Ubuntu Manpage: lxc - linux containers

Provided by: lxc-utils_4.0.12-0ubuntu1~20.04.1_amd64

NAME

       lxc - linux containers

OVERVIEW

       The  container  technology  is  actively being pushed into the mainstream Linux kernel. It
       provides resource management through control groups and resource isolation via namespaces.

       lxc, aims to use these new functionalities to provide a userspace container  object  which
       provides  full  resource  isolation  and  resource  control  for an applications or a full
       system.

       lxc is small enough to easily manage a container with simple command  lines  and  complete
       enough to be used for other purposes.

REQUIREMENTS

       The  kernel  version  >=  3.10 shipped with the distros, will work with lxc, this one will
       have less functionalities but enough to be interesting.

       lxc relies on a set of functionalities provided by the  kernel.  The  helper  script  lxc-
       checkconfig  will  give  you  information  about  your kernel configuration, required, and
       missing features.

FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION

A container is an object isolating some resources of the host, for the application or
system running in it.

The application / system will be launched inside a container specified by a configuration
that is either initially created or passed as a parameter of the commands.

How to run an application in a container

Before running an application, you should know what are the resources you want to isolate.
The default configuration is to isolate PIDs, the sysv IPC and mount points. If you want
to run a simple shell inside a container, a basic configuration is needed, especially if
you want to share the rootfs. If you want to run an application like sshd, you should
provide a new network stack and a new hostname. If you want to avoid conflicts with some
files eg. /var/run/httpd.pid, you should remount /var/run with an empty directory. If you
want to avoid the conflicts in all the cases, you can specify a rootfs for the container.
The rootfs can be a directory tree, previously bind mounted with the initial rootfs, so
you can still use your distro but with your own /etc and /home

Here is an example of directory tree for sshd:

[root@lxc sshd]$ tree -d rootfs

rootfs
|-- bin
|-- dev
| |-- pts
| `-- shm
| `-- network
|-- etc
| `-- ssh
|-- lib
|-- proc
|-- root
|-- sbin
|-- sys
|-- usr
`-- var
|-- empty
| `-- sshd
|-- lib
| `-- empty
| `-- sshd
`-- run
`-- sshd

and the mount points file associated with it:

[root@lxc sshd]$ cat fstab

/lib /home/root/sshd/rootfs/lib none ro,bind 0 0
/bin /home/root/sshd/rootfs/bin none ro,bind 0 0
/usr /home/root/sshd/rootfs/usr none ro,bind 0 0
/sbin /home/root/sshd/rootfs/sbin none ro,bind 0 0

How to run a system in a container

Running a system inside a container is paradoxically easier than running an application.
Why? Because you don't have to care about the resources to be isolated, everything needs
to be isolated, the other resources are specified as being isolated but without
configuration because the container will set them up. eg. the ipv4 address will be setup
by the system container init scripts. Here is an example of the mount points file:

[root@lxc debian]$ cat fstab

/dev /home/root/debian/rootfs/dev none bind 0 0
/dev/pts /home/root/debian/rootfs/dev/pts none bind 0 0

CONTAINER LIFE CYCLE
When the container is created, it contains the configuration information. When a process
is launched, the container will be starting and running. When the last process running
inside the container exits, the container is stopped.

In case of failure when the container is initialized, it will pass through the aborting
state.

---------
| STOPPED |<---------------
--------- |
| |
start |
| |
V |
---------- |
| STARTING |--error- |
---------- | |
| | |
V V |
--------- ---------- |
| RUNNING | | ABORTING | |
--------- ---------- |
| | |
no process | |
| | |
V | |
---------- | |
| STOPPING |<------- |
---------- |
| |
---------------------

CONFIGURATION
The container is configured through a configuration file, the format of the configuration
file is described in lxc.conf(5)

CREATING / DESTROYING CONTAINERS
A persistent container object can be created via the lxc-create command. It takes a
container name as parameter and optional configuration file and template. The name is used
by the different commands to refer to this container. The lxc-destroy command will destroy
the container object.

lxc-create -n foo
lxc-destroy -n foo

VOLATILE CONTAINER
It is not mandatory to create a container object before starting it. The container can be
directly started with a configuration file as parameter.

