Provided by: mount_2.34-0.1ubuntu9.4_amd64 bug

NAME

       mount - mount a filesystem

SYNOPSIS

       mount [-l|-h|-V]

       mount -a [-fFnrsvw] [-t fstype] [-O optlist]

       mount [-fnrsvw] [-o options] device|dir

       mount [-fnrsvw] [-t fstype] [-o options] device dir

DESCRIPTION

       All  files  accessible  in a Unix system are arranged in one big tree, the file hierarchy,
       rooted at /.  These files can be spread out  over  several  devices.   The  mount  command
       serves  to  attach  the filesystem found on some device to the big file tree.  Conversely,
       the umount(8) command will detach it again.  The filesystem is used to control how data is
       stored on the device or provided in a virtual way by network or another services.

       The standard form of the mount command is:

              mount -t type device dir

       This  tells the kernel to attach the filesystem found on device (which is of type type) at
       the directory dir.  The option -t type is optional.  The mount command is usually able  to
       detect a filesystem.  The root permissions are necessary to mount a filesystem by default.
       See section "Non-superuser mounts" below for more details.  The previous contents (if any)
       and  owner  and  mode  of  dir  become  invisible,  and as long as this filesystem remains
       mounted, the pathname dir refers to the root of the filesystem on device.

       If only the directory or the device is given, for example:

              mount /dir

       then mount looks for a mountpoint (and if not found then for a device) in  the  /etc/fstab
       file.   It's  possible  to  use  the  --target  or  --source  options  to avoid ambivalent
       interpretation of the given argument.  For example:

              mount --target /mountpoint

       The same filesystem may be mounted more than  once,  and  in  some  cases  (e.g.   network
       filesystems)  the  same  filesystem  may be mounted on the same mountpoint more times. The
       mount command does not implement any policy to control  this  behavior.  All  behavior  is
       controlled  bythe   kernel  and  it  is  usually  specific  to  the filesystem driver. The
       exception is --all, in this case already mounted filesystems are ignored (see --all  below
       for more details).

   Listing the mounts
       The listing mode is maintained for backward compatibility only.

       For  more robust and customizable output use findmnt(8), especially in your scripts.  Note
       that control characters in the mountpoint name are replaced with '?'.

       The following command lists all mounted filesystems (of type type):

              mount [-l] [-t type]

       The option -l adds labels to this listing.  See below.

   Indicating the device and filesystem
       Most devices are indicated by a filename (of a block special device), like /dev/sda1,  but
       there  are other possibilities.  For example, in the case of an NFS mount, device may look
       like knuth.cwi.nl:/dir.  It is also possible to indicate a block special device using  its
       filesystem  label  or  UUID  (see  the -L and -U options below), or its partition label or
       UUID.  Partition identifiers are supported for example for GUID Partition Tables (GPT).

       The device name of disk partitions  are  unstable;  hardware  reconfiguration,  adding  or
       removing  a device can cause change in names. This is reason why it's strongly recommended
       to use filesystem or partition identificators like UUID or LABEL.

       The command lsblk --fs provides overview of filesystems, LABELs  and  UUIDs  on  available
       block  devices.   The command blkid -p <device> provides details about a filesystem on the
       specified device.

       Don't forget that there  is  no  guarantee  that  UUIDs  and  labels  are  really  unique,
       especially  if  you move, share or copy the device.  Use lsblk -o +UUID,PARTUUID to verify
       that the UUIDs are really unique in your system.

       The   recommended   setup   is   to   use    tags    (e.g.    UUID=uuid)    rather    than
       /dev/disk/by-{label,uuid,partuuid,partlabel}  udev  symlinks in the /etc/fstab file.  Tags
       are more readable, robust  and  portable.   The  mount(8)  command  internally  uses  udev
       symlinks,  so  the  use  of  symlinks  in /etc/fstab has no advantage over tags.  For more
       details see libblkid(3).

       Note that mount(8) uses UUIDs as strings.   The  UUIDs  from  the  command  line  or  from
       fstab(5)  are  not converted to internal binary representation.  The string representation
       of the UUID should be based on lower case characters.

       The proc filesystem is not associated with a special device,  and  when  mounting  it,  an
       arbitrary  keyword,  such  as  proc  can  be used instead of a device specification.  (The
       customary choice none is less fortunate: the error message  `none  already  mounted'  from
       mount can be confusing.)

   The files /etc/fstab, /etc/mtab and /proc/mounts
       The  file /etc/fstab (see fstab(5)), may contain lines describing what devices are usually
       mounted where, using which options.  The default location of  the  fstab(5)  file  can  be
       overridden with the --fstab path command-line option (see below for more details).

       The command

              mount -a [-t type] [-O optlist]

       (usually  given  in a bootscript) causes all filesystems mentioned in fstab (of the proper
       type and/or having or not having the proper options) to be mounted  as  indicated,  except
       for  those  whose  line contains the noauto keyword.  Adding the -F option will make mount
       fork, so that the filesystems are mounted simultaneously.

       When mounting a filesystem mentioned in fstab or mtab,  it  suffices  to  specify  on  the
       command line only the device, or only the mount point.

       The  programs  mount  and  umount  traditionally  maintained  a  list of currently mounted
       filesystems in  the  file  /etc/mtab.   The  support  for  regular  classic  /etc/mtab  is
       completely  disabled  in  compile  time by default, because on current Linux systems it is
       better to make it a symlink to /proc/mounts instead. The regular mtab file  maintained  in
       userspace  cannot  reliably  work  with  namespaces,  containers  and other advanced Linux
       features.  If the regular mtab support is enabled than it's possible to use  the  file  as
       well as the symlink.

       If no arguments are given to mount, the list of mounted filesystems is printed.

       If you want to override mount options from /etc/fstab you have to use the -o option:

              mount device|dir -o options

       and  then  the mount options from the command line will be appended to the list of options
       from /etc/fstab.  This default behaviour is possible to  change  by  command  line  option
       --options-mode.   The usual behavior is that the last option wins if there are conflicting
       ones.

       The mount program does not read the /etc/fstab  file  if  both  device  (or  LABEL,  UUID,
       PARTUUID or PARTLABEL) and dir are specified.  For example, to mount device foo at /dir:

              mount /dev/foo /dir

       This default behaviour is possible to change by command line option --options-source-force
       to always read configuration from fstab.  For  non-root  users  mount  always  read  fstab
       configuration.

   Non-superuser mounts
       Normally, only the superuser can mount filesystems.  However, when fstab contains the user
       option on a line, anybody can mount the corresponding filesystem.

       Thus, given a line

              /dev/cdrom  /cd  iso9660  ro,user,noauto,unhide

       any user can mount the iso9660 filesystem found on an inserted CDROM using the command:
              mount /cd

       Note that mount is very strict about non-root users and all  paths  specified  on  command
       line  are  verified  before fstab is parsed or a helper program is executed. It's strongly
       recommended to use a valid mountpoint to specify filesystem, otherwise mount may fail. For
       example it's bad idea to use NFS or CIFS source on command line.

       For  more  details,  see fstab(5).  Only the user that mounted a filesystem can unmount it
       again.  If any user should be able to unmount it, then use users instead of  user  in  the
       fstab line.  The owner option is similar to the user option, with the restriction that the
       user must be the owner of the special file.  This may be useful  e.g.  for  /dev/fd  if  a
       login  script  makes  the console user owner of this device.  The group option is similar,
       with the restriction that the user must be member of the group of the special file.

   Bind mount operation
       Remount part of the file hierarchy somewhere else.  The call is:

              mount --bind olddir newdir

       or by using this fstab entry:

              /olddir /newdir none bind

       After this call the same contents are accessible in two places.

       It is important to understand that "bind" does not to create any second-class  or  special
       node in the kernel VFS. The "bind" is just another operation to attach a filesystem. There
       is nowhere stored information that the filesystem has been attached by  "bind"  operation.
       The olddir and newdir are independent and the olddir may be umounted.

       One can also remount a single file (on a single file).  It's also possible to use the bind
       mount to create a mountpoint from a regular directory, for example:

              mount --bind foo foo

       The bind mount call attaches only (part of) a single filesystem, not  possible  submounts.
       The entire file hierarchy including submounts is attached a second place by using:

              mount --rbind olddir newdir

       Note  that the filesystem mount options maintained by kernel will remain the same as those
       on the original mount point.  The userspace mount  options  (e.g.  _netdev)  will  not  be
       copied  by  mount(8)  and  it's  necessary explicitly specify the options on mount command
       line.

       mount(8) since v2.27 allows to change the mount options by passing  the  relevant  options
       along with --bind.  For example:

              mount -o bind,ro foo foo

       This  feature  is  not supported by the Linux kernel; it is implemented in userspace by an
       additional mount(2) remounting system call.  This solution is not atomic.

