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NAME

       proc - process information pseudo-filesystem

DESCRIPTION

       The  proc  filesystem  is  a  pseudo-filesystem which provides an interface to kernel data
       structures.  It is commonly mounted at /proc.  Typically, it is mounted  automatically  by
       the system, but it can also be mounted manually using a command such as:

           mount -t proc proc /proc

       Most  of  the  files  in  the  proc filesystem are read-only, but some files are writable,
       allowing kernel variables to be changed.

   Mount options
       The proc filesystem supports the following mount options:

       hidepid=n (since Linux 3.3)
              This option controls who can access the  information  in  /proc/[pid]  directories.
              The argument, n, is one of the following values:

              0   Everybody  may  access  all  /proc/[pid]  directories.  This is the traditional
                  behavior, and the default if this mount option is not specified.

              1   Users  may  not  access  files  and  subdirectories  inside   any   /proc/[pid]
                  directories  but  their  own  (the  /proc/[pid]  directories  themselves remain
                  visible).  Sensitive files such as /proc/[pid]/cmdline  and  /proc/[pid]/status
                  are  now  protected  against  other  users.   This makes it impossible to learn
                  whether any user is running a specific program (so long as the program  doesn't
                  otherwise reveal itself by its behavior).

              2   As  for  mode 1, but in addition the /proc/[pid] directories belonging to other
                  users become invisible.  This means that /proc/[pid] entries can no  longer  be
                  used  to  discover  the  PIDs on the system.  This doesn't hide the fact that a
                  process with a specific PID value exists (it can be learned by other means, for
                  example,  by "kill -0 $PID"), but it hides a process's UID and GID, which could
                  otherwise be learned by employing stat(2) on  a  /proc/[pid]  directory.   This
                  greatly  complicates  an attacker's task of gathering information about running
                  processes (e.g., discovering whether  some  daemon  is  running  with  elevated
                  privileges,  whether  another  user  is running some sensitive program, whether
                  other users are running any program at all, and so on).

       gid=gid (since Linux 3.3)
              Specifies the ID  of  a  group  whose  members  are  authorized  to  learn  process
              information  otherwise  prohibited  by hidepid (i.e., users in this group behave as
              though /proc was mounted with hidepid=0).  This group should  be  used  instead  of
              approaches such as putting nonroot users into the sudoers(5) file.

   Overview
       Underneath /proc, there are the following general groups of files and subdirectories:

       /proc/[pid] subdirectories
              Each  one  of  these  subdirectories  contains  files  and  subdirectories exposing
              information about the process with the corresponding process ID.

              Underneath each of  the  /proc/[pid]  directories,  a  task  subdirectory  contains
              subdirectories  of  the  form  task/[tid],  which contain corresponding information
              about each of the threads in the process, where tid is the kernel thread ID of  the
              thread.

              The  /proc/[pid]  subdirectories  are  visible  when  iterating  through /proc with
              getdents(2) (and thus are visible when one uses  ls(1)  to  view  the  contents  of
              /proc).

       /proc/[tid] subdirectories
              Each  one  of  these  subdirectories  contains  files  and  subdirectories exposing
              information about the thread with the corresponding thread  ID.   The  contents  of
              these   directories  are  the  same  as  the  corresponding  /proc/[pid]/task/[tid]
              directories.

              The /proc/[tid] subdirectories are not visible when iterating  through  /proc  with
              getdents(2)  (and  thus are not visible when one uses ls(1) to view the contents of
              /proc).

       /proc/self
              When a process accesses this magic symbolic link, it resolves to the process's  own
              /proc/[pid] directory.

       /proc/thread-self
              When  a  thread accesses this magic symbolic link, it resolves to the process's own
              /proc/self/task/[tid] directory.

       /proc/[a-z]*
              Various other files and subdirectories under /proc expose system-wide information.

       All of the above are described in more detail below.

   Files and directories
       The following list provides details of many of the files and directories under  the  /proc
       hierarchy.

       /proc/[pid]
              There  is  a  numerical  subdirectory for each running process; the subdirectory is
              named by the process ID.  Each /proc/[pid] subdirectory contains  the  pseudo-files
              and directories described below.

              The  files  inside  each  /proc/[pid] directory are normally owned by the effective
              user and effective group ID of the process.  However, as a  security  measure,  the
              ownership is made root:root if the process's "dumpable" attribute is set to a value
              other than 1.

              Before Linux 4.11, root:root meant the "global" root user ID and  group  ID  (i.e.,
              UID  0  and GID 0 in the initial user namespace).  Since Linux 4.11, if the process
              is in a noninitial user namespace that has a valid mapping for user  (group)  ID  0
              inside  the  namespace,  then  the  user  (group)  ownership  of  the  files  under
              /proc/[pid] is instead made the same as the root user (group) ID of the  namespace.
              This  means  that  inside  a  container,  things work as expected for the container
              "root" user.

              The process's "dumpable" attribute may change for the following reasons:

              *  The attribute was explicitly set via the prctl(2) PR_SET_DUMPABLE operation.

              *  The attribute was reset to the  value  in  the  file  /proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable
                 (described below), for the reasons described in prctl(2).

              Resetting  the "dumpable" attribute to 1 reverts the ownership of the /proc/[pid]/*
              files to the process's effective UID and GID.

       /proc/[pid]/attr
              The files in this directory provide an API for security modules.  The  contents  of
              this  directory  are  files  that can be read and written in order to set security-
              related attributes.  This directory was added to support SELinux, but the intention
              was  that  the  API  be  general enough to support other security modules.  For the
              purpose of explanation, examples of how  SELinux  uses  these  files  are  provided
              below.

              This directory is present only if the kernel was configured with CONFIG_SECURITY.

       /proc/[pid]/attr/current (since Linux 2.6.0)
              The contents of this file represent the current security attributes of the process.

              In  SELinux,  this file is used to get the security context of a process.  Prior to
              Linux 2.6.11, this file could not be used to set the security context (a write  was
              always  denied),  since  SELinux  limited process security transitions to execve(2)
              (see the description of /proc/[pid]/attr/exec, below).  Since Linux 2.6.11, SELinux
              lifted  this  restriction  and began supporting "set" operations via writes to this
              node if authorized by policy, although use of this operation is only  suitable  for
              applications  that  are  trusted to maintain any desired separation between the old
              and new security contexts.

              Prior to Linux 2.6.28, SELinux  did  not  allow  threads  within  a  multi-threaded
              process  to  set  their  security  context  via  this  node  as  it  would yield an
              inconsistency among the security contexts of the threads sharing  the  same  memory
              space.   Since  Linux  2.6.28, SELinux lifted this restriction and began supporting
              "set" operations for threads within a multithreaded process  if  the  new  security
              context  is  bounded  by  the  old  security context, where the bounded relation is
              defined in policy and guarantees that the new security context has a subset of  the
              permissions of the old security context.

              Other  security  modules  may choose to support "set" operations via writes to this
              node.

       /proc/[pid]/attr/exec (since Linux 2.6.0)
              This file represents the attributes to assign to  the  process  upon  a  subsequent
              execve(2).

              In SELinux, this is needed to support role/domain transitions, and execve(2) is the
              preferred point to make such transitions because it offers better control over  the
              initialization  of  the  process  in  the new security label and the inheritance of
              state.  In SELinux, this attribute is reset on execve(2) so that  the  new  program
              reverts  to  the  default  behavior  for  any execve(2) calls that it may make.  In
              SELinux, a process can set only its own /proc/[pid]/attr/exec attribute.

       /proc/[pid]/attr/fscreate (since Linux 2.6.0)
              This file represents the attributes to assign to files created by subsequent  calls
              to open(2), mkdir(2), symlink(2), and mknod(2)

              SELinux  employs  this file to support creation of a file (using the aforementioned
              system calls) in a secure state, so that there is no risk of  inappropriate  access
              being  obtained  between the time of creation and the time that attributes are set.
              In SELinux, this attribute is reset on execve(2), so that the new  program  reverts
              to  the default behavior for any file creation calls it may make, but the attribute
              will persist across multiple file creation calls within  a  program  unless  it  is
              explicitly    reset.     In   SELinux,   a   process   can   set   only   its   own
              /proc/[pid]/attr/fscreate attribute.

       /proc/[pid]/attr/keycreate (since Linux 2.6.18)
              If a process writes a security context into this  file,  all  subsequently  created
              keys  (add_key(2)) will be labeled with this context.  For further information, see
              the   kernel   source   file    Documentation/security/keys/core.rst    (or    file
              Documentation/security/keys.txt    on    Linux    between    3.0   and   4.13,   or
              Documentation/keys.txt before Linux 3.0).

       /proc/[pid]/attr/prev (since Linux 2.6.0)
              This file contains the security context of the process before the  last  execve(2);
              that is, the previous value of /proc/[pid]/attr/current.

       /proc/[pid]/attr/socketcreate (since Linux 2.6.18)
              If  a  process  writes  a security context into this file, all subsequently created
              sockets will be labeled with this context.

       /proc/[pid]/autogroup (since Linux 2.6.38)
              See sched(7).

       /proc/[pid]/auxv (since 2.6.0)
              This contains the contents of the ELF interpreter information passed to the process
              at  exec time.  The format is one unsigned long ID plus one unsigned long value for
              each entry.  The last entry contains two zeros.  See also getauxval(3).

              Permission  to  access  this  file  is   governed   by   a   ptrace   access   mode
              PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

       /proc/[pid]/cgroup (since Linux 2.6.24)
              See cgroups(7).

       /proc/[pid]/clear_refs (since Linux 2.6.22)

              This is a write-only file, writable only by owner of the process.

              The following values may be written to the file:

              1 (since Linux 2.6.22)
                     Reset the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG bits for all the pages associated
                     with the process.  (Before kernel 2.6.32, writing any nonzero value to  this
                     file had this effect.)

              2 (since Linux 2.6.32)
                     Reset  the  PG_Referenced  and  ACCESSED/YOUNG  bits for all anonymous pages
                     associated with the process.

              3 (since Linux 2.6.32)
                     Reset the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG bits for  all  file-mapped  pages
                     associated with the process.

              Clearing  the  PG_Referenced  and  ACCESSED/YOUNG bits provides a method to measure
              approximately how much memory a process is using.  One first inspects the values in
              the  "Referenced"  fields for the VMAs shown in /proc/[pid]/smaps to get an idea of
              the memory footprint of  the  process.   One  then  clears  the  PG_Referenced  and
              ACCESSED/YOUNG bits and, after some measured time interval, once again inspects the
              values in the "Referenced" fields to get an idea of the change in memory  footprint
              of  the  process  during  the  measured  interval.   If  one  is interested only in
              inspecting the selected mapping types, then the value 2 or 3 can be used instead of
              1.

              Further values can be written to affect different properties:

              4 (since Linux 3.11)
                     Clear  the  soft-dirty  bit  for  all the pages associated with the process.
                     This is used (in conjunction with /proc/[pid]/pagemap)  by  the  check-point
                     restore  system to discover which pages of a process have been dirtied since
                     the file /proc/[pid]/clear_refs was written to.

              5 (since Linux 4.0)
                     Reset the peak resident set  size  ("high  water  mark")  to  the  process's
                     current resident set size value.

              Writing  any  value  to /proc/[pid]/clear_refs other than those listed above has no
              effect.

              The /proc/[pid]/clear_refs file is present  only  if  the  CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR
              kernel configuration option is enabled.

       /proc/[pid]/cmdline
              This  read-only  file  holds  the complete command line for the process, unless the
              process is a zombie.  In the latter case, there is nothing in this file: that is, a
              read  on  this file will return 0 characters.  The command-line arguments appear in
              this file as a set of strings separated by null bytes ('\0'), with a  further  null
              byte after the last string.

       /proc/[pid]/comm (since Linux 2.6.33)
              This  file  exposes  the  process's comm value—that is, the command name associated
              with the process.  Different threads in the same process may  have  different  comm
              values,  accessible  via /proc/[pid]/task/[tid]/comm.  A thread may modify its comm
              value, or that of any of other thread in the same thread group (see the  discussion
              of  CLONE_THREAD  in  clone(2)), by writing to the file /proc/self/task/[tid]/comm.
              Strings longer than TASK_COMM_LEN (16) characters are silently truncated.

              This  file  provides  a  superset  of  the  prctl(2)  PR_SET_NAME  and  PR_GET_NAME
              operations,  and  is  employed by pthread_setname_np(3) when used to rename threads
              other than the caller.

       /proc/[pid]/coredump_filter (since Linux 2.6.23)
              See core(5).

       /proc/[pid]/cpuset (since Linux 2.6.12)
              See cpuset(7).

       /proc/[pid]/cwd
              This is a symbolic link to the current working directory of the process.   To  find
              out the current working directory of process 20, for instance, you can do this:

                  $ cd /proc/20/cwd; /bin/pwd

              Note  that  the pwd command is often a shell built-in, and might not work properly.
              In bash(1), you may use pwd -P.

              In a multithreaded process, the contents of this symbolic link are not available if
              the main thread has already terminated (typically by calling pthread_exit(3)).

              Permission to dereference or read (readlink(2)) this symbolic link is governed by a
              ptrace access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

       /proc/[pid]/environ
              This file contains  the  initial  environment  that  was  set  when  the  currently
              executing  program  was  started  via execve(2).  The entries are separated by null
              bytes ('\0'), and there may be a null byte at the end.   Thus,  to  print  out  the
              environment of process 1, you would do:

                  $ cat /proc/1/environ | tr '\000' '\n'

              If,  after  an  execve(2),  the  process modifies its environment (e.g., by calling
              functions such as putenv(3) or modifying the environ(7)  variable  directly),  this
              file will not reflect those changes.

              Furthermore,  a  process  may  change the memory location that this file refers via
              prctl(2) operations such as PR_SET_MM_ENV_START.

              Permission  to  access  this  file  is   governed   by   a   ptrace   access   mode
              PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

       /proc/[pid]/exe
              Under  Linux  2.2  and  later,  this  file is a symbolic link containing the actual
              pathname of the executed command.  This symbolic link can be dereferenced normally;
              attempting  to open it will open the executable.  You can even type /proc/[pid]/exe
              to run another copy of the same executable that is being run by process [pid].   If
              the  pathname  has  been  unlinked,  the  symbolic  link  will  contain  the string
              '(deleted)' appended to the original pathname.  In  a  multithreaded  process,  the
              contents  of  this  symbolic  link are not available if the main thread has already
              terminated (typically by calling pthread_exit(3)).

              Permission to dereference or read (readlink(2)) this symbolic link is governed by a
              ptrace access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

              Under  Linux  2.0 and earlier, /proc/[pid]/exe is a pointer to the binary which was
              executed, and appears as a symbolic link.  A readlink(2) call on  this  file  under
              Linux 2.0 returns a string in the format:

                  [device]:inode

              For  example,  [0301]:1502  would  be inode 1502 on device major 03 (IDE, MFM, etc.
              drives) minor 01 (first partition on the first drive).

              find(1) with the -inum option can be used to locate the file.

       /proc/[pid]/fd/
              This is a subdirectory containing one entry for each file  which  the  process  has
              open,  named  by  its  file  descriptor, and which is a symbolic link to the actual
              file.  Thus, 0 is standard input, 1 standard output, 2 standard error, and so on.

              For file descriptors for pipes and sockets, the  entries  will  be  symbolic  links
              whose  content  is  the  file type with the inode.  A readlink(2) call on this file
              returns a string in the format:

                  type:[inode]

              For example, socket:[2248868] will be a socket  and  its  inode  is  2248868.   For
              sockets,  that inode can be used to find more information in one of the files under
              /proc/net/.

              For file descriptors that have  no  corresponding  inode  (e.g.,  file  descriptors
              produced     by     bpf(2),     epoll_create(2),    eventfd(2),    inotify_init(2),
              perf_event_open(2), signalfd(2), timerfd_create(2), and userfaultfd(2)), the  entry
              will be a symbolic link with contents of the form

                  anon_inode:<file-type>

              In many cases (but not all), the file-type is surrounded by square brackets.

              For  example,  an  epoll file descriptor will have a symbolic link whose content is
              the string anon_inode:[eventpoll].

              In a multithreaded process, the contents of this directory are not available if the
              main thread has already terminated (typically by calling pthread_exit(3)).

              Programs that take a filename as a command-line argument, but don't take input from
              standard input if no argument is supplied, and programs that write to a file  named
              as  a  command-line  argument, but don't send their output to standard output if no
              argument is supplied, can nevertheless be made to use standard  input  or  standard
              output  by  using  /proc/[pid]/fd  files  as  command-line arguments.  For example,
              assuming that -i is the  flag  designating  an  input  file  and  -o  is  the  flag
              designating an output file:

                  $ foobar -i /proc/self/fd/0 -o /proc/self/fd/1 ...

              and you have a working filter.

              /proc/self/fd/N  is  approximately the same as /dev/fd/N in some UNIX and UNIX-like
              systems.  Most Linux MAKEDEV scripts symbolically link /dev/fd to /proc/self/fd, in
              fact.

              Most systems provide symbolic links /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, and /dev/stderr, which
              respectively link to the files 0, 1, and 2  in  /proc/self/fd.   Thus  the  example
              command above could be written as:

                  $ foobar -i /dev/stdin -o /dev/stdout ...

              Permission  to  dereference  or  read  (readlink(2))  the  symbolic  links  in this
              directory is governed by a ptrace access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS  check;  see
              ptrace(2).

              Note  that for file descriptors referring to inodes (pipes and sockets, see above),
              those inodes still have permission bits and  ownership  information  distinct  from
              those  of the /proc/[pid]/fd entry, and that the owner may differ from the user and
              group IDs of the process.  An unprivileged process may  lack  permissions  to  open
              them, as in this example:

                  $ echo test | sudo -u nobody cat
                  test
                  $ echo test | sudo -u nobody cat /proc/self/fd/0
                  cat: /proc/self/fd/0: Permission denied

              File descriptor 0 refers to the pipe created by the shell and owned by that shell's
              user, which is not nobody, so cat does not have permission to  create  a  new  file
              descriptor to read from that inode, even though it can still read from its existing
              file descriptor 0.

       /proc/[pid]/fdinfo/ (since Linux 2.6.22)
              This is a subdirectory containing one entry for each file  which  the  process  has
              open,  named by its file descriptor.  The files in this directory are readable only
              by the owner of the process.  The contents of each  file  can  be  read  to  obtain
              information  about  the  corresponding file descriptor.  The content depends on the
              type of file referred to by the corresponding file descriptor.

              For regular files and directories, we see something like:

                  $ cat /proc/12015/fdinfo/4
                  pos:    1000
                  flags:  01002002
                  mnt_id: 21

              The fields are as follows:

              pos    This is a decimal number showing the file offset.

              flags  This is an octal number that displays the file access mode and  file  status
                     flags (see open(2)).  If the close-on-exec file descriptor flag is set, then
                     flags will also include the value O_CLOEXEC.

                     Before Linux 3.1, this field incorrectly displayed the setting of  O_CLOEXEC
                     at  the  time  the  file  was opened, rather than the current setting of the
                     close-on-exec flag.

              mnt_id This field, present  since  Linux  3.15,  is  the  ID  of  the  mount  point
                     containing this file.  See the description of /proc/[pid]/mountinfo.

              For  eventfd  file  descriptors  (see  eventfd(2)),  we  see  (since Linux 3.8) the
              following fields:

                  pos: 0
                  flags:    02
                  mnt_id:   10
                  eventfd-count:               40

              eventfd-count is the current value of the eventfd counter, in hexadecimal.

              For epoll file descriptors (see epoll(7)), we see (since Linux 3.8)  the  following
              fields:

                  pos: 0
                  flags:    02
                  mnt_id:   10
                  tfd:        9 events:       19 data: 74253d2500000009
                  tfd:        7 events:       19 data: 74253d2500000007

              Each  of  the  lines  beginning  tfd  describes  one  of the file descriptors being
              monitored via the epoll file descriptor (see epoll_ctl(2) for some  details).   The
              tfd  field is the number of the file descriptor.  The events field is a hexadecimal
              mask of the events being monitored for this file descriptor.  The data field is the
              data value associated with this file descriptor.

              For  signalfd  file  descriptors  (see  signalfd(2)),  we see (since Linux 3.8) the
              following fields:

                  pos: 0
                  flags:    02
                  mnt_id:   10
                  sigmask:  0000000000000006

              sigmask is the hexadecimal mask of signals that are accepted via this signalfd file
              descriptor.   (In  this example, bits 2 and 3 are set, corresponding to the signals
              SIGINT and SIGQUIT; see signal(7).)

