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NAME
proc - process information pseudo-filesystem
DESCRIPTION
The proc filesystem is a pseudo-filesystem which provides an interface to kernel data structures. It is
commonly mounted at /proc. Typically, it is mounted automatically by the system, but it can also be
mounted manually using a command such as:
mount -t proc proc /proc
Most of the files in the proc filesystem are read-only, but some files are writable, allowing kernel
variables to be changed.
Mount options
The proc filesystem supports the following mount options:
hidepid=n (since Linux 3.3)
This option controls who can access the information in /proc/[pid] directories. The argument, n,
is one of the following values:
0 Everybody may access all /proc/[pid] directories. This is the traditional behavior, and the
default if this mount option is not specified.
1 Users may not access files and subdirectories inside any /proc/[pid] directories but their own
(the /proc/[pid] directories themselves remain visible). Sensitive files such as
/proc/[pid]/cmdline and /proc/[pid]/status are now protected against other users. This makes
it impossible to learn whether any user is running a specific program (so long as the program
doesn't otherwise reveal itself by its behavior).
2 As for mode 1, but in addition the /proc/[pid] directories belonging to other users become
invisible. This means that /proc/[pid] entries can no longer be used to discover the PIDs on
the system. This doesn't hide the fact that a process with a specific PID value exists (it
can be learned by other means, for example, by "kill -0 $PID"), but it hides a process's UID
and GID, which could otherwise be learned by employing stat(2) on a /proc/[pid] directory.
This greatly complicates an attacker's task of gathering information about running processes
(e.g., discovering whether some daemon is running with elevated privileges, whether another
user is running some sensitive program, whether other users are running any program at all,
and so on).
gid=gid (since Linux 3.3)
Specifies the ID of a group whose members are authorized to learn process information otherwise
prohibited by hidepid (i.e., users in this group behave as though /proc was mounted with
hidepid=0). This group should be used instead of approaches such as putting nonroot users into
the sudoers(5) file.
Overview
Underneath /proc, there are the following general groups of files and subdirectories:
/proc/[pid] subdirectories
Each one of these subdirectories contains files and subdirectories exposing information about the
process with the corresponding process ID.
Underneath each of the /proc/[pid] directories, a task subdirectory contains subdirectories of the
form task/[tid], which contain corresponding information about each of the threads in the process,
where tid is the kernel thread ID of the thread.
The /proc/[pid] subdirectories are visible when iterating through /proc with getdents(2) (and thus
are visible when one uses ls(1) to view the contents of /proc).
/proc/[tid] subdirectories
Each one of these subdirectories contains files and subdirectories exposing information about the
thread with the corresponding thread ID. The contents of these directories are the same as the
corresponding /proc/[pid]/task/[tid] directories.
The /proc/[tid] subdirectories are not visible when iterating through /proc with getdents(2) (and
thus are not visible when one uses ls(1) to view the contents of /proc).
/proc/self
When a process accesses this magic symbolic link, it resolves to the process's own /proc/[pid]
directory.
/proc/thread-self
When a thread accesses this magic symbolic link, it resolves to the process's own
/proc/self/task/[tid] directory.
/proc/[a-z]*
Various other files and subdirectories under /proc expose system-wide information.
All of the above are described in more detail below.
Files and directories
The following list provides details of many of the files and directories under the /proc hierarchy.
/proc/[pid]
There is a numerical subdirectory for each running process; the subdirectory is named by the
process ID. Each /proc/[pid] subdirectory contains the pseudo-files and directories described
below.
The files inside each /proc/[pid] directory are normally owned by the effective user and effective
group ID of the process. However, as a security measure, the ownership is made root:root if the
process's "dumpable" attribute is set to a value other than 1.
Before Linux 4.11, root:root meant the "global" root user ID and group ID (i.e., UID 0 and GID 0
in the initial user namespace). Since Linux 4.11, if the process is in a noninitial user
namespace that has a valid mapping for user (group) ID 0 inside the namespace, then the user
(group) ownership of the files under /proc/[pid] is instead made the same as the root user (group)
ID of the namespace. This means that inside a container, things work as expected for the
container "root" user.
The process's "dumpable" attribute may change for the following reasons:
* The attribute was explicitly set via the prctl(2) PR_SET_DUMPABLE operation.
* The attribute was reset to the value in the file /proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable (described below),
for the reasons described in prctl(2).
Resetting the "dumpable" attribute to 1 reverts the ownership of the /proc/[pid]/* files to the
process's effective UID and GID.
/proc/[pid]/attr
The files in this directory provide an API for security modules. The contents of this directory
are files that can be read and written in order to set security-related attributes. This
directory was added to support SELinux, but the intention was that the API be general enough to
support other security modules. For the purpose of explanation, examples of how SELinux uses
these files are provided below.
This directory is present only if the kernel was configured with CONFIG_SECURITY.
/proc/[pid]/attr/current (since Linux 2.6.0)
The contents of this file represent the current security attributes of the process.
In SELinux, this file is used to get the security context of a process. Prior to Linux 2.6.11,
this file could not be used to set the security context (a write was always denied), since SELinux
limited process security transitions to execve(2) (see the description of /proc/[pid]/attr/exec,
below). Since Linux 2.6.11, SELinux lifted this restriction and began supporting "set" operations
via writes to this node if authorized by policy, although use of this operation is only suitable
for applications that are trusted to maintain any desired separation between the old and new
security contexts.
Prior to Linux 2.6.28, SELinux did not allow threads within a multi-threaded process to set their
security context via this node as it would yield an inconsistency among the security contexts of
the threads sharing the same memory space. Since Linux 2.6.28, SELinux lifted this restriction
and began supporting "set" operations for threads within a multithreaded process if the new
security context is bounded by the old security context, where the bounded relation is defined in
policy and guarantees that the new security context has a subset of the permissions of the old
security context.
Other security modules may choose to support "set" operations via writes to this node.
/proc/[pid]/attr/exec (since Linux 2.6.0)
This file represents the attributes to assign to the process upon a subsequent execve(2).
In SELinux, this is needed to support role/domain transitions, and execve(2) is the preferred
point to make such transitions because it offers better control over the initialization of the
process in the new security label and the inheritance of state. In SELinux, this attribute is
reset on execve(2) so that the new program reverts to the default behavior for any execve(2) calls
that it may make. In SELinux, a process can set only its own /proc/[pid]/attr/exec attribute.
/proc/[pid]/attr/fscreate (since Linux 2.6.0)
This file represents the attributes to assign to files created by subsequent calls to open(2),
mkdir(2), symlink(2), and mknod(2)
SELinux employs this file to support creation of a file (using the aforementioned system calls) in
a secure state, so that there is no risk of inappropriate access being obtained between the time
of creation and the time that attributes are set. In SELinux, this attribute is reset on
execve(2), so that the new program reverts to the default behavior for any file creation calls it
may make, but the attribute will persist across multiple file creation calls within a program
unless it is explicitly reset. In SELinux, a process can set only its own
/proc/[pid]/attr/fscreate attribute.
/proc/[pid]/attr/keycreate (since Linux 2.6.18)
If a process writes a security context into this file, all subsequently created keys (add_key(2))
will be labeled with this context. For further information, see the kernel source file
Documentation/security/keys/core.rst (or file Documentation/security/keys.txt on Linux between 3.0
and 4.13, or Documentation/keys.txt before Linux 3.0).
/proc/[pid]/attr/prev (since Linux 2.6.0)
This file contains the security context of the process before the last execve(2); that is, the
previous value of /proc/[pid]/attr/current.
/proc/[pid]/attr/socketcreate (since Linux 2.6.18)
If a process writes a security context into this file, all subsequently created sockets will be
labeled with this context.
/proc/[pid]/autogroup (since Linux 2.6.38)
See sched(7).
/proc/[pid]/auxv (since 2.6.0)
This contains the contents of the ELF interpreter information passed to the process at exec time.
The format is one unsigned long ID plus one unsigned long value for each entry. The last entry
contains two zeros. See also getauxval(3).
Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check;
see ptrace(2).
/proc/[pid]/cgroup (since Linux 2.6.24)
See cgroups(7).
/proc/[pid]/clear_refs (since Linux 2.6.22)
This is a write-only file, writable only by owner of the process.
The following values may be written to the file:
1 (since Linux 2.6.22)
Reset the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG bits for all the pages associated with the
process. (Before kernel 2.6.32, writing any nonzero value to this file had this effect.)
2 (since Linux 2.6.32)
Reset the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG bits for all anonymous pages associated with the
process.
3 (since Linux 2.6.32)
Reset the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG bits for all file-mapped pages associated with
the process.
Clearing the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG bits provides a method to measure approximately how
much memory a process is using. One first inspects the values in the "Referenced" fields for the
VMAs shown in /proc/[pid]/smaps to get an idea of the memory footprint of the process. One then
clears the PG_Referenced and ACCESSED/YOUNG bits and, after some measured time interval, once
again inspects the values in the "Referenced" fields to get an idea of the change in memory
footprint of the process during the measured interval. If one is interested only in inspecting
the selected mapping types, then the value 2 or 3 can be used instead of 1.
Further values can be written to affect different properties:
4 (since Linux 3.11)
Clear the soft-dirty bit for all the pages associated with the process. This is used (in
conjunction with /proc/[pid]/pagemap) by the check-point restore system to discover which
pages of a process have been dirtied since the file /proc/[pid]/clear_refs was written to.
5 (since Linux 4.0)
Reset the peak resident set size ("high water mark") to the process's current resident set
size value.
Writing any value to /proc/[pid]/clear_refs other than those listed above has no effect.
The /proc/[pid]/clear_refs file is present only if the CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR kernel
configuration option is enabled.
/proc/[pid]/cmdline
This read-only file holds the complete command line for the process, unless the process is a
zombie. In the latter case, there is nothing in this file: that is, a read on this file will
return 0 characters. The command-line arguments appear in this file as a set of strings separated
by null bytes ('\0'), with a further null byte after the last string.
/proc/[pid]/comm (since Linux 2.6.33)
This file exposes the process's comm value—that is, the command name associated with the process.
Different threads in the same process may have different comm values, accessible via
/proc/[pid]/task/[tid]/comm. A thread may modify its comm value, or that of any of other thread
in the same thread group (see the discussion of CLONE_THREAD in clone(2)), by writing to the file
/proc/self/task/[tid]/comm. Strings longer than TASK_COMM_LEN (16) characters are silently
truncated.
This file provides a superset of the prctl(2) PR_SET_NAME and PR_GET_NAME operations, and is
employed by pthread_setname_np(3) when used to rename threads other than the caller.
/proc/[pid]/coredump_filter (since Linux 2.6.23)
See core(5).
/proc/[pid]/cpuset (since Linux 2.6.12)
See cpuset(7).
/proc/[pid]/cwd
This is a symbolic link to the current working directory of the process. To find out the current
working directory of process 20, for instance, you can do this:
$ cd /proc/20/cwd; /bin/pwd
Note that the pwd command is often a shell built-in, and might not work properly. In bash(1), you
may use pwd -P.
In a multithreaded process, the contents of this symbolic link are not available if the main
thread has already terminated (typically by calling pthread_exit(3)).
Permission to dereference or read (readlink(2)) this symbolic link is governed by a ptrace access
mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).
/proc/[pid]/environ
This file contains the initial environment that was set when the currently executing program was
started via execve(2). The entries are separated by null bytes ('\0'), and there may be a null
byte at the end. Thus, to print out the environment of process 1, you would do:
$ cat /proc/1/environ | tr '\000' '\n'
If, after an execve(2), the process modifies its environment (e.g., by calling functions such as
putenv(3) or modifying the environ(7) variable directly), this file will not reflect those
changes.
Furthermore, a process may change the memory location that this file refers via prctl(2)
operations such as PR_SET_MM_ENV_START.
Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check;
see ptrace(2).
/proc/[pid]/exe
Under Linux 2.2 and later, this file is a symbolic link containing the actual pathname of the
executed command. This symbolic link can be dereferenced normally; attempting to open it will
open the executable. You can even type /proc/[pid]/exe to run another copy of the same executable
that is being run by process [pid]. If the pathname has been unlinked, the symbolic link will
contain the string '(deleted)' appended to the original pathname. In a multithreaded process, the
contents of this symbolic link are not available if the main thread has already terminated
(typically by calling pthread_exit(3)).
Permission to dereference or read (readlink(2)) this symbolic link is governed by a ptrace access
mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).
Under Linux 2.0 and earlier, /proc/[pid]/exe is a pointer to the binary which was executed, and
appears as a symbolic link. A readlink(2) call on this file under Linux 2.0 returns a string in
the format:
[device]:inode
For example, [0301]:1502 would be inode 1502 on device major 03 (IDE, MFM, etc. drives) minor 01
(first partition on the first drive).
find(1) with the -inum option can be used to locate the file.
/proc/[pid]/fd/
This is a subdirectory containing one entry for each file which the process has open, named by its
file descriptor, and which is a symbolic link to the actual file. Thus, 0 is standard input, 1
standard output, 2 standard error, and so on.
For file descriptors for pipes and sockets, the entries will be symbolic links whose content is
the file type with the inode. A readlink(2) call on this file returns a string in the format:
type:[inode]
For example, socket:[2248868] will be a socket and its inode is 2248868. For sockets, that inode
can be used to find more information in one of the files under /proc/net/.
For file descriptors that have no corresponding inode (e.g., file descriptors produced by bpf(2),
epoll_create(2), eventfd(2), inotify_init(2), perf_event_open(2), signalfd(2), timerfd_create(2),
and userfaultfd(2)), the entry will be a symbolic link with contents of the form
anon_inode:<file-type>
In many cases (but not all), the file-type is surrounded by square brackets.
For example, an epoll file descriptor will have a symbolic link whose content is the string
anon_inode:[eventpoll].
In a multithreaded process, the contents of this directory are not available if the main thread
has already terminated (typically by calling pthread_exit(3)).
Programs that take a filename as a command-line argument, but don't take input from standard input
if no argument is supplied, and programs that write to a file named as a command-line argument,
but don't send their output to standard output if no argument is supplied, can nevertheless be
made to use standard input or standard output by using /proc/[pid]/fd files as command-line
arguments. For example, assuming that -i is the flag designating an input file and -o is the flag
designating an output file:
$ foobar -i /proc/self/fd/0 -o /proc/self/fd/1 ...
and you have a working filter.
/proc/self/fd/N is approximately the same as /dev/fd/N in some UNIX and UNIX-like systems. Most
Linux MAKEDEV scripts symbolically link /dev/fd to /proc/self/fd, in fact.
Most systems provide symbolic links /dev/stdin, /dev/stdout, and /dev/stderr, which respectively
link to the files 0, 1, and 2 in /proc/self/fd. Thus the example command above could be written
as:
$ foobar -i /dev/stdin -o /dev/stdout ...
Permission to dereference or read (readlink(2)) the symbolic links in this directory is governed
by a ptrace access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).
Note that for file descriptors referring to inodes (pipes and sockets, see above), those inodes
still have permission bits and ownership information distinct from those of the /proc/[pid]/fd
entry, and that the owner may differ from the user and group IDs of the process. An unprivileged
process may lack permissions to open them, as in this example:
$ echo test | sudo -u nobody cat
test
$ echo test | sudo -u nobody cat /proc/self/fd/0
cat: /proc/self/fd/0: Permission denied
File descriptor 0 refers to the pipe created by the shell and owned by that shell's user, which is
not nobody, so cat does not have permission to create a new file descriptor to read from that
inode, even though it can still read from its existing file descriptor 0.
/proc/[pid]/fdinfo/ (since Linux 2.6.22)
This is a subdirectory containing one entry for each file which the process has open, named by its
file descriptor. The files in this directory are readable only by the owner of the process. The
contents of each file can be read to obtain information about the corresponding file descriptor.
The content depends on the type of file referred to by the corresponding file descriptor.
For regular files and directories, we see something like:
$ cat /proc/12015/fdinfo/4
pos: 1000
flags: 01002002
mnt_id: 21
The fields are as follows:
pos This is a decimal number showing the file offset.
flags This is an octal number that displays the file access mode and file status flags (see
open(2)). If the close-on-exec file descriptor flag is set, then flags will also include
the value O_CLOEXEC.
Before Linux 3.1, this field incorrectly displayed the setting of O_CLOEXEC at the time the
file was opened, rather than the current setting of the close-on-exec flag.
mnt_id This field, present since Linux 3.15, is the ID of the mount point containing this file.
See the description of /proc/[pid]/mountinfo.
For eventfd file descriptors (see eventfd(2)), we see (since Linux 3.8) the following fields:
pos: 0
flags: 02
mnt_id: 10
eventfd-count: 40
eventfd-count is the current value of the eventfd counter, in hexadecimal.
For epoll file descriptors (see epoll(7)), we see (since Linux 3.8) the following fields:
pos: 0
flags: 02
mnt_id: 10
tfd: 9 events: 19 data: 74253d2500000009
tfd: 7 events: 19 data: 74253d2500000007
Each of the lines beginning tfd describes one of the file descriptors being monitored via the
epoll file descriptor (see epoll_ctl(2) for some details). The tfd field is the number of the
file descriptor. The events field is a hexadecimal mask of the events being monitored for this
file descriptor. The data field is the data value associated with this file descriptor.
For signalfd file descriptors (see signalfd(2)), we see (since Linux 3.8) the following fields:
pos: 0
flags: 02
mnt_id: 10
sigmask: 0000000000000006
sigmask is the hexadecimal mask of signals that are accepted via this signalfd file descriptor.
(In this example, bits 2 and 3 are set, corresponding to the signals SIGINT and SIGQUIT; see
signal(7).)
