Provided by: procps_3.3.16-1ubuntu2.4_amd64 bug

NAME

       ps - report a snapshot of the current processes.

SYNOPSIS

       ps [options]

DESCRIPTION

       ps displays information about a selection of the active processes.  If you want a
       repetitive update of the selection and the displayed information, use top(1) instead.

       This version of ps accepts several kinds of options:

       1   UNIX options, which may be grouped and must be preceded by a dash.
       2   BSD options, which may be grouped and must not be used with a dash.
       3   GNU long options, which are preceded by two dashes.

       Options of different types may be freely mixed, but conflicts can appear.  There are some
       synonymous options, which are functionally identical, due to the many standards and ps
       implementations that this ps is compatible with.

       Note that "ps -aux" is distinct from "ps aux".  The POSIX and UNIX standards require that
       "ps -aux" print all processes owned by a user named "x", as well as printing all processes
       that would be selected by the -a option.  If the user named "x" does not exist, this ps
       may interpret the command as "ps aux" instead and print a warning.  This behavior is
       intended to aid in transitioning old scripts and habits.  It is fragile, subject to
       change, and thus should not be relied upon.

       By default, ps selects all processes with the same effective user ID (euid=EUID) as the
       current user and associated with the same terminal as the invoker.  It displays the
       process ID (pid=PID), the terminal associated with the process (tname=TTY), the cumulated
       CPU time in [DD-]hh:mm:ss format (time=TIME), and the executable name (ucmd=CMD).  Output
       is unsorted by default.

       The use of BSD-style options will add process state (stat=STAT) to the default display and
       show the command args (args=COMMAND) instead of the executable name.  You can override
       this with the PS_FORMAT environment variable.  The use of BSD-style options will also
       change the process selection to include processes on other terminals (TTYs) that are owned
       by you; alternately, this may be described as setting the selection to be the set of all
       processes filtered to exclude processes owned by other users or not on a terminal.  These
       effects are not considered when options are described as being "identical" below, so -M
       will be considered identical to Z and so on.

       Except as described below, process selection options are additive.  The default selection
       is discarded, and then the selected processes are added to the set of processes to be
       displayed.  A process will thus be shown if it meets any of the given selection criteria.

EXAMPLES

       To see every process on the system using standard syntax:
          ps -e
          ps -ef
          ps -eF
          ps -ely

       To see every process on the system using BSD syntax:
          ps ax
          ps axu

       To print a process tree:
          ps -ejH
          ps axjf

       To get info about threads:
          ps -eLf
          ps axms

       To get security info:
          ps -eo euser,ruser,suser,fuser,f,comm,label
          ps axZ
          ps -eM

       To see every process running as root (real & effective ID) in user format:
          ps -U root -u root u

       To see every process with a user-defined format:
          ps -eo pid,tid,class,rtprio,ni,pri,psr,pcpu,stat,wchan:14,comm
          ps axo stat,euid,ruid,tty,tpgid,sess,pgrp,ppid,pid,pcpu,comm
          ps -Ao pid,tt,user,fname,tmout,f,wchan

       Print only the process IDs of syslogd:
          ps -C syslogd -o pid=

       Print only the name of PID 42:
          ps -q 42 -o comm=

SIMPLE PROCESS SELECTION

       a      Lift the BSD-style "only yourself" restriction, which is imposed upon the set of
              all processes when some BSD-style (without "-") options are used or when the ps
              personality setting is BSD-like.  The set of processes selected in this manner is
              in addition to the set of processes selected by other means.  An alternate
              description is that this option causes ps to list all processes with a terminal
              (tty), or to list all processes when used together with the x option.

       -A     Select all processes.  Identical to -e.

       -a     Select all processes except both session leaders (see getsid(2)) and processes not
              associated with a terminal.

       -d     Select all processes except session leaders.

       --deselect
              Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions (negates
              the selection).  Identical to -N.

       -e     Select all processes.  Identical to -A.

       g      Really all, even session leaders.  This flag is obsolete and may be discontinued in
              a future release.  It is normally implied by the a flag, and is only useful when
              operating in the sunos4 personality.

       -N     Select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions (negates
              the selection).  Identical to --deselect.

       T      Select all processes associated with this terminal.  Identical to the t option
              without any argument.

       r      Restrict the selection to only running processes.

       x      Lift the BSD-style "must have a tty" restriction, which is imposed upon the set of
              all processes when some BSD-style (without "-") options are used or when the ps
              personality setting is BSD-like.  The set of processes selected in this manner is
              in addition to the set of processes selected by other means.  An alternate
              description is that this option causes ps to list all processes owned by you (same
              EUID as ps), or to list all processes when used together with the a option.

PROCESS SELECTION BY LIST

       These options accept a single argument in the form of a blank-separated or comma-separated
       list.  They can be used multiple times.  For example: ps -p "1 2" -p 3,4

       -123   Identical to --pid 123.