              For inotify file descriptors  (see  inotify(7)),  we  see  (since  Linux  3.8)  the
              following fields:

                  pos: 0
                  flags:    00
                  mnt_id:   11
                  inotify wd:2 ino:7ef82a sdev:800001 mask:800afff ignored_mask:0 fhandle-bytes:8 fhandle-type:1 f_handle:2af87e00220ffd73
                  inotify wd:1 ino:192627 sdev:800001 mask:800afff ignored_mask:0 fhandle-bytes:8 fhandle-type:1 f_handle:27261900802dfd73

              Each  of  the lines beginning with "inotify" displays information about one file or
              directory that is being monitored.  The fields in this line are as follows:

              wd     A watch descriptor number (in decimal).

              ino    The inode number of the target file (in hexadecimal).

              sdev   The ID of the device where the target file resides (in hexadecimal).

              mask   The mask of events being monitored for the target file (in hexadecimal).

              If the kernel was built with exportfs support, the  path  to  the  target  file  is
              exposed  as  a  file  handle, via three hexadecimal fields: fhandle-bytes, fhandle-
              type, and f_handle.

              For fanotify file descriptors (see fanotify(7)),  we  see  (since  Linux  3.8)  the
              following fields:

                  pos: 0
                  flags:    02
                  mnt_id:   11
                  fanotify flags:0 event-flags:88002
                  fanotify ino:19264f sdev:800001 mflags:0 mask:1 ignored_mask:0 fhandle-bytes:8 fhandle-type:1 f_handle:4f261900a82dfd73

              The  fourth  line  displays information defined when the fanotify group was created
              via fanotify_init(2):

              flags  The flags argument given to fanotify_init(2) (expressed in hexadecimal).

              event-flags
                     The  event_f_flags  argument  given  to   fanotify_init(2)   (expressed   in
                     hexadecimal).

              Each  additional line shown in the file contains information about one of the marks
              in the fanotify group.  Most of these fields are as for inotify, except:

              mflags The flags associated with the mark (expressed in hexadecimal).

              mask   The events mask for this mark (expressed in hexadecimal).

              ignored_mask
                     The  mask  of  events  that  are  ignored  for  this  mark   (expressed   in
                     hexadecimal).

              For details on these fields, see fanotify_mark(2).

              For  timerfd  file  descriptors  (see  timerfd(2)),  we  see (since Linux 3.17) the
              following fields:

                  pos:    0
                  flags:  02004002
                  mnt_id: 13
                  clockid: 0
                  ticks: 0
                  settime flags: 03
                  it_value: (7695568592, 640020877)
                  it_interval: (0, 0)

              clockid
                     This is the numeric value of the clock  ID  (corresponding  to  one  of  the
                     CLOCK_* constants defined via <time.h>) that is used to mark the progress of
                     the timer (in this example, 0 is CLOCK_REALTIME).

              ticks  This is the number of timer expirations that have occurred, (i.e., the value
                     that read(2) on it would return).

              settime flags
                     This  field  lists  the  flags  with  which  the timerfd was last armed (see
                     timerfd_settime(2)), in octal (in this example, both  TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME  and
                     TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET are set).

              it_value
                     This  field  contains  the  amount of time until the timer will next expire,
                     expressed in seconds  and  nanoseconds.   This  is  always  expressed  as  a
                     relative  value,  regardless  of  whether  the  timer  was created using the
                     TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME flag.

              it_interval
                     This field contains the interval of the timer, in seconds  and  nanoseconds.
                     (The   it_value   and   it_interval   fields   contain   the   values   that
                     timerfd_gettime(2) on this file descriptor would return.)

       /proc/[pid]/gid_map (since Linux 3.5)
              See user_namespaces(7).

       /proc/[pid]/io (since kernel 2.6.20)
              This file contains I/O statistics for the process, for example:

                  # cat /proc/3828/io
                  rchar: 323934931
                  wchar: 323929600
                  syscr: 632687
                  syscw: 632675
                  read_bytes: 0
                  write_bytes: 323932160
                  cancelled_write_bytes: 0

              The fields are as follows:

              rchar: characters read
                     The number of bytes which this task has caused  to  be  read  from  storage.
                     This  is  simply  the  sum of bytes which this process passed to read(2) and
                     similar system calls.  It includes  things  such  as  terminal  I/O  and  is
                     unaffected by whether or not actual physical disk I/O was required (the read
                     might have been satisfied from pagecache).

              wchar: characters written
                     The number of bytes which this task has caused, or shall cause to be written
                     to disk.  Similar caveats apply here as with rchar.

              syscr: read syscalls
                     Attempt  to  count  the  number of read I/O operations—that is, system calls
                     such as read(2) and pread(2).

              syscw: write syscalls
                     Attempt to count the number of write I/O operations—that  is,  system  calls
                     such as write(2) and pwrite(2).

              read_bytes: bytes read
                     Attempt  to count the number of bytes which this process really did cause to
                     be fetched from the  storage  layer.   This  is  accurate  for  block-backed
                     filesystems.

              write_bytes: bytes written
                     Attempt to count the number of bytes which this process caused to be sent to
                     the storage layer.

              cancelled_write_bytes:
                     The big inaccuracy here is truncate.  If a process writes 1MB to a file  and
                     then  deletes  the  file,  it will in fact perform no writeout.  But it will
                     have been accounted as having caused 1MB of write.   In  other  words:  this
                     field  represents  the  number  of  bytes  which  this process caused to not
                     happen, by truncating pagecache.  A task can cause "negative" I/O  too.   If
                     this  task  truncates  some dirty pagecache, some I/O which another task has
                     been accounted for (in its write_bytes) will not be happening.

              Note: In the current implementation, things are a bit racy on  32-bit  systems:  if
              process A reads process B's /proc/[pid]/io while process B is updating one of these
              64-bit counters, process A could see an intermediate result.

              Permission  to  access  this  file  is   governed   by   a   ptrace   access   mode
              PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

       /proc/[pid]/limits (since Linux 2.6.24)
              This file displays the soft limit, hard limit, and units of measurement for each of
              the process's resource limits  (see  getrlimit(2)).   Up  to  and  including  Linux
              2.6.35,  this  file  is  protected  to  allow  reading  only by the real UID of the
              process.  Since Linux 2.6.36, this file is readable by all users on the system.

       /proc/[pid]/map_files/ (since kernel 3.3)
              This subdirectory  contains  entries  corresponding  to  memory-mapped  files  (see
              mmap(2)).  Entries are named by memory region start and end address pair (expressed
              as hexadecimal numbers), and are symbolic links to  the  mapped  files  themselves.
              Here  is an example, with the output wrapped and reformatted to fit on an 80-column
              display:

                  # ls -l /proc/self/map_files/
                  lr--------. 1 root root 64 Apr 16 21:31
                              3252e00000-3252e20000 -> /usr/lib64/ld-2.15.so
                  ...

              Although these entries are present for memory regions that  were  mapped  with  the
              MAP_FILE flag, the way anonymous shared memory (regions created with the MAP_ANON |
              MAP_SHARED flags) is implemented in Linux means that such regions  also  appear  on
              this  directory.  Here is an example where the target file is the deleted /dev/zero
              one:

                  lrw-------. 1 root root 64 Apr 16 21:33
                              7fc075d2f000-7fc075e6f000 -> /dev/zero (deleted)

              This directory appears only if the CONFIG_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE  kernel  configuration
              option  is  enabled.  Privilege (CAP_SYS_ADMIN) is required to view the contents of
              this directory.

       /proc/[pid]/maps
              A file containing the currently mapped memory regions and their access permissions.
              See mmap(2) for some further information about memory mappings.

              Permission   to   access   this   file   is   governed  by  a  ptrace  access  mode
              PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

              The format of the file is:

    address           perms offset  dev   inode       pathname
    00400000-00452000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 173521      /usr/bin/dbus-daemon
    00651000-00652000 r--p 00051000 08:02 173521      /usr/bin/dbus-daemon
    00652000-00655000 rw-p 00052000 08:02 173521      /usr/bin/dbus-daemon
    00e03000-00e24000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0           [heap]
    00e24000-011f7000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0           [heap]
    ...
    35b1800000-35b1820000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 135522  /usr/lib64/ld-2.15.so
    35b1a1f000-35b1a20000 r--p 0001f000 08:02 135522  /usr/lib64/ld-2.15.so
    35b1a20000-35b1a21000 rw-p 00020000 08:02 135522  /usr/lib64/ld-2.15.so
    35b1a21000-35b1a22000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
    35b1c00000-35b1dac000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 135870  /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so
    35b1dac000-35b1fac000 ---p 001ac000 08:02 135870  /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so
    35b1fac000-35b1fb0000 r--p 001ac000 08:02 135870  /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so
    35b1fb0000-35b1fb2000 rw-p 001b0000 08:02 135870  /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so
    ...
    f2c6ff8c000-7f2c7078c000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0    [stack:986]
    ...
    7fffb2c0d000-7fffb2c2e000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0   [stack]
    7fffb2d48000-7fffb2d49000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0   [vdso]

              The address field is the address space in the process that  the  mapping  occupies.
              The perms field is a set of permissions:

                  r = read
                  w = write
                  x = execute
                  s = shared
                  p = private (copy on write)

              The  offset  field  is  the  offset  into  the  file/whatever;  dev  is  the device
              (major:minor); inode is the inode on that device.  0 indicates  that  no  inode  is
              associated  with  the  memory  region, as would be the case with BSS (uninitialized
              data).

              The pathname field will usually be the file that is backing the mapping.   For  ELF
              files,  you  can  easily  coordinate with the offset field by looking at the Offset
              field in the ELF program headers (readelf -l).

              There are additional helpful pseudo-paths:

                   [stack]
                          The initial process's (also known as the main thread's) stack.

                   [stack:<tid>] (from Linux 3.4 to 4.4)
                          A thread's stack (where the <tid> is a thread ID).  It  corresponds  to
                          the /proc/[pid]/task/[tid]/ path.  This field was removed in Linux 4.5,
                          since providing this information for a process with  large  numbers  of
                          threads is expensive.

                   [vdso] The virtual dynamically linked shared object.  See vdso(7).

                   [heap] The process's heap.

              If  the  pathname  field  is  blank,  this  is an anonymous mapping as obtained via
              mmap(2).  There is no easy way to coordinate this back to a process's source, short
              of running it through gdb(1), strace(1), or similar.

              pathname  is shown unescaped except for newline characters, which are replaced with
              an octal escape sequence.  As a result, it is not possible to determine whether the
              original  pathname  contained  a  newline  character or the literal \e012 character
              sequence.

              If the mapping is  file-backed  and  the  file  has  been  deleted,  the  string  "
              (deleted)" is appended to the pathname.  Note that this is ambiguous too.

              Under Linux 2.0, there is no field giving pathname.

       /proc/[pid]/mem
              This  file  can  be used to access the pages of a process's memory through open(2),
              read(2), and lseek(2).

              Permission  to  access  this  file  is   governed   by   a   ptrace   access   mode
              PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

       /proc/[pid]/mountinfo (since Linux 2.6.26)
              This  file contains information about mount points in the process's mount namespace
              (see mount_namespaces(7)).  It  supplies  various  information  (e.g.,  propagation
              state,  root  of  mount  for bind mounts, identifier for each mount and its parent)
              that is missing from the (older) /proc/[pid]/mounts file, and fixes  various  other
              problems  with  that file (e.g., nonextensibility, failure to distinguish per-mount
              versus per-superblock options).

              The file contains lines of the form:
(1)(2)(3)   (4)   (5)      (6)      (7)   (8) (9)   (10)         (11)

              The numbers in parentheses are labels for the descriptions below:

              (1)  mount ID: a unique ID for the mount (may be reused after umount(2)).

              (2)  parent ID: the ID of the parent mount (or of self for the root of  this  mount
                   namespace's mount tree).

                   If  a  new  mount  is  stacked on top of a previous existing mount (so that it
                   hides the existing mount) at pathname P, then the parent of the new  mount  is
                   the  previous  mount  at  that location.  Thus, when looking at all the mounts
                   stacked at a particular location, the top-most mount is the one  that  is  not
                   the parent of any other mount at the same location.  (Note, however, that this
                   top-most mount will be accessible only if the longest path subprefix of P that
                   is a mount point is not itself hidden by a stacked mount.)

                   If  the  parent  mount  point  lies  outside the process's root directory (see
                   chroot(2)), the ID shown here won't have a corresponding record  in  mountinfo
                   whose  mount  ID  (field 1) matches this parent mount ID (because mount points
                   that lie outside the process's root directory are not shown in mountinfo).  As
                   a special case of this point, the process's root mount point may have a parent
                   mount (for the initramfs filesystem) that  lies  outside  the  process's  root
                   directory, and an entry for that mount point will not appear in mountinfo.

              (3)  major:minor: the value of st_dev for files on this filesystem (see stat(2)).

              (4)  root:  the pathname of the directory in the filesystem which forms the root of
                   this mount.

              (5)  mount point: the pathname of the mount point relative to  the  process's  root
                   directory.

              (6)  mount options: per-mount options (see mount(2)).

              (7)  optional fields: zero or more fields of the form "tag[:value]"; see below.

              (8)  separator: the end of the optional fields is marked by a single hyphen.

              (9)  filesystem type: the filesystem type in the form "type[.subtype]".

              (10) mount source: filesystem-specific information or "none".

              (11) super options: per-superblock options (see mount(2)).

              Currently,  the  possible  optional  fields are shared, master, propagate_from, and
              unbindable.  See mount_namespaces(7) for a description of  these  fields.   Parsers
              should ignore all unrecognized optional fields.

              For        more       information       on       mount       propagation       see:
              Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.txt in the Linux kernel source tree.

       /proc/[pid]/mounts (since Linux 2.4.19)
              This file lists all the  filesystems  currently  mounted  in  the  process's  mount
              namespace  (see  mount_namespaces(7)).   The  format  of this file is documented in
              fstab(5).

              Since kernel version 2.6.15, this file is pollable:  after  opening  the  file  for
              reading,  a  change  in  this  file  (i.e.,  a  filesystem mount or unmount) causes
              select(2) to mark the file descriptor  as  having  an  exceptional  condition,  and
              poll(2)  and  epoll_wait(2)  mark  the  file  as having a priority event (POLLPRI).
              (Before Linux 2.6.30, a change in this file was indicated by  the  file  descriptor
              being  marked  as  readable  for  select(2),  and  being  marked as having an error
              condition for poll(2) and epoll_wait(2).)

       /proc/[pid]/mountstats (since Linux 2.6.17)
              This file exports information (statistics,  configuration  information)  about  the
              mount  points in the process's mount namespace (see mount_namespaces(7)).  Lines in
              this file have the form:

                  device /dev/sda7 mounted on /home with fstype ext3 [statistics]
                  (       1      )            ( 2 )             (3 ) (4)

              The fields in each line are:

              (1)  The name of the mounted device (or "nodevice" if  there  is  no  corresponding
                   device).

              (2)  The mount point within the filesystem tree.

              (3)  The filesystem type.

              (4)  Optional  statistics  and  configuration  information.  Currently (as at Linux
                   2.6.26), only NFS filesystems export information via this field.

              This file is readable only by the owner of the process.

       /proc/[pid]/net (since Linux 2.6.25)
              See the description of /proc/net.

       /proc/[pid]/ns/ (since Linux 3.0)
              This is a subdirectory containing one entry for each namespace that supports  being
              manipulated by setns(2).  For more information, see namespaces(7).

       /proc/[pid]/numa_maps (since Linux 2.6.14)
              See numa(7).

       /proc/[pid]/oom_adj (since Linux 2.6.11)
              This  file  can  be used to adjust the score used to select which process should be
              killed in an out-of-memory (OOM) situation.  The kernel uses this value for a  bit-
              shift operation of the process's oom_score value: valid values are in the range -16
              to +15, plus the special value -17, which disables OOM-killing altogether for  this
              process.  A positive score increases the likelihood of this process being killed by
              the OOM-killer; a negative score decreases the likelihood.

              The default value for this file is 0; a new process inherits its  parent's  oom_adj
              setting.  A process must be privileged (CAP_SYS_RESOURCE) to update this file.

              Since   Linux   2.6.36,   use   of   this   file   is   deprecated   in   favor  of
              /proc/[pid]/oom_score_adj.

       /proc/[pid]/oom_score (since Linux 2.6.11)
              This file displays the current score that the kernel gives to this process for  the
              purpose  of  selecting a process for the OOM-killer.  A higher score means that the
              process is more likely to be selected by the OOM-killer.  The basis for this  score
              is  the  amount  of memory used by the process, with increases (+) or decreases (-)
              for factors including:

              * whether the process is privileged (-).

              Before kernel 2.6.36 the following factors were also used  in  the  calculation  of
              oom_score:

              * whether the process creates a lot of children using fork(2) (+);

              * whether  the  process has been running a long time, or has used a lot of CPU time
                (-);

              * whether the process has a low nice value (i.e., > 0) (+); and

              * whether the process is making direct hardware access (-).

              The oom_score also reflects  the  adjustment  specified  by  the  oom_score_adj  or
              oom_adj setting for the process.

       /proc/[pid]/oom_score_adj (since Linux 2.6.36)
              This  file can be used to adjust the badness heuristic used to select which process
              gets killed in out-of-memory conditions.

              The badness heuristic assigns a value to each candidate task ranging from 0  (never
              kill)  to 1000 (always kill) to determine which process is targeted.  The units are
              roughly a proportion along that range of allowed memory the  process  may  allocate
              from, based on an estimation of its current memory and swap use.  For example, if a
              task is using all allowed memory, its badness score will be 1000.  If it  is  using
              half of its allowed memory, its score will be 500.

              There  is  an  additional  factor included in the badness score: root processes are
              given 3% extra memory over other tasks.

              The amount of "allowed" memory depends on the context in which the  OOM-killer  was
              called.   If it is due to the memory assigned to the allocating task's cpuset being
              exhausted, the allowed memory represents the set of mems assigned  to  that  cpuset
              (see  cpuset(7)).   If  it  is  due  to  a mempolicy's node(s) being exhausted, the
              allowed memory represents the set of mempolicy nodes.  If it is  due  to  a  memory
              limit  (or  swap limit) being reached, the allowed memory is that configured limit.
              Finally, if it is due to the entire system being out of memory, the allowed  memory
              represents all allocatable resources.

              The  value  of  oom_score_adj  is  added  to the badness score before it is used to
              determine   which   task   to   kill.    Acceptable   values   range   from   -1000
              (OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MIN)  to  +1000  (OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX).   This  allows  user  space to
              control the preference for OOM-killing, ranging from always  preferring  a  certain
              task  or  completely  disabling  it  from  OOM killing.  The lowest possible value,
              -1000, is equivalent to disabling OOM-killing entirely for that task, since it will
              always report a badness score of 0.

              Consequently,  it  is  very simple for user space to define the amount of memory to
              consider for each task.  Setting an oom_score_adj value of +500,  for  example,  is
              roughly  equivalent  to  allowing  the  remainder of tasks sharing the same system,
              cpuset, mempolicy, or memory controller resources to use at least 50% more  memory.
              A  value of -500, on the other hand, would be roughly equivalent to discounting 50%
              of the task's allowed memory from being considered as scoring against the task.

              For backward compatibility with previous kernels, /proc/[pid]/oom_adj can still  be
              used to tune the badness score.  Its value is scaled linearly with oom_score_adj.

              Writing  to  /proc/[pid]/oom_score_adj or /proc/[pid]/oom_adj will change the other
              with its scaled value.

              The  choom(1)  program  provides  a  command-line  interface  for   adjusting   the
              oom_score_adj value of a running process or a newly executed command.

       /proc/[pid]/pagemap (since Linux 2.6.25)
              This  file  shows  the mapping of each of the process's virtual pages into physical
              page frames or swap area.  It contains one 64-bit value for each virtual page, with
              the bits set as follows:

                   63     If set, the page is present in RAM.

                   62     If set, the page is in swap space

                   61 (since Linux 3.5)
                          The page is a file-mapped page or a shared anonymous page.

                   60–57 (since Linux 3.11)
                          Zero

                   56 (since Linux 4.2)
                          The page is exclusively mapped.

                   55 (since Linux 3.11)
                          PTE  is  soft-dirty  (see  the  kernel source file Documentation/admin-
                          guide/mm/soft-dirty.rst).

                   54–0   If the page is present in RAM (bit 63), then  these  bits  provide  the
                          page  frame  number,  which  can  be used to index /proc/kpageflags and
                          /proc/kpagecount.  If the page is present in swap (bit 62),  then  bits
                          4–0 give the swap type, and bits 54–5 encode the swap offset.

              Before Linux 3.11, bits 60–55 were used to encode the base-2 log of the page size.

              To  employ /proc/[pid]/pagemap efficiently, use /proc/[pid]/maps to determine which
              areas of memory are actually mapped and seek to skip over unmapped regions.

              The /proc/[pid]/pagemap file is present only if the CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR kernel
              configuration option is enabled.

              Permission   to   access   this   file   is   governed  by  a  ptrace  access  mode
              PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

       /proc/[pid]/personality (since Linux 2.6.28)
              This  read-only  file  exposes  the  process's  execution   domain,   as   set   by
              personality(2).  The value is displayed in hexadecimal notation.

              Permission   to   access   this   file   is   governed  by  a  ptrace  access  mode
              PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

       /proc/[pid]/root
              UNIX and Linux support the idea of a per-process root of the filesystem, set by the
              chroot(2)  system  call.  This file is a symbolic link that points to the process's
              root directory, and behaves in the same way as exe, and fd/*.

              Note however that this file is not merely a symbolic link.  It  provides  the  same
              view  of the filesystem (including namespaces and the set of per-process mounts) as
              the process itself.  An example illustrates this point.  In one terminal, we  start
              a  shell  in  new  user  and mount namespaces, and in that shell we create some new
              mount points:

                  $ PS1='sh1# ' unshare -Urnm
                  sh1# mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /etc  # Mount empty tmpfs at /etc
                  sh1# mount --bind /usr /dev     # Mount /usr at /dev
                  sh1# echo $$
                  27123

              In a second terminal window, in  the  initial  mount  namespace,  we  look  at  the
              contents of the corresponding mounts in the initial and new namespaces:

                  $ PS1='sh2# ' sudo sh
                  sh2# ls /etc | wc -l                  # In initial NS
                  309
                  sh2# ls /proc/27123/root/etc | wc -l  # /etc in other NS
                  0                                     # The empty tmpfs dir
                  sh2# ls /dev | wc -l                  # In initial NS
                  205
                  sh2# ls /proc/27123/root/dev | wc -l  # /dev in other NS
                  11                                    # Actually bind
                                                        # mounted to /usr
                  sh2# ls /usr | wc -l                  # /usr in initial NS
                  11

              In  a multithreaded process, the contents of the /proc/[pid]/root symbolic link are
              not available if the main thread  has  already  terminated  (typically  by  calling
              pthread_exit(3)).

              Permission to dereference or read (readlink(2)) this symbolic link is governed by a
              ptrace access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

       /proc/[pid]/seccomp (Linux 2.6.12 to 2.6.22)
              This file can be used to read and change the process's secure  computing  (seccomp)
              mode setting.  It contains the value 0 if the process is not in seccomp mode, and 1
              if the process is in strict seccomp mode (see seccomp(2)).  Writing 1 to this  file
              places the process irreversibly in strict seccomp mode.  (Further attempts to write
              to the file fail with the EPERM error.)

              In Linux 2.6.23, this file went away, to be replaced by the prctl(2) PR_GET_SECCOMP
              and  PR_SET_SECCOMP  operations  (and  later by seccomp(2) and the Seccomp field in
              /proc/[pid]/status).

       /proc/[pid]/setgroups (since Linux 3.19)
              See user_namespaces(7).

       /proc/[pid]/smaps (since Linux 2.6.14)
              This file shows memory consumption  for  each  of  the  process's  mappings.   (The
              pmap(1)  command  displays  similar  information,  in a form that may be easier for
              parsing.)  For each mapping there is a series of lines such as the following:

                  00400000-0048a000 r-xp 00000000 fd:03 960637       /bin/bash
                  Size:                552 kB
                  Rss:                 460 kB
                  Pss:                 100 kB
                  Shared_Clean:        452 kB
                  Shared_Dirty:          0 kB
                  Private_Clean:         8 kB
                  Private_Dirty:         0 kB
                  Referenced:          460 kB
                  Anonymous:             0 kB
                  AnonHugePages:         0 kB
                  ShmemHugePages:        0 kB
                  ShmemPmdMapped:        0 kB
                  Swap:                  0 kB
                  KernelPageSize:        4 kB
                  MMUPageSize:           4 kB
                  KernelPageSize:        4 kB
                  MMUPageSize:           4 kB
                  Locked:                0 kB
                  ProtectionKey:         0
                  VmFlags: rd ex mr mw me dw

              The first of these lines shows the same information as is displayed for the mapping
              in  /proc/[pid]/maps.  The following lines show the size of the mapping, the amount
              of  the  mapping  that  is  currently  resident  in  RAM  ("Rss"),  the   process's
              proportional  share  of  this mapping ("Pss"), the number of clean and dirty shared
              pages in the mapping, and the number of  clean  and  dirty  private  pages  in  the
              mapping.    "Referenced"  indicates  the  amount  of  memory  currently  marked  as
              referenced or accessed.  "Anonymous" shows the  amount  of  memory  that  does  not
              belong  to any file.  "Swap" shows how much would-be-anonymous memory is also used,
              but out on swap.

              The "KernelPageSize" line (available since Linux 2.6.29) is the page size  used  by
              the  kernel to back the virtual memory area.  This matches the size used by the MMU
              in the majority of cases.  However, one counter-example  occurs  on  PPC64  kernels
              whereby a kernel using 64kB as a base page size may still use 4kB pages for the MMU
              on older processors.  To distinguish the two  attributes,  the  "MMUPageSize"  line
              (also available since Linux 2.6.29) reports the page size used by the MMU.

              The "Locked" indicates whether the mapping is locked in memory or not.

              The  "ProtectionKey"  line  (available  since  Linux 4.9, on x86 only) contains the
              memory protection key (see pkeys(7)) associated with the virtual memory area.  This
              entry    is    present    only    if    the    kernel    was    built    with   the
              CONFIG_X86_INTEL_MEMORY_PROTECTION_KEYS configuration option.

              The "VmFlags"  line  (available  since  Linux  3.8)  represents  the  kernel  flags
              associated  with  the  virtual  memory area, encoded using the following two-letter
              codes:

                  rd  - readable
                  wr  - writable
                  ex  - executable
                  sh  - shared
                  mr  - may read
                  mw  - may write
                  me  - may execute
                  ms  - may share
                  gd  - stack segment grows down
                  pf  - pure PFN range
                  dw  - disabled write to the mapped file
                  lo  - pages are locked in memory
                  io  - memory mapped I/O area
                  sr  - sequential read advise provided
                  rr  - random read advise provided
                  dc  - do not copy area on fork
                  de  - do not expand area on remapping
                  ac  - area is accountable
                  nr  - swap space is not reserved for the area
                  ht  - area uses huge tlb pages
                  nl  - non-linear mapping
                  ar  - architecture specific flag
                  dd  - do not include area into core dump
                  sd  - soft-dirty flag
                  mm  - mixed map area
                  hg  - huge page advise flag
                  nh  - no-huge page advise flag
                  mg  - mergeable advise flag

              "ProtectionKey" field contains the memory protection key (see pkeys(5))  associated
              with  the  virtual  memory  area.   Present  only  if the kernel was built with the
              CONFIG_X86_INTEL_MEMORY_PROTECTION_KEYS configuration option. (since Linux 4.6)

              The /proc/[pid]/smaps file is present only if the  CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR  kernel
              configuration option is enabled.

       /proc/[pid]/stack (since Linux 2.6.29)
              This  file provides a symbolic trace of the function calls in this process's kernel
              stack.   This  file  is  provided  only  if  the  kernel   was   built   with   the
              CONFIG_STACKTRACE configuration option.

              Permission   to   access   this   file   is   governed  by  a  ptrace  access  mode
              PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

       /proc/[pid]/stat
              Status information about the process.  This is used by ps(1).  It is defined in the
              kernel source file fs/proc/array.c.

              The  fields,  in  order,  with  their proper scanf(3) format specifiers, are listed
              below.  Whether or not  certain  of  these  fields  display  valid  information  is
              governed  by  a  ptrace  access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS | PTRACE_MODE_NOAUDIT
              check (refer to ptrace(2)).  If the check denies access, then the  field  value  is
              displayed as 0.  The affected fields are indicated with the marking [PT].

              (1) pid  %d
                        The process ID.

              (2) comm  %s
                        The  filename of the executable, in parentheses.  This is visible whether
                        or not the executable is swapped out.

              (3) state  %c
                        One of the following characters, indicating process state:

                        R  Running

                        S  Sleeping in an interruptible wait

                        D  Waiting in uninterruptible disk sleep

                        Z  Zombie

                        T  Stopped (on a signal) or (before Linux 2.6.33) trace stopped

                        t  Tracing stop (Linux 2.6.33 onward)

                        W  Paging (only before Linux 2.6.0)

                        X  Dead (from Linux 2.6.0 onward)

                        x  Dead (Linux 2.6.33 to 3.13 only)

                        K  Wakekill (Linux 2.6.33 to 3.13 only)

                        W  Waking (Linux 2.6.33 to 3.13 only)

                        P  Parked (Linux 3.9 to 3.13 only)

              (4) ppid  %d
                        The PID of the parent of this process.

              (5) pgrp  %d
                        The process group ID of the process.

              (6) session  %d
                        The session ID of the process.

              (7) tty_nr  %d
                        The controlling terminal of the process.  (The  minor  device  number  is
                        contained  in  the  combination  of  bits  31 to 20 and 7 to 0; the major
                        device number is in bits 15 to 8.)

              (8) tpgid  %d
                        The ID of the foreground process group of the controlling terminal of the
                        process.

              (9) flags  %u
                        The  kernel  flags  word  of the process.  For bit meanings, see the PF_*
                        defines in the Linux kernel source file  include/linux/sched.h.   Details
                        depend on the kernel version.

                        The format for this field was %lu before Linux 2.6.

              (10) minflt  %lu
                        The  number  of minor faults the process has made which have not required
                        loading a memory page from disk.

              (11) cminflt  %lu
                        The number of minor faults that the process's  waited-for  children  have
                        made.

              (12) majflt  %lu
                        The  number  of  major  faults  the  process has made which have required
                        loading a memory page from disk.

              (13) cmajflt  %lu
                        The number of major faults that the process's  waited-for  children  have
                        made.

              (14) utime  %lu
                        Amount  of  time  that  this  process  has  been  scheduled in user mode,
                        measured in clock ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).  This  includes
                        guest  time, guest_time (time spent running a virtual CPU, see below), so
                        that applications that are not aware of the guest time field do not  lose
                        that time from their calculations.

              (15) stime  %lu
                        Amount  of  time  that  this  process  has been scheduled in kernel mode,
                        measured in clock ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).

              (16) cutime  %ld
                        Amount  of  time  that  this  process's  waited-for  children  have  been
                        scheduled   in   user   mode,   measured   in   clock  ticks  (divide  by
                        sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).  (See also times(2).)  This includes  guest  time,
                        cguest_time (time spent running a virtual CPU, see below).

              (17) cstime  %ld
                        Amount  of  time  that  this  process's  waited-for  children  have  been
                        scheduled  in  kernel  mode,  measured  in   clock   ticks   (divide   by
                        sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).

              (18) priority  %ld
                        (Explanation  for Linux 2.6) For processes running a real-time scheduling
                        policy (policy below; see sched_setscheduler(2)),  this  is  the  negated
                        scheduling  priority,  minus  one;  that  is, a number in the range -2 to
                        -100, corresponding to real-time  priorities  1  to  99.   For  processes
                        running  under  a  non-real-time  scheduling policy, this is the raw nice
                        value (setpriority(2)) as represented in the kernel.  The  kernel  stores
                        nice  values  as numbers in the range 0 (high) to 39 (low), corresponding
                        to the user-visible nice range of -20 to 19.

                        Before Linux 2.6,  this  was  a  scaled  value  based  on  the  scheduler
                        weighting given to this process.

              (19) nice  %ld
                        The  nice  value  (see  setpriority(2)),  a  value  in  the range 19 (low
                        priority) to -20 (high priority).

              (20) num_threads  %ld
                        Number of threads in this process (since Linux 2.6).  Before kernel  2.6,
                        this  field  was  hard coded to 0 as a placeholder for an earlier removed
                        field.

              (21) itrealvalue  %ld
                        The time in jiffies before the next SIGALRM is sent to the process due to
                        an  interval  timer.   Since  kernel  2.6.17,  this  field  is  no longer
                        maintained, and is hard coded as 0.

              (22) starttime  %llu
                        The time the process started after system boot.  In kernels before  Linux
                        2.6,  this value was expressed in jiffies.  Since Linux 2.6, the value is
                        expressed in clock ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).

                        The format for this field was %lu before Linux 2.6.

              (23) vsize  %lu
                        Virtual memory size in bytes.

              (24) rss  %ld
                        Resident Set Size: number of pages the process has in real memory.   This
                        is  just  the  pages which count toward text, data, or stack space.  This
                        does not include pages which have not been demand-loaded in, or which are
                        swapped out.

              (25) rsslim  %lu
                        Current  soft  limit  in  bytes  on  the  rss  of  the  process;  see the
                        description of RLIMIT_RSS in getrlimit(2).

              (26) startcode  %lu  [PT]
                        The address above which program text can run.

              (27) endcode  %lu  [PT]
                        The address below which program text can run.

              (28) startstack  %lu  [PT]
                        The address of the start (i.e., bottom) of the stack.

              (29) kstkesp  %lu  [PT]
                        The current value of ESP (stack pointer), as found in  the  kernel  stack
                        page for the process.

              (30) kstkeip  %lu  [PT]
                        The current EIP (instruction pointer).

              (31) signal  %lu
                        The  bitmap of pending signals, displayed as a decimal number.  Obsolete,
                        because it  does  not  provide  information  on  real-time  signals;  use
                        /proc/[pid]/status instead.

              (32) blocked  %lu
                        The  bitmap of blocked signals, displayed as a decimal number.  Obsolete,
                        because it  does  not  provide  information  on  real-time  signals;  use
                        /proc/[pid]/status instead.

              (33) sigignore  %lu
                        The  bitmap of ignored signals, displayed as a decimal number.  Obsolete,
                        because it  does  not  provide  information  on  real-time  signals;  use
                        /proc/[pid]/status instead.

              (34) sigcatch  %lu
                        The  bitmap  of caught signals, displayed as a decimal number.  Obsolete,
                        because it  does  not  provide  information  on  real-time  signals;  use
                        /proc/[pid]/status instead.

              (35) wchan  %lu  [PT]
                        This is the "channel" in which the process is waiting.  It is the address
                        of a  location  in  the  kernel  where  the  process  is  sleeping.   The
                        corresponding symbolic name can be found in /proc/[pid]/wchan.

              (36) nswap  %lu
                        Number of pages swapped (not maintained).

              (37) cnswap  %lu
                        Cumulative nswap for child processes (not maintained).

              (38) exit_signal  %d  (since Linux 2.1.22)
                        Signal to be sent to parent when we die.

              (39) processor  %d  (since Linux 2.2.8)
                        CPU number last executed on.

              (40) rt_priority  %u  (since Linux 2.5.19)
                        Real-time  scheduling  priority,  a  number  in  the  range  1  to 99 for
                        processes scheduled under a real-time policy,  or  0,  for  non-real-time
                        processes (see sched_setscheduler(2)).

              (41) policy  %u  (since Linux 2.5.19)
                        Scheduling  policy (see sched_setscheduler(2)).  Decode using the SCHED_*
                        constants in linux/sched.h.

                        The format for this field was %lu before Linux 2.6.22.

              (42) delayacct_blkio_ticks  %llu  (since Linux 2.6.18)
                        Aggregated block I/O delays, measured in clock ticks (centiseconds).

              (43) guest_time  %lu  (since Linux 2.6.24)
                        Guest time of the process (time spent running a virtual CPU for  a  guest
                        operating    system),    measured    in    clock    ticks    (divide   by
                        sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).

              (44) cguest_time  %ld  (since Linux 2.6.24)
                        Guest time of the process's children, measured in clock ticks (divide  by
                        sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).

              (45) start_data  %lu  (since Linux 3.3)  [PT]
                        Address  above which program initialized and uninitialized (BSS) data are
                        placed.

              (46) end_data  %lu  (since Linux 3.3)  [PT]
                        Address below which program initialized and uninitialized (BSS) data  are
                        placed.

              (47) start_brk  %lu  (since Linux 3.3)  [PT]
                        Address above which program heap can be expanded with brk(2).

              (48) arg_start  %lu  (since Linux 3.5)  [PT]
                        Address above which program command-line arguments (argv) are placed.

              (49) arg_end  %lu  (since Linux 3.5)  [PT]
                        Address below program command-line arguments (argv) are placed.

              (50) env_start  %lu  (since Linux 3.5)  [PT]
                        Address above which program environment is placed.

              (51) env_end  %lu  (since Linux 3.5)  [PT]
                        Address below which program environment is placed.

              (52) exit_code  %d  (since Linux 3.5)  [PT]
                        The thread's exit status in the form reported by waitpid(2).

       /proc/[pid]/statm
              Provides information about memory usage, measured in pages.  The columns are:

                  size       (1) total program size
                             (same as VmSize in /proc/[pid]/status)
                  resident   (2) resident set size
                             (same as VmRSS in /proc/[pid]/status)
                  shared     (3) number of resident shared pages (i.e., backed by a file)
                             (same as RssFile+RssShmem in /proc/[pid]/status)
                  text       (4) text (code)
                  lib        (5) library (unused since Linux 2.6; always 0)
                  data       (6) data + stack
                  dt         (7) dirty pages (unused since Linux 2.6; always 0)

       /proc/[pid]/status
              Provides  much  of  the  information in /proc/[pid]/stat and /proc/[pid]/statm in a
              format that's easier for humans to parse.  Here's an example:

                  $ cat /proc/$$/status
                  Name:   bash
                  Umask:  0022
                  State:  S (sleeping)
                  Tgid:   17248
                  Ngid:   0
                  Pid:    17248
                  PPid:   17200
                  TracerPid:      0
                  Uid:    1000    1000    1000    1000
                  Gid:    100     100     100     100
                  FDSize: 256
                  Groups: 16 33 100
                  NStgid: 17248
                  NSpid:  17248
                  NSpgid: 17248
                  NSsid:  17200
                  VmPeak:     131168 kB
                  VmSize:     131168 kB
                  VmLck:           0 kB
                  VmPin:           0 kB
                  VmHWM:       13484 kB
                  VmRSS:       13484 kB
                  RssAnon:     10264 kB
                  RssFile:      3220 kB
                  RssShmem:        0 kB
                  VmData:      10332 kB
                  VmStk:         136 kB
                  VmExe:         992 kB
                  VmLib:        2104 kB
                  VmPTE:          76 kB
                  VmPMD:          12 kB
                  VmSwap:          0 kB
                  HugetlbPages:          0 kB        # 4.4
                  CoreDumping:   0                       # 4.15
                  Threads:        1
                  SigQ:   0/3067
                  SigPnd: 0000000000000000
                  ShdPnd: 0000000000000000
                  SigBlk: 0000000000010000
                  SigIgn: 0000000000384004
                  SigCgt: 000000004b813efb
                  CapInh: 0000000000000000
                  CapPrm: 0000000000000000
                  CapEff: 0000000000000000
                  CapBnd: ffffffffffffffff
                  CapAmb:   0000000000000000
                  NoNewPrivs:     0
                  Seccomp:        0
                  Speculation_Store_Bypass:       vulnerable
                  Cpus_allowed:   00000001
                  Cpus_allowed_list:      0
                  Mems_allowed:   1
                  Mems_allowed_list:      0
                  voluntary_ctxt_switches:        150
                  nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches:     545

              The fields are as follows:

              * Name: Command run by this process.

              * Umask: Process umask, expressed in octal  with  a  leading  zero;  see  umask(2).
                (Since Linux 4.7.)

              * State:  Current  state  of the process.  One of "R (running)", "S (sleeping)", "D
                (disk sleep)", "T (stopped)", "T (tracing stop)", "Z (zombie)", or "X (dead)".

              * Tgid: Thread group ID (i.e., Process ID).

              * Ngid: NUMA group ID (0 if none; since Linux 3.13).

              * Pid: Thread ID (see gettid(2)).

              * PPid: PID of parent process.

              * TracerPid: PID of process tracing this process (0 if not being traced).

              * Uid, Gid: Real, effective, saved set, and filesystem UIDs (GIDs).

              * FDSize: Number of file descriptor slots currently allocated.

              * Groups: Supplementary group list.

              * NStgid: Thread group ID (i.e., PID) in each of the PID namespaces of which  [pid]
                is  a  member.   The  leftmost  entry  shows  the  value  with respect to the PID
                namespace of the process that mounted this  procfs  (or  the  root  namespace  if
                mounted  by  the  kernel),  followed  by  the  value in successively nested inner
                namespaces.  (Since Linux 4.1.)

              * NSpid: Thread ID in each of the PID namespaces of which [pid] is a  member.   The
                fields are ordered as for NStgid.  (Since Linux 4.1.)

              * NSpgid:  Process  group  ID  in  each  of  the PID namespaces of which [pid] is a
                member.  The fields are ordered as for NStgid.  (Since Linux 4.1.)

              * NSsid: descendant namespace session ID hierarchy Session ID in each  of  the  PID
                namespaces  of  which  [pid]  is a member.  The fields are ordered as for NStgid.
                (Since Linux 4.1.)

              * VmPeak: Peak virtual memory size.

              * VmSize: Virtual memory size.

              * VmLck: Locked memory size (see mlock(2)).

              * VmPin: Pinned memory size (since Linux 3.2).  These are pages that can't be moved
                because something needs to directly access physical memory.

              * VmHWM: Peak resident set size ("high water mark").

              * VmRSS:  Resident  set  size.   Note  that  the  value here is the sum of RssAnon,
                RssFile, and RssShmem.

              * RssAnon: Size of resident anonymous memory.  (since Linux 4.5).

              * RssFile: Size of resident file mappings.  (since Linux 4.5).

              * RssShmem: Size of resident  shared  memory  (includes  System  V  shared  memory,
                mappings from tmpfs(5), and shared anonymous mappings).  (since Linux 4.5).

              * VmData, VmStk, VmExe: Size of data, stack, and text segments.

              * VmLib: Shared library code size.

              * VmPTE: Page table entries size (since Linux 2.6.10).

              * VmPMD:  Size  of  second-level  page tables (added in Linux 4.0; removed in Linux
                4.15).

              * VmSwap: Swapped-out virtual memory size by anonymous private  pages;  shmem  swap
                usage is not included (since Linux 2.6.34).

              * HugetlbPages: Size of hugetlb memory portions (since Linux 4.4).

              * CoreDumping: Contains the value 1 if the process is currently dumping core, and 0
                if it is not (since Linux 4.15).  This information can be used  by  a  monitoring
                process  to  avoid  killing a process that is currently dumping core, which could
                result in a corrupted core dump file.

              * Threads: Number of threads in process containing this thread.

              * SigQ: This field contains two  slash-separated  numbers  that  relate  to  queued
                signals  for  the real user ID of this process.  The first of these is the number
                of currently queued signals for this real user ID, and the second is the resource
                limit  on  the  number of queued signals for this process (see the description of
                RLIMIT_SIGPENDING in getrlimit(2)).

              * SigPnd, ShdPnd: Mask (expressed in hexadecimal) of signals pending for thread and
                for process as a whole (see pthreads(7) and signal(7)).

              * SigBlk, SigIgn, SigCgt: Masks (expressed in hexadecimal) indicating signals being
                blocked, ignored, and caught (see signal(7)).

              * CapInh, CapPrm, CapEff: Masks (expressed in hexadecimal) of capabilities  enabled
                in inheritable, permitted, and effective sets (see capabilities(7)).

              * CapBnd:  Capability  bounding  set, expressed in hexadecimal (since Linux 2.6.26,
                see capabilities(7)).

              * CapAmb: Ambient capability set, expressed in hexadecimal (since  Linux  4.3,  see
                capabilities(7)).

              * NoNewPrivs: Value of the no_new_privs bit (since Linux 4.10, see prctl(2)).

              * Seccomp:  Seccomp mode of the process (since Linux 3.8, see seccomp(2)).  0 means
                SECCOMP_MODE_DISABLED; 1 means SECCOMP_MODE_STRICT; 2 means  SECCOMP_MODE_FILTER.
                This  field  is  provided  only  if  the kernel was built with the CONFIG_SECCOMP
                kernel configuration option enabled.

              * Speculation_Store_Bypass: Speculation flaw mitigation state  (since  Linux  4.17,
                see prctl(2)).

              * Cpus_allowed: Hexadecimal mask of CPUs on which this process may run (since Linux
                2.6.24, see cpuset(7)).

              * Cpus_allowed_list: Same as previous, but in "list format"  (since  Linux  2.6.26,
                see cpuset(7)).

              * Mems_allowed:  Mask  of memory nodes allowed to this process (since Linux 2.6.24,
                see cpuset(7)).

              * Mems_allowed_list: Same as previous, but in "list format"  (since  Linux  2.6.26,
                see cpuset(7)).

              * voluntary_ctxt_switches,  nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches:  Number  of  voluntary  and
                involuntary context switches (since Linux 2.6.23).

       /proc/[pid]/syscall (since Linux 2.6.27)
              This file exposes the system call number and argument registers for the system call
              currently  being  executed  by  the  process,  followed  by the values of the stack
              pointer and program counter registers.  The values of all  six  argument  registers
              are exposed, although most system calls use fewer registers.

              If  the  process is blocked, but not in a system call, then the file displays -1 in
              place of the system call number, followed by just the values of the  stack  pointer
              and  program  counter.   If process is not blocked, then the file contains just the
              string "running".

              This   file   is   present   only   if   the    kernel    was    configured    with
              CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_TRACEHOOK.

              Permission   to   access   this   file   is   governed  by  a  ptrace  access  mode
              PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

       /proc/[pid]/task (since Linux 2.6.0)
              This is a directory that contains one subdirectory for each thread in the  process.
              The name of each subdirectory is the numerical thread ID ([tid]) of the thread (see
              gettid(2)).

              Within each of these subdirectories, there is a set of files with  the  same  names
              and  contents as under the /proc/[pid] directories.  For attributes that are shared
              by  all  threads,  the  contents  for  each  of  the  files  under  the  task/[tid]
              subdirectories  will  be  the  same  as  in  the  corresponding  file in the parent
              /proc/[pid] directory (e.g., in a multithreaded process, all of the  task/[tid]/cwd
              files will have the same value as the /proc/[pid]/cwd file in the parent directory,
              since all of the threads in a process share a working directory).   For  attributes
              that  are  distinct  for  each thread, the corresponding files under task/[tid] may
              have different values (e.g., various fields in each of the task/[tid]/status  files
              may be different for each thread), or they might not exist in /proc/[pid] at all.

              In  a multithreaded process, the contents of the /proc/[pid]/task directory are not
              available  if  the  main  thread  has  already  terminated  (typically  by  calling
              pthread_exit(3)).

       /proc/[pid]/task/[tid]/children (since Linux 3.5)
              A space-separated list of child tasks of this task.  Each child task is represented
              by its TID.

              This option is intended for  use  by  the  checkpoint-restore  (CRIU)  system,  and
              reliably provides a list of children only if all of the child processes are stopped
              or frozen.  It does not work properly if children of the target task exit while the
              file  is being read!  Exiting children may cause non-exiting children to be omitted
              from the list.  This makes this interface even more unreliable  than  classic  PID-
              based  approaches  if  the  inspected task and its children aren't frozen, and most
              code should probably not use this interface.

              Until  Linux   4.2,   the   presence   of   this   file   was   governed   by   the
              CONFIG_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE  kernel  configuration  option.   Since  Linux 4.2, it is
              governed by the CONFIG_PROC_CHILDREN option.

       /proc/[pid]/timers (since Linux 3.10)
              A list of the POSIX timers for this process.  Each timer is listed with a line that
              starts with the string "ID:".  For example:

                  ID: 1
                  signal: 60/00007fff86e452a8
                  notify: signal/pid.2634
                  ClockID: 0
                  ID: 0
                  signal: 60/00007fff86e452a8
                  notify: signal/pid.2634
                  ClockID: 1

              The lines shown for each timer have the following meanings:

              ID     The  ID  for  this  timer.  This is not the same as the timer ID returned by
                     timer_create(2); rather, it is the same kernel-internal ID that is available
                     via the si_timerid field of the siginfo_t structure (see sigaction(2)).

              signal This  is  the  signal  number  that this timer uses to deliver notifications
                     followed by a slash, and then the sigev_value value supplied to  the  signal
                     handler.  Valid only for timers that notify via a signal.

              notify The  part  before  the slash specifies the mechanism that this timer uses to
                     deliver  notifications,  and  is  one  of  "thread",  "signal",  or  "none".
                     Immediately  following  the slash is either the string "tid" for timers with
                     SIGEV_THREAD_ID notification, or "pid"  for  timers  that  notify  by  other
                     mechanisms.   Following  the  "."  is  the PID of the process (or the kernel
                     thread ID of the thread)  that will be  delivered  a  signal  if  the  timer
                     delivers notifications via a signal.

              ClockID
                     This field identifies the clock that the timer uses for measuring time.  For
                     most clocks, this is a number that matches one  of  the  user-space  CLOCK_*
                     constants  exposed  via  <time.h>.   CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID timers display
                     with a value of -6 in this field.   CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID  timers  display
                     with a value of -2 in this field.

              This   file   is   available   only   when   the   kernel   was   configured   with
              CONFIG_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE.

       /proc/[pid]/timerslack_ns (since Linux 4.6)
              This  file  exposes  the  process's  "current"  timer  slack  value,  expressed  in
              nanoseconds.   The file is writable, allowing the process's timer slack value to be
              changed.  Writing 0 to this file resets the "current" timer slack to the  "default"
              timer slack value.  For further details, see the discussion of PR_SET_TIMERSLACK in
              prctl(2).

              Initially, permission to access this file was governed  by  a  ptrace  access  mode
              PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH_FSCREDS  check  (see ptrace(2)).  However, this was subsequently
              deemed too strict a requirement (and had the side effect that requiring  a  process
              to  have  the  CAP_SYS_PTRACE capability would also allow it to view and change any
              process's memory).  Therefore, since Linux  4.9,  only  the  (weaker)  CAP_SYS_NICE
              capability is required to access this file.

       /proc/[pid]/uid_map, /proc/[pid]/gid_map (since Linux 3.5)
              See user_namespaces(7).

       /proc/[pid]/wchan (since Linux 2.6.0)
              The  symbolic name corresponding to the location in the kernel where the process is
              sleeping.

              Permission  to  access  this  file  is   governed   by   a   ptrace   access   mode
              PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).

       /proc/[tid]
              There   is  a  numerical  subdirectory for each running thread that is not a thread
              group leader (i.e., a thread whose thread ID is not the same as  its  process  ID);
              the  subdirectory  is  named  by  the  thread ID.  Each one of these subdirectories
              contains files and subdirectories exposing information about the  thread  with  the
              thread ID tid.  The contents of these directories are the same as the corresponding
              /proc/[pid]/task/[tid] directories.

              The /proc/[tid] subdirectories are not visible when iterating  through  /proc  with
              getdents(2)  (and  thus are not visible when one uses ls(1) to view the contents of
              /proc).  However, the pathnames of these directories are visible to  (i.e.,  usable
              as arguments in) system calls that operate on pathnames.

       /proc/apm
              Advanced  power  management  version  and  battery  information  when CONFIG_APM is
              defined at kernel compilation time.

       /proc/buddyinfo
              This file contains information which is used for  diagnosing  memory  fragmentation
              issues.   Each  line starts with the identification of the node and the name of the
              zone which together identify a memory region This is then followed by the count  of
              available  chunks  of  a certain order in which these zones are split.  The size in
              bytes of a certain order is given by the formula:

                  (2^order) * PAGE_SIZE

              The binary buddy allocator algorithm inside the kernel will split  one  chunk  into
              two  chunks  of a smaller order (thus with half the size) or combine two contiguous
              chunks into one larger chunk of a higher order  (thus  with  double  the  size)  to
              satisfy allocation requests and to counter memory fragmentation.  The order matches
              the column number, when starting to count at zero.

              For example on an x86-64 system:

  Node 0, zone     DMA     1    1    1    0    2    1    1    0    1    1    3
  Node 0, zone   DMA32    65   47    4   81   52   28   13   10    5    1  404
  Node 0, zone  Normal   216   55  189  101   84   38   37   27    5    3  587

              In this example, there is  one  node  containing  three  zones  and  there  are  11
              different chunk sizes.  If the page size is 4 kilobytes, then the first zone called
              DMA (on x86 the first 16 megabyte of memory) has 1 chunk of 4 kilobytes  (order  0)
              available and has 3 chunks of 4 megabytes (order 10) available.

              If  the  memory is heavily fragmented, the counters for higher order chunks will be
              zero and allocation of large contiguous areas will fail.

              Further information about the zones can be found in /proc/zoneinfo.

       /proc/bus
              Contains subdirectories for installed busses.

       /proc/bus/pccard
              Subdirectory for PCMCIA devices when CONFIG_PCMCIA is  set  at  kernel  compilation
              time.

       /proc/bus/pccard/drivers

       /proc/bus/pci
              Contains  various  bus subdirectories and pseudo-files containing information about
              PCI busses, installed devices, and device drivers.  Some of  these  files  are  not
              ASCII.

       /proc/bus/pci/devices
              Information  about  PCI  devices.   They  may  be  accessed  through  lspci(8)  and
              setpci(8).

       /proc/cgroups (since Linux 2.6.24)
              See cgroups(7).

       /proc/cmdline
              Arguments passed to the Linux kernel at boot time.  Often done via a  boot  manager
              such as lilo(8) or grub(8).

       /proc/config.gz (since Linux 2.6)
              This  file  exposes the configuration options that were used to build the currently
              running kernel, in the same format as they would be shown in the .config file  that
              resulted when configuring the kernel (using make xconfig, make config, or similar).
              The file contents are compressed; view or search them using zcat(1)  and  zgrep(1).
              As  long  as  no  changes  have  been  made  to the following file, the contents of
              /proc/config.gz are the same as those provided by:

                  cat /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/build/.config

              /proc/config.gz   is   provided   only   if   the   kernel   is   configured   with
              CONFIG_IKCONFIG_PROC.

       /proc/crypto
              A  list  of  the  ciphers  provided by the kernel crypto API.  For details, see the
              kernel Linux Kernel Crypto API documentation  available  under  the  kernel  source
              directory   Documentation/crypto/   (or   Documentation/DocBook  before  4.10;  the
              documentation can be built using a command  such  as  make  htmldocs  in  the  root
              directory of the kernel source tree).

       /proc/cpuinfo
              This  is  a  collection  of  CPU  and system architecture dependent items, for each
              supported architecture a different list.  Two common entries  are  processor  which
              gives  CPU  number and bogomips; a system constant that is calculated during kernel
              initialization.  SMP machines have information for each CPU.  The lscpu(1)  command
              gathers its information from this file.

       /proc/devices
              Text  listing  of  major  numbers  and  device groups.  This can be used by MAKEDEV
              scripts for consistency with the kernel.

       /proc/diskstats (since Linux 2.5.69)
              This file contains disk I/O statistics for each disk device.  See the Linux  kernel
              source file Documentation/iostats.txt for further information.

       /proc/dma
              This is a list of the registered ISA DMA (direct memory access) channels in use.

       /proc/driver
              Empty subdirectory.

       /proc/execdomains
              List of the execution domains (ABI personalities).

       /proc/fb
              Frame buffer information when CONFIG_FB is defined during kernel compilation.

       /proc/filesystems
              A  text  listing  of  the  filesystems  which  are  supported by the kernel, namely
              filesystems which were compiled  into  the  kernel  or  whose  kernel  modules  are
              currently  loaded.   (See  also  filesystems(5).)   If  a filesystem is marked with
              "nodev", this means that it does not require a block device to  be  mounted  (e.g.,
              virtual filesystem, network filesystem).

              Incidentally, this file may be used by mount(8) when no filesystem is specified and
              it didn't manage to determine the filesystem type.  Then filesystems  contained  in
              this file are tried (excepted those that are marked with "nodev").

       /proc/fs
              Contains subdirectories that in turn contain files with information about (certain)
              mounted filesystems.

       /proc/ide
              This directory exists on systems with the IDE bus.  There are directories for  each
              IDE channel and attached device.  Files include:

                  cache              buffer size in KB
                  capacity           number of sectors
                  driver             driver version
                  geometry           physical and logical geometry
                  identify           in hexadecimal
                  media              media type
                  model              manufacturer's model number
                  settings           drive settings
                  smart_thresholds   in hexadecimal
                  smart_values       in hexadecimal

              The hdparm(8) utility provides access to this information in a friendly format.

       /proc/interrupts
              This is used to record the number of interrupts per CPU per IO device.  Since Linux
              2.6.24, for the i386  and  x86-64  architectures,  at  least,  this  also  includes
              interrupts  internal to the system (that is, not associated with a device as such),
              such as NMI (nonmaskable interrupt), LOC  (local  timer  interrupt),  and  for  SMP
              systems,  TLB  (TLB  flush  interrupt),  RES  (rescheduling interrupt), CAL (remote
              function call interrupt), and possibly others.  Very easy to read formatting,  done
              in ASCII.

       /proc/iomem
              I/O memory map in Linux 2.4.

       /proc/ioports
              This is a list of currently registered Input-Output port regions that are in use.

       /proc/kallsyms (since Linux 2.5.71)
              This  holds  the kernel exported symbol definitions used by the modules(X) tools to
              dynamically link and bind loadable modules.  In Linux 2.5.47 and earlier, a similar
              file with slightly different syntax was named ksyms.

       /proc/kcore
              This  file  represents  the  physical memory of the system and is stored in the ELF
              core  file   format.    With   this   pseudo-file,   and   an   unstripped   kernel
              (/usr/src/linux/vmlinux)  binary,  GDB  can be used to examine the current state of
              any kernel data structures.

              The total length of the file is the size of physical memory (RAM) plus 4 KiB.

       /proc/keys (since Linux 2.6.10)
              See keyrings(7).

       /proc/key-users (since Linux 2.6.10)
              See keyrings(7).

       /proc/kmsg
              This file can be used instead of the syslog(2) system call to read kernel messages.
              A  process  must  have superuser privileges to read this file, and only one process
              should read this file.  This file should not be read if a syslog process is running
              which uses the syslog(2) system call facility to log kernel messages.

              Information in this file is retrieved with the dmesg(1) program.

       /proc/kpagecgroup (since Linux 4.3)
              This  file contains a 64-bit inode number of the memory cgroup each page is charged
              to, indexed by page frame number (see the discussion of /proc/[pid]/pagemap).

              The /proc/kpagecgroup file is present only if the CONFIG_MEMCG kernel configuration
              option is enabled.

       /proc/kpagecount (since Linux 2.6.25)
              This  file  contains a 64-bit count of the number of times each physical page frame
              is   mapped,   indexed   by   page   frame   number   (see   the   discussion    of
              /proc/[pid]/pagemap).

              The  /proc/kpagecount  file  is present only if the CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR kernel
              configuration option is enabled.

       /proc/kpageflags (since Linux 2.6.25)
              This file contains 64-bit masks corresponding to each physical page  frame;  it  is
              indexed by page frame number (see the discussion of /proc/[pid]/pagemap).  The bits
              are as follows:

                   0 - KPF_LOCKED
                   1 - KPF_ERROR
                   2 - KPF_REFERENCED
                   3 - KPF_UPTODATE
                   4 - KPF_DIRTY
                   5 - KPF_LRU
                   6 - KPF_ACTIVE
                   7 - KPF_SLAB
                   8 - KPF_WRITEBACK
                   9 - KPF_RECLAIM
                  10 - KPF_BUDDY
                  11 - KPF_MMAP           (since Linux 2.6.31)
                  12 - KPF_ANON           (since Linux 2.6.31)
                  13 - KPF_SWAPCACHE      (since Linux 2.6.31)
                  14 - KPF_SWAPBACKED     (since Linux 2.6.31)
                  15 - KPF_COMPOUND_HEAD  (since Linux 2.6.31)
                  16 - KPF_COMPOUND_TAIL  (since Linux 2.6.31)
                  17 - KPF_HUGE           (since Linux 2.6.31)
                  18 - KPF_UNEVICTABLE    (since Linux 2.6.31)
                  19 - KPF_HWPOISON       (since Linux 2.6.31)
                  20 - KPF_NOPAGE         (since Linux 2.6.31)
                  21 - KPF_KSM            (since Linux 2.6.32)
                  22 - KPF_THP            (since Linux 3.4)
                  23 - KPF_BALLOON        (since Linux 3.18)
                  24 - KPF_ZERO_PAGE      (since Linux 4.0)
                  25 - KPF_IDLE           (since Linux 4.3)

              For further details on the meanings of these  bits,  see  the  kernel  source  file
              Documentation/admin-guide/mm/pagemap.rst.   Before  kernel  2.6.29,  KPF_WRITEBACK,
              KPF_RECLAIM, KPF_BUDDY, and KPF_LOCKED did not report correctly.

