaces in
interface: and outgoing-interface: lines, the interfaces are then used for both purposes. Outgoing
queries are sent via a random outgoing interface to counter spoofing.
If an IPv6 netblock is specified instead of an individual IPv6 address, outgoing UDP queries will
use a randomised source address taken from the netblock to counter spoofing. Requires the IPv6
netblock to be routed to the host running unbound, and requires OS support for unprivileged non-
local binds (currently only supported on Linux). Several netblocks may be specified with multiple
outgoing-interface: options, but do not specify both an individual IPv6 address and an IPv6
netblock, or the randomisation will be compromised. Consider combining with prefer-ip6: yes to
increase the likelihood of IPv6 nameservers being selected for queries. On Linux you need these
two commands to be able to use the freebind socket option to receive traffic for the ip6 netblock:
ip -6 addr add mynetblock/64 dev lo && ip -6 route add local mynetblock/64 dev lo
outgoing-range: <number>
Number of ports to open. This number of file descriptors can be opened per thread. Must be at
least 1. Default depends on compile options. Larger numbers need extra resources from the
operating system. For performance a very large value is best, use libevent to make this possible.
outgoing-port-permit: <port number or range>
Permit unbound to open this port or range of ports for use to send queries. A larger number of
permitted outgoing ports increases resilience against spoofing attempts. Make sure these ports are
not needed by other daemons. By default only ports above 1024 that have not been assigned by IANA
are used. Give a port number or a range of the form "low-high", without spaces.
The outgoing-port-permit and outgoing-port-avoid statements are processed in the line order of the
config file, adding the permitted ports and subtracting the avoided ports from the set of allowed
ports. The processing starts with the non IANA allocated ports above 1024 in the set of allowed
ports.
outgoing-port-avoid: <port number or range>
Do not permit unbound to open this port or range of ports for use to send queries. Use this to
make sure unbound does not grab a port that another daemon needs. The port is avoided on all
outgoing interfaces, both IP4 and IP6. By default only ports above 1024 that have not been
assigned by IANA are used. Give a port number or a range of the form "low-high", without spaces.
outgoing-num-tcp: <number>
Number of outgoing TCP buffers to allocate per thread. Default is 10. If set to 0, or if do-tcp is
"no", no TCP queries to authoritative servers are done. For larger installations increasing this
value is a good idea.
incoming-num-tcp: <number>
Number of incoming TCP buffers to allocate per thread. Default is 10. If set to 0, or if do-tcp is
"no", no TCP queries from clients are accepted. For larger installations increasing this value is
a good idea.
edns-buffer-size: <number>
Number of bytes size to advertise as the EDNS reassembly buffer size. This is the value put into
datagrams over UDP towards peers. The actual buffer size is determined by msg-buffer-size (both
for TCP and UDP). Do not set higher than that value. Default is 4096 which is RFC recommended.
If you have fragmentation reassembly problems, usually seen as timeouts, then a value of 1472 can
fix it. Setting to 512 bypasses even the most stringent path MTU problems, but is seen as
extreme, since the amount of TCP fallback generated is excessive (probably also for this resolver,
consider tuning the outgoing tcp number).
max-udp-size: <number>
Maximum UDP response size (not applied to TCP response). 65536 disables the udp response size
maximum, and uses the choice from the client, always. Suggested values are 512 to 4096. Default
is 4096.
msg-buffer-size: <number>
Number of bytes size of the message buffers. Default is 65552 bytes, enough for 64 Kb packets, the
maximum DNS message size. No message larger than this can be sent or received. Can be reduced to
use less memory, but some requests for DNS data, such as for huge resource records, will result in
a SERVFAIL reply to the client.
msg-cache-size: <number>
Number of bytes size of the message cache. Default is 4 megabytes. A plain number is in bytes,
append 'k', 'm' or 'g' for kilobytes, megabytes or gigabytes (1024*1024 bytes in a megabyte).
msg-cache-slabs: <number>
Number of slabs in the message cache. Slabs reduce lock contention by threads. Must be set to a
power of 2. Setting (close) to the number of cpus is a reasonable guess.
num-queries-per-thread: <number>
The number of queries that every thread will service simultaneously. If more queries arrive that
need servicing, and no queries can be jostled out (see jostle-timeout), then the queries are
dropped. This forces the client to resend after a timeout; allowing the server time to work on the
existing queries. Default depends on compile options, 512 or 1024.
jostle-timeout: <msec>
Timeout used when the server is very busy. Set to a value that usually results in one roundtrip
to the authority servers. If too many queries arrive, then 50% of the queries are allowed to run
to completion, and the other 50% are replaced with the new incoming query if they have already
spent more than their allowed time. This protects against denial of service by slow queries or
high query rates. Default 200 milliseconds. The effect is that the qps for long-lasting queries
is about (numqueriesperthread / 2) / (average time for such long queries) qps. The qps for short
queries can be about (numqueriesperthread / 2) / (jostletimeout in whole seconds) qps per thread,
about (1024/2)*5 = 2560 qps by default.
delay-close: <msec>
Extra delay for timeouted UDP ports before they are closed, in msec. Default is 0, and that
disables it. This prevents very delayed answer packets from the upstream (recursive) servers from
bouncing against closed ports and setting off all sort of close-port counters, with eg. 1500 msec.
When timeouts happen you need extra sockets, it checks the ID and remote IP of packets, and
unwanted packets are added to the unwanted packet counter.
so-rcvbuf: <number>
If not 0, then set the SO_RCVBUF socket option to get more buffer space on UDP port 53 incoming
queries. So that short spikes on busy servers do not drop packets (see counter in netstat -su).
Default is 0 (use system value). Otherwise, the number of bytes to ask for, try "4m" on a busy
server. The OS caps it at a maximum, on linux unbound needs root permission to bypass the limit,
or the admin can use sysctl net.core.rmem_max. On BSD change kern.ipc.maxsockbuf in
/etc/sysctl.conf. On OpenBSD change header and recompile kernel. On Solaris ndd -set /dev/udp
udp_max_buf 8388608.
so-sndbuf: <number>
If not 0, then set the SO_SNDBUF socket option to get more buffer space on UDP port 53 outgoing
queries. This for very busy servers handles spikes in answer traffic, otherwise 'send: resource
temporarily unavailable' can get logged, the buffer overrun is also visible by netstat -su.
Default is 0 (use system value). Specify the number of bytes to ask for, try "4m" on a very busy
server. The OS caps it at a maximum, on linux unbound needs root permission to bypass the limit,
or the admin can use sysctl net.core.wmem_max. On BSD, Solaris changes are similar to so-rcvbuf.
so-reuseport: <yes or no>
If yes, then open dedicated listening sockets for incoming queries for each thread and try to set
the SO_REUSEPORT socket option on each socket. May distribute incoming queries to threads more
evenly. Default is no. On Linux it is supported in kernels >= 3.9. On other systems, FreeBSD,
OSX it may also work. You can enable it (on any platform and kernel), it then attempts to open
the port and passes the option if it was available at compile time, if that works it is used, if
it fails, it continues silently (unless verbosity 3) without the option.
ip-transparent: <yes or no>
If yes, then use IP_TRANSPARENT socket option on sockets where unbound is listening for incoming
traffic. Default no. Allows you to bind to non-local interfaces. For example for non-existant
IP addresses that are going to exist later on, with host failover configuration. This is a lot
like interface-automatic, but that one services all interfaces and with this option you can select
which (future) interfaces unbound provides service on. This option needs unbound to be started
with root permissions on some systems. The option uses IP_BINDANY on FreeBSD systems.
ip-freebind: <yes or no>
If yes, then use IP_FREEBIND socket option on sockets where unbound is listening to incoming
traffic. Default no. Allows you to bind to IP addresses that are nonlocal or do not exist, like
when the network interface or IP address is down. Exists only on Linux, where the similar
ip-transparent option is also available.