       The alternative (classic) way to create a read-only bind  mount  is  to  use  the  remount
       operation, for example:

              mount --bind olddir newdir
              mount -o remount,bind,ro olddir newdir

       Note  that  a  read-only  bind  will  create  a  read-only mountpoint (VFS entry), but the
       original filesystem superblock will still be writable, meaning that  the  olddir  will  be
       writable, but the newdir will be read-only.

       It's  also  possible to change nosuid, nodev, noexec, noatime, nodiratime and relatime VFS
       entry flags by "remount,bind" operation.  The another  (for  example  filesystem  specific
       flags)  are  silently  ignored.   It's impossible to change mount options recursively (for
       example with -o rbind,ro).

       mount(8) since v2.31 ignores the bind flag from /etc/fstab on remount  operation  (if  "-o
       remount"  specified  on command line). This is necessary to fully control mount options on
       remount by command line. In the previous versions the bind flag has  been  always  applied
       and  it  was  impossible  to  re-define  mount  options  without interaction with the bind
       semantic. This mount(8)  behavior  does  not  affect  situations  when  "remount,bind"  is
       specified in the /etc/fstab file.

   The move operation
       Move a mounted tree to another place (atomically).  The call is:

              mount --move olddir newdir

       This  will  cause the contents which previously appeared under olddir to now be accessible
       under newdir.  The physical location of the files is not changed.  Note that olddir has to
       be a mountpoint.

       Note  also  that  moving a mount residing under a shared mount is invalid and unsupported.
       Use findmnt -o TARGET,PROPAGATION to see the current propagation flags.

   Shared subtree operations
       Since Linux 2.6.15 it is possible to mark a mount and its submounts  as  shared,  private,
       slave  or unbindable.  A shared mount provides the ability to create mirrors of that mount
       such that mounts and unmounts within any of the mirrors propagate to the other mirror.   A
       slave  mount  receives  propagation  from its master, but not vice versa.  A private mount
       carries no propagation abilities.  An unbindable mount is a private mount which cannot  be
       cloned   through   a   bind   operation.    The   detailed  semantics  are  documented  in
       Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.txt file in the kernel source tree.

       Supported operations are:

              mount --make-shared mountpoint
              mount --make-slave mountpoint
              mount --make-private mountpoint
              mount --make-unbindable mountpoint

       The following commands allow one to recursively change the type of all the mounts under  a
       given mountpoint.

              mount --make-rshared mountpoint
              mount --make-rslave mountpoint
              mount --make-rprivate mountpoint
              mount --make-runbindable mountpoint

       mount(8)  does  not  read  fstab(5) when a --make-* operation is requested.  All necessary
       information has to be specified on the command line.

       Note that the Linux kernel does not allow to change  multiple  propagation  flags  with  a
       single  mount(2)  system  call, and the flags cannot be mixed with other mount options and
       operations.

       Since util-linux 2.23 the mount command allows to do more propagation  (topology)  changes
       by one mount(8) call and do it also together with other mount operations.  This feature is
       EXPERIMENTAL.  The propagation flags are applied by additional mount(2) system calls  when
       the  preceding  mount  operations were successful.  Note that this use case is not atomic.
       It is possible to specify the propagation flags in fstab(5)  as  mount  options  (private,
       slave, shared, unbindable, rprivate, rslave, rshared, runbindable).

       For example:

              mount --make-private --make-unbindable /dev/sda1 /foo

       is the same as:

              mount /dev/sda1 /foox
              mount --make-private /foo
              mount --make-unbindable /foo

COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS

       The  full  set  of  mount  options  used  by an invocation of mount is determined by first
       extracting the mount options for the filesystem from the fstab table,  then  applying  any
       options  specified  by  the  -o  argument,  and  finally  applying a -r or -w option, when
       present.

       The command mount does not pass all command-line options to the  /sbin/mount.suffix  mount
       helpers.   The  interface  between  mount  and the mount helpers is described below in the
       section EXTERNAL HELPERS.

       Command-line options available for the mount command are:

       -a, --all
              Mount all filesystems (of the given types) mentioned in  fstab  (except  for  those
              whose  line  contains  the  noauto keyword).  The filesystems are mounted following
              their order in fstab.  The mount command compares filesystem source, target (and fs
              root  for  bind  mount  or btrfs) to detect already mounted filesystems. The kernel
              table with already mounted filesystems is cached during mount --all. It means  that
              all duplicated fstab entries will be mounted.

              The  option  --all  is  possible to use for remount operation too. In this case all
              filters (-t and -O) are applied to the table of already mounted filesystems.

              Note that it is a bad practice to use mount -a for fstab checking. The  recommended
              solution is findmnt --verify.

       -B, --bind
              Remount  a  subtree  somewhere  else  (so  that  its contents are available in both
              places).  See above, under Bind mounts.

       -c, --no-canonicalize
              Don't canonicalize paths.  The mount command canonicalizes all paths (from  command
              line  or  fstab) by default.  This option can be used together with the -f flag for
              already canonicalized absolute paths.  The option is  designed  for  mount  helpers
              which  call  mount  -i.   It  is  strongly recommended to not use this command-line
              option for normal mount operations.

              Note that mount(8) does not pass this option to the /sbin/mount.type helpers.

       -F, --fork
              (Used in conjunction with -a.)  Fork off  a  new  incarnation  of  mount  for  each
              device.   This  will do the mounts on different devices or different NFS servers in
              parallel.  This has the advantage that it  is  faster;  also  NFS  timeouts  go  in
              parallel.   A  disadvantage  is that the mounts are done in undefined order.  Thus,
              you cannot use this option if you want to mount both /usr and /usr/spool.

       -f, --fake
              Causes everything to be done except  for  the  actual  system  call;  if  it's  not
              obvious,  this  ``fakes''  mounting  the  filesystem.   This  option  is  useful in
              conjunction with the -v flag to determine what the mount command is trying  to  do.
              It  can  also be used to add entries for devices that were mounted earlier with the
              -n option.  The -f option checks for an existing record in /etc/mtab and fails when
              the record already exists (with a regular non-fake mount, this check is done by the
              kernel).

       -i, --internal-only
              Don't call the /sbin/mount.filesystem helper even if it exists.

       -L, --label label
              Mount the partition that has the specified label.

       -l, --show-labels
              Add the labels in the mount output.  mount must have permission to  read  the  disk
              device  (e.g.  be set-user-ID root) for this to work.  One can set such a label for
              ext2, ext3 or ext4 using the e2label(8) utility, or for XFS using xfs_admin(8),  or
              for reiserfs using reiserfstune(8).

       -M, --move
              Move a subtree to some other place.  See above, the subsection The move operation.

       -n, --no-mtab
              Mount  without writing in /etc/mtab.  This is necessary for example when /etc is on
              a read-only filesystem.

       -N, --namespace ns
              Perform mount in namespace specified by ns.  ns is either PID of process running in
              that namespace or special file representing that namespace.

              mount(8)  switches  to the namespace when it reads /etc/fstab, writes /etc/mtab (or
              writes to /run/mount) and calls mount(2) system call,  otherwise  it  runs  in  the
              original namespace. It means that the target namespace does not have to contain any
              libraries or another requirements necessary to execute mount(2) command.

              See namespaces(7) for more information.

       -O, --test-opts opts
              Limit the set of filesystems to which the -a option applies.  In this regard it  is
              like the -t option except that -O is useless without -a.  For example, the command:

                     mount -a -O no_netdev

              mounts  all filesystems except those which have the option _netdev specified in the
              options field in the /etc/fstab file.

              It is different from -t in that each option is matched exactly; a leading no at the
              beginning of one option does not negate the rest.

              The -t and -O options are cumulative in effect; that is, the command

                     mount -a -t ext2 -O _netdev

              mounts  all  ext2 filesystems with the _netdev option, not all filesystems that are
              either ext2 or have the _netdev option specified.

       -o, --options opts
              Use the specified mount options.  The opts argument is a comma-separated list.  For
              example:

                     mount LABEL=mydisk -o noatime,nodev,nosuid

              For  more  details,  see  the  FILESYSTEM-INDEPENDENT MOUNT OPTIONS and FILESYSTEM-
              SPECIFIC MOUNT OPTIONS sections.

       --options-mode mode
              Controls how to combine options from fstab/mtab with  options  from  command  line.
              mode  can  be  one of ignore, append, prepend or replace.  For example append means
              that options from fstab are appended to options from command line.   Default  value
              is  prepend  --  it  means  command line options are evaluated after fstab options.
              Note that the last option wins if there are conflicting ones.