       123    Identical to --pid 123.

       -C cmdlist
              Select by command name.  This selects the processes whose executable name is given
              in cmdlist.  NOTE: The command name is not the same as the command line. Previous
              versions of procps and the kernel truncated this command name to 15 characters.
              This limitation is no longer present in both. If you depended on matching only 15
              characters, you may no longer get a match.

       -G grplist
              Select by real group ID (RGID) or name.  This selects the processes whose real
              group name or ID is in the grplist list.  The real group ID identifies the group of
              the user who created the process, see getgid(2).

       -g grplist
              Select by session OR by effective group name.  Selection by session is specified by
              many standards, but selection by effective group is the logical behavior that
              several other operating systems use.  This ps will select by session when the list
              is completely numeric (as sessions are).  Group ID numbers will work only when some
              group names are also specified.  See the -s and --group options.

       --Group grplist
              Select by real group ID (RGID) or name.  Identical to -G.

       --group grplist
              Select by effective group ID (EGID) or name.  This selects the processes whose
              effective group name or ID is in grplist.  The effective group ID describes the
              group whose file access permissions are used by the process (see getegid(2)).  The
              -g option is often an alternative to --group.

       p pidlist
              Select by process ID.  Identical to -p and --pid.

       -p pidlist
              Select by PID.  This selects the processes whose process ID numbers appear in
              pidlist.  Identical to p and --pid.

       --pid pidlist
              Select by process ID.  Identical to -p and p.

       --ppid pidlist
              Select by parent process ID.  This selects the processes with a parent process ID
              in pidlist.  That is, it selects processes that are children of those listed in
              pidlist.

       q pidlist
              Select by process ID (quick mode).  Identical to -q and --quick-pid.

       -q pidlist
              Select by PID (quick mode).  This selects the processes whose process ID numbers
              appear in pidlist.  With this option ps reads the necessary info only for the pids
              listed in the pidlist and doesn't apply additional filtering rules.  The order of
              pids is unsorted and preserved.  No additional selection options, sorting and
              forest type listings are allowed in this mode.  Identical to q and --quick-pid.

       --quick-pid pidlist
              Select by process ID (quick mode).  Identical to -q and q.

       -s sesslist
              Select by session ID.  This selects the processes with a session ID specified in
              sesslist.

       --sid sesslist
              Select by session ID.  Identical to -s.

       t ttylist
              Select by tty.  Nearly identical to -t and --tty, but can also be used with an
              empty ttylist to indicate the terminal associated with ps.  Using the T option is
              considered cleaner than using t with an empty ttylist.

       -t ttylist
              Select by tty.  This selects the processes associated with the terminals given in
              ttylist.  Terminals (ttys, or screens for text output) can be specified in several
              forms: /dev/ttyS1, ttyS1, S1.  A plain "-" may be used to select processes not
              attached to any terminal.

       --tty ttylist
              Select by terminal.  Identical to -t and t.

       U userlist
              Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.  This selects the processes whose
              effective user name or ID is in userlist.  The effective user ID describes the user
              whose file access permissions are used by the process (see geteuid(2)).  Identical
              to -u and --user.

       -U userlist
              Select by real user ID (RUID) or name.  It selects the processes whose real user
              name or ID is in the userlist list.  The real user ID identifies the user who
              created the process, see getuid(2).

       -u userlist
              Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.  This selects the processes whose
              effective user name or ID is in userlist.

              The effective user ID describes the user whose file access permissions are used by
              the process (see geteuid(2)).  Identical to U and --user.

       --User userlist
              Select by real user ID (RUID) or name.  Identical to -U.

       --user userlist
              Select by effective user ID (EUID) or name.  Identical to -u and U.

OUTPUT FORMAT CONTROL

       These options are used to choose the information displayed by ps.  The output may differ
       by personality.

       -c     Show different scheduler information for the -l option.

       --context
              Display security context format (for SELinux).

       -f     Do full-format listing.  This option can be combined with many other UNIX-style
              options to add additional columns.  It also causes the command arguments to be
              printed.  When used with -L, the NLWP (number of threads) and LWP (thread ID)
              columns will be added.  See the c option, the format keyword args, and the format
              keyword comm.

       -F     Extra full format.  See the -f option, which -F implies.

       --format format
              user-defined format.  Identical to -o and o.

       j      BSD job control format.

       -j     Jobs format.

       l      Display BSD long format.

       -l     Long format.  The -y option is often useful with this.

       -M     Add a column of security data.  Identical to Z (for SELinux).

       O format
              is preloaded o (overloaded).  The BSD O option can act like -O (user-defined output
              format with some common fields predefined) or can be used to specify sort order.
              Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of this option.  To ensure that the
              desired behavior is obtained (sorting or formatting), specify the option in some
              other way (e.g.  with -O or --sort).  When used as a formatting option, it is
              identical to -O, with the BSD personality.