rrset-cache-size: <number>
Number of bytes size of the RRset cache. Default is 4 megabytes. A plain number is in bytes,
append 'k', 'm' or 'g' for kilobytes, megabytes or gigabytes (1024*1024 bytes in a megabyte).
rrset-cache-slabs: <number>
Number of slabs in the RRset cache. Slabs reduce lock contention by threads. Must be set to a
power of 2.
cache-max-ttl: <seconds>
Time to live maximum for RRsets and messages in the cache. Default is 86400 seconds (1 day). If
the maximum kicks in, responses to clients still get decrementing TTLs based on the original
(larger) values. When the internal TTL expires, the cache item has expired. Can be set lower to
force the resolver to query for data often, and not trust (very large) TTL values.
cache-min-ttl: <seconds>
Time to live minimum for RRsets and messages in the cache. Default is 0. If the minimum kicks in,
the data is cached for longer than the domain owner intended, and thus less queries are made to
look up the data. Zero makes sure the data in the cache is as the domain owner intended, higher
values, especially more than an hour or so, can lead to trouble as the data in the cache does not
match up with the actual data any more.
cache-max-negative-ttl: <seconds>
Time to live maximum for negative responses, these have a SOA in the authority section that is
limited in time. Default is 3600.
infra-host-ttl: <seconds>
Time to live for entries in the host cache. The host cache contains roundtrip timing, lameness and
EDNS support information. Default is 900.
infra-cache-slabs: <number>
Number of slabs in the infrastructure cache. Slabs reduce lock contention by threads. Must be set
to a power of 2.
infra-cache-numhosts: <number>
Number of hosts for which information is cached. Default is 10000.
infra-cache-min-rtt: <msec>
Lower limit for dynamic retransmit timeout calculation in infrastructure cache. Default is 50
milliseconds. Increase this value if using forwarders needing more time to do recursive name
resolution.
define-tag: <"list of tags">
Define the tags that can be used with local-zone and access-control. Enclose the list between
quotes ("") and put spaces between tags.
do-ip4: <yes or no>
Enable or disable whether ip4 queries are answered or issued. Default is yes.
do-ip6: <yes or no>
Enable or disable whether ip6 queries are answered or issued. Default is yes. If disabled,
queries are not answered on IPv6, and queries are not sent on IPv6 to the internet nameservers.
With this option you can disable the ipv6 transport for sending DNS traffic, it does not impact
the contents of the DNS traffic, which may have ip4 and ip6 addresses in it.
prefer-ip6: <yes or no>
If enabled, prefer IPv6 transport for sending DNS queries to internet nameservers. Default is no.
do-udp: <yes or no>
Enable or disable whether UDP queries are answered or issued. Default is yes.
do-tcp: <yes or no>
Enable or disable whether TCP queries are answered or issued. Default is yes.
tcp-mss: <number>
Maximum segment size (MSS) of TCP socket on which the server responds to queries. Value lower than
common MSS on Ethernet (1220 for example) will address path MTU problem. Note that not all
platform supports socket option to set MSS (TCP_MAXSEG). Default is system default MSS determined
by interface MTU and negotiation between server and client.
outgoing-tcp-mss: <number>
Maximum segment size (MSS) of TCP socket for outgoing queries (from Unbound to other servers).
Value lower than common MSS on Ethernet (1220 for example) will address path MTU problem. Note
that not all platform supports socket option to set MSS (TCP_MAXSEG). Default is system default
MSS determined by interface MTU and negotiation between Unbound and other servers.
tcp-upstream: <yes or no>
Enable or disable whether the upstream queries use TCP only for transport. Default is no. Useful
in tunneling scenarios.
udp-upstream-without-downstream: <yes or no>
Enable udp upstream even if do-udp is no. Default is no, and this does not change anything.
Useful for TLS service providers, that want no udp downstream but use udp to fetch data upstream.
ssl-upstream: <yes or no>
Enabled or disable whether the upstream queries use SSL only for transport. Default is no.
Useful in tunneling scenarios. The SSL contains plain DNS in TCP wireformat. The other server
must support this (see ssl-service-key).
ssl-service-key: <file>
If enabled, the server provider SSL service on its TCP sockets. The clients have to use
ssl-upstream: yes. The file is the private key for the TLS session. The public certificate is in
the ssl-service-pem file. Default is "", turned off. Requires a restart (a reload is not enough)
if changed, because the private key is read while root permissions are held and before chroot (if
any). Normal DNS TCP service is not provided and gives errors, this service is best run with a
different port: config or @port suffixes in the interface config.
ssl-service-pem: <file>
The public key certificate pem file for the ssl service. Default is "", turned off.
ssl-port: <number>
The port number on which to provide TCP SSL service, default 853, only interfaces configured with
that port number as @number get the SSL service.
use-systemd: <yes or no>
Enable or disable systemd socket activation. Default is no.
do-daemonize: <yes or no>
Enable or disable whether the unbound server forks into the background as a daemon. Set the value
to no when unbound runs as systemd service. Default is yes.
access-control: <IP netblock> <action>
The netblock is given as an IP4 or IP6 address with /size appended for a classless network block.
The action can be deny, refuse, allow, allow_snoop, deny_non_local or refuse_non_local. The most
specific netblock match is used, if none match deny is used.
The action deny stops queries from hosts from that netblock.
The action refuse stops queries too, but sends a DNS rcode REFUSED error message back.
The action allow gives access to clients from that netblock. It gives only access for recursion
clients (which is what almost all clients need). Nonrecursive queries are refused.
The allow action does allow nonrecursive queries to access the local-data that is configured. The
reason is that this does not involve the unbound server recursive lookup algorithm, and static
data is served in the reply. This supports normal operations where nonrecursive queries are made
for the authoritative data. For nonrecursive queries any replies from the dynamic cache are
refused.
The action allow_snoop gives nonrecursive access too. This give both recursive and non recursive
access. The name allow_snoop refers to cache snooping, a technique to use nonrecursive queries to
examine the cache contents (for malicious acts). However, nonrecursive queries can also be a
valuable debugging tool (when you want to examine the cache contents). In that case use
allow_snoop for your administration host.
By default only localhost is allowed, the rest is refused. The default is refused, because that
is protocol-friendly. The DNS protocol is not designed to handle dropped packets due to policy,
and dropping may result in (possibly excessive) retried queries.
The deny_non_local and refuse_non_local settings are for hosts that are only allowed to query for
the authoritative local-data, they are not allowed full recursion but only the static data. With
deny_non_local, messages that are disallowed are dropped, with refuse_non_local they receive error
code REFUSED.
access-control-tag: <IP netblock> <"list of tags">
Assign tags to access-control elements. Clients using this access control element use localzones
that are tagged with one of these tags. Tags must be defined in define-tags. Enclose list of tags
in quotes ("") and put spaces between tags. If access-control-tag is configured for a netblock
that does not have an access-control, an access-control element with action allow is configured
for this netblock.
access-control-tag-action: <IP netblock> <tag> <action>
Set action for particular tag for given access control element. If you have multiple tag values,
the tag used to lookup the action is the first tag match between access-control-tag and
local-zone-tag where "first" comes from the order of the define-tag values.
access-control-tag-data: <IP netblock> <tag> <"resource record string">
Set redirect data for particular tag for given access control element.
access-control-view: <IP netblock> <view name>
Set view for given access control element.
chroot: <directory>
If chroot is enabled, you should pass the configfile (from the commandline) as a full path from
the original root. After the chroot has been performed the now defunct portion of the config file
path is removed to be able to reread the config after a reload.
All other file paths (working dir, logfile, roothints, and key files) can be specified in several
ways: as an absolute path relative to the new root, as a relative path to the working directory,
or as an absolute path relative to the original root. In the last case the path is adjusted to
remove the unused portion.
The pidfile can be either a relative path to the working directory, or an absolute path relative
to the original root. It is written just prior to chroot and dropping permissions. This allows the
pidfile to be /var/run/unbound.pid and the chroot to be /var/unbound, for example.
Additionally, unbound may need to access /dev/random (for entropy) from inside the chroot.
If given a chroot is done to the given directory. The default is "/etc/unbound". If you give "" no
chroot is performed.
username: <name>
If given, after binding the port the user privileges are dropped. Default is "unbound". If you
give username: "" no user change is performed.
If this user is not capable of binding the port, reloads (by signal HUP) will still retain the
opened ports. If you change the port number in the config file, and that new port number requires
privileges, then a reload will fail; a restart is needed.
directory: <directory>
Sets the working directory for the program. Default is "/etc/unbound". On Windows the string
"%EXECUTABLE%" tries to change to the directory that unbound.exe resides in. If you give a
server: directory: dir before include: file statements then those includes can be relative to the
working directory.
logfile: <filename>
If "" is given, logging goes to stderr, or nowhere once daemonized. The logfile is appended to,
in the following format:
[seconds since 1970] unbound[pid:tid]: type: message.
If this option is given, the use-syslog is option is set to "no". The logfile is reopened (for
append) when the config file is reread, on SIGHUP.
use-syslog: <yes or no>
Sets unbound to send log messages to the syslogd, using syslog(3). The log facility LOG_DAEMON is
used, with identity "unbound". The logfile setting is overridden when use-syslog is turned on.
The default is to log to syslog.
log-identity: <string>
If "" is given (default), then the name of the executable, usually "unbound" is used to report to
the log. Enter a string to override it with that, which is useful on systems that run more than
one instance of unbound, with different configurations, so that the logs can be easily
distinguished against.
log-time-ascii: <yes or no>
Sets logfile lines to use a timestamp in UTC ascii. Default is no, which prints the seconds since
1970 in brackets. No effect if using syslog, in that case syslog formats the timestamp printed
into the log files.
log-queries: <yes or no>
Prints one line per query to the log, with the log timestamp and IP address, name, type and class.
Default is no. Note that it takes time to print these lines which makes the server
(significantly) slower. Odd (nonprintable) characters in names are printed as '?'.
log-replies: <yes or no>
Prints one line per reply to the log, with the log timestamp and IP address, name, type, class,
return code, time to resolve, from cache and response size. Default is no. Note that it takes
time to print these lines which makes the server (significantly) slower. Odd (nonprintable)
characters in names are printed as '?'.
pidfile: <filename>
The process id is written to the file. Default is "/run/unbound.pid". So,
kill -HUP `cat /run/unbound.pid`
triggers a reload,
kill -TERM `cat /run/unbound.pid`
gracefully terminates.
root-hints: <filename>
Read the root hints from this file. Default is nothing, using builtin hints for the IN class. The
file has the format of zone files, with root nameserver names and addresses only. The default may
become outdated, when servers change, therefore it is good practice to use a root-hints file.
hide-identity: <yes or no>
If enabled id.server and hostname.bind queries are refused.
identity: <string>
Set the identity to report. If set to "", the default, then the hostname of the server is
returned.
hide-version: <yes or no>
If enabled version.server and version.bind queries are refused.
version: <string>
Set the version to report. If set to "", the default, then the package version is returned.
hide-trustanchor: <yes or no>
If enabled trustanchor.unbound queries are refused.
target-fetch-policy: <"list of numbers">
Set the target fetch policy used by unbound to determine if it should fetch nameserver target
addresses opportunistically. The policy is described per dependency depth.
The number of values determines the maximum dependency depth that unbound will pursue in answering
a query. A value of -1 means to fetch all targets opportunistically for that dependency depth. A
value of 0 means to fetch on demand only. A positive value fetches that many targets
opportunistically.
Enclose the list between quotes ("") and put spaces between numbers. The default is "3 2 1 0 0".
Setting all zeroes, "0 0 0 0 0" gives behaviour closer to that of BIND 9, while setting "-1 -1 -1
-1 -1" gives behaviour rumoured to be closer to that of BIND 8.
harden-short-bufsize: <yes or no>
Very small EDNS buffer sizes from queries are ignored. Default is off, since it is legal protocol
wise to send these, and unbound tries to give very small answers to these queries, where possible.
harden-large-queries: <yes or no>
Very large queries are ignored. Default is off, since it is legal protocol wise to send these, and
could be necessary for operation if TSIG or EDNS payload is very large.
harden-glue: <yes or no>
Will trust glue only if it is within the servers authority. Default is on.
harden-dnssec-stripped: <yes or no>
Require DNSSEC data for trust-anchored zones, if such data is absent, the zone becomes bogus. If
turned off, and no DNSSEC data is received (or the DNSKEY data fails to validate), then the zone
is made insecure, this behaves like there is no trust anchor. You could turn this off if you are
sometimes behind an intrusive firewall (of some sort) that removes DNSSEC data from packets, or a
zone changes from signed to unsigned to badly signed often. If turned off you run the risk of a
downgrade attack that disables security for a zone. Default is on.
harden-below-nxdomain: <yes or no>
From RFC 8020 (with title "NXDOMAIN: There Really Is Nothing Underneath"), returns nxdomain to
queries for a name below another name that is already known to be nxdomain. DNSSEC mandates
noerror for empty nonterminals, hence this is possible. Very old software might return nxdomain
for empty nonterminals (that usually happen for reverse IP address lookups), and thus may be
incompatible with this. To try to avoid this only DNSSEC-secure nxdomains are used, because the
old software does not have DNSSEC. Default is off. The nxdomain must be secure, this means nsec3
with optout is insufficient.
harden-referral-path: <yes or no>
Harden the referral path by performing additional queries for infrastructure data. Validates the
replies if trust anchors are configured and the zones are signed. This enforces DNSSEC validation
on nameserver NS sets and the nameserver addresses that are encountered on the referral path to
the answer. Default off, because it burdens the authority servers, and it is not RFC standard,
and could lead to performance problems because of the extra query load that is generated.
Experimental option. If you enable it consider adding more numbers after the target-fetch-policy
to increase the max depth that is checked to.
harden-algo-downgrade: <yes or no>
Harden against algorithm downgrade when multiple algorithms are advertised in the DS record. If
no, allows the weakest algorithm to validate the zone. Default is no. Zone signers must produce
zones that allow this feature to work, but sometimes they do not, and turning this option off
avoids that validation failure.
use-caps-for-id: <yes or no>
Use 0x20-encoded random bits in the query to foil spoof attempts. This perturbs the lowercase and
uppercase of query names sent to authority servers and checks if the reply still has the correct
casing. Disabled by default. This feature is an experimental implementation of draft dns-0x20.
caps-whitelist: <domain>
Whitelist the domain so that it does not receive caps-for-id perturbed queries. For domains that
do not support 0x20 and also fail with fallback because they keep sending different answers, like
some load balancers. Can be given multiple times, for different domains.
qname-minimisation: <yes or no>
Send minimum amount of information to upstream servers to enhance privacy. Only sent minimum
required labels of the QNAME and set QTYPE to NS when possible. Best effort approach; full QNAME
and original QTYPE will be sent when upstream replies with a RCODE other than NOERROR, except when
receiving NXDOMAIN from a DNSSEC signed zone. Default is off.
qname-minimisation-strict: <yes or no>
QNAME minimisation in strict mode. Do not fall-back to sending full QNAME to potentially broken
nameservers. A lot of domains will not be resolvable when this option in enabled. Only use if you
know what you are doing. This option only has effect when qname-minimisation is enabled. Default
is off.
private-address: <IP address or subnet>
Give IPv4 of IPv6 addresses or classless subnets. These are addresses on your private network, and
are not allowed to be returned for public internet names. Any occurrence of such addresses are
removed from DNS answers. Additionally, the DNSSEC validator may mark the answers bogus. This
protects against so-called DNS Rebinding, where a user browser is turned into a network proxy,
allowing remote access through the browser to other parts of your private network. Some names can
be allowed to contain your private addresses, by default all the local-data that you configured is
allowed to, and you can specify additional names using private-domain. No private addresses are
enabled by default. We consider to enable this for the RFC1918 private IP address space by
default in later releases. That would enable private addresses for 10.0.0.0/8 172.16.0.0/12
192.168.0.0/16 169.254.0.0/16 fd00::/8 and fe80::/10, since the RFC standards say these addresses
should not be visible on the public internet. Turning on 127.0.0.0/8 would hinder many
spamblocklists as they use that. Adding ::ffff:0:0/96 stops IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses from
bypassing the filter.
private-domain: <domain name>
Allow this domain, and all its subdomains to contain private addresses. Give multiple times to
allow multiple domain names to contain private addresses. Default is none.
unwanted-reply-threshold: <number>
If set, a total number of unwanted replies is kept track of in every thread. When it reaches the
threshold, a defensive action is taken and a warning is printed to the log. The defensive action
is to clear the rrset and message caches, hopefully flushing away any poison. A value of 10
million is suggested. Default is 0 (turned off).
do-not-query-address: <IP address>
Do not query the given IP address. Can be IP4 or IP6. Append /num to indicate a classless
delegation netblock, for example like 10.2.3.4/24 or 2001::11/64.
do-not-query-localhost: <yes or no>
If yes, localhost is added to the do-not-query-address entries, both IP6 ::1 and IP4 127.0.0.1/8.
If no, then localhost can be used to send queries to. Default is yes.
prefetch: <yes or no>
If yes, message cache elements are prefetched before they expire to keep the cache up to date.
Default is no. Turning it on gives about 10 percent more traffic and load on the machine, but
popular items do not expire from the cache.
prefetch-key: <yes or no>
If yes, fetch the DNSKEYs earlier in the validation process, when a DS record is encountered.
This lowers the latency of requests. It does use a little more CPU. Also if the cache is set to
0, it is no use. Default is no.
rrset-roundrobin: <yes or no>
If yes, Unbound rotates RRSet order in response (the random number is taken from the query ID, for
speed and thread safety). Default is no.
minimal-responses: <yes or no>
If yes, Unbound doesn't insert authority/additional sections into response messages when those
sections are not required. This reduces response size significantly, and may avoid TCP fallback
for some responses. This may cause a slight speedup. The default is no, because the DNS protocol
RFCs mandate these sections, and the additional content could be of use and save roundtrips for
clients.
disable-dnssec-lame-check: <yes or no>
If true, disables the DNSSEC lameness check in the iterator. This check sees if RRSIGs are
present in the answer, when dnssec is expected, and retries another authority if RRSIGs are
unexpectedly missing. The validator will insist in RRSIGs for DNSSEC signed domains regardless of
this setting, if a trust anchor is loaded.
module-config: <"module names">
Module configuration, a list of module names separated by spaces, surround the string with quotes
(""). The modules can be validator, iterator. Setting this to "iterator" will result in a
non-validating server. Setting this to "validator iterator" will turn on DNSSEC validation. The
ordering of the modules is important. You must also set trust-anchors for validation to be
useful.
trust-anchor-file: <filename>
File with trusted keys for validation. Both DS and DNSKEY entries can appear in the file. The
format of the file is the standard DNS Zone file format. Default is "", or no trust anchor file.
auto-trust-anchor-file: <filename>
File with trust anchor for one zone, which is tracked with RFC5011 probes. The probes are several
times per month, thus the machine must be online frequently. The initial file can be one with
contents as described in trust-anchor-file. The file is written to when the anchor is updated, so
the unbound user must have write permission. Write permission to the file, but also to the
directory it is in (to create a temporary file, which is necessary to deal with filesystem full
events), it must also be inside the chroot (if that is used).
trust-anchor: <"Resource Record">
A DS or DNSKEY RR for a key to use for validation. Multiple entries can be given to specify
multiple trusted keys, in addition to the trust-anchor-files. The resource record is entered in
the same format as 'dig' or 'drill' prints them, the same format as in the zone file. Has to be on
a single line, with "" around it. A TTL can be specified for ease of cut and paste, but is
ignored. A class can be specified, but class IN is default.
trusted-keys-file: <filename>
File with trusted keys for validation. Specify more than one file with several entries, one file
per entry. Like trust-anchor-file but has a different file format. Format is BIND-9 style format,
the trusted-keys { name flag proto algo "key"; }; clauses are read. It is possible to use
wildcards with this statement, the wildcard is expanded on start and on reload.
trust-anchor-signaling: <yes or no>
Send RFC8145 key tag query after trust anchor priming. Default is on.
dlv-anchor-file: <filename>
This option was used during early days DNSSEC deployment when no parent-side DS record
registrations were easily available. Nowadays, it is best to have DS records registered with the
parent zone (many top level zones are signed). File with trusted keys for DLV (DNSSEC Lookaside
Validation). Both DS and DNSKEY entries can be used in the file, in the same format as for
trust-anchor-file: statements. Only one DLV can be configured, more would be slow. The DLV
configured is used as a root trusted DLV, this means that it is a lookaside for the root. Default
is "", or no dlv anchor file. DLV is going to be decommissioned. Please do not use it any more.
dlv-anchor: <"Resource Record">
Much like trust-anchor, this is a DLV anchor with the DS or DNSKEY inline. DLV is going to be
decommissioned. Please do not use it any more.
domain-insecure: <domain name>
Sets domain name to be insecure, DNSSEC chain of trust is ignored towards the domain name. So a
trust anchor above the domain name can not make the domain secure with a DS record, such a DS
record is then ignored. Also keys from DLV are ignored for the domain. Can be given multiple
times to specify multiple domains that are treated as if unsigned. If you set trust anchors for
the domain they override this setting (and the domain is secured).
This can be useful if you want to make sure a trust anchor for external lookups does not affect an
(unsigned) internal domain. A DS record externally can create validation failures for that
internal domain.
val-override-date: <rrsig-style date spec>
Default is "" or "0", which disables this debugging feature. If enabled by giving a RRSIG style
date, that date is used for verifying RRSIG inception and expiration dates, instead of the current
date. Do not set this unless you are debugging signature inception and expiration. The value -1
ignores the date altogether, useful for some special applications.
val-sig-skew-min: <seconds>
Minimum number of seconds of clock skew to apply to validated signatures. A value of 10% of the
signature lifetime (expiration - inception) is used, capped by this setting. Default is 3600 (1
hour) which allows for daylight savings differences. Lower this value for more strict checking of
short lived signatures.
val-sig-skew-max: <seconds>
Maximum number of seconds of clock skew to apply to validated signatures. A value of 10% of the
signature lifetime (expiration - inception) is used, capped by this setting. Default is 86400 (24
hours) which allows for timezone setting problems in stable domains. Setting both min and max
very low disables the clock skew allowances. Setting both min and max very high makes the
validator check the signature timestamps less strictly.
val-bogus-ttl: <number>
The time to live for bogus data. This is data that has failed validation; due to invalid
signatures or other checks. The TTL from that data cannot be trusted, and this value is used
instead. The value is in seconds, default 60. The time interval prevents repeated revalidation of
bogus data.
val-clean-additional: <yes or no>
Instruct the validator to remove data from the additional section of secure messages that are not
signed properly. Messages that are insecure, bogus, indeterminate or unchecked are not affected.
Default is yes. Use this setting to protect the users that rely on this validator for
authentication from potentially bad data in the additional section.
val-log-level: <number>
Have the validator print validation failures to the log. Regardless of the verbosity setting.