       --options-source source
              Source of default options.  source is comma  separated  list  of  fstab,  mtab  and
              disable.   disable  disables  fstab  and  mtab and disables --options-source-force.
              Default value is fstab,mtab.

       --options-source-force
              Use options from fstab/mtab even if both device and dir are specified.

       -R, --rbind
              Remount a subtree and all possible submounts somewhere else (so that  its  contents
              are available in both places).  See above, the subsection Bind mounts.

       -r, --read-only
              Mount the filesystem read-only.  A synonym is -o ro.

              Note  that, depending on the filesystem type, state and kernel behavior, the system
              may still write to the device.  For example, ext3 and ext4 will replay the  journal
              if  the filesystem is dirty.  To prevent this kind of write access, you may want to
              mount an ext3 or ext4 filesystem with the ro,noload mount options or set the  block
              device itself to read-only mode, see the blockdev(8) command.

       -s     Tolerate  sloppy mount options rather than failing.  This will ignore mount options
              not supported by a filesystem type.   Not  all  filesystems  support  this  option.
              Currently it's supported by the mount.nfs mount helper only.

       --source device
              If  only  one  argument  for  the mount command is given then the argument might be
              interpreted as target (mountpoint) or  source  (device).   This  option  allows  to
              explicitly define that the argument is the mount source.

       --target directory
              If  only  one  argument  for  the mount command is given then the argument might be
              interpreted as target (mountpoint) or  source  (device).   This  option  allows  to
              explicitly define that the argument is the mount target.

       -T, --fstab path
              Specifies  an alternative fstab file.  If path is a directory then the files in the
              directory are sorted by strverscmp(3); files that start  with  "."  or  without  an
              .fstab  extension  are  ignored.  The option can be specified more than once.  This
              option is  mostly  designed  for  initramfs  or  chroot  scripts  where  additional
              configuration is specified beyond standard system configuration.

              Note  that  mount(8)  does  not  pass  the  option  --fstab to the /sbin/mount.type
              helpers, meaning that the  alternative  fstab  files  will  be  invisible  for  the
              helpers.   This  is no problem for normal mounts, but user (non-root) mounts always
              require fstab to verify the user's rights.

       -t, --types fstype
              The argument following the -t  is  used  to  indicate  the  filesystem  type.   The
              filesystem  types  which are currently supported depend on the running kernel.  See
              /proc/filesystems and /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/fs for a complete list of the
              filesystems.   The most common are ext2, ext3, ext4, xfs, btrfs, vfat, sysfs, proc,
              nfs and cifs.

              The programs mount and umount support filesystem subtypes.  The subtype is  defined
              by  a  '.subtype'  suffix.   For  example   'fuse.sshfs'.   It's recommended to use
              subtype notation rather than add any  prefix  to  the  mount  source  (for  example
              'sshfs#example.com' is deprecated).

              If no -t option is given, or if the auto type is specified, mount will try to guess
              the desired type.  Mount uses the blkid library for guessing the  filesystem  type;
              if  that  does not turn up anything that looks familiar, mount will try to read the
              file /etc/filesystems, or, if that does not exist, /proc/filesystems.  All  of  the
              filesystem  types  listed  there  will  be tried, except for those that are labeled
              "nodev" (e.g. devpts, proc and nfs).  If /etc/filesystems ends in  a  line  with  a
              single  *,  mount  will  read  /proc/filesystems  afterwards.   While  trying,  all
              filesystem types will be mounted with the mount option silent.

              The  auto  type  may  be  useful  for  user-mounted  floppies.   Creating  a   file
              /etc/filesystems  can be useful to change the probe order (e.g., to try vfat before
              msdos or ext3 before ext2) or if you use a kernel module autoloader.

              More than one type may be specified in a comma-separated list,  for  option  -t  as
              well  as in an /etc/fstab entry.  The list of filesystem types for option -t can be
              prefixed with no to specify the filesystem types  on  which  no  action  should  be
              taken.  The prefix no has no effect when specified in an /etc/fstab entry.

              The prefix no can be meaningful with the -a option.  For example, the command

                     mount -a -t nomsdos,smbfs

              mounts all filesystems except those of type msdos and smbfs.

              For  most  types  all the mount program has to do is issue a simple mount(2) system
              call, and no detailed knowledge of the filesystem type  is  required.   For  a  few
              types  however  (like  nfs,  nfs4, cifs, smbfs, ncpfs) an ad hoc code is necessary.
              The nfs, nfs4, cifs, smbfs, and ncpfs filesystems have a  separate  mount  program.
              In  order  to  make  it  possible  to  treat all types in a uniform way, mount will
              execute the program /sbin/mount.type (if that exists) when called with  type  type.
              Since   different   versions   of  the  smbmount  program  have  different  calling
              conventions, /sbin/mount.smbfs may have to be a  shell  script  that  sets  up  the
              desired call.

       -U, --uuid uuid
              Mount the partition that has the specified uuid.

       -v, --verbose
              Verbose mode.

       -w, --rw, --read-write
              Mount the filesystem read/write. The read-write is kernel default.  A synonym is -o
              rw.

              Note that specify -w on command line forces mount command to  never  try  read-only
              mount  on  write-protected  devices.  The  default is try read-only if the previous
              mount syscall with read-write flags failed.

       -V, --version
              Display version information and exit.

       -h, --help
              Display help text and exit.

FILESYSTEM-INDEPENDENT MOUNT OPTIONS

       Some of these options are only useful when they appear in the /etc/fstab file.

       Some of these options could be enabled or disabled by default in the  system  kernel.   To
       check  the  current  setting  see the options in /proc/mounts.  Note that filesystems also
       have per-filesystem specific default mount options (see for example tune2fs -l output  for
       extN filesystems).

       The  following  options  apply  to  any  filesystem  that  is being mounted (but not every
       filesystem actually honors them – e.g., the sync option today has an effect only for ext2,
       ext3, ext4, fat, vfat, ufs and xfs):

       async  All  I/O  to  the  filesystem  should  be  done asynchronously.  (See also the sync
              option.)

       atime  Do not use the noatime feature, so the inode access time is  controlled  by  kernel
              defaults.  See also the descriptions of the relatime and strictatime mount options.

       noatime
              Do  not update inode access times on this filesystem (e.g. for faster access on the
              news spool to speed up news servers).  This works for all inode types  (directories
              too), so it implies nodiratime.

       auto   Can be mounted with the -a option.

       noauto Can  only  be mounted explicitly (i.e., the -a option will not cause the filesystem
              to be mounted).

       context=context, fscontext=context, defcontext=context, and rootcontext=context
              The context= option is  useful  when  mounting  filesystems  that  do  not  support
              extended  attributes, such as a floppy or hard disk formatted with VFAT, or systems
              that are not normally running under SELinux, such as an ext3 or ext4 formatted

              disk from a non-SELinux workstation.  You can also use context= on filesystems  you
              do  not  trust,  such  as  a  floppy.   It  also helps in compatibility with xattr-
              supporting filesystems on earlier 2.4.<x> kernel versions.  Even where  xattrs  are
              supported, you can save time not having to label every file by assigning the entire
              disk one security context.

              A      commonly      used      option      for       removable       media       is
              context="system_u:object_r:removable_t".

              Two  other  options  are  fscontext=  and  defcontext=,  both of which are mutually
              exclusive of the context option.  This means you can use fscontext  and  defcontext
              with each other, but neither can be used with context.

              The fscontext= option works for all filesystems, regardless of their xattr support.
              The fscontext option sets the overarching filesystem label to a  specific  security
              context.   This  filesystem  label  is  separate  from the individual labels on the
              files.  It represents the entire filesystem for certain kinds of permission checks,
              such  as  during mount or file creation.  Individual file labels are still obtained
              from the xattrs on the files themselves.  The  context  option  actually  sets  the
              aggregate  context that fscontext provides, in addition to supplying the same label
              for individual files.

              You can set the default security context  for  unlabeled  files  using  defcontext=
              option.   This  overrides  the  value  set  for  unlabeled  files in the policy and
              requires a filesystem that supports xattr labeling.

              The rootcontext= option allows you to explicitly label the root inode of a FS being
              mounted before that FS or inode becomes visible to userspace.  This was found to be
              useful for things like stateless linux.

              Note that the kernel rejects any remount request that includes the context  option,
              even when unchanged from the current context.

              Warning:  the context value might contain commas, in which case the value has to be
              properly quoted, otherwise mount(8) will interpret the comma as a separator between
              mount  options.   Don't  forget  that  the  shell strips off quotes and thus double
              quoting is required.  For example:

                     mount -t tmpfs none /mnt -o \
                       'context="system_u:object_r:tmp_t:s0:c127,c456",noexec'

              For more details, see selinux(8).

       defaults
              Use the default options: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, and async.