       -O format
              Like -o, but preloaded with some default columns.  Identical to -o pid,format,
              state,tname,time,command or -o pid,format,tname,time,cmd, see -o below.

       o format
              Specify user-defined format.  Identical to -o and --format.

       -o format
              User-defined format.  format is a single argument in the form of a blank-separated
              or comma-separated list, which offers a way to specify individual output columns.
              The recognized keywords are described in the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section
              below.  Headers may be renamed (ps -o pid,ruser=RealUser -o comm=Command) as
              desired.  If all column headers are empty (ps -o pid= -o comm=) then the header
              line will not be output.  Column width will increase as needed for wide headers;
              this may be used to widen up columns such as WCHAN (ps -o pid,wchan=WIDE-WCHAN-
              COLUMN -o comm).  Explicit width control (ps opid,wchan:42,cmd) is offered too.
              The behavior of ps -o pid=X,comm=Y varies with personality; output may be one
              column named "X,comm=Y" or two columns named "X" and "Y".  Use multiple -o options
              when in doubt.  Use the PS_FORMAT environment variable to specify a default as
              desired; DefSysV and DefBSD are macros that may be used to choose the default UNIX
              or BSD columns.

       s      Display signal format.

       u      Display user-oriented format.

       v      Display virtual memory format.

       X      Register format.

       -y     Do not show flags; show rss in place of addr.  This option can only be used with
              -l.

       Z      Add a column of security data.  Identical to -M (for SELinux).

OUTPUT MODIFIERS

       c      Show the true command name.  This is derived from the name of the executable file,
              rather than from the argv value.  Command arguments and any modifications to them
              are thus not shown.  This option effectively turns the args format keyword into the
              comm format keyword; it is useful with the -f format option and with the various
              BSD-style format options, which all normally display the command arguments.  See
              the -f option, the format keyword args, and the format keyword comm.

       --cols n
              Set screen width.

       --columns n
              Set screen width.

       --cumulative
              Include some dead child process data (as a sum with the parent).

       e      Show the environment after the command.

       f      ASCII art process hierarchy (forest).

       --forest
              ASCII art process tree.

       h      No header.  (or, one header per screen in the BSD personality).  The h option is
              problematic.  Standard BSD ps uses this option to print a header on each page of
              output, but older Linux ps uses this option to totally disable the header.  This
              version of ps follows the Linux usage of not printing the header unless the BSD
              personality has been selected, in which case it prints a header on each page of
              output.  Regardless of the current personality, you can use the long options
              --headers and --no-headers to enable printing headers each page or disable headers
              entirely, respectively.

       -H     Show process hierarchy (forest).

       --headers
              Repeat header lines, one per page of output.

       k spec Specify sorting order.  Sorting syntax is [+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]].  Choose a
              multi-letter key from the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section.  The "+" is optional
              since default direction is increasing numerical or lexicographic order.  Identical
              to --sort.

                      Examples:
                      ps jaxkuid,-ppid,+pid
                      ps axk comm o comm,args
                      ps kstart_time -ef

       --lines n
              Set screen height.

       n      Numeric output for WCHAN and USER (including all types of UID and GID).

       --no-headers
              Print no header line at all.  --no-heading is an alias for this option.

       O order
              Sorting order (overloaded).  The BSD O option can act like -O (user-defined output
              format with some common fields predefined) or can be used to specify sort order.
              Heuristics are used to determine the behavior of this option.  To ensure that the
              desired behavior is obtained (sorting or formatting), specify the option in some
              other way (e.g.  with -O or --sort).

              For sorting, obsolete BSD O option syntax is O[+|-]k1[,[+|-]k2[,...]].  It orders
              the processes listing according to the multilevel sort specified by the sequence of
              one-letter short keys k1,k2, ... described in the OBSOLETE SORT KEYS section below.
              The "+" is currently optional, merely re-iterating the default direction on a key,
              but may help to distinguish an O sort from an O format.  The "-" reverses direction
              only on the key it precedes.

       --rows n
              Set screen height.

       S      Sum up some information, such as CPU usage, from dead child processes into their
              parent.  This is useful for examining a system where a parent process repeatedly
              forks off short-lived children to do work.

       --sort spec
              Specify sorting order.  Sorting syntax is [+|-]key[,[+|-]key[,...]].  Choose a
              multi-letter key from the STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS section.  The "+" is optional
              since default direction is increasing numerical or lexicographic order.  Identical
              to k.  For example: ps jax --sort=uid,-ppid,+pid

       w      Wide output.  Use this option twice for unlimited width.

       -w     Wide output.  Use this option twice for unlimited width.

       --width n
              Set screen width.

THREAD DISPLAY

       H      Show threads as if they were processes.

       -L     Show threads, possibly with LWP and NLWP columns.

       m      Show threads after processes.

       -m     Show threads after processes.

       -T     Show threads, possibly with SPID column.

OTHER INFORMATION

       --help section
              Print a help message.  The section argument can be one of simple, list, output,
              threads, misc, or all.  The argument can be shortened to one of the underlined
              letters as in: s|l|o|t|m|a.

       --info Print debugging info.

       L      List all format specifiers.

       V      Print the procps-ng version.

       -V     Print the procps-ng version.

       --version
              Print the procps-ng version.

NOTES

       This ps works by reading the virtual files in /proc.  This ps does not need to be setuid
       kmem or have any privileges to run.  Do not give this ps any special permissions.

       CPU usage is currently expressed as the percentage of time spent running during the entire
       lifetime of a process.  This is not ideal, and it does not conform to the standards that
       ps otherwise conforms to.  CPU usage is unlikely to add up to exactly 100%.

       The SIZE and RSS fields don't count some parts of a process including the page tables,
       kernel stack, struct thread_info, and struct task_struct.  This is usually at least 20 KiB
       of memory that is always resident.  SIZE is the virtual size of the process (code+data+
       stack).

       Processes marked <defunct> are dead processes (so-called "zombies") that remain because
       their parent has not destroyed them properly.  These processes will be destroyed by
       init(8) if the parent process exits.

       If the length of the username is greater than the length of the display column, the
       username will be truncated.  See the -o and -O formatting options to customize length.

       Commands options such as ps -aux are not recommended as it is a confusion of two different
       standards.  According to the POSIX and UNIX standards, the above command asks to display
       all processes with a TTY (generally the commands users are running) plus all processes
       owned by a user named "x".  If that user doesn't exist, then ps will assume you really
       meant "ps aux".

PROCESS FLAGS

       The sum of these values is displayed in the "F" column, which is provided by the flags
       output specifier:

               1    forked but didn't exec
               4    used super-user privileges

PROCESS STATE CODES

       Here are the different values that the s, stat and state output specifiers (header "STAT"
       or "S") will display to describe the state of a process:

               D    uninterruptible sleep (usually IO)
               I    Idle kernel thread
               R    running or runnable (on run queue)
               S    interruptible sleep (waiting for an event to complete)
               T    stopped by job control signal
               t    stopped by debugger during the tracing
               W    paging (not valid since the 2.6.xx kernel)
               X    dead (should never be seen)
               Z    defunct ("zombie") process, terminated but not reaped by its parent

       For BSD formats and when the stat keyword is used, additional characters may be displayed:

               <    high-priority (not nice to other users)
               N    low-priority (nice to other users)
               L    has pages locked into memory (for real-time and custom IO)
               s    is a session leader
               l    is multi-threaded (using CLONE_THREAD, like NPTL pthreads do)
               +    is in the foreground process group

OBSOLETE SORT KEYS

       These keys are used by the BSD O option (when it is used for sorting).  The GNU --sort
       option doesn't use these keys, but the specifiers described below in the STANDARD FORMAT
       SPECIFIERS section.  Note that the values used in sorting are the internal values ps uses
       and not the "cooked" values used in some of the output format fields (e.g.  sorting on tty
       will sort into device number, not according to the terminal name displayed).  Pipe ps
       output into the sort(1) command if you want to sort the cooked values.

       KEY   LONG         DESCRIPTION
       c     cmd          simple name of executable
       C     pcpu         cpu utilization
       f     flags        flags as in long format F field
       g     pgrp         process group ID
       G     tpgid        controlling tty process group ID
       j     cutime       cumulative user time
       J     cstime       cumulative system time
       k     utime        user time
       m     min_flt      number of minor page faults
       M     maj_flt      number of major page faults
       n     cmin_flt     cumulative minor page faults
       N     cmaj_flt     cumulative major page faults
       o     session      session ID
       p     pid          process ID
       P     ppid         parent process ID
       r     rss          resident set size
       R     resident     resident pages
       s     size         memory size in kilobytes
       S     share        amount of shared pages
       t     tty          the device number of the controlling tty
       T     start_time   time process was started
       U     uid          user ID number
       u     user         user name
       v     vsize        total VM size in KiB
       y     priority     kernel scheduling priority

AIX FORMAT DESCRIPTORS

       This ps supports AIX format descriptors, which work somewhat like the formatting codes of
       printf(1) and printf(3).  For example, the normal default output can be produced with
       this: ps -eo "%p %y %x %c".  The NORMAL codes are described in the next section.