Default is 0, off. At 1, for every user query that fails a line is printed to the logs. This way
you can monitor what happens with validation. Use a diagnosis tool, such as dig or drill, to find
out why validation is failing for these queries. At 2, not only the query that failed is printed
but also the reason why unbound thought it was wrong and which server sent the faulty data.
val-permissive-mode: <yes or no>
Instruct the validator to mark bogus messages as indeterminate. The security checks are performed,
but if the result is bogus (failed security), the reply is not withheld from the client with
SERVFAIL as usual. The client receives the bogus data. For messages that are found to be secure
the AD bit is set in replies. Also logging is performed as for full validation. The default value
is "no".
ignore-cd-flag: <yes or no>
Instruct unbound to ignore the CD flag from clients and refuse to return bogus answers to them.
Thus, the CD (Checking Disabled) flag does not disable checking any more. This is useful if
legacy (w2008) servers that set the CD flag but cannot validate DNSSEC themselves are the clients,
and then unbound provides them with DNSSEC protection. The default value is "no".
serve-expired: <yes or no>
If enabled, unbound attempts to serve old responses from cache with a TTL of 0 in the response
without waiting for the actual resolution to finish. The actual resolution answer ends up in the
cache later on. Default is "no".
val-nsec3-keysize-iterations: <"list of values">
List of keysize and iteration count values, separated by spaces, surrounded by quotes. Default is
"1024 150 2048 500 4096 2500". This determines the maximum allowed NSEC3 iteration count before a
message is simply marked insecure instead of performing the many hashing iterations. The list must
be in ascending order and have at least one entry. If you set it to "1024 65535" there is no
restriction to NSEC3 iteration values. This table must be kept short; a very long list could
cause slower operation.
add-holddown: <seconds>
Instruct the auto-trust-anchor-file probe mechanism for RFC5011 autotrust updates to add new trust
anchors only after they have been visible for this time. Default is 30 days as per the RFC.
del-holddown: <seconds>
Instruct the auto-trust-anchor-file probe mechanism for RFC5011 autotrust updates to remove
revoked trust anchors after they have been kept in the revoked list for this long. Default is 30
days as per the RFC.
keep-missing: <seconds>
Instruct the auto-trust-anchor-file probe mechanism for RFC5011 autotrust updates to remove
missing trust anchors after they have been unseen for this long. This cleans up the state file if
the target zone does not perform trust anchor revocation, so this makes the auto probe mechanism
work with zones that perform regular (non-5011) rollovers. The default is 366 days. The value 0
does not remove missing anchors, as per the RFC.
permit-small-holddown: <yes or no>
Debug option that allows the autotrust 5011 rollover timers to assume very small values. Default
is no.
key-cache-size: <number>
Number of bytes size of the key cache. Default is 4 megabytes. A plain number is in bytes, append
'k', 'm' or 'g' for kilobytes, megabytes or gigabytes (1024*1024 bytes in a megabyte).
key-cache-slabs: <number>
Number of slabs in the key cache. Slabs reduce lock contention by threads. Must be set to a power
of 2. Setting (close) to the number of cpus is a reasonable guess.
neg-cache-size: <number>
Number of bytes size of the aggressive negative cache. Default is 1 megabyte. A plain number is
in bytes, append 'k', 'm' or 'g' for kilobytes, megabytes or gigabytes (1024*1024 bytes in a
megabyte).
unblock-lan-zones: <yesno>
Default is disabled. If enabled, then for private address space, the reverse lookups are no
longer filtered. This allows unbound when running as dns service on a host where it provides
service for that host, to put out all of the queries for the 'lan' upstream. When enabled, only
localhost, 127.0.0.1 reverse and ::1 reverse zones are configured with default local zones.
Disable the option when unbound is running as a (DHCP-) DNS network resolver for a group of
machines, where such lookups should be filtered (RFC compliance), this also stops potential data
leakage about the local network to the upstream DNS servers.
insecure-lan-zones: <yesno>
Default is disabled. If enabled, then reverse lookups in private address space are not validated.
This is usually required whenever unblock-lan-zones is used.
local-zone: <zone> <type>
Configure a local zone. The type determines the answer to give if there is no match from
local-data. The types are deny, refuse, static, transparent, redirect, nodefault, typetransparent,
inform, inform_deny, always_transparent, always_refuse, always_nxdomain, and are explained below.
After that the default settings are listed. Use local-data: to enter data into the local zone.
Answers for local zones are authoritative DNS answers. By default the zones are class IN.
If you need more complicated authoritative data, with referrals, wildcards, CNAME/DNAME support,
or DNSSEC authoritative service, setup a stub-zone for it as detailed in the stub zone section
below.
deny Do not send an answer, drop the query. If there is a match from local data, the query is
answered.
refuse
Send an error message reply, with rcode REFUSED. If there is a match from local data, the
query is answered.
static
If there is a match from local data, the query is answered. Otherwise, the query is answered
with nodata or nxdomain. For a negative answer a SOA is included in the answer if present as
local-data for the zone apex domain.
transparent
If there is a match from local data, the query is answered. Otherwise if the query has a
different name, the query is resolved normally. If the query is for a name given in localdata
but no such type of data is given in localdata, then a noerror nodata answer is returned. If
no local-zone is given local-data causes a transparent zone to be created by default.
typetransparent
If there is a match from local data, the query is answered. If the query is for a different
name, or for the same name but for a different type, the query is resolved normally. So,
similar to transparent but types that are not listed in local data are resolved normally, so if
an A record is in the local data that does not cause a nodata reply for AAAA queries.
redirect
The query is answered from the local data for the zone name. There may be no local data
beneath the zone name. This answers queries for the zone, and all subdomains of the zone with
the local data for the zone. It can be used to redirect a domain to return a different address
record to the end user, with local-zone: "example.com." redirect and local-data: "example.com.
A 127.0.0.1" queries for www.example.com and www.foo.example.com are redirected, so that users
with web browsers cannot access sites with suffix example.com.
inform
The query is answered normally, same as transparent. The client IP address (@portnumber) is
printed to the logfile. The log message is: timestamp, unbound-pid, info: zonename inform
IP@port queryname type class. This option can be used for normal resolution, but machines
looking up infected names are logged, eg. to run antivirus on them.
inform_deny
The query is dropped, like 'deny', and logged, like 'inform'. Ie. find infected machines
without answering the queries.
always_transparent
Like transparent, but ignores local data and resolves normally.
always_refuse
Like refuse, but ignores local data and refuses the query.
always_nxdomain
Like static, but ignores local data and returns nxdomain for the query.
nodefault
Used to turn off default contents for AS112 zones. The other types also turn off default
contents for the zone. The 'nodefault' option has no other effect than turning off default
contents for the given zone. Use nodefault if you use exactly that zone, if you want to use a
subzone, use transparent.
The default zones are localhost, reverse 127.0.0.1 and ::1, the onion, test, invalid and the AS112 zones.
The AS112 zones are reverse DNS zones for private use and reserved IP addresses for which the servers on
the internet cannot provide correct answers. They are configured by default to give nxdomain (no reverse
information) answers. The defaults can be turned off by specifying your own local-zone of that name, or
using the 'nodefault' type. Below is a list of the default zone contents.
localhost
The IP4 and IP6 localhost information is given. NS and SOA records are provided for
completeness and to satisfy some DNS update tools. Default content:
local-zone: "localhost." redirect
local-data: "localhost. 10800 IN NS localhost."
local-data: "localhost. 10800 IN
SOA localhost. nobody.invalid. 1 3600 1200 604800 10800"
local-data: "localhost. 10800 IN A 127.0.0.1"
local-data: "localhost. 10800 IN AAAA ::1"
reverse IPv4 loopback
Default content:
local-zone: "127.in-addr.arpa." static
local-data: "127.in-addr.arpa. 10800 IN NS localhost."
local-data: "127.in-addr.arpa. 10800 IN
SOA localhost. nobody.invalid. 1 3600 1200 604800 10800"
local-data: "1.0.0.127.in-addr.arpa. 10800 IN
PTR localhost."
reverse IPv6 loopback
Default content:
local-zone: "1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.