For inotify file descriptors (see inotify(7)), we see (since Linux 3.8) the following fields:
pos: 0
flags: 00
mnt_id: 11
inotify wd:2 ino:7ef82a sdev:800001 mask:800afff ignored_mask:0 fhandle-bytes:8 fhandle-type:1 f_handle:2af87e00220ffd73
inotify wd:1 ino:192627 sdev:800001 mask:800afff ignored_mask:0 fhandle-bytes:8 fhandle-type:1 f_handle:27261900802dfd73
Each of the lines beginning with "inotify" displays information about one file or directory that
is being monitored. The fields in this line are as follows:
wd A watch descriptor number (in decimal).
ino The inode number of the target file (in hexadecimal).
sdev The ID of the device where the target file resides (in hexadecimal).
mask The mask of events being monitored for the target file (in hexadecimal).
If the kernel was built with exportfs support, the path to the target file is exposed as a file
handle, via three hexadecimal fields: fhandle-bytes, fhandle-type, and f_handle.
For fanotify file descriptors (see fanotify(7)), we see (since Linux 3.8) the following fields:
pos: 0
flags: 02
mnt_id: 11
fanotify flags:0 event-flags:88002
fanotify ino:19264f sdev:800001 mflags:0 mask:1 ignored_mask:0 fhandle-bytes:8 fhandle-type:1 f_handle:4f261900a82dfd73
The fourth line displays information defined when the fanotify group was created via
fanotify_init(2):
flags The flags argument given to fanotify_init(2) (expressed in hexadecimal).
event-flags
The event_f_flags argument given to fanotify_init(2) (expressed in hexadecimal).
Each additional line shown in the file contains information about one of the marks in the fanotify
group. Most of these fields are as for inotify, except:
mflags The flags associated with the mark (expressed in hexadecimal).
mask The events mask for this mark (expressed in hexadecimal).
ignored_mask
The mask of events that are ignored for this mark (expressed in hexadecimal).
For details on these fields, see fanotify_mark(2).
For timerfd file descriptors (see timerfd(2)), we see (since Linux 3.17) the following fields:
pos: 0
flags: 02004002
mnt_id: 13
clockid: 0
ticks: 0
settime flags: 03
it_value: (7695568592, 640020877)
it_interval: (0, 0)
clockid
This is the numeric value of the clock ID (corresponding to one of the CLOCK_* constants
defined via <time.h>) that is used to mark the progress of the timer (in this example, 0 is
CLOCK_REALTIME).
ticks This is the number of timer expirations that have occurred, (i.e., the value that read(2)
on it would return).
settime flags
This field lists the flags with which the timerfd was last armed (see timerfd_settime(2)),
in octal (in this example, both TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME and TFD_TIMER_CANCEL_ON_SET are set).
it_value
This field contains the amount of time until the timer will next expire, expressed in
seconds and nanoseconds. This is always expressed as a relative value, regardless of
whether the timer was created using the TFD_TIMER_ABSTIME flag.
it_interval
This field contains the interval of the timer, in seconds and nanoseconds. (The it_value
and it_interval fields contain the values that timerfd_gettime(2) on this file descriptor
would return.)
/proc/[pid]/gid_map (since Linux 3.5)
See user_namespaces(7).
/proc/[pid]/io (since kernel 2.6.20)
This file contains I/O statistics for the process, for example:
# cat /proc/3828/io
rchar: 323934931
wchar: 323929600
syscr: 632687
syscw: 632675
read_bytes: 0
write_bytes: 323932160
cancelled_write_bytes: 0
The fields are as follows:
rchar: characters read
The number of bytes which this task has caused to be read from storage. This is simply the
sum of bytes which this process passed to read(2) and similar system calls. It includes
things such as terminal I/O and is unaffected by whether or not actual physical disk I/O
was required (the read might have been satisfied from pagecache).
wchar: characters written
The number of bytes which this task has caused, or shall cause to be written to disk.
Similar caveats apply here as with rchar.
syscr: read syscalls
Attempt to count the number of read I/O operations—that is, system calls such as read(2)
and pread(2).
syscw: write syscalls
Attempt to count the number of write I/O operations—that is, system calls such as write(2)
and pwrite(2).
read_bytes: bytes read
Attempt to count the number of bytes which this process really did cause to be fetched from
the storage layer. This is accurate for block-backed filesystems.
write_bytes: bytes written
Attempt to count the number of bytes which this process caused to be sent to the storage
layer.
cancelled_write_bytes:
The big inaccuracy here is truncate. If a process writes 1MB to a file and then deletes
the file, it will in fact perform no writeout. But it will have been accounted as having
caused 1MB of write. In other words: this field represents the number of bytes which this
process caused to not happen, by truncating pagecache. A task can cause "negative" I/O
too. If this task truncates some dirty pagecache, some I/O which another task has been
accounted for (in its write_bytes) will not be happening.
Note: In the current implementation, things are a bit racy on 32-bit systems: if process A reads
process B's /proc/[pid]/io while process B is updating one of these 64-bit counters, process A
could see an intermediate result.
Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check;
see ptrace(2).
/proc/[pid]/limits (since Linux 2.6.24)
This file displays the soft limit, hard limit, and units of measurement for each of the process's
resource limits (see getrlimit(2)). Up to and including Linux 2.6.35, this file is protected to
allow reading only by the real UID of the process. Since Linux 2.6.36, this file is readable by
all users on the system.
/proc/[pid]/map_files/ (since kernel 3.3)
This subdirectory contains entries corresponding to memory-mapped files (see mmap(2)). Entries
are named by memory region start and end address pair (expressed as hexadecimal numbers), and are
symbolic links to the mapped files themselves. Here is an example, with the output wrapped and
reformatted to fit on an 80-column display:
# ls -l /proc/self/map_files/
lr--------. 1 root root 64 Apr 16 21:31
3252e00000-3252e20000 -> /usr/lib64/ld-2.15.so
...
Although these entries are present for memory regions that were mapped with the MAP_FILE flag, the
way anonymous shared memory (regions created with the MAP_ANON | MAP_SHARED flags) is implemented
in Linux means that such regions also appear on this directory. Here is an example where the
target file is the deleted /dev/zero one:
lrw-------. 1 root root 64 Apr 16 21:33
7fc075d2f000-7fc075e6f000 -> /dev/zero (deleted)
This directory appears only if the CONFIG_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE kernel configuration option is
enabled. Privilege (CAP_SYS_ADMIN) is required to view the contents of this directory.
/proc/[pid]/maps
A file containing the currently mapped memory regions and their access permissions. See mmap(2)
for some further information about memory mappings.
Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check;
see ptrace(2).
The format of the file is:
address perms offset dev inode pathname
00400000-00452000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 173521 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon
00651000-00652000 r--p 00051000 08:02 173521 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon
00652000-00655000 rw-p 00052000 08:02 173521 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon
00e03000-00e24000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [heap]
00e24000-011f7000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [heap]
...
35b1800000-35b1820000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 135522 /usr/lib64/ld-2.15.so
35b1a1f000-35b1a20000 r--p 0001f000 08:02 135522 /usr/lib64/ld-2.15.so
35b1a20000-35b1a21000 rw-p 00020000 08:02 135522 /usr/lib64/ld-2.15.so
35b1a21000-35b1a22000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0
35b1c00000-35b1dac000 r-xp 00000000 08:02 135870 /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so
35b1dac000-35b1fac000 ---p 001ac000 08:02 135870 /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so
35b1fac000-35b1fb0000 r--p 001ac000 08:02 135870 /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so
35b1fb0000-35b1fb2000 rw-p 001b0000 08:02 135870 /usr/lib64/libc-2.15.so
...
f2c6ff8c000-7f2c7078c000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack:986]
...
7fffb2c0d000-7fffb2c2e000 rw-p 00000000 00:00 0 [stack]
7fffb2d48000-7fffb2d49000 r-xp 00000000 00:00 0 [vdso]
The address field is the address space in the process that the mapping occupies. The perms field
is a set of permissions:
r = read
w = write
x = execute
s = shared
p = private (copy on write)
The offset field is the offset into the file/whatever; dev is the device (major:minor); inode is
the inode on that device. 0 indicates that no inode is associated with the memory region, as
would be the case with BSS (uninitialized data).
The pathname field will usually be the file that is backing the mapping. For ELF files, you can
easily coordinate with the offset field by looking at the Offset field in the ELF program headers
(readelf -l).
There are additional helpful pseudo-paths:
[stack]
The initial process's (also known as the main thread's) stack.
[stack:<tid>] (from Linux 3.4 to 4.4)
A thread's stack (where the <tid> is a thread ID). It corresponds to the
/proc/[pid]/task/[tid]/ path. This field was removed in Linux 4.5, since providing
this information for a process with large numbers of threads is expensive.
[vdso] The virtual dynamically linked shared object. See vdso(7).
[heap] The process's heap.
If the pathname field is blank, this is an anonymous mapping as obtained via mmap(2). There is no
easy way to coordinate this back to a process's source, short of running it through gdb(1),
strace(1), or similar.
pathname is shown unescaped except for newline characters, which are replaced with an octal escape
sequence. As a result, it is not possible to determine whether the original pathname contained a
newline character or the literal \e012 character sequence.
If the mapping is file-backed and the file has been deleted, the string " (deleted)" is appended
to the pathname. Note that this is ambiguous too.
Under Linux 2.0, there is no field giving pathname.
/proc/[pid]/mem
This file can be used to access the pages of a process's memory through open(2), read(2), and
lseek(2).
Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace access mode PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH_FSCREDS
check; see ptrace(2).
/proc/[pid]/mountinfo (since Linux 2.6.26)
This file contains information about mount points in the process's mount namespace (see
mount_namespaces(7)). It supplies various information (e.g., propagation state, root of mount for
bind mounts, identifier for each mount and its parent) that is missing from the (older)
/proc/[pid]/mounts file, and fixes various other problems with that file (e.g., nonextensibility,
failure to distinguish per-mount versus per-superblock options).
The file contains lines of the form:
(1)(2)(3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
The numbers in parentheses are labels for the descriptions below:
(1) mount ID: a unique ID for the mount (may be reused after umount(2)).
(2) parent ID: the ID of the parent mount (or of self for the root of this mount namespace's
mount tree).
If a new mount is stacked on top of a previous existing mount (so that it hides the existing
mount) at pathname P, then the parent of the new mount is the previous mount at that
location. Thus, when looking at all the mounts stacked at a particular location, the top-
most mount is the one that is not the parent of any other mount at the same location. (Note,
however, that this top-most mount will be accessible only if the longest path subprefix of P
that is a mount point is not itself hidden by a stacked mount.)
If the parent mount point lies outside the process's root directory (see chroot(2)), the ID
shown here won't have a corresponding record in mountinfo whose mount ID (field 1) matches
this parent mount ID (because mount points that lie outside the process's root directory are
not shown in mountinfo). As a special case of this point, the process's root mount point may
have a parent mount (for the initramfs filesystem) that lies outside the process's root
directory, and an entry for that mount point will not appear in mountinfo.
(3) major:minor: the value of st_dev for files on this filesystem (see stat(2)).
(4) root: the pathname of the directory in the filesystem which forms the root of this mount.
(5) mount point: the pathname of the mount point relative to the process's root directory.
(6) mount options: per-mount options (see mount(2)).
(7) optional fields: zero or more fields of the form "tag[:value]"; see below.
(8) separator: the end of the optional fields is marked by a single hyphen.
(9) filesystem type: the filesystem type in the form "type[.subtype]".
(10) mount source: filesystem-specific information or "none".
(11) super options: per-superblock options (see mount(2)).
Currently, the possible optional fields are shared, master, propagate_from, and unbindable. See
mount_namespaces(7) for a description of these fields. Parsers should ignore all unrecognized
optional fields.
For more information on mount propagation see: Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.txt in the
Linux kernel source tree.
/proc/[pid]/mounts (since Linux 2.4.19)
This file lists all the filesystems currently mounted in the process's mount namespace (see
mount_namespaces(7)). The format of this file is documented in fstab(5).
Since kernel version 2.6.15, this file is pollable: after opening the file for reading, a change
in this file (i.e., a filesystem mount or unmount) causes select(2) to mark the file descriptor as
having an exceptional condition, and poll(2) and epoll_wait(2) mark the file as having a priority
event (POLLPRI). (Before Linux 2.6.30, a change in this file was indicated by the file descriptor
being marked as readable for select(2), and being marked as having an error condition for poll(2)
and epoll_wait(2).)
/proc/[pid]/mountstats (since Linux 2.6.17)
This file exports information (statistics, configuration information) about the mount points in
the process's mount namespace (see mount_namespaces(7)). Lines in this file have the form:
device /dev/sda7 mounted on /home with fstype ext3 [statistics]
( 1 ) ( 2 ) (3 ) (4)
The fields in each line are:
(1) The name of the mounted device (or "nodevice" if there is no corresponding device).
(2) The mount point within the filesystem tree.
(3) The filesystem type.
(4) Optional statistics and configuration information. Currently (as at Linux 2.6.26), only NFS
filesystems export information via this field.
This file is readable only by the owner of the process.
/proc/[pid]/net (since Linux 2.6.25)
See the description of /proc/net.
/proc/[pid]/ns/ (since Linux 3.0)
This is a subdirectory containing one entry for each namespace that supports being manipulated by
setns(2). For more information, see namespaces(7).
/proc/[pid]/numa_maps (since Linux 2.6.14)
See numa(7).
/proc/[pid]/oom_adj (since Linux 2.6.11)
This file can be used to adjust the score used to select which process should be killed in an out-
of-memory (OOM) situation. The kernel uses this value for a bit-shift operation of the process's
oom_score value: valid values are in the range -16 to +15, plus the special value -17, which
disables OOM-killing altogether for this process. A positive score increases the likelihood of
this process being killed by the OOM-killer; a negative score decreases the likelihood.
The default value for this file is 0; a new process inherits its parent's oom_adj setting. A
process must be privileged (CAP_SYS_RESOURCE) to update this file.
Since Linux 2.6.36, use of this file is deprecated in favor of /proc/[pid]/oom_score_adj.
/proc/[pid]/oom_score (since Linux 2.6.11)
This file displays the current score that the kernel gives to this process for the purpose of
selecting a process for the OOM-killer. A higher score means that the process is more likely to
be selected by the OOM-killer. The basis for this score is the amount of memory used by the
process, with increases (+) or decreases (-) for factors including:
* whether the process is privileged (-).
Before kernel 2.6.36 the following factors were also used in the calculation of oom_score:
* whether the process creates a lot of children using fork(2) (+);
* whether the process has been running a long time, or has used a lot of CPU time (-);
* whether the process has a low nice value (i.e., > 0) (+); and
* whether the process is making direct hardware access (-).
The oom_score also reflects the adjustment specified by the oom_score_adj or oom_adj setting for
the process.
/proc/[pid]/oom_score_adj (since Linux 2.6.36)
This file can be used to adjust the badness heuristic used to select which process gets killed in
out-of-memory conditions.
The badness heuristic assigns a value to each candidate task ranging from 0 (never kill) to 1000
(always kill) to determine which process is targeted. The units are roughly a proportion along
that range of allowed memory the process may allocate from, based on an estimation of its current
memory and swap use. For example, if a task is using all allowed memory, its badness score will
be 1000. If it is using half of its allowed memory, its score will be 500.
There is an additional factor included in the badness score: root processes are given 3% extra
memory over other tasks.
The amount of "allowed" memory depends on the context in which the OOM-killer was called. If it
is due to the memory assigned to the allocating task's cpuset being exhausted, the allowed memory
represents the set of mems assigned to that cpuset (see cpuset(7)). If it is due to a mempolicy's
node(s) being exhausted, the allowed memory represents the set of mempolicy nodes. If it is due
to a memory limit (or swap limit) being reached, the allowed memory is that configured limit.
Finally, if it is due to the entire system being out of memory, the allowed memory represents all
allocatable resources.
The value of oom_score_adj is added to the badness score before it is used to determine which task
to kill. Acceptable values range from -1000 (OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MIN) to +1000 (OOM_SCORE_ADJ_MAX).
This allows user space to control the preference for OOM-killing, ranging from always preferring a
certain task or completely disabling it from OOM killing. The lowest possible value, -1000, is
equivalent to disabling OOM-killing entirely for that task, since it will always report a badness
score of 0.
Consequently, it is very simple for user space to define the amount of memory to consider for each
task. Setting an oom_score_adj value of +500, for example, is roughly equivalent to allowing the
remainder of tasks sharing the same system, cpuset, mempolicy, or memory controller resources to
use at least 50% more memory. A value of -500, on the other hand, would be roughly equivalent to
discounting 50% of the task's allowed memory from being considered as scoring against the task.
For backward compatibility with previous kernels, /proc/[pid]/oom_adj can still be used to tune
the badness score. Its value is scaled linearly with oom_score_adj.
Writing to /proc/[pid]/oom_score_adj or /proc/[pid]/oom_adj will change the other with its scaled
value.
The choom(1) program provides a command-line interface for adjusting the oom_score_adj value of a
running process or a newly executed command.
/proc/[pid]/pagemap (since Linux 2.6.25)
This file shows the mapping of each of the process's virtual pages into physical page frames or
swap area. It contains one 64-bit value for each virtual page, with the bits set as follows:
63 If set, the page is present in RAM.
62 If set, the page is in swap space
61 (since Linux 3.5)
The page is a file-mapped page or a shared anonymous page.
60–57 (since Linux 3.11)
Zero
56 (since Linux 4.2)
The page is exclusively mapped.
55 (since Linux 3.11)
PTE is soft-dirty (see the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/soft-
dirty.rst).
54–0 If the page is present in RAM (bit 63), then these bits provide the page frame number,
which can be used to index /proc/kpageflags and /proc/kpagecount. If the page is
present in swap (bit 62), then bits 4–0 give the swap type, and bits 54–5 encode the
swap offset.
Before Linux 3.11, bits 60–55 were used to encode the base-2 log of the page size.
To employ /proc/[pid]/pagemap efficiently, use /proc/[pid]/maps to determine which areas of memory
are actually mapped and seek to skip over unmapped regions.
The /proc/[pid]/pagemap file is present only if the CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR kernel configuration
option is enabled.
Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check;
see ptrace(2).
/proc/[pid]/personality (since Linux 2.6.28)
This read-only file exposes the process's execution domain, as set by personality(2). The value
is displayed in hexadecimal notation.
Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace access mode PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH_FSCREDS
check; see ptrace(2).
/proc/[pid]/root
UNIX and Linux support the idea of a per-process root of the filesystem, set by the chroot(2)
system call. This file is a symbolic link that points to the process's root directory, and
behaves in the same way as exe, and fd/*.
Note however that this file is not merely a symbolic link. It provides the same view of the
filesystem (including namespaces and the set of per-process mounts) as the process itself. An
example illustrates this point. In one terminal, we start a shell in new user and mount
namespaces, and in that shell we create some new mount points:
$ PS1='sh1# ' unshare -Urnm
sh1# mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /etc # Mount empty tmpfs at /etc
sh1# mount --bind /usr /dev # Mount /usr at /dev
sh1# echo $$
27123
In a second terminal window, in the initial mount namespace, we look at the contents of the
corresponding mounts in the initial and new namespaces:
$ PS1='sh2# ' sudo sh
sh2# ls /etc | wc -l # In initial NS
309
sh2# ls /proc/27123/root/etc | wc -l # /etc in other NS
0 # The empty tmpfs dir
sh2# ls /dev | wc -l # In initial NS
205
sh2# ls /proc/27123/root/dev | wc -l # /dev in other NS
11 # Actually bind
# mounted to /usr
sh2# ls /usr | wc -l # /usr in initial NS
11
In a multithreaded process, the contents of the /proc/[pid]/root symbolic link are not available
if the main thread has already terminated (typically by calling pthread_exit(3)).
Permission to dereference or read (readlink(2)) this symbolic link is governed by a ptrace access
mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check; see ptrace(2).
/proc/[pid]/seccomp (Linux 2.6.12 to 2.6.22)
This file can be used to read and change the process's secure computing (seccomp) mode setting.
It contains the value 0 if the process is not in seccomp mode, and 1 if the process is in strict
seccomp mode (see seccomp(2)). Writing 1 to this file places the process irreversibly in strict
seccomp mode. (Further attempts to write to the file fail with the EPERM error.)
In Linux 2.6.23, this file went away, to be replaced by the prctl(2) PR_GET_SECCOMP and
PR_SET_SECCOMP operations (and later by seccomp(2) and the Seccomp field in /proc/[pid]/status).
/proc/[pid]/setgroups (since Linux 3.19)
See user_namespaces(7).
/proc/[pid]/smaps (since Linux 2.6.14)
This file shows memory consumption for each of the process's mappings. (The pmap(1) command
displays similar information, in a form that may be easier for parsing.) For each mapping there
is a series of lines such as the following:
00400000-0048a000 r-xp 00000000 fd:03 960637 /bin/bash
Size: 552 kB
Rss: 460 kB
Pss: 100 kB
Shared_Clean: 452 kB
Shared_Dirty: 0 kB
Private_Clean: 8 kB
Private_Dirty: 0 kB
Referenced: 460 kB
Anonymous: 0 kB
AnonHugePages: 0 kB
ShmemHugePages: 0 kB
ShmemPmdMapped: 0 kB
Swap: 0 kB
KernelPageSize: 4 kB
MMUPageSize: 4 kB
KernelPageSize: 4 kB
MMUPageSize: 4 kB
Locked: 0 kB
ProtectionKey: 0
VmFlags: rd ex mr mw me dw
The first of these lines shows the same information as is displayed for the mapping in
/proc/[pid]/maps. The following lines show the size of the mapping, the amount of the mapping
that is currently resident in RAM ("Rss"), the process's proportional share of this mapping
("Pss"), the number of clean and dirty shared pages in the mapping, and the number of clean and
dirty private pages in the mapping. "Referenced" indicates the amount of memory currently marked
as referenced or accessed. "Anonymous" shows the amount of memory that does not belong to any
file. "Swap" shows how much would-be-anonymous memory is also used, but out on swap.
The "KernelPageSize" line (available since Linux 2.6.29) is the page size used by the kernel to
back the virtual memory area. This matches the size used by the MMU in the majority of cases.
However, one counter-example occurs on PPC64 kernels whereby a kernel using 64kB as a base page
size may still use 4kB pages for the MMU on older processors. To distinguish the two attributes,
the "MMUPageSize" line (also available since Linux 2.6.29) reports the page size used by the MMU.
The "Locked" indicates whether the mapping is locked in memory or not.
The "ProtectionKey" line (available since Linux 4.9, on x86 only) contains the memory protection
key (see pkeys(7)) associated with the virtual memory area. This entry is present only if the
kernel was built with the CONFIG_X86_INTEL_MEMORY_PROTECTION_KEYS configuration option.
The "VmFlags" line (available since Linux 3.8) represents the kernel flags associated with the
virtual memory area, encoded using the following two-letter codes:
rd - readable
wr - writable
ex - executable
sh - shared
mr - may read
mw - may write
me - may execute
ms - may share
gd - stack segment grows down
pf - pure PFN range
dw - disabled write to the mapped file
lo - pages are locked in memory
io - memory mapped I/O area
sr - sequential read advise provided
rr - random read advise provided
dc - do not copy area on fork
de - do not expand area on remapping
ac - area is accountable
nr - swap space is not reserved for the area
ht - area uses huge tlb pages
nl - non-linear mapping
ar - architecture specific flag
dd - do not include area into core dump
sd - soft-dirty flag
mm - mixed map area
hg - huge page advise flag
nh - no-huge page advise flag
mg - mergeable advise flag
"ProtectionKey" field contains the memory protection key (see pkeys(5)) associated with the
virtual memory area. Present only if the kernel was built with the
CONFIG_X86_INTEL_MEMORY_PROTECTION_KEYS configuration option. (since Linux 4.6)
The /proc/[pid]/smaps file is present only if the CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR kernel configuration
option is enabled.
/proc/[pid]/stack (since Linux 2.6.29)
This file provides a symbolic trace of the function calls in this process's kernel stack. This
file is provided only if the kernel was built with the CONFIG_STACKTRACE configuration option.
Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace access mode PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH_FSCREDS
check; see ptrace(2).
/proc/[pid]/stat
Status information about the process. This is used by ps(1). It is defined in the kernel source
file fs/proc/array.c.
The fields, in order, with their proper scanf(3) format specifiers, are listed below. Whether or
not certain of these fields display valid information is governed by a ptrace access mode
PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS | PTRACE_MODE_NOAUDIT check (refer to ptrace(2)). If the check denies
access, then the field value is displayed as 0. The affected fields are indicated with the
marking [PT].
(1) pid %d
The process ID.
(2) comm %s
The filename of the executable, in parentheses. This is visible whether or not the
executable is swapped out.
(3) state %c
One of the following characters, indicating process state:
R Running
S Sleeping in an interruptible wait
D Waiting in uninterruptible disk sleep
Z Zombie
T Stopped (on a signal) or (before Linux 2.6.33) trace stopped
t Tracing stop (Linux 2.6.33 onward)
W Paging (only before Linux 2.6.0)
X Dead (from Linux 2.6.0 onward)
x Dead (Linux 2.6.33 to 3.13 only)
K Wakekill (Linux 2.6.33 to 3.13 only)
W Waking (Linux 2.6.33 to 3.13 only)
P Parked (Linux 3.9 to 3.13 only)
(4) ppid %d
The PID of the parent of this process.
(5) pgrp %d
The process group ID of the process.
(6) session %d
The session ID of the process.
(7) tty_nr %d
The controlling terminal of the process. (The minor device number is contained in the
combination of bits 31 to 20 and 7 to 0; the major device number is in bits 15 to 8.)
(8) tpgid %d
The ID of the foreground process group of the controlling terminal of the process.
(9) flags %u
The kernel flags word of the process. For bit meanings, see the PF_* defines in the
Linux kernel source file include/linux/sched.h. Details depend on the kernel version.
The format for this field was %lu before Linux 2.6.
(10) minflt %lu
The number of minor faults the process has made which have not required loading a memory
page from disk.
(11) cminflt %lu
The number of minor faults that the process's waited-for children have made.
(12) majflt %lu
The number of major faults the process has made which have required loading a memory
page from disk.
(13) cmajflt %lu
The number of major faults that the process's waited-for children have made.
(14) utime %lu
Amount of time that this process has been scheduled in user mode, measured in clock
ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)). This includes guest time, guest_time (time
spent running a virtual CPU, see below), so that applications that are not aware of the
guest time field do not lose that time from their calculations.
(15) stime %lu
Amount of time that this process has been scheduled in kernel mode, measured in clock
ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).
(16) cutime %ld
Amount of time that this process's waited-for children have been scheduled in user mode,
measured in clock ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)). (See also times(2).) This
includes guest time, cguest_time (time spent running a virtual CPU, see below).
(17) cstime %ld
Amount of time that this process's waited-for children have been scheduled in kernel
mode, measured in clock ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).
(18) priority %ld
(Explanation for Linux 2.6) For processes running a real-time scheduling policy (policy
below; see sched_setscheduler(2)), this is the negated scheduling priority, minus one;
that is, a number in the range -2 to -100, corresponding to real-time priorities 1 to
99. For processes running under a non-real-time scheduling policy, this is the raw nice
value (setpriority(2)) as represented in the kernel. The kernel stores nice values as
numbers in the range 0 (high) to 39 (low), corresponding to the user-visible nice range
of -20 to 19.
Before Linux 2.6, this was a scaled value based on the scheduler weighting given to this
process.
(19) nice %ld
The nice value (see setpriority(2)), a value in the range 19 (low priority) to -20 (high
priority).
(20) num_threads %ld
Number of threads in this process (since Linux 2.6). Before kernel 2.6, this field was
hard coded to 0 as a placeholder for an earlier removed field.
(21) itrealvalue %ld
The time in jiffies before the next SIGALRM is sent to the process due to an interval
timer. Since kernel 2.6.17, this field is no longer maintained, and is hard coded as 0.
(22) starttime %llu
The time the process started after system boot. In kernels before Linux 2.6, this value
was expressed in jiffies. Since Linux 2.6, the value is expressed in clock ticks
(divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).
The format for this field was %lu before Linux 2.6.
(23) vsize %lu
Virtual memory size in bytes.
(24) rss %ld
Resident Set Size: number of pages the process has in real memory. This is just the
pages which count toward text, data, or stack space. This does not include pages which
have not been demand-loaded in, or which are swapped out.
(25) rsslim %lu
Current soft limit in bytes on the rss of the process; see the description of RLIMIT_RSS
in getrlimit(2).
(26) startcode %lu [PT]
The address above which program text can run.
(27) endcode %lu [PT]
The address below which program text can run.
(28) startstack %lu [PT]
The address of the start (i.e., bottom) of the stack.
(29) kstkesp %lu [PT]
The current value of ESP (stack pointer), as found in the kernel stack page for the
process.
(30) kstkeip %lu [PT]
The current EIP (instruction pointer).
(31) signal %lu
The bitmap of pending signals, displayed as a decimal number. Obsolete, because it does
not provide information on real-time signals; use /proc/[pid]/status instead.
(32) blocked %lu
The bitmap of blocked signals, displayed as a decimal number. Obsolete, because it does
not provide information on real-time signals; use /proc/[pid]/status instead.
(33) sigignore %lu
The bitmap of ignored signals, displayed as a decimal number. Obsolete, because it does
not provide information on real-time signals; use /proc/[pid]/status instead.
(34) sigcatch %lu
The bitmap of caught signals, displayed as a decimal number. Obsolete, because it does
not provide information on real-time signals; use /proc/[pid]/status instead.
(35) wchan %lu [PT]
This is the "channel" in which the process is waiting. It is the address of a location
in the kernel where the process is sleeping. The corresponding symbolic name can be
found in /proc/[pid]/wchan.
(36) nswap %lu
Number of pages swapped (not maintained).
(37) cnswap %lu
Cumulative nswap for child processes (not maintained).
(38) exit_signal %d (since Linux 2.1.22)
Signal to be sent to parent when we die.
(39) processor %d (since Linux 2.2.8)
CPU number last executed on.
(40) rt_priority %u (since Linux 2.5.19)
Real-time scheduling priority, a number in the range 1 to 99 for processes scheduled
under a real-time policy, or 0, for non-real-time processes (see sched_setscheduler(2)).
(41) policy %u (since Linux 2.5.19)
Scheduling policy (see sched_setscheduler(2)). Decode using the SCHED_* constants in
linux/sched.h.
The format for this field was %lu before Linux 2.6.22.
(42) delayacct_blkio_ticks %llu (since Linux 2.6.18)
Aggregated block I/O delays, measured in clock ticks (centiseconds).
(43) guest_time %lu (since Linux 2.6.24)
Guest time of the process (time spent running a virtual CPU for a guest operating
system), measured in clock ticks (divide by sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).
(44) cguest_time %ld (since Linux 2.6.24)
Guest time of the process's children, measured in clock ticks (divide by
sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK)).
(45) start_data %lu (since Linux 3.3) [PT]
Address above which program initialized and uninitialized (BSS) data are placed.
(46) end_data %lu (since Linux 3.3) [PT]
Address below which program initialized and uninitialized (BSS) data are placed.
(47) start_brk %lu (since Linux 3.3) [PT]
Address above which program heap can be expanded with brk(2).
(48) arg_start %lu (since Linux 3.5) [PT]
Address above which program command-line arguments (argv) are placed.
(49) arg_end %lu (since Linux 3.5) [PT]
Address below program command-line arguments (argv) are placed.
(50) env_start %lu (since Linux 3.5) [PT]
Address above which program environment is placed.
(51) env_end %lu (since Linux 3.5) [PT]
Address below which program environment is placed.
(52) exit_code %d (since Linux 3.5) [PT]
The thread's exit status in the form reported by waitpid(2).
/proc/[pid]/statm
Provides information about memory usage, measured in pages. The columns are:
size (1) total program size
(same as VmSize in /proc/[pid]/status)
resident (2) resident set size
(same as VmRSS in /proc/[pid]/status)
shared (3) number of resident shared pages (i.e., backed by a file)
(same as RssFile+RssShmem in /proc/[pid]/status)
text (4) text (code)
lib (5) library (unused since Linux 2.6; always 0)
data (6) data + stack
dt (7) dirty pages (unused since Linux 2.6; always 0)
/proc/[pid]/status
Provides much of the information in /proc/[pid]/stat and /proc/[pid]/statm in a format that's
easier for humans to parse. Here's an example:
$ cat /proc/$$/status
Name: bash
Umask: 0022
State: S (sleeping)
Tgid: 17248
Ngid: 0
Pid: 17248
PPid: 17200
TracerPid: 0
Uid: 1000 1000 1000 1000
Gid: 100 100 100 100
FDSize: 256
Groups: 16 33 100
NStgid: 17248
NSpid: 17248
NSpgid: 17248
NSsid: 17200
VmPeak: 131168 kB
VmSize: 131168 kB
VmLck: 0 kB
VmPin: 0 kB
VmHWM: 13484 kB
VmRSS: 13484 kB
RssAnon: 10264 kB
RssFile: 3220 kB
RssShmem: 0 kB
VmData: 10332 kB
VmStk: 136 kB
VmExe: 992 kB
VmLib: 2104 kB
VmPTE: 76 kB
VmPMD: 12 kB
VmSwap: 0 kB
HugetlbPages: 0 kB # 4.4
CoreDumping: 0 # 4.15
Threads: 1
SigQ: 0/3067
SigPnd: 0000000000000000
ShdPnd: 0000000000000000
SigBlk: 0000000000010000
SigIgn: 0000000000384004
SigCgt: 000000004b813efb
CapInh: 0000000000000000
CapPrm: 0000000000000000
CapEff: 0000000000000000
CapBnd: ffffffffffffffff
CapAmb: 0000000000000000
NoNewPrivs: 0
Seccomp: 0
Speculation_Store_Bypass: vulnerable
Cpus_allowed: 00000001
Cpus_allowed_list: 0
Mems_allowed: 1
Mems_allowed_list: 0
voluntary_ctxt_switches: 150
nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches: 545
The fields are as follows:
* Name: Command run by this process.
* Umask: Process umask, expressed in octal with a leading zero; see umask(2). (Since Linux 4.7.)
* State: Current state of the process. One of "R (running)", "S (sleeping)", "D (disk sleep)", "T
(stopped)", "T (tracing stop)", "Z (zombie)", or "X (dead)".
* Tgid: Thread group ID (i.e., Process ID).
* Ngid: NUMA group ID (0 if none; since Linux 3.13).
* Pid: Thread ID (see gettid(2)).
* PPid: PID of parent process.
* TracerPid: PID of process tracing this process (0 if not being traced).
* Uid, Gid: Real, effective, saved set, and filesystem UIDs (GIDs).
* FDSize: Number of file descriptor slots currently allocated.
* Groups: Supplementary group list.
* NStgid: Thread group ID (i.e., PID) in each of the PID namespaces of which [pid] is a member.
The leftmost entry shows the value with respect to the PID namespace of the process that mounted
this procfs (or the root namespace if mounted by the kernel), followed by the value in
successively nested inner namespaces. (Since Linux 4.1.)
* NSpid: Thread ID in each of the PID namespaces of which [pid] is a member. The fields are
ordered as for NStgid. (Since Linux 4.1.)
* NSpgid: Process group ID in each of the PID namespaces of which [pid] is a member. The fields
are ordered as for NStgid. (Since Linux 4.1.)
* NSsid: descendant namespace session ID hierarchy Session ID in each of the PID namespaces of
which [pid] is a member. The fields are ordered as for NStgid. (Since Linux 4.1.)
* VmPeak: Peak virtual memory size.
* VmSize: Virtual memory size.
* VmLck: Locked memory size (see mlock(2)).
* VmPin: Pinned memory size (since Linux 3.2). These are pages that can't be moved because
something needs to directly access physical memory.
* VmHWM: Peak resident set size ("high water mark").
* VmRSS: Resident set size. Note that the value here is the sum of RssAnon, RssFile, and
RssShmem.
* RssAnon: Size of resident anonymous memory. (since Linux 4.5).
* RssFile: Size of resident file mappings. (since Linux 4.5).
* RssShmem: Size of resident shared memory (includes System V shared memory, mappings from
tmpfs(5), and shared anonymous mappings). (since Linux 4.5).
* VmData, VmStk, VmExe: Size of data, stack, and text segments.
* VmLib: Shared library code size.
* VmPTE: Page table entries size (since Linux 2.6.10).
* VmPMD: Size of second-level page tables (added in Linux 4.0; removed in Linux 4.15).
* VmSwap: Swapped-out virtual memory size by anonymous private pages; shmem swap usage is not
included (since Linux 2.6.34).
* HugetlbPages: Size of hugetlb memory portions (since Linux 4.4).
* CoreDumping: Contains the value 1 if the process is currently dumping core, and 0 if it is not
(since Linux 4.15). This information can be used by a monitoring process to avoid killing a
process that is currently dumping core, which could result in a corrupted core dump file.
* Threads: Number of threads in process containing this thread.
* SigQ: This field contains two slash-separated numbers that relate to queued signals for the real
user ID of this process. The first of these is the number of currently queued signals for this
real user ID, and the second is the resource limit on the number of queued signals for this
process (see the description of RLIMIT_SIGPENDING in getrlimit(2)).
* SigPnd, ShdPnd: Mask (expressed in hexadecimal) of signals pending for thread and for process as
a whole (see pthreads(7) and signal(7)).
* SigBlk, SigIgn, SigCgt: Masks (expressed in hexadecimal) indicating signals being blocked,
ignored, and caught (see signal(7)).
* CapInh, CapPrm, CapEff: Masks (expressed in hexadecimal) of capabilities enabled in inheritable,
permitted, and effective sets (see capabilities(7)).
* CapBnd: Capability bounding set, expressed in hexadecimal (since Linux 2.6.26, see
capabilities(7)).
* CapAmb: Ambient capability set, expressed in hexadecimal (since Linux 4.3, see capabilities(7)).
* NoNewPrivs: Value of the no_new_privs bit (since Linux 4.10, see prctl(2)).
* Seccomp: Seccomp mode of the process (since Linux 3.8, see seccomp(2)). 0 means
SECCOMP_MODE_DISABLED; 1 means SECCOMP_MODE_STRICT; 2 means SECCOMP_MODE_FILTER. This field is
provided only if the kernel was built with the CONFIG_SECCOMP kernel configuration option
enabled.
* Speculation_Store_Bypass: Speculation flaw mitigation state (since Linux 4.17, see prctl(2)).
* Cpus_allowed: Hexadecimal mask of CPUs on which this process may run (since Linux 2.6.24, see
cpuset(7)).
* Cpus_allowed_list: Same as previous, but in "list format" (since Linux 2.6.26, see cpuset(7)).
* Mems_allowed: Mask of memory nodes allowed to this process (since Linux 2.6.24, see cpuset(7)).
* Mems_allowed_list: Same as previous, but in "list format" (since Linux 2.6.26, see cpuset(7)).
* voluntary_ctxt_switches, nonvoluntary_ctxt_switches: Number of voluntary and involuntary context
switches (since Linux 2.6.23).
/proc/[pid]/syscall (since Linux 2.6.27)
This file exposes the system call number and argument registers for the system call currently
being executed by the process, followed by the values of the stack pointer and program counter
registers. The values of all six argument registers are exposed, although most system calls use
fewer registers.
If the process is blocked, but not in a system call, then the file displays -1 in place of the
system call number, followed by just the values of the stack pointer and program counter. If
process is not blocked, then the file contains just the string "running".
This file is present only if the kernel was configured with CONFIG_HAVE_ARCH_TRACEHOOK.
Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace access mode PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH_FSCREDS
check; see ptrace(2).
/proc/[pid]/task (since Linux 2.6.0)
This is a directory that contains one subdirectory for each thread in the process. The name of
each subdirectory is the numerical thread ID ([tid]) of the thread (see gettid(2)).
Within each of these subdirectories, there is a set of files with the same names and contents as
under the /proc/[pid] directories. For attributes that are shared by all threads, the contents
for each of the files under the task/[tid] subdirectories will be the same as in the corresponding
file in the parent /proc/[pid] directory (e.g., in a multithreaded process, all of the
task/[tid]/cwd files will have the same value as the /proc/[pid]/cwd file in the parent directory,
since all of the threads in a process share a working directory). For attributes that are
distinct for each thread, the corresponding files under task/[tid] may have different values
(e.g., various fields in each of the task/[tid]/status files may be different for each thread), or
they might not exist in /proc/[pid] at all.
In a multithreaded process, the contents of the /proc/[pid]/task directory are not available if
the main thread has already terminated (typically by calling pthread_exit(3)).
/proc/[pid]/task/[tid]/children (since Linux 3.5)
A space-separated list of child tasks of this task. Each child task is represented by its TID.
This option is intended for use by the checkpoint-restore (CRIU) system, and reliably provides a
list of children only if all of the child processes are stopped or frozen. It does not work
properly if children of the target task exit while the file is being read! Exiting children may
cause non-exiting children to be omitted from the list. This makes this interface even more
unreliable than classic PID-based approaches if the inspected task and its children aren't frozen,
and most code should probably not use this interface.
Until Linux 4.2, the presence of this file was governed by the CONFIG_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE kernel
configuration option. Since Linux 4.2, it is governed by the CONFIG_PROC_CHILDREN option.
/proc/[pid]/timers (since Linux 3.10)
A list of the POSIX timers for this process. Each timer is listed with a line that starts with
the string "ID:". For example:
ID: 1
signal: 60/00007fff86e452a8
notify: signal/pid.2634
ClockID: 0
ID: 0
signal: 60/00007fff86e452a8
notify: signal/pid.2634
ClockID: 1
The lines shown for each timer have the following meanings:
ID The ID for this timer. This is not the same as the timer ID returned by timer_create(2);
rather, it is the same kernel-internal ID that is available via the si_timerid field of the
siginfo_t structure (see sigaction(2)).
signal This is the signal number that this timer uses to deliver notifications followed by a
slash, and then the sigev_value value supplied to the signal handler. Valid only for
timers that notify via a signal.
notify The part before the slash specifies the mechanism that this timer uses to deliver
notifications, and is one of "thread", "signal", or "none". Immediately following the
slash is either the string "tid" for timers with SIGEV_THREAD_ID notification, or "pid" for
timers that notify by other mechanisms. Following the "." is the PID of the process (or
the kernel thread ID of the thread) that will be delivered a signal if the timer delivers
notifications via a signal.
ClockID
This field identifies the clock that the timer uses for measuring time. For most clocks,
this is a number that matches one of the user-space CLOCK_* constants exposed via <time.h>.
CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID timers display with a value of -6 in this field.
CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID timers display with a value of -2 in this field.
This file is available only when the kernel was configured with CONFIG_CHECKPOINT_RESTORE.
/proc/[pid]/timerslack_ns (since Linux 4.6)
This file exposes the process's "current" timer slack value, expressed in nanoseconds. The file
is writable, allowing the process's timer slack value to be changed. Writing 0 to this file
resets the "current" timer slack to the "default" timer slack value. For further details, see the
discussion of PR_SET_TIMERSLACK in prctl(2).
Initially, permission to access this file was governed by a ptrace access mode
PTRACE_MODE_ATTACH_FSCREDS check (see ptrace(2)). However, this was subsequently deemed too
strict a requirement (and had the side effect that requiring a process to have the CAP_SYS_PTRACE
capability would also allow it to view and change any process's memory). Therefore, since Linux
4.9, only the (weaker) CAP_SYS_NICE capability is required to access this file.
/proc/[pid]/uid_map, /proc/[pid]/gid_map (since Linux 3.5)
See user_namespaces(7).
/proc/[pid]/wchan (since Linux 2.6.0)
The symbolic name corresponding to the location in the kernel where the process is sleeping.
Permission to access this file is governed by a ptrace access mode PTRACE_MODE_READ_FSCREDS check;
see ptrace(2).
/proc/[tid]
There is a numerical subdirectory for each running thread that is not a thread group leader
(i.e., a thread whose thread ID is not the same as its process ID); the subdirectory is named by
the thread ID. Each one of these subdirectories contains files and subdirectories exposing
information about the thread with the thread ID tid. The contents of these directories are the
same as the corresponding /proc/[pid]/task/[tid] directories.
The /proc/[tid] subdirectories are not visible when iterating through /proc with getdents(2) (and
thus are not visible when one uses ls(1) to view the contents of /proc). However, the pathnames
of these directories are visible to (i.e., usable as arguments in) system calls that operate on
pathnames.
/proc/apm
Advanced power management version and battery information when CONFIG_APM is defined at kernel
compilation time.
/proc/buddyinfo
This file contains information which is used for diagnosing memory fragmentation issues. Each
line starts with the identification of the node and the name of the zone which together identify a
memory region This is then followed by the count of available chunks of a certain order in which
these zones are split. The size in bytes of a certain order is given by the formula:
(2^order) * PAGE_SIZE
The binary buddy allocator algorithm inside the kernel will split one chunk into two chunks of a
smaller order (thus with half the size) or combine two contiguous chunks into one larger chunk of
a higher order (thus with double the size) to satisfy allocation requests and to counter memory
fragmentation. The order matches the column number, when starting to count at zero.
For example on an x86-64 system:
Node 0, zone DMA 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 1 1 3
Node 0, zone DMA32 65 47 4 81 52 28 13 10 5 1 404
Node 0, zone Normal 216 55 189 101 84 38 37 27 5 3 587
In this example, there is one node containing three zones and there are 11 different chunk sizes.
If the page size is 4 kilobytes, then the first zone called DMA (on x86 the first 16 megabyte of
memory) has 1 chunk of 4 kilobytes (order 0) available and has 3 chunks of 4 megabytes (order 10)
available.
If the memory is heavily fragmented, the counters for higher order chunks will be zero and
allocation of large contiguous areas will fail.
Further information about the zones can be found in /proc/zoneinfo.
/proc/bus
Contains subdirectories for installed busses.
/proc/bus/pccard
Subdirectory for PCMCIA devices when CONFIG_PCMCIA is set at kernel compilation time.
/proc/bus/pccard/drivers
/proc/bus/pci
Contains various bus subdirectories and pseudo-files containing information about PCI busses,
installed devices, and device drivers. Some of these files are not ASCII.
/proc/bus/pci/devices
Information about PCI devices. They may be accessed through lspci(8) and setpci(8).
/proc/cgroups (since Linux 2.6.24)
See cgroups(7).
/proc/cmdline
Arguments passed to the Linux kernel at boot time. Often done via a boot manager such as lilo(8)
or grub(8).
/proc/config.gz (since Linux 2.6)
This file exposes the configuration options that were used to build the currently running kernel,
in the same format as they would be shown in the .config file that resulted when configuring the
kernel (using make xconfig, make config, or similar). The file contents are compressed; view or
search them using zcat(1) and zgrep(1). As long as no changes have been made to the following
file, the contents of /proc/config.gz are the same as those provided by:
cat /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/build/.config
/proc/config.gz is provided only if the kernel is configured with CONFIG_IKCONFIG_PROC.
/proc/crypto
A list of the ciphers provided by the kernel crypto API. For details, see the kernel Linux Kernel
Crypto API documentation available under the kernel source directory Documentation/crypto/ (or
Documentation/DocBook before 4.10; the documentation can be built using a command such as make
htmldocs in the root directory of the kernel source tree).
/proc/cpuinfo
This is a collection of CPU and system architecture dependent items, for each supported
architecture a different list. Two common entries are processor which gives CPU number and
bogomips; a system constant that is calculated during kernel initialization. SMP machines have
information for each CPU. The lscpu(1) command gathers its information from this file.
/proc/devices
Text listing of major numbers and device groups. This can be used by MAKEDEV scripts for
consistency with the kernel.
/proc/diskstats (since Linux 2.5.69)
This file contains disk I/O statistics for each disk device. See the Linux kernel source file
Documentation/iostats.txt for further information.
/proc/dma
This is a list of the registered ISA DMA (direct memory access) channels in use.
/proc/driver
Empty subdirectory.
/proc/execdomains
List of the execution domains (ABI personalities).
/proc/fb
Frame buffer information when CONFIG_FB is defined during kernel compilation.
/proc/filesystems
A text listing of the filesystems which are supported by the kernel, namely filesystems which were
compiled into the kernel or whose kernel modules are currently loaded. (See also filesystems(5).)
If a filesystem is marked with "nodev", this means that it does not require a block device to be
mounted (e.g., virtual filesystem, network filesystem).
Incidentally, this file may be used by mount(8) when no filesystem is specified and it didn't
manage to determine the filesystem type. Then filesystems contained in this file are tried
(excepted those that are marked with "nodev").
/proc/fs
Contains subdirectories that in turn contain files with information about (certain) mounted
filesystems.
/proc/ide
This directory exists on systems with the IDE bus. There are directories for each IDE channel and
attached device. Files include:
cache buffer size in KB
capacity number of sectors
driver driver version
geometry physical and logical geometry
identify in hexadecimal
media media type
model manufacturer's model number
settings drive settings
smart_thresholds in hexadecimal
smart_values in hexadecimal
The hdparm(8) utility provides access to this information in a friendly format.
/proc/interrupts
This is used to record the number of interrupts per CPU per IO device. Since Linux 2.6.24, for
the i386 and x86-64 architectures, at least, this also includes interrupts internal to the system
(that is, not associated with a device as such), such as NMI (nonmaskable interrupt), LOC (local
timer interrupt), and for SMP systems, TLB (TLB flush interrupt), RES (rescheduling interrupt),
CAL (remote function call interrupt), and possibly others. Very easy to read formatting, done in
ASCII.
/proc/iomem
I/O memory map in Linux 2.4.
/proc/ioports
This is a list of currently registered Input-Output port regions that are in use.
/proc/kallsyms (since Linux 2.5.71)
This holds the kernel exported symbol definitions used by the modules(X) tools to dynamically link
and bind loadable modules. In Linux 2.5.47 and earlier, a similar file with slightly different
syntax was named ksyms.
/proc/kcore
This file represents the physical memory of the system and is stored in the ELF core file format.
With this pseudo-file, and an unstripped kernel (/usr/src/linux/vmlinux) binary, GDB can be used
to examine the current state of any kernel data structures.
The total length of the file is the size of physical memory (RAM) plus 4 KiB.
/proc/keys (since Linux 2.6.10)
See keyrings(7).
/proc/key-users (since Linux 2.6.10)
See keyrings(7).
/proc/kmsg
This file can be used instead of the syslog(2) system call to read kernel messages. A process
must have superuser privileges to read this file, and only one process should read this file.
This file should not be read if a syslog process is running which uses the syslog(2) system call
facility to log kernel messages.
Information in this file is retrieved with the dmesg(1) program.
/proc/kpagecgroup (since Linux 4.3)
This file contains a 64-bit inode number of the memory cgroup each page is charged to, indexed by
page frame number (see the discussion of /proc/[pid]/pagemap).
The /proc/kpagecgroup file is present only if the CONFIG_MEMCG kernel configuration option is
enabled.
/proc/kpagecount (since Linux 2.6.25)
This file contains a 64-bit count of the number of times each physical page frame is mapped,
indexed by page frame number (see the discussion of /proc/[pid]/pagemap).
The /proc/kpagecount file is present only if the CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR kernel configuration
option is enabled.
/proc/kpageflags (since Linux 2.6.25)
This file contains 64-bit masks corresponding to each physical page frame; it is indexed by page
frame number (see the discussion of /proc/[pid]/pagemap). The bits are as follows:
0 - KPF_LOCKED
1 - KPF_ERROR
2 - KPF_REFERENCED
3 - KPF_UPTODATE
4 - KPF_DIRTY
5 - KPF_LRU
6 - KPF_ACTIVE
7 - KPF_SLAB
8 - KPF_WRITEBACK
9 - KPF_RECLAIM
10 - KPF_BUDDY
11 - KPF_MMAP (since Linux 2.6.31)
12 - KPF_ANON (since Linux 2.6.31)
13 - KPF_SWAPCACHE (since Linux 2.6.31)
14 - KPF_SWAPBACKED (since Linux 2.6.31)
15 - KPF_COMPOUND_HEAD (since Linux 2.6.31)
16 - KPF_COMPOUND_TAIL (since Linux 2.6.31)
17 - KPF_HUGE (since Linux 2.6.31)
18 - KPF_UNEVICTABLE (since Linux 2.6.31)
19 - KPF_HWPOISON (since Linux 2.6.31)
20 - KPF_NOPAGE (since Linux 2.6.31)
21 - KPF_KSM (since Linux 2.6.32)
22 - KPF_THP (since Linux 3.4)
23 - KPF_BALLOON (since Linux 3.18)
24 - KPF_ZERO_PAGE (since Linux 4.0)
25 - KPF_IDLE (since Linux 4.3)
For further details on the meanings of these bits, see the kernel source file Documentation/admin-
guide/mm/pagemap.rst. Before kernel 2.6.29, KPF_WRITEBACK, KPF_RECLAIM, KPF_BUDDY, and KPF_LOCKED
did not report correctly.
The /proc/kpageflags file is present only if the CONFIG_PROC_PAGE_MONITOR kernel configuration
option is enabled.
/proc/ksyms (Linux 1.1.23–2.5.47)
See /proc/kallsyms.
/proc/loadavg
The first three fields in this file are load average figures giving the number of jobs in the run
queue (state R) or waiting for disk I/O (state D) averaged over 1, 5, and 15 minutes. They are
the same as the load average numbers given by uptime(1) and other programs. The fourth field
consists of two numbers separated by a slash (/). The first of these is the number of currently
runnable kernel scheduling entities (processes, threads). The value after the slash is the number
of kernel scheduling entities that currently exist on the system. The fifth field is the PID of
the process that was most recently created on the system.
/proc/locks
This file shows current file locks (flock(2) and fcntl(2)) and leases (fcntl(2)).
An example of the content shown in this file is the following:
1: POSIX ADVISORY READ 5433 08:01:7864448 128 128
2: FLOCK ADVISORY WRITE 2001 08:01:7864554 0 EOF
3: FLOCK ADVISORY WRITE 1568 00:2f:32388 0 EOF
4: POSIX ADVISORY WRITE 699 00:16:28457 0 EOF
5: POSIX ADVISORY WRITE 764 00:16:21448 0 0
6: POSIX ADVISORY READ 3548 08:01:7867240 1 1
7: POSIX ADVISORY READ 3548 08:01:7865567 1826 2335
8: OFDLCK ADVISORY WRITE -1 08:01:8713209 128 191
The fields shown in each line are as follows:
(1) The ordinal position of the lock in the list.
(2) The lock type. Values that may appear here include:
FLOCK This is a BSD file lock created using flock(2).
OFDLCK This is an open file description (OFD) lock created using fcntl(2).
POSIX This is a POSIX byte-range lock created using fcntl(2).
(3) Among the strings that can appear here are the following:
ADVISORY
This is an advisory lock.
MANDATORY
This is a mandatory lock.
(4) The type of lock. Values that can appear here are:
READ This is a POSIX or OFD read lock, or a BSD shared lock.
WRITE This is a POSIX or OFD write lock, or a BSD exclusive lock.
(5) The PID of the process that owns the lock.
Because OFD locks are not owned by a single process (since multiple processes may have file
descriptors that refer to the same open file description), the value -1 is displayed in this
field for OFD locks. (Before kernel 4.14, a bug meant that the PID of the process that
initially acquired the lock was displayed instead of the value -1.)
(6) Three colon-separated subfields that identify the major and minor device ID of the device
containing the filesystem where the locked file resides, followed by the inode number of the
locked file.
(7) The byte offset of the first byte of the lock. For BSD locks, this value is always 0.
(8) The byte offset of the last byte of the lock. EOF in this field means that the lock extends
to the end of the file. For BSD locks, the value shown is always EOF.
Since Linux 4.9, the list of locks shown in /proc/locks is filtered to show just the locks for the
processes in the PID namespace (see pid_namespaces(7)) for which the /proc filesystem was mounted.
(In the initial PID namespace, there is no filtering of the records shown in this file.)
The lslocks(8) command provides a bit more information about each lock.
/proc/malloc (only up to and including Linux 2.2)
This file is present only if CONFIG_DEBUG_MALLOC was defined during compilation.
/proc/meminfo
This file reports statistics about memory usage on the system. It is used by free(1) to report
the amount of free and used memory (both physical and swap) on the system as well as the shared
memory and buffers used by the kernel. Each line of the file consists of a parameter name,
followed by a colon, the value of the parameter, and an option unit of measurement (e.g., "kB").
The list below describes the parameter names and the format specifier required to read the field
value. Except as noted below, all of the fields have been present since at least Linux 2.6.0.
Some fields are displayed only if the kernel was configured with various options; those
dependencies are noted in the list.
MemTotal %lu
Total usable RAM (i.e., physical RAM minus a few reserved bits and the kernel binary code).
MemFree %lu
The sum of LowFree+HighFree.
MemAvailable %lu (since Linux 3.14)
An estimate of how much memory is available for starting new applications, without
swapping.
Buffers %lu
Relatively temporary storage for raw disk blocks that shouldn't get tremendously large
(20MB or so).
Cached %lu
In-memory cache for files read from the disk (the page cache). Doesn't include SwapCached.
SwapCached %lu
Memory that once was swapped out, is swapped back in but still also is in the swap file.
(If memory pressure is high, these pages don't need to be swapped out again because they
are already in the swap file. This saves I/O.)
Active %lu
Memory that has been used more recently and usually not reclaimed unless absolutely
necessary.
Inactive %lu
Memory which has been less recently used. It is more eligible to be reclaimed for other
purposes.
Active(anon) %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
[To be documented.]
Inactive(anon) %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
[To be documented.]
Active(file) %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
[To be documented.]
Inactive(file) %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
[To be documented.]
Unevictable %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
(From Linux 2.6.28 to 2.6.30, CONFIG_UNEVICTABLE_LRU was required.) [To be documented.]
Mlocked %lu (since Linux 2.6.28)
(From Linux 2.6.28 to 2.6.30, CONFIG_UNEVICTABLE_LRU was required.) [To be documented.]
HighTotal %lu
(Starting with Linux 2.6.19, CONFIG_HIGHMEM is required.) Total amount of highmem.
Highmem is all memory above ~860MB of physical memory. Highmem areas are for use by user-
space programs, or for the page cache. The kernel must use tricks to access this memory,
making it slower to access than lowmem.
HighFree %lu
(Starting with Linux 2.6.19, CONFIG_HIGHMEM is required.) Amount of free highmem.
LowTotal %lu
(Starting with Linux 2.6.19, CONFIG_HIGHMEM is required.) Total amount of lowmem. Lowmem
is memory which can be used for everything that highmem can be used for, but it is also
available for the kernel's use for its own data structures. Among many other things, it is
where everything from Slab is allocated. Bad things happen when you're out of lowmem.
LowFree %lu
(Starting with Linux 2.6.19, CONFIG_HIGHMEM is required.) Amount of free lowmem.
MmapCopy %lu (since Linux 2.6.29)
(CONFIG_MMU is required.) [To be documented.]
SwapTotal %lu
Total amount of swap space available.
SwapFree %lu
Amount of swap space that is currently unused.
Dirty %lu
Memory which is waiting to get written back to the disk.
Writeback %lu
Memory which is actively being written back to the disk.
AnonPages %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)
Non-file backed pages mapped into user-space page tables.
Mapped %lu
Files which have been mapped into memory (with mmap(2)), such as libraries.
Shmem %lu (since Linux 2.6.32)
Amount of memory consumed in tmpfs(5) filesystems.
KReclaimable %lu (since Linux 4.20)
Kernel allocations that the kernel will attempt to reclaim under memory pressure. Includes
SReclaimable (below), and other direct allocations with a shrinker.
Slab %lu
In-kernel data structures cache. (See slabinfo(5).)
SReclaimable %lu (since Linux 2.6.19)
Part of Slab, that might be reclaimed, such as caches.
SUnreclaim %lu (since Linux 2.6.19)
Part of Slab, that cannot be reclaimed on memory pressure.
KernelStack %lu (since Linux 2.6.32)
Amount of memory allocated to kernel stacks.
PageTables %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)
Amount of memory dedicated to the lowest level of page tables.
Quicklists %lu (since Linux 2.6.27)
(CONFIG_QUICKLIST is required.) [To be documented.]
NFS_Unstable %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)
NFS pages sent to the server, but not yet committed to stable storage.
Bounce %lu (since Linux 2.6.18)
Memory used for block device "bounce buffers".
WritebackTmp %lu (since Linux 2.6.26)
Memory used by FUSE for temporary writeback buffers.
CommitLimit %lu (since Linux 2.6.10)
This is the total amount of memory currently available to be allocated on the system,
expressed in kilobytes. This limit is adhered to only if strict overcommit accounting is
enabled (mode 2 in /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory). The limit is calculated according to
the formula described under /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory. For further details, see the
kernel source file Documentation/vm/overcommit-accounting.rst.
Committed_AS %lu
The amount of memory presently allocated on the system. The committed memory is a sum of
all of the memory which has been allocated by processes, even if it has not been "used" by
them as of yet. A process which allocates 1GB of memory (using malloc(3) or similar), but
touches only 300MB of that memory will show up as using only 300MB of memory even if it has
the address space allocated for the entire 1GB.
This 1GB is memory which has been "committed" to by the VM and can be used at any time by
the allocating application. With strict overcommit enabled on the system (mode 2 in
/proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory), allocations which would exceed the CommitLimit will not be
permitted. This is useful if one needs to guarantee that processes will not fail due to
lack of memory once that memory has been successfully allocated.
VmallocTotal %lu
Total size of vmalloc memory area.
VmallocUsed %lu
Amount of vmalloc area which is used. Since Linux 4.4, this field is no longer calculated,
and is hard coded as 0. See /proc/vmallocinfo.
VmallocChunk %lu
Largest contiguous block of vmalloc area which is free. Since Linux 4.4, this field is no
longer calculated and is hard coded as 0. See /proc/vmallocinfo.
HardwareCorrupted %lu (since Linux 2.6.32)
(CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE is required.) [To be documented.]
LazyFree %lu (since Linux 4.12)
Shows the amount of memory marked by madvise(2) MADV_FREE.
AnonHugePages %lu (since Linux 2.6.38)
(CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE is required.) Non-file backed huge pages mapped into user-
space page tables.
ShmemHugePages %lu (since Linux 4.8)
(CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE is required.) Memory used by shared memory (shmem) and
tmpfs(5) allocated with huge pages
ShmemPmdMapped %lu (since Linux 4.8)
(CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE is required.) Shared memory mapped into user space with huge
pages.
CmaTotal %lu (since Linux 3.1)
Total CMA (Contiguous Memory Allocator) pages. (CONFIG_CMA is required.)
CmaFree %lu (since Linux 3.1)
Free CMA (Contiguous Memory Allocator) pages. (CONFIG_CMA is required.)
HugePages_Total %lu
(CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE is required.) The size of the pool of huge pages.
HugePages_Free %lu
(CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE is required.) The number of huge pages in the pool that are not yet
allocated.
HugePages_Rsvd %lu (since Linux 2.6.17)
(CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE is required.) This is the number of huge pages for which a commitment
to allocate from the pool has been made, but no allocation has yet been made. These
reserved huge pages guarantee that an application will be able to allocate a huge page from
the pool of huge pages at fault time.
HugePages_Surp %lu (since Linux 2.6.24)
(CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE is required.) This is the number of huge pages in the pool above the
value in /proc/sys/vm/nr_hugepages. The maximum number of surplus huge pages is controlled
by /proc/sys/vm/nr_overcommit_hugepages.
Hugepagesize %lu
(CONFIG_HUGETLB_PAGE is required.) The size of huge pages.
DirectMap4k %lu (since Linux 2.6.27)
Number of bytes of RAM linearly mapped by kernel in 4kB pages. (x86.)
DirectMap4M %lu (since Linux 2.6.27)
Number of bytes of RAM linearly mapped by kernel in 4MB pages. (x86 with CONFIG_X86_64 or
CONFIG_X86_PAE enabled.)
DirectMap2M %lu (since Linux 2.6.27)
Number of bytes of RAM linearly mapped by kernel in 2MB pages. (x86 with neither
CONFIG_X86_64 nor CONFIG_X86_PAE enabled.)
DirectMap1G %lu (since Linux 2.6.27)
(x86 with CONFIG_X86_64 and CONFIG_X86_DIRECT_GBPAGES enabled.)
/proc/modules
A text list of the modules that have been loaded by the system. See also lsmod(8).
/proc/mounts
Before kernel 2.4.19, this file was a list of all the filesystems currently mounted on the system.
With the introduction of per-process mount namespaces in Linux 2.4.19 (see mount_namespaces(7)),
this file became a link to /proc/self/mounts, which lists the mount points of the process's own
mount namespace. The format of this file is documented in fstab(5).
/proc/mtrr
Memory Type Range Registers. See the Linux kernel source file Documentation/x86/mtrr.txt (or
Documentation/mtrr.txt before Linux 2.6.28) for details.
/proc/net
This directory contains various files and subdirectories containing information about the
networking layer. The files contain ASCII structures and are, therefore, readable with cat(1).
However, the standard netstat(8) suite provides much cleaner access to these files.
With the advent of network namespaces, various information relating to the network stack is
virtualized (see network_namespaces(7)). Thus, since Linux 2.6.25, /proc/net is a symbolic link
to the directory /proc/self/net, which contains the same files and directories as listed below.
However, these files and directories now expose information for the network namespace of which the
process is a member.
/proc/net/arp
This holds an ASCII readable dump of the kernel ARP table used for address resolutions. It will
show both dynamically learned and preprogrammed ARP entries. The format is:
IP address HW type Flags HW address Mask Device
192.168.0.50 0x1 0x2 00:50:BF:25:68:F3 * eth0
192.168.0.250 0x1 0xc 00:00:00:00:00:00 * eth0
Here "IP address" is the IPv4 address of the machine and the "HW type" is the hardware type of the
address from RFC 826. The flags are the internal flags of the ARP structure (as defined in
/usr/include/linux/if_arp.h) and the "HW address" is the data link layer mapping for that IP
address if it is known.
/proc/net/dev
The dev pseudo-file contains network device status information. This gives the number of received
and sent packets, the number of errors and collisions and other basic statistics. These are used
by the ifconfig(8) program to report device status. The format is:
Inter-| Receive | Transmit
face |bytes packets errs drop fifo frame compressed multicast|bytes packets errs drop fifo colls carrier compressed
lo: 2776770 11307 0 0 0 0 0 0 2776770 11307 0 0 0 0 0 0
eth0: 1215645 2751 0 0 0 0 0 0 1782404 4324 0 0 0 427 0 0
ppp0: 1622270 5552 1 0 0 0 0 0 354130 5669 0 0 0 0 0 0
tap0: 7714 81 0 0 0 0 0 0 7714 81 0 0 0 0 0 0
/proc/net/dev_mcast
Defined in /usr/src/linux/net/core/dev_mcast.c:
indx interface_name dmi_u dmi_g dmi_address
2 eth0 1 0 01005e000001
3 eth1 1 0 01005e000001
4 eth2 1 0 01005e000001
/proc/net/igmp
Internet Group Management Protocol. Defined in /usr/src/linux/net/core/igmp.c.
/proc/net/rarp
This file uses the same format as the arp file and contains the current reverse mapping database
used to provide rarp(8) reverse address lookup services. If RARP is not configured into the
kernel, this file will not be present.
/proc/net/raw
Holds a dump of the RAW socket table. Much of the information is not of use apart from debugging.
The "sl" value is the kernel hash slot for the socket, the "local_address" is the local address
and protocol number pair. "St" is the internal status of the socket. The "tx_queue" and
"rx_queue" are the outgoing and incoming data queue in terms of kernel memory usage. The "tr",
"tm->when", and "rexmits" fields are not used by RAW. The "uid" field holds the effective UID of
the creator of the socket.
/proc/net/snmp
This file holds the ASCII data needed for the IP, ICMP, TCP, and UDP management information bases
for an SNMP agent.
/proc/net/tcp
Holds a dump of the TCP socket table. Much of the information is not of use apart from debugging.
The "sl" value is the kernel hash slot for the socket, the "local_address" is the local address
and port number pair. The "rem_address" is the remote address and port number pair (if
connected). "St" is the internal status of the socket. The "tx_queue" and "rx_queue" are the
outgoing and incoming data queue in terms of kernel memory usage. The "tr", "tm->when", and
"rexmits" fields hold internal information of the kernel socket state and are useful only for
debugging. The "uid" field holds the effective UID of the creator of the socket.
/proc/net/udp
Holds a dump of the UDP socket table. Much of the information is not of use apart from debugging.
The "sl" value is the kernel hash slot for the socket, the "local_address" is the local address
and port number pair. The "rem_address" is the remote address and port number pair (if
connected). "St" is the internal status of the socket. The "tx_queue" and "rx_queue" are the
outgoing and incoming data queue in terms of kernel memory usage. The "tr", "tm->when", and
"rexmits" fields are not used by UDP. The "uid" field holds the effective UID of the creator of
the socket. The format is:
sl local_address rem_address st tx_queue rx_queue tr rexmits tm->when uid
1: 01642C89:0201 0C642C89:03FF 01 00000000:00000001 01:000071BA 00000000 0
1: 00000000:0801 00000000:0000 0A 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 6F000100 0
1: 00000000:0201 00000000:0000 0A 00000000:00000000 00:00000000 00000000 0
/proc/net/unix
Lists the UNIX domain sockets present within the system and their status. The format is:
Num RefCount Protocol Flags Type St Inode Path
0: 00000002 00000000 00000000 0001 03 42
1: 00000001 00000000 00010000 0001 01 1948 /dev/printer
The fields are as follows:
Num: the kernel table slot number.
RefCount: the number of users of the socket.
Protocol: currently always 0.
Flags: the internal kernel flags holding the status of the socket.
Type: the socket type. For SOCK_STREAM sockets, this is 0001; for SOCK_DGRAM sockets, it is
0002; and for SOCK_SEQPACKET sockets, it is 0005.
St: the internal state of the socket.
Inode: the inode number of the socket.
Path: the bound pathname (if any) of the socket. Sockets in the abstract namespace are
included in the list, and are shown with a Path that commences with the character '@'.
/proc/net/netfilter/nfnetlink_queue
This file contains information about netfilter user-space queueing, if used. Each line represents
a queue. Queues that have not been subscribed to by user space are not shown.
1 4207 0 2 65535 0 0 0 1
(1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) (7) (8)
The fields in each line are:
(1) The ID of the queue. This matches what is specified in the --queue-num or --queue-balance
options to the iptables(8) NFQUEUE target. See iptables-extensions(8) for more information.
(2) The netlink port ID subscribed to the queue.
(3) The number of packets currently queued and waiting to be processed by the application.
(4) The copy mode of the queue. It is either 1 (metadata only) or 2 (also copy payload data to
user space).
(5) Copy range; that is, how many bytes of packet payload should be copied to user space at most.
(6) queue dropped. Number of packets that had to be dropped by the kernel because too many
packets are already waiting for user space to send back the mandatory accept/drop verdicts.
(7) queue user dropped. Number of packets that were dropped within the netlink subsystem. Such
drops usually happen when the corresponding socket buffer is full; that is, user space is not
able to read messages fast enough.
(8) sequence number. Every queued packet is associated with a (32-bit) monotonically-increasing
sequence number. This shows the ID of the most recent packet queued.
The last number exists only for compatibility reasons and is always 1.
/proc/partitions
Contains the major and minor numbers of each partition as well as the number of 1024-byte blocks
and the partition name.
/proc/pci
This is a listing of all PCI devices found during kernel initialization and their configuration.