       CODE   NORMAL   HEADER
       %C     pcpu     %CPU
       %G     group    GROUP
       %P     ppid     PPID
       %U     user     USER
       %a     args     COMMAND
       %c     comm     COMMAND
       %g     rgroup   RGROUP
       %n     nice     NI
       %p     pid      PID
       %r     pgid     PGID
       %t     etime    ELAPSED
       %u     ruser    RUSER
       %x     time     TIME
       %y     tty      TTY
       %z     vsz      VSZ

STANDARD FORMAT SPECIFIERS

       Here are the different keywords that may be used to control the output format (e.g., with
       option -o) or to sort the selected processes with the GNU-style --sort option.

       For example: ps -eo pid,user,args --sort user

       This version of ps tries to recognize most of the keywords used in other implementations
       of ps.

       The following user-defined format specifiers may contain spaces: args, cmd, comm, command,
       fname, ucmd, ucomm, lstart, bsdstart, start.

       Some keywords may not be available for sorting.

       CODE        HEADER    DESCRIPTION

       %cpu        %CPU      cpu utilization of the process in "##.#" format.  Currently, it is
                             the CPU time used divided by the time the process has been running
                             (cputime/realtime ratio), expressed as a percentage.  It will not
                             add up to 100% unless you are lucky.  (alias pcpu).

       %mem        %MEM      ratio of the process's resident set size  to the physical memory on
                             the machine, expressed as a percentage.  (alias pmem).

       args        COMMAND   command with all its arguments as a string.  Modifications to the
                             arguments may be shown.  The output in this column may contain
                             spaces.  A process marked <defunct> is partly dead, waiting to be
                             fully destroyed by its parent.  Sometimes the process args will be
                             unavailable; when this happens, ps will instead print the executable
                             name in brackets.  (alias cmd, command).  See also the comm format
                             keyword, the -f option, and the c option.
                             When specified last, this column will extend to the edge of the
                             display.  If ps can not determine display width, as when output is
                             redirected (piped) into a file or another command, the output width
                             is undefined (it may be 80, unlimited, determined by the TERM
                             variable, and so on).  The COLUMNS environment variable or --cols
                             option may be used to exactly determine the width in this case.  The
                             w or -w option may be also be used to adjust width.

       blocked     BLOCKED   mask of the blocked signals, see signal(7).  According to the width
                             of the field, a 32 or 64-bit mask in hexadecimal format is
                             displayed.  (alias sig_block, sigmask).

       bsdstart    START     time the command started.  If the process was started less than 24
                             hours ago, the output format is " HH:MM", else it is " Mmm:SS"
                             (where Mmm is the three letters of the month).  See also lstart,
                             start, start_time, and stime.

       bsdtime     TIME      accumulated cpu time, user + system.  The display format is usually
                             "MMM:SS", but can be shifted to the right if the process used more
                             than 999 minutes of cpu time.

       c           C         processor utilization.  Currently, this is the integer value of the
                             percent usage over the lifetime of the process.  (see %cpu).

       caught      CAUGHT    mask of the caught signals, see signal(7).  According to the width
                             of the field, a 32 or 64 bits mask in hexadecimal format is
                             displayed.  (alias sig_catch, sigcatch).

       cgname      CGNAME    display name of control groups to which the process belongs.

       cgroup      CGROUP    display control groups to which the process belongs.

       class       CLS       scheduling class of the process.  (alias policy, cls).  Field's
                             possible values are:

                                      -   not reported
                                      TS  SCHED_OTHER
                                      FF  SCHED_FIFO
                                      RR  SCHED_RR
                                      B   SCHED_BATCH
                                      ISO SCHED_ISO
                                      IDL SCHED_IDLE
                                      DLN SCHED_DEADLINE
                                      ?   unknown value

       cls         CLS       scheduling class of the process.  (alias policy, cls).  Field's
                             possible values are:

                                      -   not reported
                                      TS  SCHED_OTHER
                                      FF  SCHED_FIFO
                                      RR  SCHED_RR
                                      B   SCHED_BATCH
                                      ISO SCHED_ISO
                                      IDL SCHED_IDLE
                                      DLN SCHED_DEADLINE
                                      ?   unknown value

       cmd         CMD       see args.  (alias args, command).

       comm        COMMAND   command name (only the executable name).  Modifications to the
                             command name will not be shown.  A process marked <defunct> is
                             partly dead, waiting to be fully destroyed by its parent.  The
                             output in this column may contain spaces.  (alias ucmd, ucomm).  See
                             also the args format keyword, the -f option, and the c option.
                             When specified last, this column will extend to the edge of the
                             display.  If ps can not determine display width, as when output is
                             redirected (piped) into a file or another command, the output width
                             is undefined (it may be 80, unlimited, determined by the TERM
                             variable, and so on).  The COLUMNS environment variable or --cols
                             option may be used to exactly determine the width in this case.  The
                             w or -w option may be also be used to adjust width.

       command     COMMAND   See args.  (alias args, command).

       cp          CP        per-mill (tenths of a percent) CPU usage.  (see %cpu).

       cputime     TIME      cumulative CPU time, "[DD-]hh:mm:ss" format.  (alias time).