0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa." static
local-data: "1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.
0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa. 10800 IN
NS localhost."
local-data: "1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.
0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa. 10800 IN
SOA localhost. nobody.invalid. 1 3600 1200 604800 10800"
local-data: "1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.
0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa. 10800 IN
PTR localhost."
onion (RFC 7686)
Default content:
local-zone: "onion." static
local-data: "onion. 10800 IN NS localhost."
local-data: "onion. 10800 IN
SOA localhost. nobody.invalid. 1 3600 1200 604800 10800"
test (RFC 7686)
Default content:
local-zone: "test." static
local-data: "test. 10800 IN NS localhost."
local-data: "test. 10800 IN
SOA localhost. nobody.invalid. 1 3600 1200 604800 10800"
invalid (RFC 7686)
Default content:
local-zone: "invalid." static
local-data: "invalid. 10800 IN NS localhost."
local-data: "invalid. 10800 IN
SOA localhost. nobody.invalid. 1 3600 1200 604800 10800"
reverse RFC1918 local use zones
Reverse data for zones 10.in-addr.arpa, 16.172.in-addr.arpa to 31.172.in-addr.arpa,
168.192.in-addr.arpa. The local-zone: is set static and as local-data: SOA and NS records are
provided.
reverse RFC3330 IP4 this, link-local, testnet and broadcast
Reverse data for zones 0.in-addr.arpa, 254.169.in-addr.arpa, 2.0.192.in-addr.arpa (TEST NET 1),
100.51.198.in-addr.arpa (TEST NET 2), 113.0.203.in-addr.arpa (TEST NET 3),
255.255.255.255.in-addr.arpa. And from 64.100.in-addr.arpa to 127.100.in-addr.arpa (Shared
Address Space).
reverse RFC4291 IP6 unspecified
Reverse data for zone
0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.
0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa.
reverse RFC4193 IPv6 Locally Assigned Local Addresses
Reverse data for zone D.F.ip6.arpa.
reverse RFC4291 IPv6 Link Local Addresses
Reverse data for zones 8.E.F.ip6.arpa to B.E.F.ip6.arpa.
reverse IPv6 Example Prefix
Reverse data for zone 8.B.D.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa. This zone is used for tutorials and examples.
You can remove the block on this zone with:
local-zone: 8.B.D.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa. nodefault
You can also selectively unblock a part of the zone by making that part transparent with a
local-zone statement. This also works with the other default zones.
local-data: "<resource record string>"
Configure local data, which is served in reply to queries for it. The query has to match exactly
unless you configure the local-zone as redirect. If not matched exactly, the local-zone type
determines further processing. If local-data is configured that is not a subdomain of a local-zone,
a transparent local-zone is configured. For record types such as TXT, use single quotes, as in
local-data: 'example. TXT "text"'.
If you need more complicated authoritative data, with referrals, wildcards, CNAME/DNAME support, or
DNSSEC authoritative service, setup a stub-zone for it as detailed in the stub zone section below.
local-data-ptr: "IPaddr name"
Configure local data shorthand for a PTR record with the reversed IPv4 or IPv6 address and the host
name. For example "192.0.2.4 www.example.com". TTL can be inserted like this: "2001:DB8::4 7200
www.example.com"
local-zone-tag: <zone> <"list of tags">
Assign tags to localzones. Tagged localzones will only be applied when the used access-control
element has a matching tag. Tags must be defined in define-tags. Enclose list of tags in quotes
("") and put spaces between tags.
local-zone-override: <zone> <IP netblock> <type>
Override the localzone type for queries from addresses matching netblock. Use this localzone type,
regardless the type configured for the local-zone (both tagged and untagged) and regardless the type
configured using access-control-tag-action.
ratelimit: <number or 0>
Enable ratelimiting of queries sent to nameserver for performing recursion. If 0, the default, it
is disabled. This option is experimental at this time. The ratelimit is in queries per second that
are allowed. More queries are turned away with an error (servfail). This stops recursive floods,
eg. random query names, but not spoofed reflection floods. Cached responses are not ratelimited by
this setting. The zone of the query is determined by examining the nameservers for it, the zone
name is used to keep track of the rate. For example, 1000 may be a suitable value to stop the
server from being overloaded with random names, and keeps unbound from sending traffic to the
nameservers for those zones.
ratelimit-size: <memory size>
Give the size of the data structure in which the current ongoing rates are kept track in. Default
4m. In bytes or use m(mega), k(kilo), g(giga). The ratelimit structure is small, so this data
structure likely does not need to be large.
ratelimit-slabs: <number>
Give power of 2 number of slabs, this is used to reduce lock contention in the ratelimit tracking
data structure. Close to the number of cpus is a fairly good setting.
ratelimit-factor: <number>
Set the amount of queries to rate limit when the limit is exceeded. If set to 0, all queries are
dropped for domains where the limit is exceeded. If set to another value, 1 in that number is
allowed through to complete. Default is 10, allowing 1/10 traffic to flow normally. This can make
ordinary queries complete (if repeatedly queried for), and enter the cache, whilst also mitigating
the traffic flow by the factor given.
ratelimit-for-domain: <domain> <number qps or 0>
Override the global ratelimit for an exact match domain name with the listed number. You can give
this for any number of names. For example, for a top-level-domain you may want to have a higher
limit than other names. A value of 0 will disable ratelimiting for that domain.
ratelimit-below-domain: <domain> <number qps or 0>
Override the global ratelimit for a domain name that ends in this name. You can give this multiple
times, it then describes different settings in different parts of the namespace. The closest
matching suffix is used to determine the qps limit. The rate for the exact matching domain name is
not changed, use ratelimit-for-domain to set that, you might want to use different settings for a
top-level-domain and subdomains. A value of 0 will disable ratelimiting for domain names that end
in this name.
ip-ratelimit: <number or 0>
Enable global ratelimiting of queries accepted per ip address. If 0, the default, it is disabled.
This option is experimental at this time. The ratelimit is in queries per second that are allowed.
More queries are completely dropped and will not receive a reply, SERVFAIL or otherwise. IP
ratelimiting happens before looking in the cache. This may be useful for mitigating amplification
attacks.
ip-ratelimit-size: <memory size>
Give the size of the data structure in which the current ongoing rates are kept track in. Default
4m. In bytes or use m(mega), k(kilo), g(giga). The ip ratelimit structure is small, so this data
structure likely does not need to be large.
ip-ratelimit-slabs: <number>
Give power of 2 number of slabs, this is used to reduce lock contention in the ip ratelimit tracking
data structure. Close to the number of cpus is a fairly good setting.
ip-ratelimit-factor: <number>
Set the amount of queries to rate limit when the limit is exceeded. If set to 0, all queries are
dropped for addresses where the limit is exceeded. If set to another value, 1 in that number is
allowed through to complete. Default is 10, allowing 1/10 traffic to flow normally. This can make
ordinary queries complete (if repeatedly queried for), and enter the cache, whilst also mitigating
the traffic flow by the factor given.