              The /proc/kpageflags file is present only if  the  CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR  kernel
              configuration option is enabled.

       /proc/ksyms (Linux 1.1.23–2.5.47)
              See /proc/kallsyms.

       /proc/loadavg
              The  first  three fields in this file are load average figures giving the number of
              jobs in the run queue (state R) or waiting for disk I/O (state D) averaged over  1,
              5,  and  15  minutes.   They  are  the  same  as  the load average numbers given by
              uptime(1) and other programs.  The fourth field consists of two  numbers  separated
              by  a  slash  (/).   The  first of these is the number of currently runnable kernel
              scheduling entities (processes, threads).  The value after the slash is the  number
              of  kernel scheduling entities that currently exist on the system.  The fifth field
              is the PID of the process that was most recently created on the system.

       /proc/locks
              This file shows current file locks (flock(2) and fcntl(2)) and leases (fcntl(2)).

              An example of the content shown in this file is the following:

                  1: POSIX  ADVISORY  READ  5433 08:01:7864448 128 128
                  2: FLOCK  ADVISORY  WRITE 2001 08:01:7864554 0 EOF
                  3: FLOCK  ADVISORY  WRITE 1568 00:2f:32388 0 EOF
                  4: POSIX  ADVISORY  WRITE 699 00:16:28457 0 EOF
                  5: POSIX  ADVISORY  WRITE 764 00:16:21448 0 0
                  6: POSIX  ADVISORY  READ  3548 08:01:7867240 1 1
                  7: POSIX  ADVISORY  READ  3548 08:01:7865567 1826 2335
                  8: OFDLCK ADVISORY  WRITE -1 08:01:8713209 128 191

              The fields shown in each line are as follows:

              (1) The ordinal position of the lock in the list.

              (2) The lock type.  Values that may appear here include:

                  FLOCK  This is a BSD file lock created using flock(2).

                  OFDLCK This is an open file description (OFD) lock created using fcntl(2).

                  POSIX  This is a POSIX byte-range lock created using fcntl(2).

              (3) Among the strings that can appear here are the following:

                  ADVISORY
                         This is an advisory lock.

                  MANDATORY
                         This is a mandatory lock.

              (4) The type of lock.  Values that can appear here are:

                  READ   This is a POSIX or OFD read lock, or a BSD shared lock.

                  WRITE  This is a POSIX or OFD write lock, or a BSD exclusive lock.

              (5) The PID of the process that owns the lock.

                  Because OFD locks are not owned by a single process (since  multiple  processes
                  may  have  file  descriptors that refer to the same open file description), the
                  value -1 is displayed in this field for OFD locks.  (Before kernel 4.14, a  bug
                  meant  that  the  PID  of  the  process  that  initially  acquired the lock was
                  displayed instead of the value -1.)

              (6) Three colon-separated subfields that identify the major and minor device ID  of
                  the device containing the filesystem where the locked file resides, followed by
                  the inode number of the locked file.

              (7) The byte offset of the first byte of the lock.  For BSD locks,  this  value  is
                  always 0.

              (8) The byte offset of the last byte of the lock.  EOF in this field means that the
                  lock extends to the end of the file.  For BSD locks, the value shown is  always
                  EOF.

              Since  Linux  4.9,  the list of locks shown in /proc/locks is filtered to show just
              the locks for the processes in the PID namespace (see pid_namespaces(7)) for  which
              the  /proc  filesystem  was  mounted.   (In  the initial PID namespace, there is no
              filtering of the records shown in this file.)

              The lslocks(8) command provides a bit more information about each lock.

       /proc/malloc (only up to and including Linux 2.2)
              This file is present only if CONFIG_DEBUG_MALLOC was defined during compilation.

       /proc/meminfo
              This file reports statistics about memory usage on  the  system.   It  is  used  by
              free(1)  to  report  the amount of free and used memory (both physical and swap) on
              the system as well as the shared memory and buffers used by the kernel.  Each  line
              of  the  file  consists  of a parameter name, followed by a colon, the value of the
              parameter, and an  option  unit  of  measurement  (e.g.,  "kB").   The  list  below
              describes  the  parameter names and the format specifier required to read the field
              value.  Except as noted below, all of the fields have been present since  at  least
              Linux  2.6.0.   Some  fields  are  displayed only if the kernel was configured with
              various options; those dependencies are noted in the list.

              MemTotal %lu
                     Total usable RAM (i.e., physical RAM minus  a  few  reserved  bits  and  the
                     kernel binary code).

              MemFree %lu
                     The sum of LowFree+HighFree.

              MemAvailable %lu (since Linux 3.14)
                     An  estimate  of how much memory is available for starting new applications,
                     without swapping.

              Buffers %lu
                     Relatively  temporary  storage  for  raw  disk  blocks  that  shouldn't  get
                     tremendously large (20MB or so).

              Cached %lu
                     In-memory  cache  for  files  read  from the disk (the page cache).  Doesn't
                     include SwapCached.

              SwapCached %lu
                     Memory that once was swapped out, is swapped back in but still  also  is  in
                     the  swap  file.   (If memory pressure is high, these pages don't need to be
                     swapped out again because they are already in the  swap  file.   This  saves
                     I/O.)

              Active %lu
                     Memory  that  has  been  used more recently and usually not reclaimed unless
                     absolutely necessary.

              Inactive %lu
                     Memory which has been less  recently  used.   It  is  more  eligible  to  be
                     reclaimed for other purposes.

              Active(anon) %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
                     [To be documented.]

              Inactive(anon) %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
                     [To be documented.]

              Active(file) %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
                     [To be documented.]

              Inactive(file) %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
                     [To be documented.]

              Unevictable %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
                     (From  Linux 2.6.28 to 2.6.30, CONFIG_UNEVICTABLE_LRU was required.)  [To be
                     documented.]

              Mlocked %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
                     (From Linux 2.6.28 to 2.6.30, CONFIG_UNEVICTABLE_LRU was required.)  [To  be
                     documented.]

              HighTotal %lu
                     (Starting  with  Linux 2.6.19, CONFIG_HIGHMEM is required.)  Total amount of
                     highmem.  Highmem is all memory above ~860MB of  physical  memory.   Highmem
                     areas are for use by user-space programs, or for the page cache.  The kernel
                     must use tricks to access this memory,  making  it  slower  to  access  than
                     lowmem.

              HighFree %lu
                     (Starting  with  Linux  2.6.19, CONFIG_HIGHMEM is required.)  Amount of free
                     highmem.

              LowTotal %lu
                     (Starting with Linux 2.6.19, CONFIG_HIGHMEM is required.)  Total  amount  of
                     lowmem.   Lowmem is memory which can be used for everything that highmem can
                     be used for, but it is also available for the kernel's use for its own  data
                     structures.   Among  many  other things, it is where everything from Slab is
                     allocated.  Bad things happen when you're out of lowmem.

              LowFree %lu
                     (Starting with Linux 2.6.19, CONFIG_HIGHMEM is required.)   Amount  of  free
                     lowmem.

              MmapCopy %lu (since Linux 2.6.29)
                     (CONFIG_MMU is required.)  [To be documented.]

              SwapTotal %lu
                     Total amount of swap space available.

              SwapFree %lu
                     Amount of swap space that is currently unused.

              Dirty %lu
                     Memory which is waiting to get written back to the disk.

              Writeback %lu
                     Memory which is actively being written back to the disk.

              AnonPages %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)
                     Non-file backed pages mapped into user-space page tables.

              Mapped %lu
                     Files which have been mapped into memory (with mmap(2)), such as libraries.

              Shmem %lu (since Linux 2.6.32)
                     Amount of memory consumed in tmpfs(5) filesystems.

              KReclaimable %lu (since Linux 4.20)
                     Kernel  allocations  that  the  kernel  will attempt to reclaim under memory
                     pressure.  Includes SReclaimable (below), and other direct allocations  with
                     a shrinker.

              Slab %lu
                     In-kernel data structures cache.  (See slabinfo(5).)

              SReclaimable %lu (since Linux 2.6.19)
                     Part of Slab, that might be reclaimed, such as caches.

              SUnreclaim %lu (since Linux 2.6.19)
                     Part of Slab, that cannot be reclaimed on memory pressure.

              KernelStack %lu (since Linux 2.6.32)
                     Amount of memory allocated to kernel stacks.

              PageTables %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)
                     Amount of memory dedicated to the lowest level of page tables.

              Quicklists %lu (since Linux 2.6.27)
                     (CONFIG_QUICKLIST is required.)  [To be documented.]

              NFS_Unstable %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)
                     NFS pages sent to the server, but not yet committed to stable storage.

              Bounce %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)
                     Memory used for block device "bounce buffers".

              WritebackTmp %lu (since Linux 2.6.26)
                     Memory used by FUSE for temporary writeback buffers.

              CommitLimit %lu (since Linux 2.6.10)
                     This  is  the  total amount of memory currently available to be allocated on
                     the system, expressed in kilobytes.  This limit is adhered to only if strict
                     overcommit accounting is enabled (mode 2 in /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory).
                     The  limit  is  calculated  according  to  the   formula   described   under
                     /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory.   For further details, see the kernel source
                     file Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting.rst.

              Committed_AS %lu
                     The amount of memory presently  allocated  on  the  system.   The  committed
                     memory  is a sum of all of the memory which has been allocated by processes,
                     even if it has not been "used" by them as of yet.  A process which allocates
                     1GB  of  memory (using malloc(3) or similar), but touches only 300MB of that
                     memory will show up as using only 300MB of memory even if it has the address
                     space allocated for the entire 1GB.

                     This  1GB  is memory which has been "committed" to by the VM and can be used
                     at any time by the allocating application.  With strict  overcommit  enabled
                     on  the system (mode 2 in /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory), allocations which
                     would exceed the CommitLimit will not be permitted.  This is useful  if  one
                     needs  to  guarantee that processes will not fail due to lack of memory once
                     that memory has been successfully allocated.

              VmallocTotal %lu
                     Total size of vmalloc memory area.

              VmallocUsed %lu
                     Amount of vmalloc area which is used.  Since Linux 4.4,  this  field  is  no
                     longer calculated, and is hard coded as 0.  See /proc/vmallocinfo.

              VmallocChunk %lu
                     Largest  contiguous  block  of vmalloc area which is free.  Since Linux 4.4,
                     this  field  is  no  longer  calculated  and  is  hard  coded  as  0.    See
                     /proc/vmallocinfo.

              HardwareCorrupted %lu (since Linux 2.6.32)
                     (CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE is required.)  [To be documented.]

              LazyFree %lu (since Linux 4.12)
                     Shows the amount of memory marked by madvise(2) MADV_FREE.

              AnonHugePages %lu (since Linux 2.6.38)
                     (CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE  is  required.)   Non-file  backed  huge  pages
                     mapped into user-space page tables.

              ShmemHugePages %lu (since Linux 4.8)
                     (CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE is required.)  Memory  used  by  shared  memory
                     (shmem) and tmpfs(5) allocated with huge pages

              ShmemPmdMapped %lu (since Linux 4.8)
                     (CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE  is  required.)  Shared memory mapped into user
                     space with huge pages.

              CmaTotal %lu (since Linux 3.1)
                     Total CMA (Contiguous Memory Allocator) pages.  (CONFIG_CMA is required.)

              CmaFree %lu (since Linux 3.1)
                     Free CMA (Contiguous Memory Allocator) pages.  (CONFIG_CMA is required.)

              HugePages_Total %lu
                     (CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE is required.)  The size of the pool of huge pages.

              HugePages_Free %lu
                     (CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE is required.)  The number of huge  pages  in  the  pool
                     that are not yet allocated.

              HugePages_Rsvd %lu (since Linux 2.6.17)
                     (CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE  is  required.)   This  is the number of huge pages for
                     which a commitment  to  allocate  from  the  pool  has  been  made,  but  no
                     allocation  has  yet been made.  These reserved huge pages guarantee that an
                     application will be able to allocate a huge page from the pool of huge pages
                     at fault time.

              HugePages_Surp %lu (since Linux 2.6.24)
                     (CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE  is required.)  This is the number of huge pages in the
                     pool above the value in /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages.  The  maximum  number  of
                     surplus huge pages is controlled by /proc/sys/vm/nr_overcommit_hugepages.

              Hugepagesize %lu
                     (CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE is required.)  The size of huge pages.

              DirectMap4k %lu (since Linux 2.6.27)
                     Number of bytes of RAM linearly mapped by kernel in 4kB pages.  (x86.)

              DirectMap4M %lu (since Linux 2.6.27)
                     Number  of  bytes  of RAM linearly mapped by kernel in 4MB pages.  (x86 with
                     CONFIG_X86_64 or CONFIG_X86_PAE enabled.)

              DirectMap2M %lu (since Linux 2.6.27)
                     Number of bytes of RAM linearly mapped by kernel in 2MB  pages.   (x86  with
                     neither CONFIG_X86_64 nor CONFIG_X86_PAE enabled.)

              DirectMap1G %lu (since Linux 2.6.27)
                     (x86 with CONFIG_X86_64 and CONFIG_X86_DIRECT_GBPAGES enabled.)

       /proc/modules
              A text list of the modules that have been loaded by the system.  See also lsmod(8).

       /proc/mounts
              Before kernel 2.4.19, this file was a list of all the filesystems currently mounted
              on the system.  With the introduction of  per-process  mount  namespaces  in  Linux
              2.4.19  (see  mount_namespaces(7)),  this  file became a link to /proc/self/mounts,
              which lists the mount points of the process's own mount namespace.  The  format  of
              this file is documented in fstab(5).

       /proc/mtrr
              Memory    Type    Range    Registers.    See   the   Linux   kernel   source   file
              Documentation/x86/mtrr.txt (or  Documentation/mtrr.txt  before  Linux  2.6.28)  for
              details.

       /proc/net
              This  directory  contains  various  files and subdirectories containing information
              about the networking layer.  The files contain ASCII structures and are, therefore,
              readable with cat(1).  However, the standard netstat(8) suite provides much cleaner
              access to these files.

              With the advent of network namespaces, various information relating to the  network
              stack  is  virtualized  (see  network_namespaces(7)).   Thus,  since  Linux 2.6.25,
              /proc/net is a symbolic link to the directory /proc/self/net,  which  contains  the
              same  files  and directories as listed below.  However, these files and directories
              now expose information for the network namespace of which the process is a member.

       /proc/net/arp
              This holds an ASCII readable  dump  of  the  kernel  ARP  table  used  for  address
              resolutions.   It will show both dynamically learned and preprogrammed ARP entries.
              The format is:

       IP address     HW type   Flags     HW address          Mask   Device
       192.168.0.50   0x1       0x2       00:50:BF:25:68:F3   *      eth0
       192.168.0.250  0x1       0xc       00:00:00:00:00:00   *      eth0

              Here "IP address" is the IPv4 address of the machine  and  the  "HW  type"  is  the
              hardware type of the address from RFC 826.  The flags are the internal flags of the
              ARP structure (as defined in /usr/include/linux/if_arp.h) and the "HW  address"  is
              the data link layer mapping for that IP address if it is known.

       /proc/net/dev
              The  dev  pseudo-file  contains  network device status information.  This gives the
              number of received and sent packets, the number of errors and collisions and  other
              basic  statistics.   These  are  used  by  the ifconfig(8) program to report device
              status.  The format is:

 Inter-|   Receive                                                |  Transmit
  face |bytes    packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|bytes    packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
     lo: 2776770   11307    0    0    0     0          0         0  2776770   11307    0    0    0     0       0          0
   eth0: 1215645    2751    0    0    0     0          0         0  1782404    4324    0    0    0   427       0          0
   ppp0: 1622270    5552    1    0    0     0          0         0   354130    5669    0    0    0     0       0          0
   tap0:    7714      81    0    0    0     0          0         0     7714      81    0    0    0     0       0          0

       /proc/net/dev_mcast
              Defined in /usr/src/linux/net/core/dev_mcast.c:

                  indx interface_name  dmi_u dmi_g dmi_address
                  2    eth0            1     0     01005e000001
                  3    eth1            1     0     01005e000001
                  4    eth2            1     0     01005e000001

       /proc/net/igmp
              Internet Group Management Protocol.  Defined in /usr/src/linux/net/core/igmp.c.

       /proc/net/rarp
              This file uses the same format as the arp file and  contains  the  current  reverse
              mapping  database used to provide rarp(8) reverse address lookup services.  If RARP
              is not configured into the kernel, this file will not be present.

       /proc/net/raw
              Holds a dump of the RAW socket table.  Much of the information is not of use  apart
              from  debugging.   The  "sl"  value  is  the  kernel  hash slot for the socket, the
              "local_address" is the local  address  and  protocol  number  pair.   "St"  is  the
              internal  status of the socket.  The "tx_queue" and "rx_queue" are the outgoing and
              incoming data queue in terms of kernel memory usage.   The  "tr",  "tm->when",  and
              "rexmits"  fields  are not used by RAW.  The "uid" field holds the effective UID of
              the creator of the socket.

       /proc/net/snmp
              This file holds the ASCII data needed for the IP, ICMP,  TCP,  and  UDP  management
              information bases for an SNMP agent.

       /proc/net/tcp
              Holds  a dump of the TCP socket table.  Much of the information is not of use apart
              from debugging.  The "sl" value is  the  kernel  hash  slot  for  the  socket,  the
              "local_address"  is  the  local address and port number pair.  The "rem_address" is
              the remote address and port number pair  (if  connected).   "St"  is  the  internal
              status  of the socket.  The "tx_queue" and "rx_queue" are the outgoing and incoming
              data queue in terms of kernel memory usage.  The "tr",  "tm->when",  and  "rexmits"
              fields hold internal information of the kernel socket state and are useful only for
              debugging.  The "uid" field holds the effective UID of the creator of the socket.

       /proc/net/udp
              Holds a dump of the UDP socket table.  Much of the information is not of use  apart
              from  debugging.   The  "sl"  value  is  the  kernel  hash slot for the socket, the
              "local_address" is the local address and port number pair.   The  "rem_address"  is
              the  remote  address  and  port  number  pair (if connected).  "St" is the internal
              status of the socket.  The "tx_queue" and "rx_queue" are the outgoing and  incoming
              data  queue  in  terms of kernel memory usage.  The "tr", "tm->when", and "rexmits"
              fields are not used by UDP.  The "uid" field holds the effective UID of the creator
              of the socket.  The format is:

 sl  local_address rem_address   st tx_queue rx_queue tr rexmits  tm->when uid
  1: 01642C89:0201 0C642C89:03FF 01 00000000:00000001 01:000071BA 00000000 0
  1: 00000000:0801 00000000:0000 0A 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 6F000100 0
  1: 00000000:0201 00000000:0000 0A 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 00000000 0

       /proc/net/unix
              Lists  the  UNIX  domain  sockets  present within the system and their status.  The
              format is:

 Num RefCount Protocol Flags    Type St Inode Path
  0: 00000002 00000000 00000000 0001 03    42
  1: 00000001 00000000 00010000 0001 01  1948 /dev/printer

              The fields are as follows:

              Num:      the kernel table slot number.

              RefCount: the number of users of the socket.

              Protocol: currently always 0.

              Flags:    the internal kernel flags holding the status of the socket.

              Type:     the socket type.  For SOCK_STREAM sockets, this is 0001;  for  SOCK_DGRAM
                        sockets, it is 0002; and for SOCK_SEQPACKET sockets, it is 0005.

              St:       the internal state of the socket.

              Inode:    the inode number of the socket.

              Path:     the  bound  pathname  (if  any)  of  the socket.  Sockets in the abstract
                        namespace are included in the list,  and  are  shown  with  a  Path  that
                        commences with the character '@'.

       /proc/net/netfilter/nfnetlink_queue
              This  file contains information about netfilter user-space queueing, if used.  Each
              line represents a queue.  Queues that have not been subscribed to by user space are
              not shown.