       cputimes    TIME      cumulative CPU time in seconds (alias times).

       drs         DRS       data resident set size, the amount of physical memory devoted to
                             other than executable code.

       egid        EGID      effective group ID number of the process as a decimal integer.
                             (alias gid).

       egroup      EGROUP    effective group ID of the process.  This will be the textual group
                             ID, if it can be obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal
                             representation otherwise.  (alias group).

       eip         EIP       instruction pointer.

       esp         ESP       stack pointer.

       etime       ELAPSED   elapsed time since the process was started, in the form
                             [[DD-]hh:]mm:ss.

       etimes      ELAPSED   elapsed time since the process was started, in seconds.

       euid        EUID      effective user ID (alias uid).

       euser       EUSER     effective user name.  This will be the textual user ID, if it can be
                             obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation
                             otherwise.  The n option can be used to force the decimal
                             representation.  (alias uname, user).

       f           F         flags associated with the process, see the PROCESS FLAGS section.
                             (alias flag, flags).

       fgid        FGID      filesystem access group ID.  (alias fsgid).

       fgroup      FGROUP    filesystem access group ID.  This will be the textual group ID, if
                             it can be obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal
                             representation otherwise.  (alias fsgroup).

       flag        F         see f.  (alias f, flags).

       flags       F         see f.  (alias f, flag).

       fname       COMMAND   first 8 bytes of the base name of the process's executable file.
                             The output in this column may contain spaces.

       fuid        FUID      filesystem access user ID.  (alias fsuid).

       fuser       FUSER     filesystem access user ID.  This will be the textual user ID, if it
                             can be obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal
                             representation otherwise.

       gid         GID       see egid.  (alias egid).

       group       GROUP     see egroup.  (alias egroup).

       ignored     IGNORED   mask of the ignored signals, see signal(7).  According to the width
                             of the field, a 32 or 64 bits mask in hexadecimal format is
                             displayed.  (alias sig_ignore, sigignore).

       ipcns       IPCNS     Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.
                             See namespaces(7).

       label       LABEL     security label, most commonly used for SELinux context data.  This
                             is for the Mandatory Access Control ("MAC") found on high-security
                             systems.

       lstart      STARTED   time the command started.  See also bsdstart, start, start_time, and
                             stime.

       lsession    SESSION   displays the login session identifier of a process, if systemd
                             support has been included.

       luid        LUID      displays Login ID associated with a process.

       lwp         LWP       light weight process (thread) ID of the dispatchable entity (alias
                             spid, tid).  See tid for additional information.

       lxc         LXC       The name of the lxc container within which a task is running.  If a
                             process is not running inside a container, a dash ('-') will be
                             shown.

       machine     MACHINE   displays the machine name for processes assigned to VM or container,
                             if systemd support has been included.

       maj_flt     MAJFLT    The number of major page faults that have occurred with this
                             process.

       min_flt     MINFLT    The number of minor page faults that have occurred with this
                             process.

       mntns       MNTNS     Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.
                             See namespaces(7).

       netns       NETNS     Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.
                             See namespaces(7).

       ni          NI        nice value.  This ranges from 19 (nicest) to -20 (not nice to
                             others), see nice(1).  (alias nice).

       nice        NI        see ni.(alias ni).

       nlwp        NLWP      number of lwps (threads) in the process.  (alias thcount).

       numa        NUMA      The node assocated with the most recently used processor.  A -1
                             means that NUMA information is unavailable.

       nwchan      WCHAN     address of the kernel function where the process is sleeping (use
                             wchan if you want the kernel function name).  Running tasks will
                             display a dash ('-') in this column.

       ouid        OWNER     displays the Unix user identifier of the owner of the session of a
                             process, if systemd support has been included.

       pcpu        %CPU      see %cpu.  (alias %cpu).

       pending     PENDING   mask of the pending signals.  See signal(7).  Signals pending on the
                             process are distinct from signals pending on individual threads.
                             Use the m option or the -m option to see both.  According to the
                             width of the field, a 32 or 64 bits mask in hexadecimal format is
                             displayed.  (alias sig).

       pgid        PGID      process group ID or, equivalently, the process ID of the process
                             group leader.  (alias pgrp).

       pgrp        PGRP      see pgid.  (alias pgid).

       pid         PID       a number representing the process ID (alias tgid).

       pidns       PIDNS     Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.
                             See namespaces(7).

       pmem        %MEM      see %mem.  (alias %mem).

       policy      POL       scheduling class of the process.  (alias class, cls).  Possible
                             values are:

                                      -   not reported
                                      TS  SCHED_OTHER
                                      FF  SCHED_FIFO
                                      RR  SCHED_RR
                                      B   SCHED_BATCH
                                      ISO SCHED_ISO
                                      IDL SCHED_IDLE
                                      DLN SCHED_DEADLINE
                                      ?   unknown value

       ppid        PPID      parent process ID.