              Note that the real  set  of  all  default  mount  options  depends  on  kernel  and
              filesystem type.  See the beginning of this section for more details.

       dev    Interpret character or block special devices on the filesystem.

       nodev  Do not interpret character or block special devices on the file system.

       diratime
              Update  directory  inode  access  times  on  this filesystem.  This is the default.
              (This option is ignored when noatime is set.)

       nodiratime
              Do not update directory inode access times on this  filesystem.   (This  option  is
              implied when noatime is set.)

       dirsync
              All  directory  updates  within  the filesystem should be done synchronously.  This
              affects the following system calls: creat, link,  unlink,  symlink,  mkdir,  rmdir,
              mknod and rename.

       exec   Permit execution of binaries.

       noexec Do not permit direct execution of any binaries on the mounted filesystem.

       group  Allow an ordinary user to mount the filesystem if one of that user's groups matches
              the group of the device.  This option implies the options nosuid and nodev  (unless
              overridden by subsequent options, as in the option line group,dev,suid).

       iversion
              Every time the inode is modified, the i_version field will be incremented.

       noiversion
              Do not increment the i_version inode field.

       mand   Allow mandatory locks on this filesystem.  See fcntl(2).

       nomand Do not allow mandatory locks on this filesystem.

       _netdev
              The  filesystem  resides  on a device that requires network access (used to prevent
              the system from attempting to mount these filesystems until the  network  has  been
              enabled on the system).

       nofail Do not report errors for this device if it does not exist.

       relatime
              Update  inode  access times relative to modify or change time.  Access time is only
              updated if the previous access time was earlier than the current modify  or  change
              time.   (Similar  to  noatime, but it doesn't break mutt or other applications that
              need to know if a file has been read since the last time it was modified.)

              Since Linux 2.6.30, the kernel defaults to the behavior  provided  by  this  option
              (unless  noatime  was  specified), and the strictatime option is required to obtain
              traditional semantics.  In addition, since Linux 2.6.30,  the  file's  last  access
              time is always updated if it is more than 1 day old.

       norelatime
              Do not use the relatime feature.  See also the strictatime mount option.

       strictatime
              Allows  to  explicitly  request full atime updates.  This makes it possible for the
              kernel to default to relatime or noatime but still allow userspace to override  it.
              For more details about the default system mount options see /proc/mounts.

       nostrictatime
              Use the kernel's default behavior for inode access time updates.

       lazytime
              Only update times (atime, mtime, ctime) on the in-memory version of the file inode.

              This  mount  option  significantly  reduces writes to the inode table for workloads
              that perform frequent random writes to preallocated files.

              The on-disk timestamps are updated only when:

              - the inode needs to be updated for some change unrelated to file timestamps

              - the application employs fsync(2), syncfs(2), or sync(2)

              - an undeleted inode is evicted from memory

              - more than 24 hours have passed since the i-node was written to disk.

       nolazytime
              Do not use the lazytime feature.

       suid   Honor set-user-ID  and  set-group-ID  bits  or  file  capabilities  when  executing
              programs from this filesystem.

       nosuid Do  not honor set-user-ID and set-group-ID bits or file capabilities when executing
              programs from this filesystem.

       silent Turn on the silent flag.

       loud   Turn off the silent flag.

       owner  Allow an ordinary user to mount the filesystem if that user is  the  owner  of  the
              device.   This  option  implies  the options nosuid and nodev (unless overridden by
              subsequent options, as in the option line owner,dev,suid).

       remount
              Attempt to remount an already-mounted filesystem.  This is commonly used to  change
              the  mount  flags  for  a  filesystem,  especially  to  make  a readonly filesystem
              writable.  It does not change device or mount point.

              The remount operation together with the bind flag has special semantic. See  above,
              the subsection Bind mounts.

              The  remount  functionality  follows  the standard way the mount command works with
              options from fstab.  This means that mount does not read fstab (or mtab) only  when
              both device and dir are specified.

                  mount -o remount,rw /dev/foo /dir

              After  this  call all old mount options are replaced and arbitrary stuff from fstab
              (or mtab) is ignored, except the loop= option which  is  internally  generated  and
              maintained by the mount command.

                  mount -o remount,rw  /dir

              After  this  call, mount reads fstab and merges these options with the options from
              the command line (-o).  If no mountpoint is found in fstab,  then  a  remount  with
              unspecified source is allowed.

              mount(8) allows to use --all to remount all already mounted filesystems which match
              a specified filter (-O and -t).  For example:

                  mount --all -o remount,ro -t vfat

              remounts all already mounted vfat filesystems in read-only mode. The  each  of  the
              filesystems is remounted by "mount -o remount,ro /dir" semantic. It means the mount
              command reads fstab or mtab and merges these options  with  the  options  from  the
              command line.

       ro     Mount the filesystem read-only.

       rw     Mount the filesystem read-write.

       sync   All  I/O to the filesystem should be done synchronously.  In the case of media with
              a limited number of write cycles (e.g. some flash drives),  sync  may  cause  life-
              cycle shortening.

       user   Allow  an  ordinary user to mount the filesystem.  The name of the mounting user is
              written to the mtab file (or to the private libmount file in /run/mount on  systems
              without  a  regular  mtab) so that this same user can unmount the filesystem again.
              This option implies the options noexec, nosuid, and  nodev  (unless  overridden  by
              subsequent options, as in the option line user,exec,dev,suid).

       nouser Forbid  an ordinary user to mount the filesystem.  This is the default; it does not
              imply any other options.

       users  Allow any user to mount and  to  unmount  the  filesystem,  even  when  some  other
              ordinary  user  mounted  it.   This  option implies the options noexec, nosuid, and
              nodev  (unless  overridden  by  subsequent  options,  as   in   the   option   line
              users,exec,dev,suid).

       X-*    All  options  prefixed  with  "X-"  are  interpreted  as  comments  or as userspace
              application-specific options.  These options are not stored in the user space (e.g.
              mtab  file),  nor  sent  to the mount.type helpers nor to the mount(2) system call.
              The suggested format is X-appname.option.

       x-*    The same as X-* options, but stored permanently in the user  space.  It  means  the
              options  are  also  available for umount or another operations.  Note that maintain
              mount options in user space is tricky, because it's necessary  use  libmount  based
              tools  and  there  is  no  guarantee that the options will be always available (for
              example after a move mount operation or in unshared namespace).

              Note that before util-linux v2.30 the x-*  options  have  not  been  maintained  by
              libmount and stored in user space (functionality was the same as have X-* now), but
              due to growing number of use-cases (in initrd, systemd etc.) the functionality have
              been extended to keep existing fstab configurations usable without a change.

       X-mount.mkdir[=mode]
              Allow  to  make  a  target  directory  (mountpoint).   The  optional  argument mode
              specifies the filesystem access mode used for  mkdir(2)  in  octal  notation.   The
              default  mode  is  0755.  This functionality is supported only for root users.  The
              option is  also  supported  as  x-mount.mkdir,  this  notation  is  deprecated  for
              mount.mkdir since v2.30.

FILESYSTEM-SPECIFIC MOUNT OPTIONS

       You  should consult the respective man page for the filesystem first.  If you want to know
       what options the ext4 filesystem supports, then check  the  ext4(5)  man  page.   If  that
       doesn't  exist,  you can also check the corresponding mount page like mount.cifs(8).  Note
       that you might have to install the respective userland tools.

       The following options apply only to certain filesystems.   We  sort  them  by  filesystem.
       They all follow the -o flag.

       What options are supported depends a bit on the running kernel.  More info may be found in
       the kernel source subdirectory Documentation/filesystems.

   Mount options for adfs
       uid=value and gid=value
              Set the owner and group of the files in the filesystem (default: uid=gid=0).

       ownmask=value and othmask=value
              Set the permission mask for  ADFS  'owner'  permissions  and  'other'  permissions,
              respectively    (default:    0700    and    0077,    respectively).     See    also
              /usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/adfs.txt.

   Mount options for affs
       uid=value and gid=value
              Set the owner and group of the root of the filesystem (default: uid=gid=0, but with
              option  uid  or gid without specified value, the UID and GID of the current process
              are taken).

       setuid=value and setgid=value
              Set the owner and group of all files.

       mode=value
              Set the mode of all files to value & 0777 disregarding  the  original  permissions.
              Add search permission to directories that have read permission.  The value is given
              in octal.

       protect
              Do not allow any changes to the protection bits on the filesystem.

       usemp  Set UID and GID of the root of the filesystem to the UID and GID of the mount point
              upon the first sync or umount, and then clear this option.  Strange...

       verbose
              Print an informational message for each successful mount.

       prefix=string
              Prefix used before volume name, when following a link.

       volume=string
              Prefix (of length at most 30) used before '/' when following a symbolic link.

       reserved=value
              (Default: 2.) Number of unused blocks at the start of the device.

       root=value
              Give explicitly the location of the root block.

       bs=value
              Give blocksize.  Allowed values are 512, 1024, 2048, 4096.

       grpquota|noquota|quota|usrquota
              These  options  are  accepted  but ignored.  (However, quota utilities may react to
              such strings in /etc/fstab.)

   Mount options for debugfs
       The debugfs filesystem is a pseudo filesystem, traditionally mounted on /sys/kernel/debug.
       As of kernel version 3.4, debugfs has the following options:

       uid=n, gid=n
              Set the owner and group of the mountpoint.

       mode=value
              Sets the mode of the mountpoint.

   Mount options for devpts
       The devpts filesystem is a pseudo filesystem, traditionally mounted on /dev/pts.  In order
       to acquire a pseudo terminal, a process opens /dev/ptmx; the number of the pseudo terminal
       is  then  made  available  to the process and the pseudo terminal slave can be accessed as
       /dev/pts/<number>.

       uid=value and gid=value
              This sets the owner or the group of newly created PTYs  to  the  specified  values.
              When  nothing  is  specified,  they  will be set to the UID and GID of the creating
              process.  For example, if there is a tty group with GID 5, then  gid=5  will  cause
              newly created PTYs to belong to the tty group.

       mode=value
              Set the mode of newly created PTYs to the specified value.  The default is 0600.  A
              value of mode=620 and gid=5 makes "mesg y" the default on newly created PTYs.

       newinstance
              Create a private instance of devpts filesystem, such that indices of ptys allocated
              in  this  new  instance  are  independent  of indices created in other instances of
              devpts.

              All mounts of devpts without this newinstance option share  the  same  set  of  pty
              indices (i.e. legacy mode).  Each mount of devpts with the newinstance option has a
              private set of pty indices.

              This option is mainly used to support  containers  in  the  linux  kernel.   It  is
              implemented  in  linux  kernel  versions starting with 2.6.29.  Further, this mount
              option is valid only if CONFIG_DEVPTS_MULTIPLE_INSTANCES is enabled in  the  kernel
              configuration.

              To use this option effectively, /dev/ptmx must be a symbolic link to pts/ptmx.  See
              Documentation/filesystems/devpts.txt in the linux kernel source tree for details.

       ptmxmode=value

              Set the mode for the new ptmx device node in the devpts filesystem.

              With the support for multiple instances of devpts (see newinstance  option  above),
              each  instance  has  a  private  ptmx  node  in  the  root of the devpts filesystem
              (typically /dev/pts/ptmx).

              For compatibility with older versions of the kernel, the default mode  of  the  new
              ptmx  node  is 0000.  ptmxmode=value specifies a more useful mode for the ptmx node
              and is highly recommended when the newinstance option is specified.

              This option is only implemented in linux  kernel  versions  starting  with  2.6.29.
              Further,  this  option is valid only if CONFIG_DEVPTS_MULTIPLE_INSTANCES is enabled
              in the kernel configuration.

   Mount options for fat
       (Note: fat is not a separate filesystem, but a common part of the msdos, umsdos  and  vfat
       filesystems.)

       blocksize={512|1024|2048}
              Set blocksize (default 512).  This option is obsolete.

       uid=value and gid=value
              Set  the  owner  and  group of all files.  (Default: the UID and GID of the current
              process.)

       umask=value
              Set the umask (the bitmask of the permissions that are not present).   The  default
              is the umask of the current process.  The value is given in octal.

       dmask=value
              Set the umask applied to directories only.  The default is the umask of the current
              process.  The value is given in octal.

       fmask=value
              Set the umask applied to regular files only.  The  default  is  the  umask  of  the
              current process.  The value is given in octal.

       allow_utime=value
              This option controls the permission check of mtime/atime.

              20     If current process is in group of file's group ID, you can change timestamp.

              2      Other users can change timestamp.

              The  default is set from `dmask' option. (If the directory is writable, utime(2) is
              also allowed.  I.e. ~dmask & 022)

              Normally utime(2) checks current process is owner of the file, or it has CAP_FOWNER
              capability.   But  FAT  filesystem doesn't have UID/GID on disk, so normal check is
              too inflexible.  With this option you can relax it.

       check=value
              Three different levels of pickiness can be chosen:

              r[elaxed]
                     Upper and lower case are  accepted  and  equivalent,  long  name  parts  are
                     truncated  (e.g.  verylongname.foobar  becomes  verylong.foo),  leading  and
                     embedded spaces are accepted in each name part (name and extension).

              n[ormal]
                     Like "relaxed", but many special characters (*,  ?,  <,  spaces,  etc.)  are
                     rejected.  This is the default.

              s[trict]
                     Like  "normal", but names that contain long parts or special characters that
                     are sometimes used on Linux but are not accepted by MS-DOS (+, =, etc.)  are
                     rejected.

       codepage=value
              Sets  the  codepage  for  converting  to  shortname  characters  on  FAT  and  VFAT
              filesystems.  By default, codepage 437 is used.

       conv=mode
              This option is obsolete and may fail or being ignored.

       cvf_format=module
              Forces the driver to use the CVF (Compressed Volume File) module cvf_module instead
              of  auto-detection.   If  the  kernel supports kmod, the cvf_format=xxx option also
              controls on-demand CVF module loading.  This option is obsolete.

       cvf_option=option
              Option passed to the CVF module.  This option is obsolete.

       debug  Turn on the debug flag.  A version string and a list of filesystem parameters  will
              be   printed  (these  data  are  also  printed  if  the  parameters  appear  to  be
              inconsistent).

       discard
              If set, causes discard/TRIM commands to be issued to the block device  when  blocks
              are freed.  This is useful for SSD devices and sparse/thinly-provisioned LUNs.

       dos1xfloppy
              If  set,  use  a fallback default BIOS Parameter Block configuration, determined by
              backing device size.  These static parameters match defaults assumed by DOS 1.x for
              160 kiB, 180 kiB, 320 kiB, and 360 kiB floppies and floppy images.

       errors={panic|continue|remount-ro}
              Specify FAT behavior on critical errors: panic, continue without doing anything, or
              remount the partition in read-only mode (default behavior).

       fat={12|16|32}
              Specify a 12, 16 or 32 bit fat.  This overrides the automatic  FAT  type  detection
              routine.  Use with caution!

       iocharset=value
              Character  set  to  use  for converting between 8 bit characters and 16 bit Unicode
              characters.  The default is iso8859-1.   Long  filenames  are  stored  on  disk  in
              Unicode format.

       nfs={stale_rw|nostale_ro}
              Enable this only if you want to export the FAT filesystem over NFS.

              stale_rw:  This option maintains an index (cache) of directory inodes which is used
              by the nfs-related code to improve look-ups.   Full  file  operations  (read/write)
              over  NFS are supported but with cache eviction at NFS server, this could result in
              spurious ESTALE errors.

              nostale_ro: This option bases the inode number  and  file  handle  on  the  on-disk
              location  of  a file in the FAT directory entry.  This ensures that ESTALE will not
              be returned after a file is evicted from the inode cache.  However, it  means  that
              operations  such  as  rename,  create  and  unlink  could  cause  file handles that
              previously pointed at one file to point at a different  file,  potentially  causing
              data corruption.  For this reason, this option also mounts the filesystem readonly.

              To  maintain  backward  compatibility,  '-o  nfs'  is  also accepted, defaulting to
              stale_rw.

       tz=UTC This option disables the conversion of timestamps between local time  (as  used  by
              Windows on FAT) and UTC (which Linux uses internally).  This is particularly useful
              when mounting devices (like digital cameras) that are set to UTC in order to  avoid
              the pitfalls of local time.

       time_offset=minutes
              Set  offset for conversion of timestamps from local time used by FAT to UTC.  I.e.,
              minutes will be subtracted from each timestamp to convert it to UTC used internally
              by  Linux.  This is useful when the time zone set in the kernel via settimeofday(2)
              is not the time zone used by the filesystem.  Note that this option still does  not
              provide  correct  time  stamps  in  all cases in presence of DST - time stamps in a
              different DST setting will be off by one hour.

       quiet  Turn on the quiet flag.  Attempts to chown or chmod files  do  not  return  errors,
              although they fail.  Use with caution!

       rodir  FAT  has  the  ATTR_RO  (read-only)  attribute.   On  Windows,  the  ATTR_RO of the
              directory will just be ignored, and is used only by applications as  a  flag  (e.g.
              it's set for the customized folder).