Remote Control Options
In the remote-control: clause are the declarations for the remote control facility. If this is enabled,
the unbound-control(8) utility can be used to send commands to the running unbound server. The server
uses these clauses to setup SSLv3 / TLSv1 security for the connection. The unbound-control(8) utility
also reads the remote-control section for options. To setup the correct self-signed certificates use the
unbound-control-setup(8) utility.
control-enable: <yes or no>
The option is used to enable remote control, default is "yes". If turned off, the server does not
listen for control commands.
control-interface: <ip address or path>
Give IPv4 or IPv6 addresses or local socket path to listen on for control commands. By default
localhost (127.0.0.1 and ::1) is listened to. Use 0.0.0.0 and ::0 to listen to all interfaces. If
you change this and permissions have been dropped, you must restart the server for the change to
take effect.
control-port: <port number>
The port number to listen on for IPv4 or IPv6 control interfaces, default is 8953. If you change
this and permissions have been dropped, you must restart the server for the change to take effect.
control-use-cert: <yes or no>
Whether to require certificate authentication of control connections. The default is "yes". This
should not be changed unless there are other mechanisms in place to prevent untrusted users from
accessing the remote control interface.
server-key-file: <private key file>
Path to the server private key, by default unbound_server.key. This file is generated by the
unbound-control-setup utility. This file is used by the unbound server, but not by unbound-control.
server-cert-file: <certificate file.pem>
Path to the server self signed certificate, by default unbound_server.pem. This file is generated
by the unbound-control-setup utility. This file is used by the unbound server, and also by
unbound-control.
control-key-file: <private key file>
Path to the control client private key, by default unbound_control.key. This file is generated by
the unbound-control-setup utility. This file is used by unbound-control.
control-cert-file: <certificate file.pem>
Path to the control client certificate, by default unbound_control.pem. This certificate has to be
signed with the server certificate. This file is generated by the unbound-control-setup utility.
This file is used by unbound-control.
Stub Zone Options
There may be multiple stub-zone: clauses. Each with a name: and zero or more hostnames or IP addresses.
For the stub zone this list of nameservers is used. Class IN is assumed. The servers should be authority
servers, not recursors; unbound performs the recursive processing itself for stub zones.
The stub zone can be used to configure authoritative data to be used by the resolver that cannot be
accessed using the public internet servers. This is useful for company-local data or private zones.
Setup an authoritative server on a different host (or different port). Enter a config entry for unbound
with stub-addr: <ip address of host[@port]>. The unbound resolver can then access the data, without
referring to the public internet for it.
This setup allows DNSSEC signed zones to be served by that authoritative server, in which case a trusted
key entry with the public key can be put in config, so that unbound can validate the data and set the AD
bit on replies for the private zone (authoritative servers do not set the AD bit). This setup makes
unbound capable of answering queries for the private zone, and can even set the AD bit ('authentic'), but
the AA ('authoritative') bit is not set on these replies.
Consider adding server: statements for domain-insecure: and for local-zone: name nodefault for the zone
if it is a locally served zone. The insecure clause stops DNSSEC from invalidating the zone. The local
zone nodefault (or transparent) clause makes the (reverse-) zone bypass unbound's filtering of RFC1918
zones.
name: <domain name>
Name of the stub zone.
stub-host: <domain name>
Name of stub zone nameserver. Is itself resolved before it is used.
stub-addr: <IP address>
IP address of stub zone nameserver. Can be IP 4 or IP 6. To use a nondefault port for DNS
communication append '@' with the port number.
stub-prime: <yes or no>
This option is by default off. If enabled it performs NS set priming, which is similar to root
hints, where it starts using the list of nameservers currently published by the zone. Thus, if
the hint list is slightly outdated, the resolver picks up a correct list online.
stub-first: <yes or no>
If enabled, a query is attempted without the stub clause if it fails. The data could not be
retrieved and would have caused SERVFAIL because the servers are unreachable, instead it is tried
without this clause. The default is no.
stub-ssl-upstream: <yes or no>
Enabled or disable whether the queries to this stub use SSL for transport. Default is no.
Forward Zone Options
There may be multiple forward-zone: clauses. Each with a name: and zero or more hostnames or IP
addresses. For the forward zone this list of nameservers is used to forward the queries to. The servers
listed as forward-host: and forward-addr: have to handle further recursion for the query. Thus, those
servers are not authority servers, but are (just like unbound is) recursive servers too; unbound does not
perform recursion itself for the forward zone, it lets the remote server do it. Class IN is assumed. A
forward-zone entry with name "." and a forward-addr target will forward all queries to that other server
(unless it can answer from the cache).
name: <domain name>
Name of the forward zone.
forward-host: <domain name>
Name of server to forward to. Is itself resolved before it is used.
forward-addr: <IP address>
IP address of server to forward to. Can be IP 4 or IP 6. To use a nondefault port for DNS
communication append '@' with the port number.
forward-first: <yes or no>
If enabled, a query is attempted without the forward clause if it fails. The data could not be
retrieved and would have caused SERVFAIL because the servers are unreachable, instead it is tried
without this clause. The default is no.
forward-ssl-upstream: <yes or no>
Enabled or disable whether the queries to this forwarder use SSL for transport. Default is no.
View Options
There may be multiple view: clauses. Each with a name: and zero or more local-zone and local-data
elements. View can be mapped to requests by specifying the view name in an access-control-view element.
Options from matching views will override global options. Global options will be used if no matching view
is found, or when the matching view does not have the option specified.
name: <view name>
Name of the view. Must be unique. This name is used in access-control-view elements.
local-zone: <zone> <type>
View specific local-zone elements. Has the same types and behaviour as the global local-zone
elements. When there is at least one local-zone specified and view-first is no, the default local-
zones will be added to this view. Defaults can be disabled using the nodefault type. When
view-first is yes or when a view does not have a local-zone, the global local-zone will be used
including it's default zones.
local-data: "<resource record string>"
View specific local-data elements. Has the same behaviour as the global local-data elements.
local-data-ptr: "IPaddr name"
View specific local-data-ptr elements. Has the same behaviour as the global local-data-ptr
elements.
view-first: <yes or no>
If enabled, it attempts to use the global local-zone and local-data if there is no match in the
view specific options. The default is no.
Python Module Options
The python: clause gives the settings for the python(1) script module. This module acts like the
iterator and validator modules do, on queries and answers. To enable the script module it has to be
compiled into the daemon, and the word "python" has to be put in the module-config: option (usually
first, or between the validator and iterator).
If the chroot: option is enabled, you should make sure Python's library directory structure is bind
mounted in the new root environment, see mount(8). Also the python-script: path should be specified as
an absolute path relative to the new root, or as a relative path to the working directory.
python-script: <python file>
The script file to load.
DNS64 Module Options
The dns64 module must be configured in the module-config: "dns64 validator iterator" directive and be
compiled into the daemon to be enabled. These settings go in the server: section.
dns64-prefix: <IPv6 prefix>
This sets the DNS64 prefix to use to synthesize AAAA records with. It must be /96 or shorter.
The default prefix is 64:ff9b::/96.
dns64-synthall: <yes or no>
Debug option, default no. If enabled, synthesize all AAAA records despite the presence of actual
AAAA records.
DNSCrypt Options
The dnscrypt: clause gives the settings of the dnscrypt channel. While those options are available, they
are only meaningful if unbound was compiled with --enable-dnscrypt. Currently certificate and
secret/public keys cannot be generated by unbound. You can use dnscrypt-wrapper to generate those:
https://github.com/cofyc/dnscrypt-wrapper/blob/master/README.md#usage
dnscrypt-enable: <yes or no>
Whether or not the dnscrypt config should be enabled. You may define configuration but not
activate it. The default is no.
dnscrypt-port: <port number>
On which port should dnscrypt should be activated. Note that you should have a matching interface
option defined in the server section for this port.
dnscrypt-provider: <provider name>
The provider name to use to distribute certificates. This is of the form: 2.dnscrypt-
cert.example.com.. The name MUST end with a dot.
dnscrypt-secret-key: <path to secret key file>
Path to the time limited secret key file. This option may be specified multiple times.
dnscrypt-provider-cert: <path to cert file>
Path to the certificate related to the dnscrypt-secret-keys. This option may be specified
multiple times.
dnscrypt-shared-secret-cache-size: <memory size>
Give the size of the data structure in which the shared secret keys are kept in. Default 4m. In
bytes or use m(mega), k(kilo), g(giga). The shared secret cache is used when a same client is
making multiple queries using the same public key. It saves a substantial amount of CPU.
dnscrypt-shared-secret-cache-slabs: <number>
Give power of 2 number of slabs, this is used to reduce lock contention in the dnscrypt shared
secrets cache. Close to the number of cpus is a fairly good setting.
dnscrypt-nonce-cache-size: <memory size>
Give the size of the data structure in which the client nonces are kept in. Default 4m. In bytes
or use m(mega), k(kilo), g(giga). The nonce cache is used to prevent dnscrypt message replaying.