       pri         PRI       priority of the process.  Higher number means lower priority.

       psr         PSR       processor that process is currently assigned to.

       rgid        RGID      real group ID.

       rgroup      RGROUP    real group name.  This will be the textual group ID, if it can be
                             obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation
                             otherwise.

       rss         RSS       resident set size, the non-swapped physical memory that a task has
                             used (in kilobytes).  (alias rssize, rsz).

       rssize      RSS       see rss.  (alias rss, rsz).

       rsz         RSZ       see rss.  (alias rss, rssize).

       rtprio      RTPRIO    realtime priority.

       ruid        RUID      real user ID.

       ruser       RUSER     real user ID.  This will be the textual user ID, if it can be
                             obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation
                             otherwise.

       s           S         minimal state display (one character).  See section PROCESS STATE
                             CODES for the different values.  See also stat if you want
                             additional information displayed.  (alias state).

       sched       SCH       scheduling policy of the process.  The policies SCHED_OTHER
                             (SCHED_NORMAL), SCHED_FIFO, SCHED_RR, SCHED_BATCH, SCHED_ISO,
                             SCHED_IDLE and SCHED_DEADLINE are respectively displayed as 0, 1, 2,
                             3, 4, 5 and 6.

       seat        SEAT      displays the identifier associated with all hardware devices
                             assigned to a specific workplace, if systemd support has been
                             included.

       sess        SESS      session ID or, equivalently, the process ID of the session leader.
                             (alias session, sid).

       sgi_p       P         processor that the process is currently executing on.  Displays "*"
                             if the process is not currently running or runnable.

       sgid        SGID      saved group ID.  (alias svgid).

       sgroup      SGROUP    saved group name.  This will be the textual group ID, if it can be
                             obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation
                             otherwise.

       sid         SID       see sess.  (alias sess, session).

       sig         PENDING   see pending.  (alias pending, sig_pend).

       sigcatch    CAUGHT    see caught.  (alias caught, sig_catch).

       sigignore   IGNORED   see ignored.  (alias ignored, sig_ignore).

       sigmask     BLOCKED   see blocked.  (alias blocked, sig_block).

       size        SIZE      approximate amount of swap space that would be required if the
                             process were to dirty all writable pages and then be swapped out.
                             This number is very rough!

       slice       SLICE     displays the slice unit which a process belongs to, if systemd
                             support has been included.

       spid        SPID      see lwp.  (alias lwp, tid).

       stackp      STACKP    address of the bottom (start) of stack for the process.

       start       STARTED   time the command started.  If the process was started less than 24
                             hours ago, the output format is "HH:MM:SS", else it is "  Mmm dd"
                             (where Mmm is a three-letter month name).  See also lstart,
                             bsdstart, start_time, and stime.

       start_time  START     starting time or date of the process.  Only the year will be
                             displayed if the process was not started the same year ps was
                             invoked, or "MmmDD" if it was not started the same day, or "HH:MM"
                             otherwise.  See also bsdstart, start, lstart, and stime.

       stat        STAT      multi-character process state.  See section PROCESS STATE CODES for
                             the different values meaning.  See also s and state if you just want
                             the first character displayed.

       state       S         see s. (alias s).

       suid        SUID      saved user ID.  (alias svuid).

       supgid      SUPGID    group ids of supplementary groups, if any.  See getgroups(2).

       supgrp      SUPGRP    group names of supplementary groups, if any.  See getgroups(2).

       suser       SUSER     saved user name.  This will be the textual user ID, if it can be
                             obtained and the field width permits, or a decimal representation
                             otherwise.  (alias svuser).

       svgid       SVGID     see sgid.  (alias sgid).

       svuid       SVUID     see suid.  (alias suid).

       sz          SZ        size in physical pages of the core image of the process.  This
                             includes text, data, and stack space.  Device mappings are currently
                             excluded; this is subject to change.  See vsz and rss.

       tgid        TGID      a number representing the thread group to which a task belongs
                             (alias pid).  It is the process ID of the thread group leader.

       thcount     THCNT     see nlwp.  (alias nlwp).  number of kernel threads owned by the
                             process.

       tid         TID       the unique number representing a dispatchable entity (alias lwp,
                             spid).  This value may also appear as: a process ID (pid); a process
                             group ID (pgrp); a session ID for the session leader (sid); a thread
                             group ID for the thread group leader (tgid); and a tty process group
                             ID for the process group leader (tpgid).

       time        TIME      cumulative CPU time, "[DD-]HH:MM:SS" format.  (alias cputime).

       times       TIME      cumulative CPU time in seconds (alias cputimes).

       tname       TTY       controlling tty (terminal).  (alias tt, tty).