              If  you  want  to  use  ATTR_RO  as read-only flag even for the directory, set this
              option.

       showexec
              If set, the execute permission bits of  the  file  will  be  allowed  only  if  the
              extension part of the name is .EXE, .COM, or .BAT.  Not set by default.

       sys_immutable
              If  set,  ATTR_SYS attribute on FAT is handled as IMMUTABLE flag on Linux.  Not set
              by default.

       flush  If set, the filesystem will try to flush to disk more early than normal.   Not  set
              by default.

       usefree
              Use  the "free clusters" value stored on FSINFO.  It'll be used to determine number
              of free clusters without scanning disk.  But it's  not  used  by  default,  because
              recent  Windows  don't update it correctly in some case.  If you are sure the "free
              clusters" on FSINFO is correct, by this option you can avoid scanning disk.

       dots, nodots, dotsOK=[yes|no]
              Various misguided attempts to force Unix or DOS conventions onto a FAT filesystem.

   Mount options for hfs
       creator=cccc, type=cccc
              Set the creator/type values as shown by the MacOS  finder  used  for  creating  new
              files.  Default values: '????'.

       uid=n, gid=n
              Set  the  owner  and  group of all files.  (Default: the UID and GID of the current
              process.)

       dir_umask=n, file_umask=n, umask=n
              Set the umask used for all  directories,  all  regular  files,  or  all  files  and
              directories.  Defaults to the umask of the current process.

       session=n
              Select  the CDROM session to mount.  Defaults to leaving that decision to the CDROM
              driver.  This option will fail with anything but a CDROM as underlying device.

       part=n Select partition number n from the device.  Only makes sense for CDROMs.   Defaults
              to not parsing the partition table at all.

       quiet  Don't complain about invalid mount options.

   Mount options for hpfs
       uid=value and gid=value
              Set  the  owner  and  group  of all files. (Default: the UID and GID of the current
              process.)

       umask=value
              Set the umask (the bitmask of the permissions that are not present).   The  default
              is the umask of the current process.  The value is given in octal.

       case={lower|asis}
              Convert all files names to lower case, or leave them.  (Default: case=lower.)

       conv=mode
              This option is obsolete and may fail or being ignored.

       nocheck
              Do not abort mounting when certain consistency checks fail.

   Mount options for iso9660
       ISO  9660  is  a  standard  describing a filesystem structure to be used on CD-ROMs. (This
       filesystem type is also seen on some DVDs.  See also the udf filesystem.)

       Normal iso9660 filenames appear in an 8.3 format (i.e., DOS-like restrictions on  filename
       length),  and  in  addition  all characters are in upper case.  Also there is no field for
       file ownership, protection, number of links, provision for block/character devices, etc.

       Rock Ridge is an extension to iso9660 that  provides  all  of  these  UNIX-like  features.
       Basically  there are extensions to each directory record that supply all of the additional
       information, and when Rock Ridge is in use, the filesystem  is  indistinguishable  from  a
       normal UNIX filesystem (except that it is read-only, of course).

       norock Disable the use of Rock Ridge extensions, even if available.  Cf. map.

       nojoliet
              Disable the use of Microsoft Joliet extensions, even if available.  Cf. map.

       check={r[elaxed]|s[trict]}
              With  check=relaxed,  a  filename is first converted to lower case before doing the
              lookup.  This is probably only meaningful  together  with  norock  and  map=normal.
              (Default: check=strict.)

       uid=value and gid=value
              Give  all  files  in  the  filesystem  the  indicated  user  or  group id, possibly
              overriding  the  information  found  in  the  Rock  Ridge  extensions.    (Default:
              uid=0,gid=0.)

       map={n[ormal]|o[ff]|a[corn]}
              For non-Rock Ridge volumes, normal name translation maps upper to lower case ASCII,
              drops a trailing `;1', and converts `;' to `.'.  With map=off no  name  translation
              is  done.   See  norock.   (Default: map=normal.)  map=acorn is like map=normal but
              also apply Acorn extensions if present.

       mode=value
              For non-Rock Ridge volumes, give all files the indicated mode.  (Default: read  and
              execute permission for everybody.)  Octal mode values require a leading 0.

       unhide Also  show  hidden and associated files.  (If the ordinary files and the associated
              or hidden files  have  the  same  filenames,  this  may  make  the  ordinary  files
              inaccessible.)

       block={512|1024|2048}
              Set the block size to the indicated value.  (Default: block=1024.)

       conv=mode
              This option is obsolete and may fail or being ignored.

       cruft  If  the  high byte of the file length contains other garbage, set this mount option
              to ignore the high order bits of the file length.  This implies that a file  cannot
              be larger than 16 MB.

       session=x
              Select number of session on multisession CD.

       sbsector=xxx
              Session begins from sector xxx.

       The  following  options are the same as for vfat and specifying them only makes sense when
       using discs encoded using Microsoft's Joliet extensions.

       iocharset=value
              Character set to use for converting 16 bit  Unicode  characters  on  CD  to  8  bit
              characters.  The default is iso8859-1.

       utf8   Convert 16 bit Unicode characters on CD to UTF-8.

   Mount options for jfs
       iocharset=name
              Character set to use for converting from Unicode to ASCII.  The default is to do no
              conversion.    Use   iocharset=utf8   for   UTF8   translations.    This   requires
              CONFIG_NLS_UTF8 to be set in the kernel .config file.

       resize=value
              Resize  the  volume  to  value  blocks.   JFS  only  supports growing a volume, not
              shrinking it.  This option is only valid during  a  remount,  when  the  volume  is
              mounted  read-write.   The resize keyword with no value will grow the volume to the
              full size of the partition.

       nointegrity
              Do not write to the journal.  The primary use of this option is to allow for higher
              performance when restoring a volume from backup media.  The integrity of the volume
              is not guaranteed if the system abnormally ends.

       integrity
              Default.  Commit metadata changes to the journal.  Use this  option  to  remount  a
              volume  where  the  nointegrity option was previously specified in order to restore
              normal behavior.

       errors={continue|remount-ro|panic}
              Define the behavior when an error is encountered.  (Either ignore errors  and  just
              mark the filesystem erroneous and continue, or remount the filesystem read-only, or
              panic and halt the system.)

       noquota|quota|usrquota|grpquota
              These options are accepted but ignored.

   Mount options for msdos
       See mount options for fat.  If the msdos filesystem detects an inconsistency,  it  reports
       an error and sets the file system read-only.  The filesystem can be made writable again by
       remounting it.

   Mount options for ncpfs
       Just  like  nfs,  the  ncpfs  implementation  expects  a   binary   argument   (a   struct
       ncp_mount_data) to the mount system call.  This argument is constructed by ncpmount(8) and
       the current version of mount (2.12) does not know anything about ncpfs.

   Mount options for ntfs
       iocharset=name
              Character set to use when returning file names.  Unlike VFAT, NTFS suppresses names
              that contain nonconvertible characters.  Deprecated.

       nls=name
              New name for the option earlier called iocharset.

       utf8   Use UTF-8 for converting file names.

       uni_xlate={0|1|2}
              For  0  (or  `no'  or  `false'),  do  not  use escape sequences for unknown Unicode
              characters.  For 1 (or  `yes'  or  `true')  or  2,  use  vfat-style  4-byte  escape
              sequences  starting  with  ":".   Here  2  give  a  little-endian  encoding and 1 a
              byteswapped bigendian encoding.

       posix=[0|1]
              If enabled (posix=1), the filesystem distinguishes between upper  and  lower  case.
              The  8.3 alias names are presented as hard links instead of being suppressed.  This
              option is obsolete.

       uid=value, gid=value and umask=value
              Set the file permission on the filesystem.  The umask value is given in octal.   By
              default, the files are owned by root and not readable by somebody else.

   Mount options for overlay
       Since  Linux  3.18  the  overlay  pseudo  filesystem  implements  a  union mount for other
       filesystems.

       An overlay filesystem  combines  two  filesystems  -  an  upper  filesystem  and  a  lower
       filesystem.  When a name exists in both filesystems, the object in the upper filesystem is
       visible while the object in the lower filesystem is either  hidden  or,  in  the  case  of
       directories, merged with the upper object.

       The  lower  filesystem  can  be  any filesystem supported by Linux and does not need to be
       writable.  The lower filesystem can even be another overlayfs.  The upper filesystem  will
       normally  be  writable  and  if  it  is it must support the creation of trusted.* extended
       attributes, and must provide a valid d_type in readdir responses, so NFS is not suitable.