Client nonce should be unique for any pair of client pk/server sk.
dnscrypt-nonce-cache-slabs: <number>
Give power of 2 number of slabs, this is used to reduce lock contention in the dnscrypt nonce
cache. Close to the number of cpus is a fairly good setting.
EDNS Client Subnet Module Options
The ECS module must be configured in the module-config: "subnetcache validator iterator" directive and be
compiled into the daemon to be enabled. These settings go in the server: section.
If the destination address is whitelisted with Unbound will add the EDNS0 option to the query containing
the relevant part of the client's address. When an answer contains the ECS option the response and the
option are placed in a specialized cache. If the authority indicated no support, the response is stored
in the regular cache.
Additionally, when a client includes the option in its queries, Unbound will forward the option to the
authority if present in the whitelist, or client-subnet-always-forward is set to yes. In this case the
lookup in the regular cache is skipped.
The maximum size of the ECS cache is controlled by 'msg-cache-size' in the configuration file. On top of
that, for each query only 100 different subnets are allowed to be stored for each address family.
Exceeding that number, older entries will be purged from cache.
send-client-subnet: <IP address>
Send client source address to this authority. Append /num to indicate a classless delegation
netblock, for example like 10.2.3.4/24 or 2001::11/64. Can be given multiple times. Authorities
not listed will not receive edns-subnet information, unless domain in query is specified in
client-subnet-zone.
client-subnet-zone: <domain>
Send client source address in queries for this domain and its subdomains. Can be given multiple
times. Zones not listed will not receive edns-subnet information, unless hosted by authority
specified in send-client-subnet.
client-subnet-always-forward: <yes or no>
Specify whether the ECS whitelist check (configured using send-client-subnet) is applied for all
queries, even if the triggering query contains an ECS record, or only for queries for which the
ECS record is generated using the querier address (and therefore did not contain ECS data in the
client query). If enabled, the whitelist check is skipped when the client query contains an ECS
record. Default is no.
max-client-subnet-ipv6: <number>
Specifies the maximum prefix length of the client source address we are willing to expose to third
parties for IPv6. Defaults to 56.
max-client-subnet-ipv4: <number>
Specifies the maximum prefix length of the client source address we are willing to expose to third
parties for IPv4. Defaults to 24.
Opportunistic IPsec Support Module Options
The IPsec module must be configured in the module-config: "ipsecmod validator iterator" directive and be
compiled into the daemon to be enabled. These settings go in the server: section.
When unbound receives an A/AAAA query that is not in the cache and finds a valid answer, it will withhold
returning the answer and instead will generate an IPSECKEY subquery for the same domain name. If an
answer was found, unbound will call an external hook passing the following arguments:
QNAME
Domain name of the A/AAAA and IPSECKEY query. In string format.
IPSECKEY TTL
TTL of the IPSECKEY RRset.
A/AAAA
String of space separated IP addresses present in the A/AAAA RRset. The IP addresses are in
string format.
IPSECKEY
String of space separated IPSECKEY RDATA present in the IPSECKEY RRset. The IPSECKEY RDATA are
in DNS presentation format.
The A/AAAA answer is then cached and returned to the client. If the external hook was called the TTL
changes to ensure it doesn't surpass ipsecmod-max-ttl.
The same procedure is also followed when prefetch: is used, but the A/AAAA answer is given to the client
before the hook is called. ipsecmod-max-ttl ensures that the A/AAAA answer given from cache is still
relevant for opportunistic IPsec.
ipsecmod-enabled: <yes or no>
Specifies whether the IPsec module is enabled or not. The IPsec module still needs to be defined
in the module-config: directive. This option facilitates turning on/off the module without
restarting/reloading unbound. Defaults to yes.
ipsecmod-hook: <filename>
Specifies the external hook that unbound will call with system(3). The file can be specified as
an absolute/relative path. The file needs the proper permissions to be able to be executed by the
same user that runs unbound. It must be present when the IPsec module is defined in the
module-config: directive.
ipsecmod-strict: <yes or no>
If enabled unbound requires the external hook to return a success value of 0. Failing to do so
unbound will reply with SERVFAIL. The A/AAAA answer will also not be cached. Defaults to no.
ipsecmod-max-ttl: <seconds>
Time to live maximum for A/AAAA cached records after calling the external hook. Defaults to 3600.
ipsecmod-ignore-bogus: <yes or no>
Specifies the behaviour of unbound when the IPSECKEY answer is bogus. If set to yes, the hook
will be called and the A/AAAA answer will be returned to the client. If set to no, the hook will
not be called and the answer to the A/AAAA query will be SERVFAIL. Mainly used for testing.
Defaults to no.
ipsecmod-whitelist: <domain>
Whitelist the domain so that the module logic will be executed. Can be given multiple times, for
different domains. If the option is not specified, all domains are treated as being whitelisted
(default).
Cache DB Module Options
The Cache DB module must be configured in the module-config: "validator cachedb iterator" directive and
be compiled into the daemon with --enable-cachedb. If this module is enabled and configured, the
specified backend database works as a second level cache: When Unbound cannot find an answer to a query
in its built-in in-memory cache, it consults the specified backend. If it finds a valid answer in the
backend, Unbound uses it to respond to the query without performing iterative DNS resolution. If Unbound
cannot even find an answer in the backend, it resolves the query as usual, and stores the answer in the
backend. The cachedb: clause gives custom settings of the cache DB module.
backend: <backend name>
Specify the backend database name. Currently, only the in-memory "testframe" backend is
supported. As the name suggests this backend is not of any practical use. This option defaults
to "testframe".
secret-seed: <"secret string">
Specify a seed to calculate a hash value from query information. This value will be used as the
key of the corresponding answer for the backend database and can be customized if the hash should
not be predictable operationally. If the backend database is shared by multiple Unbound
instances, all instances must use the same secret seed. This option defaults to "default".
MEMORY CONTROL EXAMPLE
In the example config settings below memory usage is reduced. Some service levels are lower, notable very
large data and a high TCP load are no longer supported. Very large data and high TCP loads are
exceptional for the DNS. DNSSEC validation is enabled, just add trust anchors. If you do not have to
worry about programs using more than 3 Mb of memory, the below example is not for you. Use the defaults
to receive full service, which on BSD-32bit tops out at 30-40 Mb after heavy usage.
# example settings that reduce memory usage
server:
num-threads: 1
outgoing-num-tcp: 1 # this limits TCP service, uses less buffers.
incoming-num-tcp: 1
outgoing-range: 60 # uses less memory, but less performance.
msg-buffer-size: 8192 # note this limits service, 'no huge stuff'.
msg-cache-size: 100k
msg-cache-slabs: 1
rrset-cache-size: 100k
rrset-cache-slabs: 1
infra-cache-numhosts: 200
infra-cache-slabs: 1
key-cache-size: 100k
key-cache-slabs: 1
neg-cache-size: 10k
num-queries-per-thread: 30
target-fetch-policy: "2 1 0 0 0 0"
harden-large-queries: "yes"
harden-short-bufsize: "yes"
FILES
/etc/unbound
default unbound working directory.
/etc/unbound
default chroot(2) location.
/etc/unbound/unbound.conf
unbound configuration file.
/run/unbound.pid
default unbound pidfile with process ID of the running daemon.
unbound.log
unbound log file. default is to log to syslog(3).
SEE ALSO
unbound(8), unbound-checkconf(8).
AUTHORS
Unbound was written by NLnet Labs. Please see CREDITS file in the distribution for further details.