This file has been deprecated in favor of a new /proc interface for PCI (/proc/bus/pci). It
became optional in Linux 2.2 (available with CONFIG_PCI_OLD_PROC set at kernel compilation). It
became once more nonoptionally enabled in Linux 2.4. Next, it was deprecated in Linux 2.6 (still
available with CONFIG_PCI_LEGACY_PROC set), and finally removed altogether since Linux 2.6.17.
/proc/profile (since Linux 2.4)
This file is present only if the kernel was booted with the profile=1 command-line option. It
exposes kernel profiling information in a binary format for use by readprofile(1). Writing (e.g.,
an empty string) to this file resets the profiling counters; on some architectures, writing a
binary integer "profiling multiplier" of size sizeof(int) sets the profiling interrupt frequency.
/proc/scsi
A directory with the scsi mid-level pseudo-file and various SCSI low-level driver directories,
which contain a file for each SCSI host in this system, all of which give the status of some part
of the SCSI IO subsystem. These files contain ASCII structures and are, therefore, readable with
cat(1).
You can also write to some of the files to reconfigure the subsystem or switch certain features on
or off.
/proc/scsi/scsi
This is a listing of all SCSI devices known to the kernel. The listing is similar to the one seen
during bootup. scsi currently supports only the add-single-device command which allows root to
add a hotplugged device to the list of known devices.
The command
echo 'scsi add-single-device 1 0 5 0' > /proc/scsi/scsi
will cause host scsi1 to scan on SCSI channel 0 for a device on ID 5 LUN 0. If there is already a
device known on this address or the address is invalid, an error will be returned.
/proc/scsi/[drivername]
[drivername] can currently be NCR53c7xx, aha152x, aha1542, aha1740, aic7xxx, buslogic, eata_dma,
eata_pio, fdomain, in2000, pas16, qlogic, scsi_debug, seagate, t128, u15-24f, ultrastore, or
wd7000. These directories show up for all drivers that registered at least one SCSI HBA. Every
directory contains one file per registered host. Every host-file is named after the number the
host was assigned during initialization.
Reading these files will usually show driver and host configuration, statistics, and so on.
Writing to these files allows different things on different hosts. For example, with the latency
and nolatency commands, root can switch on and off command latency measurement code in the
eata_dma driver. With the lockup and unlock commands, root can control bus lockups simulated by
the scsi_debug driver.
/proc/self
This directory refers to the process accessing the /proc filesystem, and is identical to the /proc
directory named by the process ID of the same process.
/proc/slabinfo
Information about kernel caches. See slabinfo(5) for details.
/proc/stat
kernel/system statistics. Varies with architecture. Common entries include:
cpu 10132153 290696 3084719 46828483 16683 0 25195 0 175628 0
cpu0 1393280 32966 572056 13343292 6130 0 17875 0 23933 0
The amount of time, measured in units of USER_HZ (1/100ths of a second on most
architectures, use sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK) to obtain the right value), that the system ("cpu"
line) or the specific CPU ("cpuN" line) spent in various states:
user (1) Time spent in user mode.
nice (2) Time spent in user mode with low priority (nice).
system (3) Time spent in system mode.
idle (4) Time spent in the idle task. This value should be USER_HZ times the second
entry in the /proc/uptime pseudo-file.
iowait (since Linux 2.5.41)
(5) Time waiting for I/O to complete. This value is not reliable, for the following
reasons:
1. The CPU will not wait for I/O to complete; iowait is the time that a task is
waiting for I/O to complete. When a CPU goes into idle state for outstanding
task I/O, another task will be scheduled on this CPU.
2. On a multi-core CPU, the task waiting for I/O to complete is not running on any
CPU, so the iowait of each CPU is difficult to calculate.
3. The value in this field may decrease in certain conditions.
irq (since Linux 2.6.0)
(6) Time servicing interrupts.
softirq (since Linux 2.6.0
(7) Time servicing softirqs.
steal (since Linux 2.6.11)
(8) Stolen time, which is the time spent in other operating systems when running in
a virtualized environment
guest (since Linux 2.6.24)
(9) Time spent running a virtual CPU for guest operating systems under the control
of the Linux kernel.
guest_nice (since Linux 2.6.33)
(10) Time spent running a niced guest (virtual CPU for guest operating systems under
the control of the Linux kernel).
page 5741 1808
The number of pages the system paged in and the number that were paged out (from disk).
swap 1 0
The number of swap pages that have been brought in and out.
intr 1462898
This line shows counts of interrupts serviced since boot time, for each of the possible
system interrupts. The first column is the total of all interrupts serviced including
unnumbered architecture specific interrupts; each subsequent column is the total for that
particular numbered interrupt. Unnumbered interrupts are not shown, only summed into the
total.
disk_io: (2,0):(31,30,5764,1,2) (3,0):...
(major,disk_idx):(noinfo, read_io_ops, blks_read, write_io_ops, blks_written)
(Linux 2.4 only)
ctxt 115315
The number of context switches that the system underwent.
btime 769041601
boot time, in seconds since the Epoch, 1970-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 (UTC).
processes 86031
Number of forks since boot.
procs_running 6
Number of processes in runnable state. (Linux 2.5.45 onward.)
procs_blocked 2
Number of processes blocked waiting for I/O to complete. (Linux 2.5.45 onward.)
softirq 229245889 94 60001584 13619 5175704 2471304 28 51212741 59130143 0 51240672
This line shows the number of softirq for all CPUs. The first column is the total of all
softirqs and each subsequent column is the total for particular softirq. (Linux 2.6.31
onward.)
/proc/swaps
Swap areas in use. See also swapon(8).
/proc/sys
This directory (present since 1.3.57) contains a number of files and subdirectories corresponding
to kernel variables. These variables can be read and sometimes modified using the /proc
filesystem, and the (deprecated) sysctl(2) system call.
String values may be terminated by either '\0' or '\n'.
Integer and long values may be written either in decimal or in hexadecimal notation (e.g. 0x3FFF).
When writing multiple integer or long values, these may be separated by any of the following
whitespace characters: ' ', '\t', or '\n'. Using other separators leads to the error EINVAL.
/proc/sys/abi (since Linux 2.4.10)
This directory may contain files with application binary information. See the Linux kernel source
file Documentation/sysctl/abi.txt for more information.
/proc/sys/debug
This directory may be empty.
/proc/sys/dev
This directory contains device-specific information (e.g., dev/cdrom/info). On some systems, it
may be empty.
/proc/sys/fs
This directory contains the files and subdirectories for kernel variables related to filesystems.
/proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
Documentation for files in this directory can be found in the Linux kernel source in the file
Documentation/admin-guide/binfmt-misc.rst (or in Documentation/binfmt_misc.txt on older kernels).
/proc/sys/fs/dentry-state (since Linux 2.2)
This file contains information about the status of the directory cache (dcache). The file
contains six numbers, nr_dentry, nr_unused, age_limit (age in seconds), want_pages (pages
requested by system) and two dummy values.
* nr_dentry is the number of allocated dentries (dcache entries). This field is unused in Linux
2.2.
* nr_unused is the number of unused dentries.
* age_limit is the age in seconds after which dcache entries can be reclaimed when memory is
short.
* want_pages is nonzero when the kernel has called shrink_dcache_pages() and the dcache isn't
pruned yet.
/proc/sys/fs/dir-notify-enable
This file can be used to disable or enable the dnotify interface described in fcntl(2) on a
system-wide basis. A value of 0 in this file disables the interface, and a value of 1 enables it.
/proc/sys/fs/dquot-max
This file shows the maximum number of cached disk quota entries. On some (2.4) systems, it is not
present. If the number of free cached disk quota entries is very low and you have some awesome
number of simultaneous system users, you might want to raise the limit.
/proc/sys/fs/dquot-nr
This file shows the number of allocated disk quota entries and the number of free disk quota
entries.
/proc/sys/fs/epoll (since Linux 2.6.28)
This directory contains the file max_user_watches, which can be used to limit the amount of kernel
memory consumed by the epoll interface. For further details, see epoll(7).
/proc/sys/fs/file-max
This file defines a system-wide limit on the number of open files for all processes. System calls
that fail when encountering this limit fail with the error ENFILE. (See also setrlimit(2), which
can be used by a process to set the per-process limit, RLIMIT_NOFILE, on the number of files it
may open.) If you get lots of error messages in the kernel log about running out of file handles
(look for "VFS: file-max limit <number> reached"), try increasing this value:
echo 100000 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max
Privileged processes (CAP_SYS_ADMIN) can override the file-max limit.
/proc/sys/fs/file-nr
This (read-only) file contains three numbers: the number of allocated file handles (i.e., the
number of files presently opened); the number of free file handles; and the maximum number of file
handles (i.e., the same value as /proc/sys/fs/file-max). If the number of allocated file handles
is close to the maximum, you should consider increasing the maximum. Before Linux 2.6, the kernel
allocated file handles dynamically, but it didn't free them again. Instead the free file handles
were kept in a list for reallocation; the "free file handles" value indicates the size of that
list. A large number of free file handles indicates that there was a past peak in the usage of
open file handles. Since Linux 2.6, the kernel does deallocate freed file handles, and the "free
file handles" value is always zero.
/proc/sys/fs/inode-max (only present until Linux 2.2)
This file contains the maximum number of in-memory inodes. This value should be 3–4 times larger
than the value in file-max, since stdin, stdout and network sockets also need an inode to handle
them. When you regularly run out of inodes, you need to increase this value.
Starting with Linux 2.4, there is no longer a static limit on the number of inodes, and this file
is removed.
/proc/sys/fs/inode-nr
This file contains the first two values from inode-state.
/proc/sys/fs/inode-state
This file contains seven numbers: nr_inodes, nr_free_inodes, preshrink, and four dummy values
(always zero).
nr_inodes is the number of inodes the system has allocated. nr_free_inodes represents the number
of free inodes.
preshrink is nonzero when the nr_inodes > inode-max and the system needs to prune the inode list
instead of allocating more; since Linux 2.4, this field is a dummy value (always zero).
/proc/sys/fs/inotify (since Linux 2.6.13)
This directory contains files max_queued_events, max_user_instances, and max_user_watches, that
can be used to limit the amount of kernel memory consumed by the inotify interface. For further
details, see inotify(7).
/proc/sys/fs/lease-break-time
This file specifies the grace period that the kernel grants to a process holding a file lease
(fcntl(2)) after it has sent a signal to that process notifying it that another process is waiting
to open the file. If the lease holder does not remove or downgrade the lease within this grace
period, the kernel forcibly breaks the lease.
/proc/sys/fs/leases-enable
This file can be used to enable or disable file leases (fcntl(2)) on a system-wide basis. If this
file contains the value 0, leases are disabled. A nonzero value enables leases.
/proc/sys/fs/mount-max (since Linux 4.9)
The value in this file specifies the maximum number of mounts that may exist in a mount namespace.
The default value in this file is 100,000.
/proc/sys/fs/mqueue (since Linux 2.6.6)
This directory contains files msg_max, msgsize_max, and queues_max, controlling the resources used
by POSIX message queues. See mq_overview(7) for details.
/proc/sys/fs/nr_open (since Linux 2.6.25)
This file imposes ceiling on the value to which the RLIMIT_NOFILE resource limit can be raised
(see getrlimit(2)). This ceiling is enforced for both unprivileged and privileged process. The
default value in this file is 1048576. (Before Linux 2.6.25, the ceiling for RLIMIT_NOFILE was
hard-coded to the same value.)
/proc/sys/fs/overflowgid and /proc/sys/fs/overflowuid
These files allow you to change the value of the fixed UID and GID. The default is 65534. Some
filesystems support only 16-bit UIDs and GIDs, although in Linux UIDs and GIDs are 32 bits. When
one of these filesystems is mounted with writes enabled, any UID or GID that would exceed 65535 is
translated to the overflow value before being written to disk.
/proc/sys/fs/pipe-max-size (since Linux 2.6.35)
See pipe(7).
/proc/sys/fs/pipe-user-pages-hard (since Linux 4.5)
See pipe(7).
/proc/sys/fs/pipe-user-pages-soft (since Linux 4.5)
See pipe(7).
/proc/sys/fs/protected_hardlinks (since Linux 3.6)
When the value in this file is 0, no restrictions are placed on the creation of hard links (i.e.,
this is the historical behavior before Linux 3.6). When the value in this file is 1, a hard link
can be created to a target file only if one of the following conditions is true:
* The calling process has the CAP_FOWNER capability in its user namespace and the file UID has a
mapping in the namespace.
* The filesystem UID of the process creating the link matches the owner (UID) of the target file
(as described in credentials(7), a process's filesystem UID is normally the same as its
effective UID).
* All of the following conditions are true:
• the target is a regular file;
• the target file does not have its set-user-ID mode bit enabled;
• the target file does not have both its set-group-ID and group-executable mode bits enabled;
and
• the caller has permission to read and write the target file (either via the file's
permissions mask or because it has suitable capabilities).
The default value in this file is 0. Setting the value to 1 prevents a longstanding class of
security issues caused by hard-link-based time-of-check, time-of-use races, most commonly seen in
world-writable directories such as /tmp. The common method of exploiting this flaw is to cross
privilege boundaries when following a given hard link (i.e., a root process follows a hard link
created by another user). Additionally, on systems without separated partitions, this stops
unauthorized users from "pinning" vulnerable set-user-ID and set-group-ID files against being
upgraded by the administrator, or linking to special files.
/proc/sys/fs/protected_symlinks (since Linux 3.6)
When the value in this file is 0, no restrictions are placed on following symbolic links (i.e.,
this is the historical behavior before Linux 3.6). When the value in this file is 1, symbolic
links are followed only in the following circumstances:
* the filesystem UID of the process following the link matches the owner (UID) of the symbolic
link (as described in credentials(7), a process's filesystem UID is normally the same as its
effective UID);
* the link is not in a sticky world-writable directory; or
* the symbolic link and its parent directory have the same owner (UID)
A system call that fails to follow a symbolic link because of the above restrictions returns the
error EACCES in errno.
The default value in this file is 0. Setting the value to 1 avoids a longstanding class of
security issues based on time-of-check, time-of-use races when accessing symbolic links.
/proc/sys/fs/suid_dumpable (since Linux 2.6.13)
The value in this file is assigned to a process's "dumpable" flag in the circumstances described
in prctl(2). In effect, the value in this file determines whether core dump files are produced
for set-user-ID or otherwise protected/tainted binaries. The "dumpable" setting also affects the
ownership of files in a process's /proc/[pid] directory, as described above.
Three different integer values can be specified:
0 (default)
This provides the traditional (pre-Linux 2.6.13) behavior. A core dump will not be
produced for a process which has changed credentials (by calling seteuid(2), setgid(2), or
similar, or by executing a set-user-ID or set-group-ID program) or whose binary does not
have read permission enabled.
1 ("debug")
All processes dump core when possible. (Reasons why a process might nevertheless not dump
core are described in core(5).) The core dump is owned by the filesystem user ID of the
dumping process and no security is applied. This is intended for system debugging
situations only: this mode is insecure because it allows unprivileged users to examine the
memory contents of privileged processes.
2 ("suidsafe")
Any binary which normally would not be dumped (see "0" above) is dumped readable by root
only. This allows the user to remove the core dump file but not to read it. For security
reasons core dumps in this mode will not overwrite one another or other files. This mode
is appropriate when administrators are attempting to debug problems in a normal
environment.
Additionally, since Linux 3.6, /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern must either be an absolute
pathname or a pipe command, as detailed in core(5). Warnings will be written to the kernel
log if core_pattern does not follow these rules, and no core dump will be produced.
For details of the effect of a process's "dumpable" setting on ptrace access mode checking, see
ptrace(2).
/proc/sys/fs/super-max
This file controls the maximum number of superblocks, and thus the maximum number of mounted
filesystems the kernel can have. You need increase only super-max if you need to mount more
filesystems than the current value in super-max allows you to.
/proc/sys/fs/super-nr
This file contains the number of filesystems currently mounted.
/proc/sys/kernel
This directory contains files controlling a range of kernel parameters, as described below.
/proc/sys/kernel/acct
This file contains three numbers: highwater, lowwater, and frequency. If BSD-style process
accounting is enabled, these values control its behavior. If free space on filesystem where the
log lives goes below lowwater percent, accounting suspends. If free space gets above highwater
percent, accounting resumes. frequency determines how often the kernel checks the amount of free
space (value is in seconds). Default values are 4, 2 and 30. That is, suspend accounting if 2%
or less space is free; resume it if 4% or more space is free; consider information about amount of
free space valid for 30 seconds.
/proc/sys/kernel/auto_msgmni (Linux 2.6.27 to 3.18)
From Linux 2.6.27 to 3.18, this file was used to control recomputing of the value in
/proc/sys/kernel/msgmni upon the addition or removal of memory or upon IPC namespace
creation/removal. Echoing "1" into this file enabled msgmni automatic recomputing (and triggered
a recomputation of msgmni based on the current amount of available memory and number of IPC
namespaces). Echoing "0" disabled automatic recomputing. (Automatic recomputing was also
disabled if a value was explicitly assigned to /proc/sys/kernel/msgmni.) The default value in
auto_msgmni was 1.
Since Linux 3.19, the content of this file has no effect (because msgmni defaults to near the
maximum value possible), and reads from this file always return the value "0".
/proc/sys/kernel/cap_last_cap (since Linux 3.2)
See capabilities(7).
/proc/sys/kernel/cap-bound (from Linux 2.2 to 2.6.24)
This file holds the value of the kernel capability bounding set (expressed as a signed decimal
number). This set is ANDed against the capabilities permitted to a process during execve(2).
Starting with Linux 2.6.25, the system-wide capability bounding set disappeared, and was replaced
by a per-thread bounding set; see capabilities(7).
/proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern
See core(5).
/proc/sys/kernel/core_pipe_limit
See core(5).
/proc/sys/kernel/core_uses_pid
See core(5).