       A read-only overlay of two read-only filesystems may use any filesystem type.  The options
       lowerdir and upperdir are combined into a merged directory by using:

              mount -t overlay  overlay  \
                -olowerdir=/lower,upperdir=/upper,workdir=/work  /merged

       lowerdir=directory
              Any filesystem, does not need to be on a writable filesystem.

       upperdir=directory
              The upperdir is normally on a writable filesystem.

       workdir=directory
              The workdir needs to be an empty directory on the same filesystem as upperdir.

   Mount options for reiserfs
       Reiserfs is a journaling filesystem.

       conv   Instructs  version  3.6  reiserfs software to mount a version 3.5 filesystem, using
              the 3.6 format for newly created  objects.   This  filesystem  will  no  longer  be
              compatible with reiserfs 3.5 tools.

       hash={rupasov|tea|r5|detect}
              Choose which hash function reiserfs will use to find files within directories.

              rupasov
                     A  hash  invented  by  Yury Yu. Rupasov.  It is fast and preserves locality,
                     mapping lexicographically close file  names  to  close  hash  values.   This
                     option  should  not  be  used,  as  it  causes  a  high  probability of hash
                     collisions.

              tea    A Davis-Meyer function implemented by Jeremy  Fitzhardinge.   It  uses  hash
                     permuting  bits  in  the  name.  It gets high randomness and, therefore, low
                     probability of hash collisions at some  CPU  cost.   This  may  be  used  if
                     EHASHCOLLISION errors are experienced with the r5 hash.

              r5     A  modified  version  of the rupasov hash.  It is used by default and is the
                     best choice unless the filesystem has huge directories and unusual file-name
                     patterns.

              detect Instructs  mount  to  detect  which hash function is in use by examining the
                     filesystem being mounted, and to write this information  into  the  reiserfs
                     superblock.   This  is  only  useful  on  the  first  mount of an old format
                     filesystem.

       hashed_relocation
              Tunes the block allocator.  This  may  provide  performance  improvements  in  some
              situations.

       no_unhashed_relocation
              Tunes  the  block  allocator.   This  may  provide performance improvements in some
              situations.

       noborder
              Disable the border allocator algorithm invented by  Yury  Yu.  Rupasov.   This  may
              provide performance improvements in some situations.

       nolog  Disable  journaling.   This  will  provide  slight performance improvements in some
              situations at the cost of losing reiserfs's fast recovery from crashes.  Even  with
              this  option turned on, reiserfs still performs all journaling operations, save for
              actual writes into its journaling area.  Implementation  of  nolog  is  a  work  in
              progress.

       notail By  default,  reiserfs  stores small files and `file tails' directly into its tree.
              This confuses some utilities such as LILO(8).   This  option  is  used  to  disable
              packing of files into the tree.

       replayonly
              Replay  the  transactions  which  are in the journal, but do not actually mount the
              filesystem.  Mainly used by reiserfsck.

       resize=number
              A remount option which permits online expansion of reiserfs partitions.   Instructs
              reiserfs  to assume that the device has number blocks.  This option is designed for
              use with devices which are under logical  volume  management  (LVM).   There  is  a
              special      resizer      utility      which      can      be     obtained     from
              ftp://ftp.namesys.com/pub/reiserfsprogs.

       user_xattr
              Enable Extended User Attributes.  See the attr(5) manual page.

       acl    Enable POSIX Access Control Lists.  See the acl(5) manual page.

       barrier=none / barrier=flush
              This disables /  enables  the  use  of  write  barriers  in  the  journaling  code.
              barrier=none  disables,  barrier=flush enables (default).  This also requires an IO
              stack which can support barriers, and if reiserfs gets an error on a barrier write,
              it  will  disable barriers again with a warning.  Write barriers enforce proper on-
              disk ordering of journal commits, making volatile disk write caches safe to use, at
              some  performance penalty.  If your disks are battery-backed in one way or another,
              disabling barriers may safely improve performance.

   Mount options for ubifs
       UBIFS is a flash filesystem which works on top of UBI volumes.  Note  that  atime  is  not
       supported and is always turned off.

       The device name may be specified as
              ubiX_Y UBI device number X, volume number Y

              ubiY   UBI device number 0, volume number Y

              ubiX:NAME
                     UBI device number X, volume with name NAME

              ubi:NAME
                     UBI device number 0, volume with name NAME
       Alternative !  separator may be used instead of :.

       The following mount options are available:

       bulk_read
              Enable  bulk-read.   VFS  read-ahead  is  disabled  because  it slows down the file
              system.  Bulk-Read is an internal optimization.  Some flashes may  read  faster  if
              the  data  are  read at one go, rather than at several read requests.  For example,
              OneNAND can do "read-while-load" if it reads more than one NAND page.

       no_bulk_read
              Do not bulk-read.  This is the default.

       chk_data_crc
              Check data CRC-32 checksums.  This is the default.

       no_chk_data_crc.
              Do not check data CRC-32 checksums.  With this  option,  the  filesystem  does  not
              check  CRC-32  checksum  for  data,  but it does check it for the internal indexing
              information.  This option only affects reading,  not  writing.   CRC-32  is  always
              calculated when writing the data.

       compr={none|lzo|zlib}
              Select  the  default  compressor  which  is used when new files are written.  It is
              still possible to read compressed files if mounted with the none option.

   Mount options for udf
       UDF is the "Universal Disk  Format"  filesystem  defined  by  OSTA,  the  Optical  Storage
       Technology  Association, and is often used for DVD-ROM, frequently in the form of a hybrid
       UDF/ISO-9660 filesystem. It is, however, perfectly usable by itself on disk drives,  flash
       drives and other block devices.  See also iso9660.

       uid=   Make  all  files  in  the  filesystem  belong to the given user.  uid=forget can be
              specified independently of (or usually in addition to) uid=<user>  and  results  in
              UDF  not storing uids to the media. In fact the recorded uid is the 32-bit overflow
              uid -1 as defined by the UDF standard.  The value is given as either  <user>  which
              is  a  valid  user name or the corresponding decimal user id, or the special string
              "forget".

       gid=   Make all files in the filesystem belong to the  given  group.   gid=forget  can  be
              specified  independently  of (or usually in addition to) gid=<group> and results in
              UDF not storing gids to the media. In fact the recorded gid is the 32-bit  overflow
              gid  -1 as defined by the UDF standard.  The value is given as either <group> which
              is a valid group name or the corresponding decimal group id, or the special  string
              "forget".

       umask= Mask out the given permissions from all inodes read from the filesystem.  The value
              is given in octal.

       mode=  If mode= is  set  the  permissions  of  all  non-directory  inodes  read  from  the
              filesystem will be set to the given mode. The value is given in octal.

       dmode= If  dmode=  is set the permissions of all directory inodes read from the filesystem
              will be set to the given dmode. The value is given in octal.

       bs=    Set the block size. Default value prior to kernel version 2.6.30  was  2048.  Since
              2.6.30  and  prior  to 4.11 it was logical device block size with fallback to 2048.
              Since 4.11 it is logical block size with fallback to any valid block  size  between
              logical device block size and 4096.

              For other details see the mkudffs(8) 2.0+ manpage, sections COMPATIBILITY and BLOCK
              SIZE.

       unhide Show otherwise hidden files.

       undelete
              Show deleted files in lists.

       adinicb
              Embed data in the inode. (default)

       noadinicb
              Don't embed data in the inode.

       shortad
              Use short UDF address descriptors.

       longad Use long UDF address descriptors. (default)

       nostrict
              Unset strict conformance.

       iocharset=
              Set the NLS character  set.  This  requires  kernel  compiled  with  CONFIG_UDF_NLS
              option.

       utf8   Set the UTF-8 character set.

   Mount options for debugging and disaster recovery
       novrs  Ignore the Volume Recognition Sequence and attempt to mount anyway.

       session=
              Select  the session number for multi-session recorded optical media. (default= last
              session)

       anchor=
              Override standard anchor location. (default= 256)

       lastblock=
              Set the last block of the filesystem.

   Unused historical mount options that may be encountered and should be removed
       uid=ignore
              Ignored, use uid=<user> instead.

       gid=ignore
              Ignored, use gid=<group> instead.

       volume=
              Unimplemented and ignored.

       partition=
              Unimplemented and ignored.

       fileset=
              Unimplemented and ignored.

       rootdir=
              Unimplemented and ignored.

   Mount options for ufs
       ufstype=value
              UFS is a filesystem widely used in different operating systems.   The  problem  are
              differences   among   implementations.    Features   of  some  implementations  are
              undocumented, so its hard to recognize the type of ufs automatically.   That's  why
              the user must specify the type of ufs by mount option.  Possible values are:

              old    Old  format  of  ufs, this is the default, read only.  (Don't forget to give
                     the -r option.)