       tpgid       TPGID     ID of the foreground process group on the tty (terminal) that the
                             process is connected to, or -1 if the process is not connected to a
                             tty.

       trs         TRS       text resident set size, the amount of physical memory devoted to
                             executable code.

       tt          TT        controlling tty (terminal).  (alias tname, tty).

       tty         TT        controlling tty (terminal).  (alias tname, tt).

       ucmd        CMD       see comm.  (alias comm, ucomm).

       ucomm       COMMAND   see comm.  (alias comm, ucmd).

       uid         UID       see euid.  (alias euid).

       uname       USER      see euser.  (alias euser, user).

       unit        UNIT      displays unit which a process belongs to, if systemd support has
                             been included.

       user        USER      see euser.  (alias euser, uname).

       userns      USERNS    Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.
                             See namespaces(7).

       utsns       UTSNS     Unique inode number describing the namespace the process belongs to.
                             See namespaces(7).

       uunit       UUNIT     displays user unit which a process belongs to, if systemd support
                             has been included.

       vsize       VSZ       see vsz.  (alias vsz).

       vsz         VSZ       virtual memory size of the process in KiB (1024-byte units).  Device
                             mappings are currently excluded; this is subject to change.  (alias
                             vsize).

       wchan       WCHAN     name of the kernel function in which the process is sleeping, a "-"
                             if the process is running, or a "*" if the process is multi-threaded
                             and ps is not displaying threads.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

       The following environment variables could affect ps:

       COLUMNS
          Override default display width.

       LINES
          Override default display height.

       PS_PERSONALITY
          Set to one of posix, old, linux, bsd, sun, digital... (see section PERSONALITY below).

       CMD_ENV
          Set to one of posix, old, linux, bsd, sun, digital... (see section PERSONALITY below).

       I_WANT_A_BROKEN_PS
          Force obsolete command line interpretation.

       LC_TIME
          Date format.

       PS_COLORS
          Not currently supported.

       PS_FORMAT
          Default output format override.  You may set this to a format string of the type used
          for the -o option.  The DefSysV and DefBSD values are particularly useful.

       POSIXLY_CORRECT
          Don't find excuses to ignore bad "features".

       POSIX2
          When set to "on", acts as POSIXLY_CORRECT.

       UNIX95
          Don't find excuses to ignore bad "features".

       _XPG
          Cancel CMD_ENV=irix non-standard behavior.

       In general, it is a bad idea to set these variables.  The one exception is CMD_ENV or
       PS_PERSONALITY, which could be set to Linux for normal systems.  Without that setting, ps
       follows the useless and bad parts of the Unix98 standard.

PERSONALITY

       390        like the OS/390 OpenEdition ps
       aix        like AIX ps
       bsd        like FreeBSD ps (totally non-standard)
       compaq     like Digital Unix ps
       debian     like the old Debian ps
       digital    like Tru64 (was Digital Unix, was OSF/1) ps
       gnu        like the old Debian ps
       hp         like HP-UX ps
       hpux       like HP-UX ps
       irix       like Irix ps
       linux      ***** recommended *****
       old        like the original Linux ps (totally non-standard)
       os390      like OS/390 Open Edition ps
       posix      standard
       s390       like OS/390 Open Edition ps
       sco        like SCO ps
       sgi        like Irix ps
       solaris2   like Solaris 2+ (SunOS 5) ps
       sunos4     like SunOS 4 (Solaris 1) ps (totally non-standard)
       svr4       standard
       sysv       standard
       tru64      like Tru64 (was Digital Unix, was OSF/1) ps
       unix       standard
       unix95     standard
       unix98     standard

SEE ALSO

       pgrep(1), pstree(1), top(1), proc(5).

STANDARDS

       This ps conforms to:

       1   Version 2 of the Single Unix Specification
       2   The Open Group Technical Standard Base Specifications, Issue 6
       3   IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition
       4   X/Open System Interfaces Extension [UP XSI]
       5   ISO/IEC 9945:2003

AUTHOR

       ps was originally written by Branko Lankester ⟨lankeste@fwi.uva.nl⟩.  Michael K. Johnson
       ⟨johnsonm@redhat.com⟩ re-wrote it significantly to use the proc filesystem, changing a few
       things in the process.  Michael Shields ⟨mjshield@nyx.cs.du.edu⟩ added the pid-list
       feature.  Charles Blake ⟨cblake@bbn.com⟩ added multi-level sorting, the dirent-style
       library, the device name-to-number mmaped database, the approximate binary search directly
       on System.map, and many code and documentation cleanups.  David Mossberger-Tang wrote the
       generic BFD support for psupdate.  Albert Cahalan ⟨albert@users.sf.net⟩ rewrote ps for
       full Unix98 and BSD support, along with some ugly hacks for obsolete and foreign syntax.

       Please send bug reports to ⟨procps@freelists.org⟩.  No subscription is required or
       suggested.