/proc/sys/kernel/ctrl-alt-del
This file controls the handling of Ctrl-Alt-Del from the keyboard. When the value in this file is
0, Ctrl-Alt-Del is trapped and sent to the init(1) program to handle a graceful restart. When the
value is greater than zero, Linux's reaction to a Vulcan Nerve Pinch (tm) will be an immediate
reboot, without even syncing its dirty buffers. Note: when a program (like dosemu) has the
keyboard in "raw" mode, the ctrl-alt-del is intercepted by the program before it ever reaches the
kernel tty layer, and it's up to the program to decide what to do with it.
/proc/sys/kernel/dmesg_restrict (since Linux 2.6.37)
The value in this file determines who can see kernel syslog contents. A value of 0 in this file
imposes no restrictions. If the value is 1, only privileged users can read the kernel syslog.
(See syslog(2) for more details.) Since Linux 3.4, only users with the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability
may change the value in this file.
/proc/sys/kernel/domainname and /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
can be used to set the NIS/YP domainname and the hostname of your box in exactly the same way as
the commands domainname(1) and hostname(1), that is:
# echo 'darkstar' > /proc/sys/kernel/hostname
# echo 'mydomain' > /proc/sys/kernel/domainname
has the same effect as
# hostname 'darkstar'
# domainname 'mydomain'
Note, however, that the classic darkstar.frop.org has the hostname "darkstar" and DNS (Internet
Domain Name Server) domainname "frop.org", not to be confused with the NIS (Network Information
Service) or YP (Yellow Pages) domainname. These two domain names are in general different. For a
detailed discussion see the hostname(1) man page.
/proc/sys/kernel/hotplug
This file contains the pathname for the hotplug policy agent. The default value in this file is
/sbin/hotplug.
/proc/sys/kernel/htab-reclaim (before Linux 2.4.9.2)
(PowerPC only) If this file is set to a nonzero value, the PowerPC htab (see kernel file
Documentation/powerpc/ppc_htab.txt) is pruned each time the system hits the idle loop.
/proc/sys/kernel/keys/*
This directory contains various files that define parameters and limits for the key-management
facility. These files are described in keyrings(7).
/proc/sys/kernel/kptr_restrict (since Linux 2.6.38)
The value in this file determines whether kernel addresses are exposed via /proc files and other
interfaces. A value of 0 in this file imposes no restrictions. If the value is 1, kernel
pointers printed using the %pK format specifier will be replaced with zeros unless the user has
the CAP_SYSLOG capability. If the value is 2, kernel pointers printed using the %pK format
specifier will be replaced with zeros regardless of the user's capabilities. The initial default
value for this file was 1, but the default was changed to 0 in Linux 2.6.39. Since Linux 3.4,
only users with the CAP_SYS_ADMIN capability can change the value in this file.
/proc/sys/kernel/l2cr
(PowerPC only) This file contains a flag that controls the L2 cache of G3 processor boards. If 0,
the cache is disabled. Enabled if nonzero.
/proc/sys/kernel/modprobe
This file contains the pathname for the kernel module loader. The default value is
/sbin/modprobe. The file is present only if the kernel is built with the CONFIG_MODULES
(CONFIG_KMOD in Linux 2.6.26 and earlier) option enabled. It is described by the Linux kernel
source file Documentation/kmod.txt (present only in kernel 2.4 and earlier).
/proc/sys/kernel/modules_disabled (since Linux 2.6.31)
A toggle value indicating if modules are allowed to be loaded in an otherwise modular kernel.
This toggle defaults to off (0), but can be set true (1). Once true, modules can be neither
loaded nor unloaded, and the toggle cannot be set back to false. The file is present only if the
kernel is built with the CONFIG_MODULES option enabled.
/proc/sys/kernel/msgmax (since Linux 2.2)
This file defines a system-wide limit specifying the maximum number of bytes in a single message
written on a System V message queue.
/proc/sys/kernel/msgmni (since Linux 2.4)
This file defines the system-wide limit on the number of message queue identifiers. See also
/proc/sys/kernel/auto_msgmni.
/proc/sys/kernel/msgmnb (since Linux 2.2)
This file defines a system-wide parameter used to initialize the msg_qbytes setting for
subsequently created message queues. The msg_qbytes setting specifies the maximum number of bytes
that may be written to the message queue.
/proc/sys/kernel/ngroups_max (since Linux 2.6.4)
This is a read-only file that displays the upper limit on the number of a process's group
memberships.
/proc/sys/kernel/ns_last_pid (since Linux 3.3)
See pid_namespaces(7).
/proc/sys/kernel/ostype and /proc/sys/kernel/osrelease
These files give substrings of /proc/version.
/proc/sys/kernel/overflowgid and /proc/sys/kernel/overflowuid
These files duplicate the files /proc/sys/fs/overflowgid and /proc/sys/fs/overflowuid.
/proc/sys/kernel/panic
This file gives read/write access to the kernel variable panic_timeout. If this is zero, the
kernel will loop on a panic; if nonzero, it indicates that the kernel should autoreboot after this
number of seconds. When you use the software watchdog device driver, the recommended setting is
60.
/proc/sys/kernel/panic_on_oops (since Linux 2.5.68)
This file controls the kernel's behavior when an oops or BUG is encountered. If this file
contains 0, then the system tries to continue operation. If it contains 1, then the system delays
a few seconds (to give klogd time to record the oops output) and then panics. If the
/proc/sys/kernel/panic file is also nonzero, then the machine will be rebooted.
/proc/sys/kernel/pid_max (since Linux 2.5.34)
This file specifies the value at which PIDs wrap around (i.e., the value in this file is one
greater than the maximum PID). PIDs greater than this value are not allocated; thus, the value in
this file also acts as a system-wide limit on the total number of processes and threads. The
default value for this file, 32768, results in the same range of PIDs as on earlier kernels. On
32-bit platforms, 32768 is the maximum value for pid_max. On 64-bit systems, pid_max can be set
to any value up to 2^22 (PID_MAX_LIMIT, approximately 4 million).
/proc/sys/kernel/powersave-nap (PowerPC only)
This file contains a flag. If set, Linux-PPC will use the "nap" mode of powersaving, otherwise
the "doze" mode will be used.
/proc/sys/kernel/printk
See syslog(2).
/proc/sys/kernel/pty (since Linux 2.6.4)
This directory contains two files relating to the number of UNIX 98 pseudoterminals (see pts(4))
on the system.
/proc/sys/kernel/pty/max
This file defines the maximum number of pseudoterminals.
/proc/sys/kernel/pty/nr
This read-only file indicates how many pseudoterminals are currently in use.
/proc/sys/kernel/random
This directory contains various parameters controlling the operation of the file /dev/random. See
random(4) for further information.
/proc/sys/kernel/random/uuid (since Linux 2.4)
Each read from this read-only file returns a randomly generated 128-bit UUID, as a string in the
standard UUID format.
/proc/sys/kernel/randomize_va_space (since Linux 2.6.12)
Select the address space layout randomization (ASLR) policy for the system (on architectures that
support ASLR). Three values are supported for this file:
0 Turn ASLR off. This is the default for architectures that don't support ASLR, and when the
kernel is booted with the norandmaps parameter.
1 Make the addresses of mmap(2) allocations, the stack, and the VDSO page randomized. Among
other things, this means that shared libraries will be loaded at randomized addresses. The
text segment of PIE-linked binaries will also be loaded at a randomized address. This value is
the default if the kernel was configured with CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK.
2 (Since Linux 2.6.25) Also support heap randomization. This value is the default if the kernel
was not configured with CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK.
/proc/sys/kernel/real-root-dev
This file is documented in the Linux kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/initrd.rst (or
Documentation/initrd.txt before Linux 4.10).
/proc/sys/kernel/reboot-cmd (Sparc only)
This file seems to be a way to give an argument to the SPARC ROM/Flash boot loader. Maybe to tell
it what to do after rebooting?
/proc/sys/kernel/rtsig-max
(Only in kernels up to and including 2.6.7; see setrlimit(2)) This file can be used to tune the
maximum number of POSIX real-time (queued) signals that can be outstanding in the system.
/proc/sys/kernel/rtsig-nr
(Only in kernels up to and including 2.6.7.) This file shows the number of POSIX real-time
signals currently queued.
/proc/[pid]/sched_autogroup_enabled (since Linux 2.6.38)
See sched(7).
/proc/sys/kernel/sched_child_runs_first (since Linux 2.6.23)
If this file contains the value zero, then, after a fork(2), the parent is first scheduled on the
CPU. If the file contains a nonzero value, then the child is scheduled first on the CPU. (Of
course, on a multiprocessor system, the parent and the child might both immediately be scheduled
on a CPU.)
/proc/sys/kernel/sched_rr_timeslice_ms (since Linux 3.9)
See sched_rr_get_interval(2).
/proc/sys/kernel/sched_rt_period_us (since Linux 2.6.25)
See sched(7).
/proc/sys/kernel/sched_rt_runtime_us (since Linux 2.6.25)
See sched(7).
/proc/sys/kernel/seccomp (since Linux 4.14)
This directory provides additional seccomp information and configuration. See seccomp(2) for
further details.
/proc/sys/kernel/sem (since Linux 2.4)
This file contains 4 numbers defining limits for System V IPC semaphores. These fields are, in
order:
SEMMSL The maximum semaphores per semaphore set.
SEMMNS A system-wide limit on the number of semaphores in all semaphore sets.
SEMOPM The maximum number of operations that may be specified in a semop(2) call.
SEMMNI A system-wide limit on the maximum number of semaphore identifiers.
/proc/sys/kernel/sg-big-buff
This file shows the size of the generic SCSI device (sg) buffer. You can't tune it just yet, but
you could change it at compile time by editing include/scsi/sg.h and changing the value of
SG_BIG_BUFF. However, there shouldn't be any reason to change this value.
/proc/sys/kernel/shm_rmid_forced (since Linux 3.1)
If this file is set to 1, all System V shared memory segments will be marked for destruction as
soon as the number of attached processes falls to zero; in other words, it is no longer possible
to create shared memory segments that exist independently of any attached process.
The effect is as though a shmctl(2) IPC_RMID is performed on all existing segments as well as all
segments created in the future (until this file is reset to 0). Note that existing segments that
are attached to no process will be immediately destroyed when this file is set to 1. Setting this
option will also destroy segments that were created, but never attached, upon termination of the
process that created the segment with shmget(2).
Setting this file to 1 provides a way of ensuring that all System V shared memory segments are
counted against the resource usage and resource limits (see the description of RLIMIT_AS in
getrlimit(2)) of at least one process.
Because setting this file to 1 produces behavior that is nonstandard and could also break existing
applications, the default value in this file is 0. Set this file to 1 only if you have a good
understanding of the semantics of the applications using System V shared memory on your system.
/proc/sys/kernel/shmall (since Linux 2.2)
This file contains the system-wide limit on the total number of pages of System V shared memory.
/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax (since Linux 2.2)
This file can be used to query and set the run-time limit on the maximum (System V IPC) shared
memory segment size that can be created. Shared memory segments up to 1GB are now supported in
the kernel. This value defaults to SHMMAX.
/proc/sys/kernel/shmmni (since Linux 2.4)
This file specifies the system-wide maximum number of System V shared memory segments that can be
created.
/proc/sys/kernel/sysctl_writes_strict (since Linux 3.16)
The value in this file determines how the file offset affects the behavior of updating entries in
files under /proc/sys. The file has three possible values:
-1 This provides legacy handling, with no printk warnings. Each write(2) must fully contain the
value to be written, and multiple writes on the same file descriptor will overwrite the entire
value, regardless of the file position.
0 (default) This provides the same behavior as for -1, but printk warnings are written for
processes that perform writes when the file offset is not 0.
1 Respect the file offset when writing strings into /proc/sys files. Multiple writes will
append to the value buffer. Anything written beyond the maximum length of the value buffer
will be ignored. Writes to numeric /proc/sys entries must always be at file offset 0 and the
value must be fully contained in the buffer provided to write(2).
/proc/sys/kernel/sysrq
This file controls the functions allowed to be invoked by the SysRq key. By default, the file
contains 1 meaning that every possible SysRq request is allowed (in older kernel versions, SysRq
was disabled by default, and you were required to specifically enable it at run-time, but this is
not the case any more). Possible values in this file are:
0 Disable sysrq completely
1 Enable all functions of sysrq
> 1 Bit mask of allowed sysrq functions, as follows:
2 Enable control of console logging level
4 Enable control of keyboard (SAK, unraw)
8 Enable debugging dumps of processes etc.
16 Enable sync command
32 Enable remount read-only
64 Enable signaling of processes (term, kill, oom-kill)
128 Allow reboot/poweroff
256 Allow nicing of all real-time tasks
This file is present only if the CONFIG_MAGIC_SYSRQ kernel configuration option is enabled. For
further details see the Linux kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/sysrq.rst (or
Documentation/sysrq.txt before Linux 4.10).
/proc/sys/kernel/version
This file contains a string such as:
#5 Wed Feb 25 21:49:24 MET 1998
The "#5" means that this is the fifth kernel built from this source base and the date following it
indicates the time the kernel was built.
/proc/sys/kernel/threads-max (since Linux 2.3.11)
This file specifies the system-wide limit on the number of threads (tasks) that can be created on
the system.
Since Linux 4.1, the value that can be written to threads-max is bounded. The minimum value that
can be written is 20. The maximum value that can be written is given by the constant
FUTEX_TID_MASK (0x3fffffff). If a value outside of this range is written to threads-max, the
error EINVAL occurs.
The value written is checked against the available RAM pages. If the thread structures would
occupy too much (more than 1/8th) of the available RAM pages, threads-max is reduced accordingly.
/proc/sys/kernel/yama/ptrace_scope (since Linux 3.5)
See ptrace(2).
/proc/sys/kernel/zero-paged (PowerPC only)
This file contains a flag. When enabled (nonzero), Linux-PPC will pre-zero pages in the idle
loop, possibly speeding up get_free_pages.
/proc/sys/net
This directory contains networking stuff. Explanations for some of the files under this directory
can be found in tcp(7) and ip(7).
/proc/sys/net/core/bpf_jit_enable
See bpf(2).
/proc/sys/net/core/somaxconn
This file defines a ceiling value for the backlog argument of listen(2); see the listen(2) manual
page for details.
/proc/sys/proc
This directory may be empty.
/proc/sys/sunrpc
This directory supports Sun remote procedure call for network filesystem (NFS). On some systems,
it is not present.
/proc/sys/user (since Linux 4.9)
See namespaces(7).
/proc/sys/vm
This directory contains files for memory management tuning, buffer and cache management.
/proc/sys/vm/admin_reserve_kbytes (since Linux 3.10)
This file defines the amount of free memory (in KiB) on the system that should be reserved for
users with the capability CAP_SYS_ADMIN.
The default value in this file is the minimum of [3% of free pages, 8MiB] expressed as KiB. The
default is intended to provide enough for the superuser to log in and kill a process, if
necessary, under the default overcommit 'guess' mode (i.e., 0 in /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory).
Systems running in "overcommit never" mode (i.e., 2 in /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory) should
increase the value in this file to account for the full virtual memory size of the programs used
to recover (e.g., login(1) ssh(1), and top(1)) Otherwise, the superuser may not be able to log in
to recover the system. For example, on x86-64 a suitable value is 131072 (128MiB reserved).
Changing the value in this file takes effect whenever an application requests memory.
/proc/sys/vm/compact_memory (since Linux 2.6.35)
When 1 is written to this file, all zones are compacted such that free memory is available in
contiguous blocks where possible. The effect of this action can be seen by examining
/proc/buddyinfo.
Present only if the kernel was configured with CONFIG_COMPACTION.
/proc/sys/vm/drop_caches (since Linux 2.6.16)
Writing to this file causes the kernel to drop clean caches, dentries, and inodes from memory,
causing that memory to become free. This can be useful for memory management testing and
performing reproducible filesystem benchmarks. Because writing to this file causes the benefits
of caching to be lost, it can degrade overall system performance.
To free pagecache, use:
echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
To free dentries and inodes, use:
echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
To free pagecache, dentries and inodes, use:
echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches
Because writing to this file is a nondestructive operation and dirty objects are not freeable, the
user should run sync(1) first.
/proc/sys/vm/legacy_va_layout (since Linux 2.6.9)
If nonzero, this disables the new 32-bit memory-mapping layout; the kernel will use the legacy
(2.4) layout for all processes.
/proc/sys/vm/memory_failure_early_kill (since Linux 2.6.32)
Control how to kill processes when an uncorrected memory error (typically a 2-bit error in a
memory module) that cannot be handled by the kernel is detected in the background by hardware. In
some cases (like the page still having a valid copy on disk), the kernel will handle the failure
transparently without affecting any applications. But if there is no other up-to-date copy of the
data, it will kill processes to prevent any data corruptions from propagating.
The file has one of the following values:
1: Kill all processes that have the corrupted-and-not-reloadable page mapped as soon as the
corruption is detected. Note that this is not supported for a few types of pages, such as
kernel internally allocated data or the swap cache, but works for the majority of user pages.
0: Unmap the corrupted page from all processes and kill a process only if it tries to access the
page.
The kill is performed using a SIGBUS signal with si_code set to BUS_MCEERR_AO. Processes can
handle this if they want to; see sigaction(2) for more details.
This feature is active only on architectures/platforms with advanced machine check handling and
depends on the hardware capabilities.
Applications can override the memory_failure_early_kill setting individually with the prctl(2)
PR_MCE_KILL operation.
Present only if the kernel was configured with CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE.
/proc/sys/vm/memory_failure_recovery (since Linux 2.6.32)
Enable memory failure recovery (when supported by the platform)
1: Attempt recovery.
0: Always panic on a memory failure.
Present only if the kernel was configured with CONFIG_MEMORY_FAILURE.
/proc/sys/vm/oom_dump_tasks (since Linux 2.6.25)
Enables a system-wide task dump (excluding kernel threads) to be produced when the kernel performs
an OOM-killing. The dump includes the following information for each task (thread, process):
thread ID, real user ID, thread group ID (process ID), virtual memory size, resident set size, the
CPU that the task is scheduled on, oom_adj score (see the description of /proc/[pid]/oom_adj), and
command name. This is helpful to determine why the OOM-killer was invoked and to identify the
rogue task that caused it.