              44bsd  For filesystems created by a BSD-like system (NetBSD, FreeBSD, OpenBSD).

              ufs2   Used in FreeBSD 5.x supported as read-write.

              5xbsd  Synonym for ufs2.

              sun    For filesystems created by SunOS or Solaris on Sparc.

              sunx86 For filesystems created by Solaris on x86.

              hp     For filesystems created by HP-UX, read-only.

              nextstep
                     For filesystems created by NeXTStep (on NeXT station) (currently read only).

              nextstep-cd
                     For NextStep CDROMs (block_size == 2048), read-only.

              openstep
                     For filesystems  created  by  OpenStep  (currently  read  only).   The  same
                     filesystem type is also used by Mac OS X.

       onerror=value
              Set behavior on error:

              panic  If an error is encountered, cause a kernel panic.

              [lock|umount|repair]
                     These  mount  options  don't  do  anything  at  present;  when  an  error is
                     encountered only a console message is printed.

   Mount options for umsdos
       See mount options for msdos.  The dotsOK option is explicitly killed by umsdos.

   Mount options for vfat
       First of all, the mount options for fat are recognized.  The dotsOK option  is  explicitly
       killed by vfat.  Furthermore, there are

       uni_xlate
              Translate unhandled Unicode characters to special escaped sequences.  This lets you
              backup and restore filenames that are created with any Unicode characters.  Without
              this  option,  a '?' is used when no translation is possible.  The escape character
              is ':' because it is otherwise invalid on the vfat filesystem.  The escape sequence
              that  gets  used,  where u is the Unicode character, is: ':', (u & 0x3f), ((u>>6) &
              0x3f), (u>>12).

       posix  Allow two files with names that only differ in case.  This option is obsolete.

       nonumtail
              First try to make a short name without sequence number, before trying name~num.ext.

       utf8   UTF8 is the filesystem safe 8-bit encoding of Unicode that is used by the  console.
              It  can  be  enabled  for  the filesystem with this option or disabled with utf8=0,
              utf8=no or utf8=false.  If `uni_xlate' gets set, UTF8 gets disabled.

       shortname=mode
              Defines the behavior for creation and display  of  filenames  which  fit  into  8.3
              characters.   If a long name for a file exists, it will always be the preferred one
              for display.  There are four modes:

              lower  Force the short name to lower case upon display; store a long name when  the
                     short name is not all upper case.

              win95  Force  the short name to upper case upon display; store a long name when the
                     short name is not all upper case.

              winnt  Display the short name as is; store a long name when the short name  is  not
                     all lower case or all upper case.

              mixed  Display  the  short name as is; store a long name when the short name is not
                     all upper case.  This mode is the default since Linux 2.6.32.

   Mount options for usbfs
       devuid=uid and devgid=gid and devmode=mode
              Set the owner and group and mode of  the  device  files  in  the  usbfs  filesystem
              (default: uid=gid=0, mode=0644).  The mode is given in octal.

       busuid=uid and busgid=gid and busmode=mode
              Set  the  owner  and  group and mode of the bus directories in the usbfs filesystem
              (default: uid=gid=0, mode=0555).  The mode is given in octal.

       listuid=uid and listgid=gid and listmode=mode
              Set the owner  and  group  and  mode  of  the  file  devices  (default:  uid=gid=0,
              mode=0444).  The mode is given in octal.

THE LOOP DEVICE

       One further possible type is a mount via the loop device.  For example, the command

              mount /tmp/disk.img /mnt -t vfat -o loop=/dev/loop3

       will  set  up the loop device /dev/loop3 to correspond to the file /tmp/disk.img, and then
       mount this device on /mnt.

       If no explicit loop device is mentioned (but just an option  `-o  loop'  is  given),  then
       mount will try to find some unused loop device and use that, for example

              mount /tmp/disk.img /mnt -o loop

       The  mount command automatically creates a loop device from a regular file if a filesystem
       type is not specified or the filesystem is known for libblkid, for example:

              mount /tmp/disk.img /mnt

              mount -t ext4 /tmp/disk.img /mnt

       This type of mount knows about three options, namely loop, offset and sizelimit, that  are
       really options to losetup(8).  (These options can be used in addition to those specific to
       the filesystem type.)

       Since Linux 2.6.25 auto-destruction of loop devices is supported, meaning  that  any  loop
       device allocated by mount will be freed by umount independently of /etc/mtab.

       You can also free a loop device by hand, using losetup -d or umount -d.

       Since  util-linux v2.29 mount command re-uses the loop device rather than initialize a new
       device if the same backing file is already used for some loop device with the same  offset
       and sizelimit. This is necessary to avoid a filesystem corruption.

RETURN CODES

       mount has the following return codes (the bits can be ORed):

       0      success

       1      incorrect invocation or permissions

       2      system error (out of memory, cannot fork, no more loop devices)

       4      internal mount bug

       8      user interrupt

       16     problems writing or locking /etc/mtab

       32     mount failure

       64     some mount succeeded

       The  command mount -a returns 0 (all succeeded), 32 (all failed), or 64 (some failed, some
       succeeded).

EXTERNAL HELPERS

       The syntax of external mount helpers is:

           /sbin/mount.suffix spec dir [-sfnv] [-N namespace] [-o options] [-t type.subtype]

       where the suffix is the filesystem type and the -sfnvoN options have the same  meaning  as
       the  normal  mount  options.   The -t option is used for filesystems with subtypes support
       (for example /sbin/mount.fuse -t fuse.sshfs).

       The command mount does not  pass  the  mount  options  unbindable,  runbindable,  private,
       rprivate,  slave,  rslave,  shared,  rshared, auto, noauto, comment, x-*, loop, offset and
       sizelimit to the mount.<suffix> helpers.  All other options are used in a  comma-separated
       list as argument to the -o option.

FILES

       See also "The files /etc/fstab, /etc/mtab and /proc/mounts" section above.

       /etc/fstab        filesystem table

       /run/mount        libmount private runtime directory

       /etc/mtab         table of mounted filesystems or symlink to /proc/mounts

       /etc/mtab~        lock file (unused on systems with mtab symlink)

       /etc/mtab.tmp     temporary file (unused on systems with mtab symlink)

       /etc/filesystems  a list of filesystem types to try

ENVIRONMENT

       LIBMOUNT_FSTAB=<path>
              overrides the default location of the fstab file (ignored for suid)

       LIBMOUNT_MTAB=<path>
              overrides the default location of the mtab file (ignored for suid)

       LIBMOUNT_DEBUG=all
              enables libmount debug output

       LIBBLKID_DEBUG=all
              enables libblkid debug output

       LOOPDEV_DEBUG=all
              enables loop device setup debug output

SEE ALSO

       mount(2), umount(2), umount(8), fstab(5), nfs(5), xfs(5), e2label(8), findmnt(8),
       losetup(8), mke2fs(8), mountd(8), nfsd(8), swapon(8), tune2fs(8), xfs_admin(8)

BUGS

       It is possible for a corrupted filesystem to cause a crash.

       Some Linux filesystems don't support -o sync nor -o dirsync (the ext2, ext3, ext4, fat and
       vfat  filesystems  do  support  synchronous  updates (a la BSD) when mounted with the sync
       option).

       The -o remount may not be able to change mount parameters (all ext2fs-specific parameters,
       except  sb,  are changeable with a remount, for example, but you can't change gid or umask
       for the fatfs).

       It is possible that the files /etc/mtab and /proc/mounts don't match  on  systems  with  a
       regular  mtab  file.   The  first file is based only on the mount command options, but the
       content of the second file also depends on the kernel  and  others  settings  (e.g.  on  a
       remote  NFS server -- in certain cases the mount command may report unreliable information
       about an NFS mount  point  and  the  /proc/mounts  file  usually  contains  more  reliable
       information.)   This  is  another  reason  to  replace the mtab file with a symlink to the
       /proc/mounts file.

       Checking files on NFS filesystems referenced by file descriptors (i.e. the fcntl and ioctl
       families  of  functions) may lead to inconsistent results due to the lack of a consistency
       check in the kernel even if noac is used.

       The loop option with the offset or sizelimit  options  used  may  fail  when  using  older
       kernels  if  the  mount  command  can't confirm that the size of the block device has been
       configured as requested.  This situation can be worked around by using the losetup command
       manually before calling mount with the configured loop device.

HISTORY

       A mount command existed in Version 5 AT&T UNIX.

AUTHORS

       Karel Zak <kzak@redhat.com>

AVAILABILITY

       The   mount   command   is   part   of  the  util-linux  package  and  is  available  from
       https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/.