                     1   4207     0  2 65535     0     0        0  1
                    (1)   (2)    (3)(4)  (5)    (6)   (7)      (8)

              The fields in each line are:

              (1)  The  ID  of  the  queue.  This matches what is specified in the --queue-num or
                   --queue-balance options to the  iptables(8)  NFQUEUE  target.   See  iptables-
                   extensions(8) for more information.

              (2)  The netlink port ID subscribed to the queue.

              (3)  The  number  of  packets  currently  queued and waiting to be processed by the
                   application.

              (4)  The copy mode of the queue.  It is either 1 (metadata only) or  2  (also  copy
                   payload data to user space).

              (5)  Copy range; that is, how many bytes of packet payload should be copied to user
                   space at most.

              (6)  queue dropped.  Number of packets that had to be dropped by the kernel because
                   too many packets are already waiting for user space to send back the mandatory
                   accept/drop verdicts.

              (7)  queue user dropped.  Number of packets that were dropped  within  the  netlink
                   subsystem.   Such drops usually happen when the corresponding socket buffer is
                   full; that is, user space is not able to read messages fast enough.

              (8)  sequence  number.   Every  queued  packet  is  associated  with   a   (32-bit)
                   monotonically-increasing  sequence  number.   This  shows  the  ID of the most
                   recent packet queued.

              The last number exists only for compatibility reasons and is always 1.

       /proc/partitions
              Contains the major and minor numbers of each partition as well  as  the  number  of
              1024-byte blocks and the partition name.

       /proc/pci
              This  is  a listing of all PCI devices found during kernel initialization and their
              configuration.

              This file  has  been  deprecated  in  favor  of  a  new  /proc  interface  for  PCI
              (/proc/bus/pci).     It    became   optional   in   Linux   2.2   (available   with
              CONFIG_PCI_OLD_PROC set at kernel compilation).  It became once more  nonoptionally
              enabled  in  Linux 2.4.  Next, it was deprecated in Linux 2.6 (still available with
              CONFIG_PCI_LEGACY_PROC set), and finally removed altogether since Linux 2.6.17.

       /proc/profile (since Linux 2.4)
              This file is present only if the kernel was booted with the profile=1  command-line
              option.   It  exposes  kernel  profiling  information in a binary format for use by
              readprofile(1).  Writing (e.g., an empty string) to this file resets the  profiling
              counters; on some architectures, writing a binary integer "profiling multiplier" of
              size sizeof(int) sets the profiling interrupt frequency.

       /proc/scsi
              A directory with the scsi mid-level pseudo-file and various SCSI  low-level  driver
              directories,  which  contain a file for each SCSI host in this system, all of which
              give the status of some part of the SCSI IO subsystem.  These files  contain  ASCII
              structures and are, therefore, readable with cat(1).

              You  can  also  write  to  some of the files to reconfigure the subsystem or switch
              certain features on or off.

       /proc/scsi/scsi
              This is a listing of all SCSI devices known to the kernel.  The listing is  similar
              to  the one seen during bootup.  scsi currently supports only the add-single-device
              command which allows root to add a hotplugged device to the list of known devices.

              The command

                  echo 'scsi add-single-device 1 0 5 0' > /proc/scsi/scsi

              will cause host scsi1 to scan on SCSI channel 0 for a device on ID  5  LUN  0.   If
              there is already a device known on this address or the address is invalid, an error
              will be returned.

       /proc/scsi/[drivername]
              [drivername] can  currently  be  NCR53c7xx,  aha152x,  aha1542,  aha1740,  aic7xxx,
              buslogic,  eata_dma, eata_pio, fdomain, in2000, pas16, qlogic, scsi_debug, seagate,
              t128, u15-24f, ultrastore, or wd7000.  These directories show up  for  all  drivers
              that  registered  at  least  one  SCSI  HBA.  Every directory contains one file per
              registered host.  Every host-file is named after the number the host  was  assigned
              during initialization.

              Reading  these  files  will usually show driver and host configuration, statistics,
              and so on.

              Writing to these files allows different things on different  hosts.   For  example,
              with the latency and nolatency commands, root can switch on and off command latency
              measurement code in the eata_dma driver.  With the lockup and unlock commands, root
              can control bus lockups simulated by the scsi_debug driver.

       /proc/self
              This  directory  refers  to  the  process  accessing  the  /proc filesystem, and is
              identical to the /proc directory named by the process ID of the same process.

       /proc/slabinfo
              Information about kernel caches.  See slabinfo(5) for details.

       /proc/stat
              kernel/system statistics.  Varies with architecture.  Common entries include:

              cpu 10132153 290696 3084719 46828483 16683 0 25195 0 175628 0
              cpu0 1393280 32966 572056 13343292 6130 0 17875 0 23933 0
                     The amount of time, measured in units of USER_HZ (1/100ths of  a  second  on
                     most  architectures,  use  sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)  to obtain the right value),
                     that the system ("cpu" line) or the specific  CPU  ("cpuN"  line)  spent  in
                     various states:

                     user   (1) Time spent in user mode.

                     nice   (2) Time spent in user mode with low priority (nice).

                     system (3) Time spent in system mode.

                     idle   (4)  Time spent in the idle task.  This value should be USER_HZ times
                            the second entry in the /proc/uptime pseudo-file.

                     iowait (since Linux 2.5.41)
                            (5) Time waiting for I/O to complete.  This value  is  not  reliable,
                            for the following reasons:

                            1. The CPU will not wait for I/O to complete; iowait is the time that
                               a task is waiting for I/O to complete.  When a CPU goes into  idle
                               state  for outstanding task I/O, another task will be scheduled on
                               this CPU.

                            2. On a multi-core CPU, the task waiting for I/O to complete  is  not
                               running  on  any  CPU,  so  the iowait of each CPU is difficult to
                               calculate.

                            3. The value in this field may decrease in certain conditions.

                     irq (since Linux 2.6.0)
                            (6) Time servicing interrupts.

                     softirq (since Linux 2.6.0
                            (7) Time servicing softirqs.

                     steal (since Linux 2.6.11)
                            (8) Stolen time, which is the time spent in other  operating  systems
                            when running in a virtualized environment

                     guest (since Linux 2.6.24)
                            (9)  Time  spent  running  a  virtual CPU for guest operating systems
                            under the control of the Linux kernel.

                     guest_nice (since Linux 2.6.33)
                            (10) Time  spent  running  a  niced  guest  (virtual  CPU  for  guest
                            operating systems under the control of the Linux kernel).

              page 5741 1808
                     The  number  of pages the system paged in and the number that were paged out
                     (from disk).

              swap 1 0
                     The number of swap pages that have been brought in and out.

              intr 1462898
                     This line shows counts of interrupts serviced since boot time, for  each  of
                     the  possible  system  interrupts.   The  first  column  is the total of all
                     interrupts serviced including unnumbered architecture  specific  interrupts;
                     each  subsequent column is the total for that particular numbered interrupt.
                     Unnumbered interrupts are not shown, only summed into the total.

              disk_io: (2,0):(31,30,5764,1,2) (3,0):...
                     (major,disk_idx):(noinfo,     read_io_ops,     blks_read,      write_io_ops,
                     blks_written)
                     (Linux 2.4 only)

              ctxt 115315
                     The number of context switches that the system underwent.

              btime 769041601
                     boot time, in seconds since the Epoch, 1970-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 (UTC).

              processes 86031
                     Number of forks since boot.

              procs_running 6
                     Number of processes in runnable state.  (Linux 2.5.45 onward.)

              procs_blocked 2
                     Number  of  processes  blocked  waiting  for I/O to complete.  (Linux 2.5.45
                     onward.)

              softirq 229245889 94 60001584 13619 5175704 2471304 28 51212741 59130143 0 51240672
                     This line shows the number of softirq for all CPUs.  The first column is the
                     total of all softirqs and each subsequent column is the total for particular
                     softirq.  (Linux 2.6.31 onward.)

       /proc/swaps
              Swap areas in use.  See also swapon(8).

       /proc/sys
              This directory (present since 1.3.57) contains a number of files and subdirectories
              corresponding  to  kernel  variables.   These  variables  can be read and sometimes
              modified using the /proc filesystem, and the (deprecated) sysctl(2) system call.

              String values may be terminated by either '\0' or '\n'.

              Integer and long values may be written either in decimal or in hexadecimal notation
              (e.g.  0x3FFF).   When  writing  multiple  integer  or  long  values,  these may be
              separated by any of the following whitespace characters: ' ', '\t', or '\n'.  Using
              other separators leads to the error EINVAL.

       /proc/sys/abi (since Linux 2.4.10)
              This  directory  may  contain  files  with application binary information.  See the
              Linux kernel source file Documentation/sysctl/abi.txt for more information.

       /proc/sys/debug
              This directory may be empty.

       /proc/sys/dev
              This directory contains device-specific  information  (e.g.,  dev/cdrom/info).   On
              some systems, it may be empty.

       /proc/sys/fs
              This  directory  contains the files and subdirectories for kernel variables related
              to filesystems.

       /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
              Documentation for files in this directory can be found in the Linux  kernel  source
              in      the      file      Documentation/admin-guide/binfmt-misc.rst     (or     in
              Documentation/binfmt_misc.txt on older kernels).

       /proc/sys/fs/dentry-state (since Linux 2.2)
              This file contains information about the status of the  directory  cache  (dcache).
              The  file  contains  six numbers, nr_dentry, nr_unused, age_limit (age in seconds),
              want_pages (pages requested by system) and two dummy values.

              * nr_dentry is the number of allocated dentries (dcache entries).   This  field  is
                unused in Linux 2.2.

              * nr_unused is the number of unused dentries.

              * age_limit  is the age in seconds after which dcache entries can be reclaimed when
                memory is short.

              * want_pages is nonzero when the kernel has called  shrink_dcache_pages()  and  the
                dcache isn't pruned yet.

       /proc/sys/fs/dir-notify-enable
              This  file  can  be  used  to  disable or enable the dnotify interface described in
              fcntl(2) on a system-wide basis.  A value of 0 in this file disables the interface,
              and a value of 1 enables it.

       /proc/sys/fs/dquot-max
              This  file  shows  the  maximum number of cached disk quota entries.  On some (2.4)
              systems, it is not present.  If the number of free cached  disk  quota  entries  is
              very  low  and you have some awesome number of simultaneous system users, you might
              want to raise the limit.

       /proc/sys/fs/dquot-nr
              This file shows the number of allocated disk quota entries and the number  of  free
              disk quota entries.

       /proc/sys/fs/epoll (since Linux 2.6.28)
              This  directory  contains the file max_user_watches, which can be used to limit the
              amount of kernel memory consumed by the epoll interface.  For further details,  see
              epoll(7).

       /proc/sys/fs/file-max
              This  file  defines  a  system-wide  limit  on  the  number  of  open files for all
              processes.  System calls that fail when encountering this limit fail with the error
              ENFILE.   (See  also  setrlimit(2),  which can be used by a process to set the per-
              process limit, RLIMIT_NOFILE, on the number of files it may open.)  If you get lots
              of  error  messages  in  the kernel log about running out of file handles (look for
              "VFS: file-max limit <number> reached"), try increasing this value:

                  echo 100000 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max

              Privileged processes (CAP_SYS_ADMIN) can override the file-max limit.

       /proc/sys/fs/file-nr
              This (read-only) file contains three numbers: the number of allocated file  handles
              (i.e.,  the number of files presently opened); the number of free file handles; and
              the maximum number of file handles (i.e., the same value as /proc/sys/fs/file-max).
              If  the  number  of  allocated  file  handles  is  close to the maximum, you should
              consider increasing the maximum.  Before  Linux  2.6,  the  kernel  allocated  file
              handles  dynamically, but it didn't free them again.  Instead the free file handles
              were kept in a list for reallocation; the "free file handles" value  indicates  the
              size  of that list.  A large number of free file handles indicates that there was a
              past peak in the usage of open file handles.  Since  Linux  2.6,  the  kernel  does
              deallocate freed file handles, and the "free file handles" value is always zero.

       /proc/sys/fs/inode-max (only present until Linux 2.2)
              This  file  contains  the maximum number of in-memory inodes.  This value should be
              3–4 times larger than the value  in  file-max,  since  stdin,  stdout  and  network
              sockets  also  need an inode to handle them.  When you regularly run out of inodes,
              you need to increase this value.

              Starting with Linux 2.4, there is no longer a static limit on the number of inodes,
              and this file is removed.

       /proc/sys/fs/inode-nr
              This file contains the first two values from inode-state.

       /proc/sys/fs/inode-state
              This  file  contains  seven numbers: nr_inodes, nr_free_inodes, preshrink, and four
              dummy values (always zero).

              nr_inodes is the  number  of  inodes  the  system  has  allocated.   nr_free_inodes
              represents the number of free inodes.

              preshrink  is  nonzero when the nr_inodes > inode-max and the system needs to prune
              the inode list instead of allocating more; since Linux 2.4, this field is  a  dummy
              value (always zero).

       /proc/sys/fs/inotify (since Linux 2.6.13)
              This   directory   contains   files   max_queued_events,   max_user_instances,  and
              max_user_watches, that can be used to limit the amount of kernel memory consumed by
              the inotify interface.  For further details, see inotify(7).

       /proc/sys/fs/lease-break-time
              This  file specifies the grace period that the kernel grants to a process holding a
              file lease (fcntl(2)) after it has sent a signal to that process notifying it  that
              another  process  is waiting to open the file.  If the lease holder does not remove
              or downgrade the lease within this grace period, the  kernel  forcibly  breaks  the
              lease.

       /proc/sys/fs/leases-enable
              This  file can be used to enable or disable file leases (fcntl(2)) on a system-wide
              basis.  If this file contains the value 0, leases are disabled.   A  nonzero  value
              enables leases.

       /proc/sys/fs/mount-max (since Linux 4.9)
              The  value  in this file specifies the maximum number of mounts that may exist in a
              mount namespace.  The default value in this file is 100,000.

       /proc/sys/fs/mqueue (since Linux 2.6.6)
              This directory contains files msg_max, msgsize_max, and queues_max, controlling the
              resources used by POSIX message queues.  See mq_overview(7) for details.

       /proc/sys/fs/nr_open (since Linux 2.6.25)
              This  file  imposes  ceiling on the value to which the RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit
              can be raised (see getrlimit(2)).  This ceiling is enforced for  both  unprivileged
              and  privileged process.  The default value in this file is 1048576.  (Before Linux
              2.6.25, the ceiling for RLIMIT_NOFILE was hard-coded to the same value.)

       /proc/sys/fs/overflowgid and /proc/sys/fs/overflowuid
              These files allow you to change the value of the fixed UID and GID.  The default is
              65534.   Some filesystems support only 16-bit UIDs and GIDs, although in Linux UIDs
              and GIDs are 32 bits.  When  one  of  these  filesystems  is  mounted  with  writes
              enabled, any UID or GID that would exceed 65535 is translated to the overflow value
              before being written to disk.

       /proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size (since Linux 2.6.35)
              See pipe(7).

       /proc/sys/fs/pipe-user-pages-hard (since Linux 4.5)
              See pipe(7).

       /proc/sys/fs/pipe-user-pages-soft (since Linux 4.5)
              See pipe(7).

       /proc/sys/fs/protected_hardlinks (since Linux 3.6)
              When the value in this file is 0, no restrictions are placed  on  the  creation  of
              hard  links  (i.e.,  this  is  the historical behavior before Linux 3.6).  When the
              value in this file is 1, a hard link can be created to a target file only if one of
              the following conditions is true:

              *  The  calling process has the CAP_FOWNER capability in its user namespace and the
                 file UID has a mapping in the namespace.

              *  The filesystem UID of the process creating the link matches the owner  (UID)  of
                 the  target  file (as described in credentials(7), a process's filesystem UID is
                 normally the same as its effective UID).

              *  All of the following conditions are true:

                  ·  the target is a regular file;

                  ·  the target file does not have its set-user-ID mode bit enabled;

                  ·  the target file does not have both  its  set-group-ID  and  group-executable
                     mode bits enabled; and

                  ·  the  caller has permission to read and write the target file (either via the
                     file's permissions mask or because it has suitable capabilities).

              The default value  in  this  file  is  0.   Setting  the  value  to  1  prevents  a
              longstanding  class  of  security  issues  caused by hard-link-based time-of-check,
              time-of-use races, most commonly seen in world-writable directories such  as  /tmp.
              The  common  method  of  exploiting this flaw is to cross privilege boundaries when
              following a given hard link (i.e., a root process follows a hard  link  created  by
              another  user).   Additionally, on systems without separated partitions, this stops
              unauthorized users from "pinning" vulnerable  set-user-ID  and  set-group-ID  files
              against being upgraded by the administrator, or linking to special files.

       /proc/sys/fs/protected_symlinks (since Linux 3.6)
              When  the value in this file is 0, no restrictions are placed on following symbolic
              links (i.e., this is the historical behavior before Linux 3.6).  When the value  in
              this file is 1, symbolic links are followed only in the following circumstances:

              *  the  filesystem UID of the process following the link matches the owner (UID) of
                 the symbolic link (as described in credentials(7), a process's filesystem UID is
                 normally the same as its effective UID);

              *  the link is not in a sticky world-writable directory; or

              *  the symbolic link and its parent directory have the same owner (UID)

              A  system  call  that  fails  to  follow  a  symbolic  link  because  of  the above
              restrictions returns the error EACCES in errno.

              The default value in this file is 0.  Setting the value to 1 avoids a  longstanding
              class  of  security issues based on time-of-check, time-of-use races when accessing
              symbolic links.

       /proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable (since Linux 2.6.13)
              The value in  this  file  is  assigned  to  a  process's  "dumpable"  flag  in  the
              circumstances  described in prctl(2).  In effect, the value in this file determines
              whether core dump files are produced for set-user-ID or otherwise protected/tainted
              binaries.   The  "dumpable"  setting  also  affects  the  ownership  of  files in a
              process's /proc/[pid] directory, as described above.

              Three different integer values can be specified:

              0 (default)
                     This provides the traditional (pre-Linux 2.6.13) behavior.  A core dump will
                     not  be  produced  for  a  process which has changed credentials (by calling
                     seteuid(2), setgid(2), or similar, or by executing  a  set-user-ID  or  set-
                     group-ID program) or whose binary does not have read permission enabled.

              1 ("debug")
                     All  processes  dump  core  when  possible.   (Reasons  why  a process might
                     nevertheless not dump core are described in  core(5).)   The  core  dump  is
                     owned  by  the  filesystem user ID of the dumping process and no security is
                     applied.  This is intended for system debugging situations only:  this  mode
                     is  insecure  because  it  allows  unprivileged  users to examine the memory
                     contents of privileged processes.

              2 ("suidsafe")
                     Any binary which normally would not be dumped  (see  "0"  above)  is  dumped
                     readable  by  root  only.  This allows the user to remove the core dump file
                     but not to read it.  For security reasons core dumps in this mode  will  not
                     overwrite  one  another  or  other  files.   This  mode  is appropriate when
                     administrators are attempting to debug problems in a normal environment.

                     Additionally, since Linux 3.6, /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern must either  be
                     an  absolute  pathname  or a pipe command, as detailed in core(5).  Warnings
                     will be written to the kernel log if  core_pattern  does  not  follow  these
                     rules, and no core dump will be produced.

              For  details  of the effect of a process's "dumpable" setting on ptrace access mode
              checking, see ptrace(2).

       /proc/sys/fs/super-max
              This file controls the maximum number of superblocks, and thus the  maximum  number
              of  mounted  filesystems  the kernel can have.  You need increase only super-max if
              you need to mount more filesystems than the current value in super-max  allows  you
              to.

       /proc/sys/fs/super-nr
              This file contains the number of filesystems currently mounted.

       /proc/sys/kernel
              This  directory  contains  files  controlling  a  range  of  kernel  parameters, as
              described below.

       /proc/sys/kernel/acct
              This file contains three numbers: highwater, lowwater, and frequency.  If BSD-style
              process accounting is enabled, these values control its behavior.  If free space on
              filesystem where the log lives goes below lowwater  percent,  accounting  suspends.
              If  free  space  gets  above  highwater  percent,  accounting  resumes.   frequency
              determines how often the kernel checks the  amount  of  free  space  (value  is  in
              seconds).   Default  values  are 4, 2 and 30.  That is, suspend accounting if 2% or
              less space is free; resume it if 4% or more space  is  free;  consider  information
              about amount of free space valid for 30 seconds.

       /proc/sys/kernel/auto_msgmni (Linux 2.6.27 to 3.18)
              From  Linux  2.6.27 to 3.18, this file was used to control recomputing of the value
              in /proc/sys/kernel/msgmni upon the addition or  removal  of  memory  or  upon  IPC
              namespace  creation/removal.   Echoing  "1" into this file enabled msgmni automatic
              recomputing (and triggered a recomputation of msgmni based on the current amount of
              available  memory  and  number  of IPC namespaces).  Echoing "0" disabled automatic
              recomputing.  (Automatic recomputing was also disabled if a  value  was  explicitly
              assigned to /proc/sys/kernel/msgmni.)  The default value in auto_msgmni was 1.

              Since  Linux  3.19, the content of this file has no effect (because msgmni defaults
              to near the maximum value possible), and reads from this  file  always  return  the
              value "0".

       /proc/sys/kernel/cap_last_cap (since Linux 3.2)
              See capabilities(7).

       /proc/sys/kernel/cap-bound (from Linux 2.2 to 2.6.24)
              This  file  holds  the  value of the kernel capability bounding set (expressed as a
              signed decimal number).  This set is ANDed against the capabilities permitted to  a
              process  during  execve(2).  Starting with Linux 2.6.25, the system-wide capability
              bounding set disappeared, and was  replaced  by  a  per-thread  bounding  set;  see
              capabilities(7).

       /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern
              See core(5).

       /proc/sys/kernel/core_pipe_limit
              See core(5).

       /proc/sys/kernel/core_uses_pid
              See core(5).

       /proc/sys/kernel/ctrl-alt-del
              This  file controls the handling of Ctrl-Alt-Del from the keyboard.  When the value
              in this file is 0, Ctrl-Alt-Del is trapped and  sent  to  the  init(1)  program  to
              handle  a  graceful restart.  When the value is greater than zero, Linux's reaction
              to a Vulcan Nerve Pinch (tm) will be an immediate reboot, without even syncing  its
              dirty  buffers.  Note: when a program (like dosemu) has the keyboard in "raw" mode,
              the ctrl-alt-del is intercepted by the program before it ever  reaches  the  kernel
              tty layer, and it's up to the program to decide what to do with it.

       /proc/sys/kernel/dmesg_restrict (since Linux 2.6.37)
              The value in this file determines who can see kernel syslog contents.  A value of 0
              in this file imposes no restrictions.  If the value is 1, only privileged users can
              read  the  kernel syslog.  (See syslog(2) for more details.)  Since Linux 3.4, only
              users with the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability may change the value in this file.

       /proc/sys/kernel/domainname and /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
              can be used to set the NIS/YP domainname and the hostname of your  box  in  exactly
              the same way as the commands domainname(1) and hostname(1), that is:

                  # echo 'darkstar' > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
                  # echo 'mydomain' > /proc/sys/kernel/domainname

              has the same effect as

                  # hostname 'darkstar'
                  # domainname 'mydomain'

              Note,  however,  that the classic darkstar.frop.org has the hostname "darkstar" and
              DNS (Internet Domain Name Server) domainname "frop.org", not to  be  confused  with
              the  NIS  (Network Information Service) or YP (Yellow Pages) domainname.  These two
              domain names  are  in  general  different.   For  a  detailed  discussion  see  the
              hostname(1) man page.

       /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug
              This file contains the pathname for the hotplug policy agent.  The default value in
              this file is /sbin/hotplug.

       /proc/sys/kernel/htab-reclaim (before Linux 2.4.9.2)
              (PowerPC only) If this file is set to a nonzero value, the PowerPC htab (see kernel
              file  Documentation/powerpc/ppc_htab.txt)  is  pruned each time the system hits the
              idle loop.

       /proc/sys/kernel/keys/*
              This directory contains various files that define parameters  and  limits  for  the
              key-management facility.  These files are described in keyrings(7).

       /proc/sys/kernel/kptr_restrict (since Linux 2.6.38)
              The  value  in  this file determines whether kernel addresses are exposed via /proc
              files and other interfaces.  A value of 0 in this file imposes no restrictions.  If
              the  value  is  1,  kernel  pointers printed using the %pK format specifier will be
              replaced with zeros unless the user has the CAP_SYSLOG capability.  If the value is
              2,  kernel  pointers  printed  using the %pK format specifier will be replaced with
              zeros regardless of the user's capabilities.  The initial default  value  for  this
              file  was  1,  but  the default was changed to 0 in Linux 2.6.39.  Since Linux 3.4,
              only users with the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability can change the value in this file.

       /proc/sys/kernel/l2cr
              (PowerPC only) This file contains a flag that controls the L2 cache of G3 processor
              boards.  If 0, the cache is disabled.  Enabled if nonzero.

       /proc/sys/kernel/modprobe
              This file contains the pathname for the kernel module loader.  The default value is
              /sbin/modprobe.  The file  is  present  only  if  the  kernel  is  built  with  the
              CONFIG_MODULES  (CONFIG_KMOD  in  Linux  2.6.26 and earlier) option enabled.  It is
              described by the Linux kernel source file Documentation/kmod.txt (present  only  in
              kernel 2.4 and earlier).

       /proc/sys/kernel/modules_disabled (since Linux 2.6.31)
              A  toggle  value  indicating  if  modules  are allowed to be loaded in an otherwise
              modular kernel.  This toggle defaults to off (0), but can be set  true  (1).   Once
              true, modules can be neither loaded nor unloaded, and the toggle cannot be set back
              to false.  The file is present only if the kernel is built with the  CONFIG_MODULES
              option enabled.

       /proc/sys/kernel/msgmax (since Linux 2.2)
              This  file  defines a system-wide limit specifying the maximum number of bytes in a
              single message written on a System V message queue.

       /proc/sys/kernel/msgmni (since Linux 2.4)
              This file defines the system-wide limit on the number of message queue identifiers.
              See also /proc/sys/kernel/auto_msgmni.

       /proc/sys/kernel/msgmnb (since Linux 2.2)
              This file defines a system-wide parameter used to initialize the msg_qbytes setting
              for subsequently created message queues.   The  msg_qbytes  setting  specifies  the
              maximum number of bytes that may be written to the message queue.

       /proc/sys/kernel/ngroups_max (since Linux 2.6.4)
              This is a read-only file that displays the upper limit on the number of a process's
              group memberships.

       /proc/sys/kernel/ns_last_pid (since Linux 3.3)
              See pid_namespaces(7).

       /proc/sys/kernel/ostype and /proc/sys/kernel/osrelease
              These files give substrings of /proc/version.

       /proc/sys/kernel/overflowgid and /proc/sys/kernel/overflowuid
              These    files     duplicate     the     files     /proc/sys/fs/overflowgid     and
              /proc/sys/fs/overflowuid.

       /proc/sys/kernel/panic
              This file gives read/write access to the kernel variable panic_timeout.  If this is
              zero, the kernel will loop on a panic; if nonzero, it  indicates  that  the  kernel
              should autoreboot after this number of seconds.  When you use the software watchdog
              device driver, the recommended setting is 60.

       /proc/sys/kernel/panic_on_oops (since Linux 2.5.68)
              This file controls the kernel's behavior when an oops or BUG  is  encountered.   If
              this  file contains 0, then the system tries to continue operation.  If it contains
              1, then the system delays a few seconds (to give klogd  time  to  record  the  oops
              output)  and then panics.  If the /proc/sys/kernel/panic file is also nonzero, then
              the machine will be rebooted.

       /proc/sys/kernel/pid_max (since Linux 2.5.34)
              This file specifies the value at which PIDs wrap around (i.e., the  value  in  this
              file  is  one  greater than the maximum PID).  PIDs greater than this value are not
              allocated; thus, the value in this file also acts as a  system-wide  limit  on  the
              total  number  of  processes  and threads.  The default value for this file, 32768,
              results in the same range of PIDs as on  earlier  kernels.   On  32-bit  platforms,
              32768  is  the maximum value for pid_max.  On 64-bit systems, pid_max can be set to
              any value up to 2^22 (PID_MAX_LIMIT, approximately 4 million).

       /proc/sys/kernel/powersave-nap (PowerPC only)
              This file contains  a  flag.   If  set,  Linux-PPC  will  use  the  "nap"  mode  of
              powersaving, otherwise the "doze" mode will be used.

       /proc/sys/kernel/printk
              See syslog(2).

       /proc/sys/kernel/pty (since Linux 2.6.4)
              This directory contains two files relating to the number of UNIX 98 pseudoterminals
              (see pts(4)) on the system.

       /proc/sys/kernel/pty/max
              This file defines the maximum number of pseudoterminals.

       /proc/sys/kernel/pty/nr
              This read-only file indicates how many pseudoterminals are currently in use.

       /proc/sys/kernel/random
              This directory contains various parameters controlling the operation  of  the  file
              /dev/random.  See random(4) for further information.

       /proc/sys/kernel/random/uuid (since Linux 2.4)
              Each  read from this read-only file returns a randomly generated 128-bit UUID, as a
              string in the standard UUID format.

       /proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space (since Linux 2.6.12)
              Select the address space layout randomization (ASLR)  policy  for  the  system  (on
              architectures that support ASLR).  Three values are supported for this file:

              0  Turn  ASLR  off.  This is the default for architectures that don't support ASLR,
                 and when the kernel is booted with the norandmaps parameter.

              1  Make the addresses  of  mmap(2)  allocations,  the  stack,  and  the  VDSO  page
                 randomized.  Among other things, this means that shared libraries will be loaded
                 at randomized addresses.  The text segment of PIE-linked binaries will  also  be
                 loaded  at  a  randomized  address.  This value is the default if the kernel was
                 configured with CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK.

              2  (Since Linux 2.6.25) Also support heap randomization.  This value is the default
                 if the kernel was not configured with CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK.

       /proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
              This     file    is    documented    in    the    Linux    kernel    source    file
              Documentation/admin-guide/initrd.rst  (or  Documentation/initrd.txt  before   Linux
              4.10).

       /proc/sys/kernel/reboot-cmd (Sparc only)
              This file seems to be a way to give an argument to the SPARC ROM/Flash boot loader.
              Maybe to tell it what to do after rebooting?

       /proc/sys/kernel/rtsig-max
              (Only in kernels up to and including 2.6.7; see setrlimit(2)) This file can be used
              to  tune  the  maximum  number  of  POSIX  real-time  (queued)  signals that can be
              outstanding in the system.

       /proc/sys/kernel/rtsig-nr
              (Only in kernels up to and including 2.6.7.)  This file shows the number  of  POSIX
              real-time signals currently queued.

       /proc/[pid]/sched_autogroup_enabled (since Linux 2.6.38)
              See sched(7).

       /proc/sys/kernel/sched_child_runs_first (since Linux 2.6.23)
              If  this  file  contains the value zero, then, after a fork(2), the parent is first
              scheduled on the CPU.  If the file contains a nonzero  value,  then  the  child  is
              scheduled first on the CPU.  (Of course, on a multiprocessor system, the parent and
              the child might both immediately be scheduled on a CPU.)

       /proc/sys/kernel/sched_rr_timeslice_ms (since Linux 3.9)
              See sched_rr_get_interval(2).

       /proc/sys/kernel/sched_rt_period_us (since Linux 2.6.25)
              See sched(7).

       /proc/sys/kernel/sched_rt_runtime_us (since Linux 2.6.25)
              See sched(7).

       /proc/sys/kernel/seccomp (since Linux 4.14)
              This directory provides additional  seccomp  information  and  configuration.   See
              seccomp(2) for further details.

       /proc/sys/kernel/sem (since Linux 2.4)
              This  file  contains  4 numbers defining limits for System V IPC semaphores.  These
              fields are, in order:

              SEMMSL  The maximum semaphores per semaphore set.

              SEMMNS  A system-wide limit on the number of semaphores in all semaphore sets.

              SEMOPM  The maximum number of operations that may be specified in a semop(2) call.

              SEMMNI  A system-wide limit on the maximum number of semaphore identifiers.

       /proc/sys/kernel/sg-big-buff
              This file shows the size of the generic SCSI device (sg) buffer.  You can't tune it
              just  yet, but you could change it at compile time by editing include/scsi/sg.h and
              changing the value of SG_BIG_BUFF.  However,  there  shouldn't  be  any  reason  to
              change this value.

       /proc/sys/kernel/shm_rmid_forced (since Linux 3.1)
              If  this  file  is set to 1, all System V shared memory segments will be marked for
              destruction as soon as the number of attached processes falls  to  zero;  in  other
              words,  it  is  no  longer  possible  to  create  shared memory segments that exist
              independently of any attached process.

              The effect is as though a shmctl(2) IPC_RMID is performed on all existing  segments
              as  well  as  all  segments  created in the future (until this file is reset to 0).
              Note that existing segments that are attached to no  process  will  be  immediately
              destroyed  when  this  file  is  set  to  1.  Setting this option will also destroy
              segments that were created, but never attached, upon  termination  of  the  process
              that created the segment with shmget(2).

              Setting  this  file to 1 provides a way of ensuring that all System V shared memory
              segments are counted against the  resource  usage  and  resource  limits  (see  the
              description of RLIMIT_AS in getrlimit(2)) of at least one process.

              Because setting this file to 1 produces behavior that is nonstandard and could also
              break existing applications, the default value in this file is 0.  Set this file to
              1  only if you have a good understanding of the semantics of the applications using
              System V shared memory on your system.

       /proc/sys/kernel/shmall (since Linux 2.2)
              This file contains the system-wide limit on the total number of pages of  System  V
              shared memory.

       /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax (since Linux 2.2)
              This  file can be used to query and set the run-time limit on the maximum (System V
              IPC) shared memory segment size that can be created.  Shared memory segments up  to
              1GB are now supported in the kernel.  This value defaults to SHMMAX.

       /proc/sys/kernel/shmmni (since Linux 2.4)
              This  file  specifies  the  system-wide  maximum  number  of System V shared memory
              segments that can be created.

       /proc/sys/kernel/sysctl_writes_strict (since Linux 3.16)
              The value in this file determines how the  file  offset  affects  the  behavior  of
              updating entries in files under /proc/sys.  The file has three possible values:

              -1  This  provides  legacy  handling,  with no printk warnings.  Each write(2) must
                  fully contain the value to be written, and multiple writes  on  the  same  file
                  descriptor will overwrite the entire value, regardless of the file position.

              0   (default)  This  provides  the same behavior as for -1, but printk warnings are
                  written for processes that perform writes when the file offset is not 0.

              1   Respect the file offset when writing strings into  /proc/sys  files.   Multiple
                  writes  will  append  to the value buffer.  Anything written beyond the maximum
                  length of the value buffer  will  be  ignored.   Writes  to  numeric  /proc/sys
                  entries  must  always be at file offset 0 and the value must be fully contained
                  in the buffer provided to write(2).

       /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq
              This file controls the functions allowed to  be  invoked  by  the  SysRq  key.   By
              default,  the  file contains 1 meaning that every possible SysRq request is allowed
              (in older kernel versions, SysRq was disabled by default, and you were required  to
              specifically  enable  it at run-time, but this is not the case any more).  Possible
              values in this file are:

              0    Disable sysrq completely

              1    Enable all functions of sysrq

              > 1  Bit mask of allowed sysrq functions, as follows:
                     2  Enable control of console logging level
                     4  Enable control of keyboard (SAK, unraw)
                     8  Enable debugging dumps of processes etc.
                    16  Enable sync command
                    32  Enable remount read-only
                    64  Enable signaling of processes (term, kill, oom-kill)
                   128  Allow reboot/poweroff
                   256  Allow nicing of all real-time tasks

              This file is present only if the CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ kernel configuration option  is
              enabled.     For    further    details   see   the   Linux   kernel   source   file
              Documentation/admin-guide/sysrq.rst (or Documentation/sysrq.txt before Linux 4.10).

       /proc/sys/kernel/version
              This file contains a string such as:

                  #5 Wed Feb 25 21:49:24 MET 1998

              The "#5" means that this is the fifth kernel built from this source  base  and  the
              date following it indicates the time the kernel was built.

       /proc/sys/kernel/threads-max (since Linux 2.3.11)
              This file specifies the system-wide limit on the number of threads (tasks) that can
              be created on the system.

              Since Linux 4.1, the value that can be written  to  threads-max  is  bounded.   The
              minimum  value that can be written is 20.  The maximum value that can be written is
              given by the constant FUTEX_TID_MASK (0x3fffffff).  If  a  value  outside  of  this
              range is written to threads-max, the error EINVAL occurs.

              The  value  written  is  checked  against  the  available RAM pages.  If the thread
              structures would occupy too much (more than 1/8th)  of  the  available  RAM  pages,
              threads-max is reduced accordingly.

       /proc/sys/kernel/yama/ptrace_scope (since Linux 3.5)
              See ptrace(2).

       /proc/sys/kernel/zero-paged (PowerPC only)
              This  file  contains a flag.  When enabled (nonzero), Linux-PPC will pre-zero pages
              in the idle loop, possibly speeding up get_free_pages.

       /proc/sys/net
              This directory contains networking stuff.  Explanations for some of the files under
              this directory can be found in tcp(7) and ip(7).

       /proc/sys/net/core/bpf_jit_enable
              See bpf(2).

       /proc/sys/net/core/somaxconn
              This  file  defines  a ceiling value for the backlog argument of listen(2); see the
              listen(2) manual page for details.

       /proc/sys/proc
              This directory may be empty.

       /proc/sys/sunrpc
              This directory supports Sun remote procedure call for network filesystem (NFS).  On
              some systems, it is not present.

       /proc/sys/user (since Linux 4.9)
              See namespaces(7).

       /proc/sys/vm
              This  directory  contains  files  for  memory  management  tuning, buffer and cache
              management.

       /proc/sys/vm/admin_reserve_kbytes (since Linux 3.10)
              This file defines the amount of free memory (in KiB) on the system that  should  be
              reserved for users with the capability CAP_SYS_ADMIN.

              The default value in this file is the minimum of [3% of free pages, 8MiB] expressed
              as KiB.  The default is intended to provide enough for the superuser to log in  and
              kill a process, if necessary, under the default overcommit 'guess' mode (i.e., 0 in
              /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory).

              Systems    running    in    "overcommit     never"     mode     (i.e.,     2     in
              /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory)  should  increase the value in this file to account
              for the full virtual memory size of the programs used to  recover  (e.g.,  login(1)
              ssh(1),  and  top(1)) Otherwise, the superuser may not be able to log in to recover
              the system.  For example, on x86-64 a suitable value is 131072 (128MiB reserved).

              Changing the value in this file  takes  effect  whenever  an  application  requests
              memory.

       /proc/sys/vm/compact_memory (since Linux 2.6.35)
              When  1  is  written to this file, all zones are compacted such that free memory is
              available in contiguous blocks where possible.  The effect of this  action  can  be
              seen by examining /proc/buddyinfo.

              Present only if the kernel was configured with CONFIG_COMPACTION.

       /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches (since Linux 2.6.16)
              Writing  to  this file causes the kernel to drop clean caches, dentries, and inodes
              from memory, causing that memory to become free.  This can  be  useful  for  memory
              management  testing  and  performing  reproducible  filesystem benchmarks.  Because
              writing to this file causes the benefits of caching to  be  lost,  it  can  degrade
              overall system performance.

              To free pagecache, use:

                  echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

              To free dentries and inodes, use:

                  echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

              To free pagecache, dentries and inodes, use:

                  echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

              Because  writing  to  this file is a nondestructive operation and dirty objects are
              not freeable, the user should run sync(1) first.

       /proc/sys/vm/legacy_va_layout (since Linux 2.6.9)
              If nonzero, this disables the new 32-bit memory-mapping layout; the kernel will use
              the legacy (2.4) layout for all processes.

       /proc/sys/vm/memory_failure_early_kill (since Linux 2.6.32)
              Control  how  to kill processes when an uncorrected memory error (typically a 2-bit
              error in a memory module) that cannot be handled by the kernel is detected  in  the
              background  by hardware.  In some cases (like the page still having a valid copy on
              disk), the kernel will handle  the  failure  transparently  without  affecting  any
              applications.   But  if there is no other up-to-date copy of the data, it will kill
              processes to prevent any data corruptions from propagating.

              The file has one of the following values:

              1:  Kill all processes that have the corrupted-and-not-reloadable  page  mapped  as
                  soon  as the corruption is detected.  Note that this is not supported for a few
                  types of pages, such as kernel internally allocated data or the swap cache, but
                  works for the majority of user pages.

              0:  Unmap the corrupted page from all processes and kill a process only if it tries
                  to access the page.

              The kill is performed using a SIGBUS signal  with  si_code  set  to  BUS_MCEERR_AO.
              Processes can handle this if they want to; see sigaction(2) for more details.

              This  feature is active only on architectures/platforms with advanced machine check
              handling and depends on the hardware capabilities.

              Applications can override the memory_failure_early_kill setting  individually  with
              the prctl(2) PR_MCE_KILL operation.

              Present only if the kernel was configured with CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE.

       /proc/sys/vm/memory_failure_recovery (since Linux 2.6.32)
              Enable memory failure recovery (when supported by the platform)

              1:  Attempt recovery.

              0:  Always panic on a memory failure.

              Present only if the kernel was configured with CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE.

       /proc/sys/vm/oom_dump_tasks (since Linux 2.6.25)
              Enables  a system-wide task dump (excluding kernel threads) to be produced when the
              kernel performs an OOM-killing.  The dump includes the  following  information  for
              each task (thread, process): thread ID, real user ID, thread group ID (process ID),
              virtual memory size, resident set size, the CPU that  the  task  is  scheduled  on,
              oom_adj score (see the description of /proc/[pid]/oom_adj), and command name.  This
              is helpful to determine why the OOM-killer was invoked and to  identify  the  rogue
              task that caused it.

              If  this  contains  the  value zero, this information is suppressed.  On very large
              systems with thousands of tasks, it may not be feasible to dump  the  memory  state
              information for each one.  Such systems should not be forced to incur a performance
              penalty in OOM situations when the information may not be desired.

              If this is set to nonzero,  this  information  is  shown  whenever  the  OOM-killer
              actually kills a memory-hogging task.

              The default value is 0.

       /proc/sys/vm/oom_kill_allocating_task (since Linux 2.6.24)
              This   enables  or  disables  killing  the  OOM-triggering  task  in  out-of-memory
              situations.

              If this is set to zero, the OOM-killer will scan through the  entire  tasklist  and
              select  a  task based on heuristics to kill.  This normally selects a rogue memory-
              hogging task that frees up a large amount of memory when killed.

              If this is set to nonzero, the OOM-killer simply kills the task that triggered  the
              out-of-memory condition.  This avoids a possibly expensive tasklist scan.

              If /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom is nonzero, it takes precedence over whatever value is
              used in /proc/sys/vm/oom_kill_allocating_task.

              The default value is 0.

       /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_kbytes (since Linux 3.14)
              This writable file provides an  alternative  to  /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio  for
              controlling  the  CommitLimit  when /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory has the value 2.
              It allows the amount of memory overcommitting to be specified as an absolute  value
              (in  kB),  rather  than  as  a  percentage, as is done with overcommit_ratio.  This
              allows for finer-grained control of CommitLimit on  systems  with  extremely  large
              memory sizes.

              Only   one  of  overcommit_kbytes  or  overcommit_ratio  can  have  an  effect:  if
              overcommit_kbytes has a nonzero value, then it is used  to  calculate  CommitLimit,
              otherwise  overcommit_ratio  is  used.   Writing  a  value to either of these files
              causes the value in the other file to be set to zero.

       /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory
              This file contains the kernel virtual memory accounting mode.  Values are:

                     0: heuristic overcommit (this is the default)
                     1: always overcommit, never check
                     2: always check, never overcommit

              In mode 0, calls of mmap(2) with MAP_NORESERVE are not  checked,  and  the  default
              check is very weak, leading to the risk of getting a process "OOM-killed".

              In mode 1, the kernel pretends there is always enough memory, until memory actually
              runs out.  One use case for this mode is  scientific  computing  applications  that
              employ  large  sparse  arrays.   In Linux kernel versions before 2.6.0, any nonzero
              value implies mode 1.

              In mode 2 (available since Linux 2.6), the total virtual address space that can  be
              allocated (CommitLimit in /proc/meminfo) is calculated as

                  CommitLimit = (total_RAM - total_huge_TLB) *
                                overcommit_ratio / 100 + total_swap

              where:

                   *  total_RAM is the total amount of RAM on the system;

                   *  total_huge_TLB is the amount of memory set aside for huge pages;

                   *  overcommit_ratio is the value in /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio; and

                   *  total_swap is the amount of swap space.

              For  example,  on  a  system  with  16GB  of  physical  RAM, 16GB of swap, no space
              dedicated to huge pages, and an overcommit_ratio  of  50,  this  formula  yields  a
              CommitLimit of 24GB.

              Since  Linux  3.14, if the value in /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_kbytes is nonzero, then
              CommitLimit is instead calculated as:

                  CommitLimit = overcommit_kbytes + total_swap

              See    also    the    description    of    /proc/sys/vm/admin_reserve_kbytes    and
              /proc/sys/vm/user_reserve_kbytes.

       /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio (since Linux 2.6.0)
              This  writable file defines a percentage by which memory can be overcommitted.  The
              default   value   in   the    file    is    50.     See    the    description    of
              /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory.

       /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom (since Linux 2.6.18)
              This enables or disables a kernel panic in an out-of-memory situation.

              If  this  file  is set to the value 0, the kernel's OOM-killer will kill some rogue
              process.  Usually, the OOM-killer is able to kill a rogue process  and  the  system
              will survive.

              If  this  file  is set to the value 1, then the kernel normally panics when out-of-
              memory happens.  However, if a process limits allocations to  certain  nodes  using
              memory  policies  (mbind(2) MPOL_BIND) or cpusets (cpuset(7)) and those nodes reach
              memory exhaustion status, one process may be killed by the  OOM-killer.   No  panic
              occurs in this case: because other nodes' memory may be free, this means the system
              as a whole may not have reached an out-of-memory situation yet.

              If this file is set to the value 2, the kernel always panics when an  out-of-memory
              condition occurs.

              The  default  value  is  0.  1 and 2 are for failover of clustering.  Select either
              according to your policy of failover.

       /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
              The value in this file controls how aggressively the kernel will swap memory pages.
              Higher  values  increase aggressiveness, lower values decrease aggressiveness.  The
              default value is 60.

       /proc/sys/vm/user_reserve_kbytes (since Linux 3.10)
              Specifies an amount of memory (in KiB) to  reserve  for  user  processes,  This  is
              intended to prevent a user from starting a single memory hogging process, such that
              they cannot recover (kill the hog).  The value in this file has an effect only when
              /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory  is  set  to  2  ("overcommit never" mode).  In this
              case, the system reserves an amount of memory that is the minimum of [3% of current
              process size, user_reserve_kbytes].

              The  default  value  in  this  file  is  the  minimum of [3% of free pages, 128MiB]
              expressed as KiB.

              If the value in this file is set to zero, then a user will be allowed  to  allocate
              all   free   memory   with   a   single  process  (minus  the  amount  reserved  by
              /proc/sys/vm/admin_reserve_kbytes).  Any subsequent attempts to execute  a  command
              will result in "fork: Cannot allocate memory".

              Changing  the  value  in  this  file  takes effect whenever an application requests
              memory.

       /proc/sys/vm/unprivileged_userfaultfd (since Linux 5.2)
              This (writable) file exposes a flag that controls  whether  unprivileged  processes
              are  allowed  to  employ  userfaultfd(2).   If  this  file  has  the  value 1, then
              unprivileged processes may use userfaultfd(2).  If this file has the value 0,  then
              only  processes  that have the CAP_SYS_PTRACE capability may employ userfaultfd(2).
              The default value in this file is 1.

       /proc/sysrq-trigger (since Linux 2.4.21)
              Writing a character to this file triggers the same SysRq function  as  typing  ALT-
              SysRq-<character>  (see  the  description of /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq).  This file is
              normally writable only by root.  For further details see the  Linux  kernel  source
              file  Documentation/admin-guide/sysrq.rst  (or Documentation/sysrq.txt before Linux
              4.10).

       /proc/sysvipc
              Subdirectory containing the pseudo-files msg, sem and shm.  These  files  list  the
              System  V  Interprocess  Communication (IPC) objects (respectively: message queues,
              semaphores, and shared memory)  that  currently  exist  on  the  system,  providing
              similar  information  to  that available via ipcs(1).  These files have headers and
              are formatted (one  IPC  object  per  line)  for  easy  understanding.   sysvipc(7)
              provides further background on the information shown by these files.

       /proc/thread-self (since Linux 3.17)
              This  directory  refers  to  the  thread  accessing  the  /proc  filesystem, and is
              identical to the /proc/self/task/[tid] directory named by  the  process  thread  ID
              ([tid]) of the same thread.

       /proc/timer_list (since Linux 2.6.21)
              This  read-only  file  exposes  a  list  of all currently pending (high-resolution)
              timers, all clock-event sources, and their parameters in a human-readable form.

       /proc/timer_stats (from  Linux 2.6.21 until Linux 4.10)
              This is a debugging facility to make timer (ab)use in a  Linux  system  visible  to
              kernel  and  user-space  developers.   It  can  be  used  by  kernel and user-space
              developers to verify that their code does not make undue use of timers.   The  goal
              is to avoid unnecessary wakeups, thereby optimizing power consumption.

              If  enabled  in  the  kernel (CONFIG_TIMER_STATS), but not used, it has almost zero
              run-time  overhead  and  a  relatively  small  data-structure  overhead.   Even  if
              collection  is enabled at run time, overhead is low: all the locking is per-CPU and
              lookup is hashed.

              The /proc/timer_stats file is used both to control sampling facility  and  to  read
              out the sampled information.

              The  timer_stats  functionality  is  inactive  on bootup.  A sampling period can be
              started using the following command:

                  # echo 1 > /proc/timer_stats

              The following command stops a sampling period:

                  # echo 0 > /proc/timer_stats

              The statistics can be retrieved by:

                  $ cat /proc/timer_stats

              While sampling is enabled, each  readout  from  /proc/timer_stats  will  see  newly
              updated  statistics.   Once  sampling  is disabled, the sampled information is kept
              until a new sample period is started.  This allows multiple readouts.

              Sample output from /proc/timer_stats:

    $ cat /proc/timer_stats
    Timer Stats Version: v0.3
    Sample period: 1.764 s
    Collection: active
      255,     0 swapper/3        hrtimer_start_range_ns (tick_sched_timer)
       71,     0 swapper/1        hrtimer_start_range_ns (tick_sched_timer)
       58,     0 swapper/0        hrtimer_start_range_ns (tick_sched_timer)
        4,  1694 gnome-shell      mod_delayed_work_on (delayed_work_timer_fn)
       17,     7 rcu_sched        rcu_gp_kthread (process_timeout)
    ...
        1,  4911 kworker/u16:0    mod_delayed_work_on (delayed_work_timer_fn)
       1D,  2522 kworker/0:0      queue_delayed_work_on (delayed_work_timer_fn)
    1029 total events, 583.333 events/sec

              The output columns are:

              *  a count of the number of events, optionally (since Linux 2.6.23) followed by the
                 letter 'D' if this is a deferrable timer;

              *  the PID of the process that initialized the timer;

              *  the name of the process that initialized the timer;

              *  the function where the timer was initialized; and

              *  (in parentheses) the callback function that is associated with the timer.

              During the Linux 4.11 development cycle, this file  was removed because of security
              concerns, as it exposes information across namespaces.  Furthermore, it is possible
              to obtain the same information via in-kernel tracing facilities such as ftrace.

       /proc/tty
              Subdirectory  containing  the  pseudo-files  and subdirectories for tty drivers and
              line disciplines.

       /proc/uptime
              This file contains two numbers (values  in  seconds):  the  uptime  of  the  system
              (including time spent in suspend) and the amount of time spent in the idle process.

       /proc/version
              This  string  identifies the kernel version that is currently running.  It includes
              the   contents   of   /proc/sys/kernel/ostype,    /proc/sys/kernel/osrelease    and
              /proc/sys/kernel/version.  For example:

        Linux version 1.0.9 (quinlan@phaze) #1 Sat May 14 01:51:54 EDT 1994

       /proc/vmstat (since Linux 2.6.0)
              This  file  displays  various  virtual  memory  statistics.  Each line of this file
              contains a single name-value pair,  delimited  by  white  space.   Some  lines  are
              present  only  if the kernel was configured with suitable options.  (In some cases,
              the options required for particular files have changed across kernel  versions,  so
              they  are  not  listed  here.  Details can be found by consulting the kernel source
              code.)  The following fields may be present:

              nr_free_pages (since Linux 2.6.31)

              nr_alloc_batch (since Linux 3.12)

              nr_inactive_anon (since Linux 2.6.28)

              nr_active_anon (since Linux 2.6.28)

              nr_inactive_file (since Linux 2.6.28)

              nr_active_file (since Linux 2.6.28)

              nr_unevictable (since Linux 2.6.28)

              nr_mlock (since Linux 2.6.28)

              nr_anon_pages (since Linux 2.6.18)

              nr_mapped (since Linux 2.6.0)

              nr_file_pages (since Linux 2.6.18)

              nr_dirty (since Linux 2.6.0)

              nr_writeback (since Linux 2.6.0)

              nr_slab_reclaimable (since Linux 2.6.19)

              nr_slab_unreclaimable (since Linux 2.6.19)

              nr_page_table_pages (since Linux 2.6.0)

              nr_kernel_stack (since Linux 2.6.32)
                     Amount of memory allocated to kernel stacks.

              nr_unstable (since Linux 2.6.0)

              nr_bounce (since Linux 2.6.12)

              nr_vmscan_write (since Linux 2.6.19)

              nr_vmscan_immediate_reclaim (since Linux 3.2)

              nr_writeback_temp (since Linux 2.6.26)

              nr_isolated_anon (since Linux 2.6.32)

              nr_isolated_file (since Linux 2.6.32)

              nr_shmem (since Linux 2.6.32)
                     Pages used by shmem and tmpfs(5).

              nr_dirtied (since Linux 2.6.37)

              nr_written (since Linux 2.6.37)

              nr_pages_scanned (since Linux 3.17)

              numa_hit (since Linux 2.6.18)

              numa_miss (since Linux 2.6.18)

              numa_foreign (since Linux 2.6.18)

              numa_interleave (since Linux 2.6.18)

              numa_local (since Linux 2.6.18)

              numa_other (since Linux 2.6.18)

              workingset_refault (since Linux 3.15)

              workingset_activate (since Linux 3.15)

              workingset_nodereclaim (since Linux 3.15)

              nr_anon_transparent_hugepages (since Linux 2.6.38)

              nr_free_cma (since Linux 3.7)
                     Number of free CMA (Contiguous Memory Allocator) pages.

              nr_dirty_threshold (since Linux 2.6.37)

              nr_dirty_background_threshold (since Linux 2.6.37)

              pgpgin (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pgpgout (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pswpin (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pswpout (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pgalloc_dma (since Linux 2.6.5)

              pgalloc_dma32 (since Linux 2.6.16)

              pgalloc_normal (since Linux 2.6.5)

              pgalloc_high (since Linux 2.6.5)

              pgalloc_movable (since Linux 2.6.23)

              pgfree (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pgactivate (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pgdeactivate (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pgfault (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pgmajfault (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pgrefill_dma (since Linux 2.6.5)

              pgrefill_dma32 (since Linux 2.6.16)

              pgrefill_normal (since Linux 2.6.5)

              pgrefill_high (since Linux 2.6.5)

              pgrefill_movable (since Linux 2.6.23)

              pgsteal_kswapd_dma (since Linux 3.4)

              pgsteal_kswapd_dma32 (since Linux 3.4)

              pgsteal_kswapd_normal (since Linux 3.4)

              pgsteal_kswapd_high (since Linux 3.4)

              pgsteal_kswapd_movable (since Linux 3.4)

              pgsteal_direct_dma

              pgsteal_direct_dma32 (since Linux 3.4)

              pgsteal_direct_normal (since Linux 3.4)

              pgsteal_direct_high (since Linux 3.4)

              pgsteal_direct_movable (since Linux 2.6.23)

              pgscan_kswapd_dma

              pgscan_kswapd_dma32 (since Linux 2.6.16)

              pgscan_kswapd_normal (since Linux 2.6.5)

              pgscan_kswapd_high

              pgscan_kswapd_movable (since Linux 2.6.23)

              pgscan_direct_dma

              pgscan_direct_dma32 (since Linux 2.6.16)

              pgscan_direct_normal

              pgscan_direct_high

              pgscan_direct_movable (since Linux 2.6.23)

              pgscan_direct_throttle (since Linux 3.6)

              zone_reclaim_failed (since linux 2.6.31)

              pginodesteal (since linux 2.6.0)

              slabs_scanned (since linux 2.6.5)

              kswapd_inodesteal (since linux 2.6.0)

              kswapd_low_wmark_hit_quickly (since 2.6.33)

              kswapd_high_wmark_hit_quickly (since 2.6.33)

              pageoutrun (since Linux 2.6.0)

              allocstall (since Linux 2.6.0)

              pgrotated (since Linux 2.6.0)

              drop_pagecache (since Linux 3.15)

              drop_slab (since Linux 3.15)

              numa_pte_updates (since Linux 3.8)

              numa_huge_pte_updates (since Linux 3.13)

              numa_hint_faults (since Linux 3.8)

              numa_hint_faults_local (since Linux 3.8)

              numa_pages_migrated (since Linux 3.8)

              pgmigrate_success (since Linux 3.8)

              pgmigrate_fail (since Linux 3.8)

              compact_migrate_scanned (since Linux 3.8)

              compact_free_scanned (since Linux 3.8)

              compact_isolated (since Linux 3.8)

              compact_stall (since Linux 2.6.35)
                     See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              compact_fail (since Linux 2.6.35)
                     See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              compact_success (since Linux 2.6.35)
                     See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              htlb_buddy_alloc_success (since Linux 2.6.26)

              htlb_buddy_alloc_fail (since Linux 2.6.26)

              unevictable_pgs_culled (since Linux 2.6.28)

              unevictable_pgs_scanned (since Linux 2.6.28)

              unevictable_pgs_rescued (since Linux 2.6.28)

              unevictable_pgs_mlocked (since Linux 2.6.28)

              unevictable_pgs_munlocked (since Linux 2.6.28)

              unevictable_pgs_cleared (since Linux 2.6.28)

              unevictable_pgs_stranded (since Linux 2.6.28)

              thp_fault_alloc (since Linux 2.6.39)
                     See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              thp_fault_fallback (since Linux 2.6.39)
                     See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              thp_collapse_alloc (since Linux 2.6.39)
                     See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              thp_collapse_alloc_failed (since Linux 2.6.39)
                     See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              thp_split (since Linux 2.6.39)
                     See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              thp_zero_page_alloc (since Linux 3.8)
                     See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              thp_zero_page_alloc_failed (since Linux 3.8)
                     See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.

              balloon_inflate (since Linux 3.18)

              balloon_deflate (since Linux 3.18)

              balloon_migrate (since Linux 3.18)

              nr_tlb_remote_flush (since Linux 3.12)

              nr_tlb_remote_flush_received (since Linux 3.12)

              nr_tlb_local_flush_all (since Linux 3.12)

              nr_tlb_local_flush_one (since Linux 3.12)

              vmacache_find_calls (since Linux 3.16)

              vmacache_find_hits (since Linux 3.16)

              vmacache_full_flushes (since Linux 3.19)

       /proc/zoneinfo (since Linux 2.6.13)
              This file display information about memory zones.  This  is  useful  for  analyzing
              virtual memory behavior.

NOTES

       Many  files  contain  strings  (e.g.,  the  environment  and command line) that are in the
       internal format, with subfields terminated by null bytes  ('\0').   When  inspecting  such
       files,  you  may  find  that  the  results  are  more readable if you use a command of the
       following form to display them:

           $ cat file | tr '\000' '\n'

       This manual page is incomplete, possibly inaccurate, and is the kind of thing  that  needs
       to be updated very often.

SEE ALSO

       cat(1),  dmesg(1), find(1), free(1), htop(1), init(1), ps(1), pstree(1), tr(1), uptime(1),
       chroot(2), mmap(2), readlink(2), syslog(2), slabinfo(5), sysfs(5), hier(7), namespaces(7),
       time(7),   arp(8),  hdparm(8),  ifconfig(8),  lsmod(8),  lspci(8),  mount(8),  netstat(8),
       procinfo(8), route(8), sysctl(8)

       The     Linux      kernel      source      files:      Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt,
       Documentation/sysctl/fs.txt,                              Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt,
       Documentation/sysctl/net.txt, and Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt.

COLOPHON

       This page is part of release 5.05 of the Linux man-pages project.  A  description  of  the
       project,  information  about  reporting  bugs, and the latest version of this page, can be
       found at https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.