If this contains the value zero, this information is suppressed. On very large systems with
thousands of tasks, it may not be feasible to dump the memory state information for each one.
Such systems should not be forced to incur a performance penalty in OOM situations when the
information may not be desired.
If this is set to nonzero, this information is shown whenever the OOM-killer actually kills a
memory-hogging task.
The default value is 0.
/proc/sys/vm/oom_kill_allocating_task (since Linux 2.6.24)
This enables or disables killing the OOM-triggering task in out-of-memory situations.
If this is set to zero, the OOM-killer will scan through the entire tasklist and select a task
based on heuristics to kill. This normally selects a rogue memory-hogging task that frees up a
large amount of memory when killed.
If this is set to nonzero, the OOM-killer simply kills the task that triggered the out-of-memory
condition. This avoids a possibly expensive tasklist scan.
If /proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom is nonzero, it takes precedence over whatever value is used in
/proc/sys/vm/oom_kill_allocating_task.
The default value is 0.
/proc/sys/vm/overcommit_kbytes (since Linux 3.14)
This writable file provides an alternative to /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio for controlling the
CommitLimit when /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory has the value 2. It allows the amount of memory
overcommitting to be specified as an absolute value (in kB), rather than as a percentage, as is
done with overcommit_ratio. This allows for finer-grained control of CommitLimit on systems with
extremely large memory sizes.
Only one of overcommit_kbytes or overcommit_ratio can have an effect: if overcommit_kbytes has a
nonzero value, then it is used to calculate CommitLimit, otherwise overcommit_ratio is used.
Writing a value to either of these files causes the value in the other file to be set to zero.
/proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory
This file contains the kernel virtual memory accounting mode. Values are:
0: heuristic overcommit (this is the default)
1: always overcommit, never check
2: always check, never overcommit
In mode 0, calls of mmap(2) with MAP_NORESERVE are not checked, and the default check is very
weak, leading to the risk of getting a process "OOM-killed".
In mode 1, the kernel pretends there is always enough memory, until memory actually runs out. One
use case for this mode is scientific computing applications that employ large sparse arrays. In
Linux kernel versions before 2.6.0, any nonzero value implies mode 1.
In mode 2 (available since Linux 2.6), the total virtual address space that can be allocated
(CommitLimit in /proc/meminfo) is calculated as
CommitLimit = (total_RAM - total_huge_TLB) *
overcommit_ratio / 100 + total_swap
where:
* total_RAM is the total amount of RAM on the system;
* total_huge_TLB is the amount of memory set aside for huge pages;
* overcommit_ratio is the value in /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio; and
* total_swap is the amount of swap space.
For example, on a system with 16GB of physical RAM, 16GB of swap, no space dedicated to huge
pages, and an overcommit_ratio of 50, this formula yields a CommitLimit of 24GB.
Since Linux 3.14, if the value in /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_kbytes is nonzero, then CommitLimit is
instead calculated as:
CommitLimit = overcommit_kbytes + total_swap
See also the description of /proc/sys/vm/admin_reserve_kbytes and
/proc/sys/vm/user_reserve_kbytes.
/proc/sys/vm/overcommit_ratio (since Linux 2.6.0)
This writable file defines a percentage by which memory can be overcommitted. The default value
in the file is 50. See the description of /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory.
/proc/sys/vm/panic_on_oom (since Linux 2.6.18)
This enables or disables a kernel panic in an out-of-memory situation.
If this file is set to the value 0, the kernel's OOM-killer will kill some rogue process.
Usually, the OOM-killer is able to kill a rogue process and the system will survive.
If this file is set to the value 1, then the kernel normally panics when out-of-memory happens.
However, if a process limits allocations to certain nodes using memory policies (mbind(2)
MPOL_BIND) or cpusets (cpuset(7)) and those nodes reach memory exhaustion status, one process may
be killed by the OOM-killer. No panic occurs in this case: because other nodes' memory may be
free, this means the system as a whole may not have reached an out-of-memory situation yet.
If this file is set to the value 2, the kernel always panics when an out-of-memory condition
occurs.
The default value is 0. 1 and 2 are for failover of clustering. Select either according to your
policy of failover.
/proc/sys/vm/swappiness
The value in this file controls how aggressively the kernel will swap memory pages. Higher values
increase aggressiveness, lower values decrease aggressiveness. The default value is 60.
/proc/sys/vm/user_reserve_kbytes (since Linux 3.10)
Specifies an amount of memory (in KiB) to reserve for user processes, This is intended to prevent
a user from starting a single memory hogging process, such that they cannot recover (kill the
hog). The value in this file has an effect only when /proc/sys/vm/overcommit_memory is set to 2
("overcommit never" mode). In this case, the system reserves an amount of memory that is the
minimum of [3% of current process size, user_reserve_kbytes].
The default value in this file is the minimum of [3% of free pages, 128MiB] expressed as KiB.
If the value in this file is set to zero, then a user will be allowed to allocate all free memory
with a single process (minus the amount reserved by /proc/sys/vm/admin_reserve_kbytes). Any
subsequent attempts to execute a command will result in "fork: Cannot allocate memory".
Changing the value in this file takes effect whenever an application requests memory.
/proc/sys/vm/unprivileged_userfaultfd (since Linux 5.2)
This (writable) file exposes a flag that controls whether unprivileged processes are allowed to
employ userfaultfd(2). If this file has the value 1, then unprivileged processes may use
userfaultfd(2). If this file has the value 0, then only processes that have the CAP_SYS_PTRACE
capability may employ userfaultfd(2). The default value in this file is 1.
/proc/sysrq-trigger (since Linux 2.4.21)
Writing a character to this file triggers the same SysRq function as typing ALT-SysRq-<character>
(see the description of /proc/sys/kernel/sysrq). This file is normally writable only by root.
For further details see the Linux kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/sysrq.rst (or
Documentation/sysrq.txt before Linux 4.10).
/proc/sysvipc
Subdirectory containing the pseudo-files msg, sem and shm. These files list the System V
Interprocess Communication (IPC) objects (respectively: message queues, semaphores, and shared
memory) that currently exist on the system, providing similar information to that available via
ipcs(1). These files have headers and are formatted (one IPC object per line) for easy
understanding. sysvipc(7) provides further background on the information shown by these files.
/proc/thread-self (since Linux 3.17)
This directory refers to the thread accessing the /proc filesystem, and is identical to the
/proc/self/task/[tid] directory named by the process thread ID ([tid]) of the same thread.
/proc/timer_list (since Linux 2.6.21)
This read-only file exposes a list of all currently pending (high-resolution) timers, all clock-
event sources, and their parameters in a human-readable form.
/proc/timer_stats (from Linux 2.6.21 until Linux 4.10)
This is a debugging facility to make timer (ab)use in a Linux system visible to kernel and user-
space developers. It can be used by kernel and user-space developers to verify that their code
does not make undue use of timers. The goal is to avoid unnecessary wakeups, thereby optimizing
power consumption.
If enabled in the kernel (CONFIG_TIMER_STATS), but not used, it has almost zero run-time overhead
and a relatively small data-structure overhead. Even if collection is enabled at run time,
overhead is low: all the locking is per-CPU and lookup is hashed.
The /proc/timer_stats file is used both to control sampling facility and to read out the sampled
information.
The timer_stats functionality is inactive on bootup. A sampling period can be started using the
following command:
# echo 1 > /proc/timer_stats
The following command stops a sampling period:
# echo 0 > /proc/timer_stats
The statistics can be retrieved by:
$ cat /proc/timer_stats
While sampling is enabled, each readout from /proc/timer_stats will see newly updated statistics.
Once sampling is disabled, the sampled information is kept until a new sample period is started.
This allows multiple readouts.
Sample output from /proc/timer_stats:
$ cat /proc/timer_stats
Timer Stats Version: v0.3
Sample period: 1.764 s
Collection: active
255, 0 swapper/3 hrtimer_start_range_ns (tick_sched_timer)
71, 0 swapper/1 hrtimer_start_range_ns (tick_sched_timer)
58, 0 swapper/0 hrtimer_start_range_ns (tick_sched_timer)
4, 1694 gnome-shell mod_delayed_work_on (delayed_work_timer_fn)
17, 7 rcu_sched rcu_gp_kthread (process_timeout)
...
1, 4911 kworker/u16:0 mod_delayed_work_on (delayed_work_timer_fn)
1D, 2522 kworker/0:0 queue_delayed_work_on (delayed_work_timer_fn)
1029 total events, 583.333 events/sec
The output columns are:
* a count of the number of events, optionally (since Linux 2.6.23) followed by the letter 'D' if
this is a deferrable timer;
* the PID of the process that initialized the timer;
* the name of the process that initialized the timer;
* the function where the timer was initialized; and
* (in parentheses) the callback function that is associated with the timer.
During the Linux 4.11 development cycle, this file was removed because of security concerns, as
it exposes information across namespaces. Furthermore, it is possible to obtain the same
information via in-kernel tracing facilities such as ftrace.
/proc/tty
Subdirectory containing the pseudo-files and subdirectories for tty drivers and line disciplines.
/proc/uptime
This file contains two numbers (values in seconds): the uptime of the system (including time spent
in suspend) and the amount of time spent in the idle process.
/proc/version
This string identifies the kernel version that is currently running. It includes the contents of
/proc/sys/kernel/ostype, /proc/sys/kernel/osrelease and /proc/sys/kernel/version. For example:
Linux version 1.0.9 (quinlan@phaze) #1 Sat May 14 01:51:54 EDT 1994
/proc/vmstat (since Linux 2.6.0)
This file displays various virtual memory statistics. Each line of this file contains a single
name-value pair, delimited by white space. Some lines are present only if the kernel was
configured with suitable options. (In some cases, the options required for particular files have
changed across kernel versions, so they are not listed here. Details can be found by consulting
the kernel source code.) The following fields may be present:
nr_free_pages (since Linux 2.6.31)
nr_alloc_batch (since Linux 3.12)
nr_inactive_anon (since Linux 2.6.28)
nr_active_anon (since Linux 2.6.28)
nr_inactive_file (since Linux 2.6.28)
nr_active_file (since Linux 2.6.28)
nr_unevictable (since Linux 2.6.28)
nr_mlock (since Linux 2.6.28)
nr_anon_pages (since Linux 2.6.18)
nr_mapped (since Linux 2.6.0)
nr_file_pages (since Linux 2.6.18)
nr_dirty (since Linux 2.6.0)
nr_writeback (since Linux 2.6.0)
nr_slab_reclaimable (since Linux 2.6.19)
nr_slab_unreclaimable (since Linux 2.6.19)
nr_page_table_pages (since Linux 2.6.0)
nr_kernel_stack (since Linux 2.6.32)
Amount of memory allocated to kernel stacks.
nr_unstable (since Linux 2.6.0)
nr_bounce (since Linux 2.6.12)
nr_vmscan_write (since Linux 2.6.19)
nr_vmscan_immediate_reclaim (since Linux 3.2)
nr_writeback_temp (since Linux 2.6.26)
nr_isolated_anon (since Linux 2.6.32)
nr_isolated_file (since Linux 2.6.32)
nr_shmem (since Linux 2.6.32)
Pages used by shmem and tmpfs(5).
nr_dirtied (since Linux 2.6.37)
nr_written (since Linux 2.6.37)
nr_pages_scanned (since Linux 3.17)
numa_hit (since Linux 2.6.18)
numa_miss (since Linux 2.6.18)
numa_foreign (since Linux 2.6.18)
numa_interleave (since Linux 2.6.18)
numa_local (since Linux 2.6.18)
numa_other (since Linux 2.6.18)
workingset_refault (since Linux 3.15)
workingset_activate (since Linux 3.15)
workingset_nodereclaim (since Linux 3.15)
nr_anon_transparent_hugepages (since Linux 2.6.38)
nr_free_cma (since Linux 3.7)
Number of free CMA (Contiguous Memory Allocator) pages.
nr_dirty_threshold (since Linux 2.6.37)
nr_dirty_background_threshold (since Linux 2.6.37)
pgpgin (since Linux 2.6.0)
pgpgout (since Linux 2.6.0)
pswpin (since Linux 2.6.0)
pswpout (since Linux 2.6.0)
pgalloc_dma (since Linux 2.6.5)
pgalloc_dma32 (since Linux 2.6.16)
pgalloc_normal (since Linux 2.6.5)
pgalloc_high (since Linux 2.6.5)
pgalloc_movable (since Linux 2.6.23)
pgfree (since Linux 2.6.0)
pgactivate (since Linux 2.6.0)
pgdeactivate (since Linux 2.6.0)
pgfault (since Linux 2.6.0)
pgmajfault (since Linux 2.6.0)
pgrefill_dma (since Linux 2.6.5)
pgrefill_dma32 (since Linux 2.6.16)
pgrefill_normal (since Linux 2.6.5)
pgrefill_high (since Linux 2.6.5)
pgrefill_movable (since Linux 2.6.23)
pgsteal_kswapd_dma (since Linux 3.4)
pgsteal_kswapd_dma32 (since Linux 3.4)
pgsteal_kswapd_normal (since Linux 3.4)
pgsteal_kswapd_high (since Linux 3.4)
pgsteal_kswapd_movable (since Linux 3.4)
pgsteal_direct_dma
pgsteal_direct_dma32 (since Linux 3.4)
pgsteal_direct_normal (since Linux 3.4)
pgsteal_direct_high (since Linux 3.4)
pgsteal_direct_movable (since Linux 2.6.23)
pgscan_kswapd_dma
pgscan_kswapd_dma32 (since Linux 2.6.16)
pgscan_kswapd_normal (since Linux 2.6.5)
pgscan_kswapd_high
pgscan_kswapd_movable (since Linux 2.6.23)
pgscan_direct_dma
pgscan_direct_dma32 (since Linux 2.6.16)
pgscan_direct_normal
pgscan_direct_high
pgscan_direct_movable (since Linux 2.6.23)
pgscan_direct_throttle (since Linux 3.6)
zone_reclaim_failed (since linux 2.6.31)
pginodesteal (since linux 2.6.0)
slabs_scanned (since linux 2.6.5)
kswapd_inodesteal (since linux 2.6.0)
kswapd_low_wmark_hit_quickly (since 2.6.33)
kswapd_high_wmark_hit_quickly (since 2.6.33)
pageoutrun (since Linux 2.6.0)
allocstall (since Linux 2.6.0)
pgrotated (since Linux 2.6.0)
drop_pagecache (since Linux 3.15)
drop_slab (since Linux 3.15)
numa_pte_updates (since Linux 3.8)
numa_huge_pte_updates (since Linux 3.13)
numa_hint_faults (since Linux 3.8)
numa_hint_faults_local (since Linux 3.8)
numa_pages_migrated (since Linux 3.8)
pgmigrate_success (since Linux 3.8)
pgmigrate_fail (since Linux 3.8)
compact_migrate_scanned (since Linux 3.8)
compact_free_scanned (since Linux 3.8)
compact_isolated (since Linux 3.8)
compact_stall (since Linux 2.6.35)
See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.
compact_fail (since Linux 2.6.35)
See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.
compact_success (since Linux 2.6.35)
See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.
htlb_buddy_alloc_success (since Linux 2.6.26)
htlb_buddy_alloc_fail (since Linux 2.6.26)
unevictable_pgs_culled (since Linux 2.6.28)
unevictable_pgs_scanned (since Linux 2.6.28)
unevictable_pgs_rescued (since Linux 2.6.28)
unevictable_pgs_mlocked (since Linux 2.6.28)
unevictable_pgs_munlocked (since Linux 2.6.28)
unevictable_pgs_cleared (since Linux 2.6.28)
unevictable_pgs_stranded (since Linux 2.6.28)
thp_fault_alloc (since Linux 2.6.39)
See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.
thp_fault_fallback (since Linux 2.6.39)
See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.
thp_collapse_alloc (since Linux 2.6.39)
See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.
thp_collapse_alloc_failed (since Linux 2.6.39)
See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.
thp_split (since Linux 2.6.39)
See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.
thp_zero_page_alloc (since Linux 3.8)
See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.
thp_zero_page_alloc_failed (since Linux 3.8)
See the kernel source file Documentation/admin-guide/mm/transhuge.rst.
balloon_inflate (since Linux 3.18)
balloon_deflate (since Linux 3.18)
balloon_migrate (since Linux 3.18)
nr_tlb_remote_flush (since Linux 3.12)
nr_tlb_remote_flush_received (since Linux 3.12)
nr_tlb_local_flush_all (since Linux 3.12)
nr_tlb_local_flush_one (since Linux 3.12)
vmacache_find_calls (since Linux 3.16)
vmacache_find_hits (since Linux 3.16)
vmacache_full_flushes (since Linux 3.19)
/proc/zoneinfo (since Linux 2.6.13)
This file display information about memory zones. This is useful for analyzing virtual memory
behavior.
NOTES
Many files contain strings (e.g., the environment and command line) that are in the internal format, with
subfields terminated by null bytes ('\0'). When inspecting such files, you may find that the results are
more readable if you use a command of the following form to display them:
$ cat file | tr '\000' '\n'
This manual page is incomplete, possibly inaccurate, and is the kind of thing that needs to be updated
very often.
SEE ALSO
cat(1), dmesg(1), find(1), free(1), htop(1), init(1), ps(1), pstree(1), tr(1), uptime(1), chroot(2), mmap(2), readlink(2), syslog(2), slabinfo(5), sysfs(5), hier(7), namespaces(7), time(7), arp(8), hdparm(8), ifconfig(8), lsmod(8), lspci(8), mount(8), netstat(8), procinfo(8), route(8), sysctl(8) The Linux kernel source files: Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt, Documentation/sysctl/fs.txt, Documentation/sysctl/kernel.txt, Documentation/sysctl/net.txt, and Documentation/sysctl/vm.txt.
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 5.05 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project,
information about reporting bugs, and the latest version of this page, can be found at
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.