STARTING / STOPPING CONTAINER
When the container has been created, it is ready to run an application / system. This is
the purpose of the lxc-execute and lxc-start commands. If the container was not created
before starting the application, the container will use the configuration file passed as
parameter to the command, and if there is no such parameter either, then it will use a
default isolation. If the application ended, the container will be stopped, but if needed
the lxc-stop command can be used to stop the container.

Running an application inside a container is not exactly the same thing as running a
system. For this reason, there are two different commands to run an application into a
container:

lxc-execute -n foo [-f config] /bin/bash
lxc-start -n foo [-f config] [/bin/bash]

The lxc-execute command will run the specified command into a container via an
intermediate process, lxc-init. This lxc-init after launching the specified command, will
wait for its end and all other reparented processes. (to support daemons in the
container). In other words, in the container, lxc-init has PID 1 and the first process of
the application has PID 2.

The lxc-start command will directly run the specified command in the container. The PID of
the first process is 1. If no command is specified lxc-start will run the command defined
in lxc.init.cmd or if not set, /sbin/init .

To summarize, lxc-execute is for running an application and lxc-start is better suited for
running a system.

If the application is no longer responding, is inaccessible or is not able to finish by
itself, a wild lxc-stop command will kill all the processes in the container without pity.

lxc-stop -n foo -k

CONNECT TO AN AVAILABLE TTY
If the container is configured with ttys, it is possible to access it through them. It is
up to the container to provide a set of available ttys to be used by the following
command. When the tty is lost, it is possible to reconnect to it without login again.

lxc-console -n foo -t 3

FREEZE / UNFREEZE CONTAINER
Sometime, it is useful to stop all the processes belonging to a container, eg. for job
scheduling. The commands:

lxc-freeze -n foo

will put all the processes in an uninteruptible state and

lxc-unfreeze -n foo

will resume them.

This feature is enabled if the freezer cgroup v1 controller is enabled in the kernel.

GETTING INFORMATION ABOUT CONTAINER
When there are a lot of containers, it is hard to follow what has been created or
destroyed, what is running or what are the PIDs running in a specific container. For this
reason, the following commands may be useful:

lxc-ls -f
lxc-info -n foo

lxc-ls lists containers.

lxc-info gives information for a specific container.

Here is an example on how the combination of these commands allows one to list all the
containers and retrieve their state.

for i in $(lxc-ls -1); do
lxc-info -n $i
done

MONITORING CONTAINER
It is sometime useful to track the states of a container, for example to monitor it or
just to wait for a specific state in a script.

lxc-monitor command will monitor one or several containers. The parameter of this command
accepts a regular expression for example:

lxc-monitor -n "foo|bar"

will monitor the states of containers named 'foo' and 'bar', and:

lxc-monitor -n ".*"

will monitor all the containers.

For a container 'foo' starting, doing some work and exiting, the output will be in the
form:

'foo' changed state to [STARTING]
'foo' changed state to [RUNNING]
'foo' changed state to [STOPPING]
'foo' changed state to [STOPPED]

lxc-wait command will wait for a specific state change and exit. This is useful for
scripting to synchronize the launch of a container or the end. The parameter is an ORed
combination of different states. The following example shows how to wait for a container
if it successfully started as a daemon.

# launch lxc-wait in background
lxc-wait -n foo -s STOPPED &
LXC_WAIT_PID=$!

# this command goes in background
lxc-execute -n foo mydaemon &

# block until the lxc-wait exits
# and lxc-wait exits when the container
# is STOPPED
wait $LXC_WAIT_PID
echo "'foo' is finished"

CGROUP SETTINGS FOR CONTAINERS
The container is tied with the control groups, when a container is started a control group
is created and associated with it. The control group properties can be read and modified
when the container is running by using the lxc-cgroup command.

lxc-cgroup command is used to set or get a control group subsystem which is associated
with a container. The subsystem name is handled by the user, the command won't do any
syntax checking on the subsystem name, if the subsystem name does not exists, the command
will fail.

lxc-cgroup -n foo cpuset.cpus

will display the content of this subsystem.

lxc-cgroup -n foo cpu.shares 512

will set the subsystem to the specified value.

AUTHOR

       Daniel Lezcano <daniel.lezcano@free.fr>

       Christian Brauner <christian.brauner@ubuntu.com>

       Serge Hallyn <serge@hallyn.com>

       Stéphane Graber <stgraber@ubuntu.com>

NAME

OVERVIEW

REQUIREMENTS

FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR