Ubuntu Manpage: openvpn - secure IP tunnel daemon.

Provided by: openvpn_2.4.12-0ubuntu0.20.04.2_amd64

NAME

       openvpn - secure IP tunnel daemon.

SYNOPSIS

       openvpn [ options ... ]

INTRODUCTION

       OpenVPN  is  an  open source VPN daemon by James Yonan.  Because OpenVPN tries to be a universal VPN tool
       offering a great deal of flexibility, there are a lot of options on this manual page.  If you're  new  to
       OpenVPN,  you might want to skip ahead to the examples section where you will see how to construct simple
       VPNs on the command line without even needing a configuration file.

       Also note that there's more documentation and examples on the OpenVPN web site: http://openvpn.net/

       And if you would like to see a shorter version of this manual, see the openvpn usage message which can be
       obtained by running openvpn without any parameters.

DESCRIPTION

       OpenVPN is a robust and  highly  flexible  VPN  daemon.   OpenVPN  supports  SSL/TLS  security,  ethernet
       bridging,  TCP or UDP tunnel transport through proxies or NAT, support for dynamic IP addresses and DHCP,
       scalability to hundreds or thousands of users, and portability to most major OS platforms.

       OpenVPN is tightly bound to the OpenSSL library, and derives much of its crypto capabilities from it.

       OpenVPN supports conventional encryption using a pre-shared secret key (Static Key mode)  or  public  key
       security  (SSL/TLS mode) using client & server certificates.  OpenVPN also supports non-encrypted TCP/UDP
       tunnels.

       OpenVPN is designed to work with the TUN/TAP virtual networking interface that exists on most platforms.

       Overall, OpenVPN aims to offer many of the key features  of  IPSec  but  with  a  relatively  lightweight
       footprint.

OPTIONS

OpenVPN allows any option to be placed either on the command line or in a configuration file. Though all
command line options are preceded by a double-leading-dash ("--"), this prefix can be removed when an
option is placed in a configuration file.

--help Show options.

--config file
Load additional config options from file where each line corresponds to one command line option,
but with the leading '--' removed.

If --config file is the only option to the openvpn command, the --config can be removed, and the
command can be given as openvpn file

Note that configuration files can be nested to a reasonable depth.

Double quotation or single quotation characters ("", '') can be used to enclose single parameters
containing whitespace, and "#" or ";" characters in the first column can be used to denote
comments.

Note that OpenVPN 2.0 and higher performs backslash-based shell escaping for characters not in
single quotations, so the following mappings should be observed:

\\ Maps to a single backslash character (\).
\" Pass a literal doublequote character ("), don't
interpret it as enclosing a parameter.
\[SPACE] Pass a literal space or tab character, don't
interpret it as a parameter delimiter.

For example on Windows, use double backslashes to represent pathnames:

secret "c:\\OpenVPN\\secret.key"

For examples of configuration files, see http://openvpn.net/examples.html

Here is an example configuration file:

#
# Sample OpenVPN configuration file for
# using a pre-shared static key.
#
# '#' or ';' may be used to delimit comments.

# Use a dynamic tun device.
dev tun

# Our remote peer
remote mypeer.mydomain

# 10.1.0.1 is our local VPN endpoint
# 10.1.0.2 is our remote VPN endpoint
ifconfig 10.1.0.1 10.1.0.2

# Our pre-shared static key
secret static.key

Tunnel Options:
--mode m
Set OpenVPN major mode. By default, OpenVPN runs in point-to-point mode ("p2p"). OpenVPN 2.0
introduces a new mode ("server") which implements a multi-client server capability.

--local host
Local host name or IP address for bind. If specified, OpenVPN will bind to this address only. If
unspecified, OpenVPN will bind to all interfaces.

--remote host [port] [proto]
Remote host name or IP address. On the client, multiple --remote options may be specified for
redundancy, each referring to a different OpenVPN server. Specifying multiple --remote options
for this purpose is a special case of the more general connection-profile feature. See the
<connection> documentation below.

The OpenVPN client will try to connect to a server at host:port in the order specified by the list
of --remote options.

proto indicates the protocol to use when connecting with the remote, and may be "tcp" or "udp".

For forcing IPv4 or IPv6 connection suffix tcp or udp with 4/6 like udp4/udp6/tcp4/tcp6.

The client will move on to the next host in the list, in the event of connection failure. Note
that at any given time, the OpenVPN client will at most be connected to one server.

Note that since UDP is connectionless, connection failure is defined by the --ping and
--ping-restart options.

Note the following corner case: If you use multiple --remote options, AND you are dropping root
privileges on the client with --user and/or --group, AND the client is running a non-Windows OS,
if the client needs to switch to a different server, and that server pushes back different TUN/TAP
or route settings, the client may lack the necessary privileges to close and reopen the TUN/TAP
interface. This could cause the client to exit with a fatal error.

If --remote is unspecified, OpenVPN will listen for packets from any IP address, but will not act
on those packets unless they pass all authentication tests. This requirement for authentication
is binding on all potential peers, even those from known and supposedly trusted IP addresses (it
is very easy to forge a source IP address on a UDP packet).

When used in TCP mode, --remote will act as a filter, rejecting connections from any host which
does not match host.

If host is a DNS name which resolves to multiple IP addresses, OpenVPN will try them in the order
that the system getaddrinfo() presents them, so priorization and DNS randomization is done by the
system library. Unless an IP version is forced by the protocol specification (4/6 suffix),
OpenVPN will try both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, in the order getaddrinfo() returns them.

--remote-random-hostname
Prepend a random string (6 bytes, 12 hex characters) to hostname to prevent DNS caching. For
example, "foo.bar.gov" would be modified to "<random-chars>.foo.bar.gov".

<connection>
Define a client connection profile. Client connection profiles are groups of OpenVPN options that
describe how to connect to a given OpenVPN server. Client connection profiles are specified
within an OpenVPN configuration file, and each profile is bracketed by <connection> and
</connection>.

An OpenVPN client will try each connection profile sequentially until it achieves a successful
connection.

--remote-random can be used to initially "scramble" the connection list.

Here is an example of connection profile usage:

client
dev tun

<connection>
remote 198.19.34.56 1194 udp
</connection>

<connection>
remote 198.19.34.56 443 tcp
</connection>

<connection>
remote 198.19.34.56 443 tcp
http-proxy 192.168.0.8 8080
</connection>

<connection>
remote 198.19.36.99 443 tcp
http-proxy 192.168.0.8 8080
</connection>

persist-key
persist-tun
pkcs12 client.p12
remote-cert-tls server
verb 3

First we try to connect to a server at 198.19.34.56:1194 using UDP. If that fails, we then try to
connect to 198.19.34.56:443 using TCP. If that also fails, then try connecting through an HTTP
proxy at 192.168.0.8:8080 to 198.19.34.56:443 using TCP. Finally, try to connect through the same
proxy to a server at 198.19.36.99:443 using TCP.

The following OpenVPN options may be used inside of a <connection> block:

bind, connect-retry, connect-retry-max, connect-timeout, explicit-exit-notify, float, fragment,
http-proxy, http-proxy-option, link-mtu, local, lport, mssfix, mtu-disc, nobind, port, proto,
remote, rport, socks-proxy, tun-mtu and tun-mtu-extra.

A defaulting mechanism exists for specifying options to apply to all <connection> profiles. If
any of the above options (with the exception of remote ) appear outside of a <connection> block,
but in a configuration file which has one or more <connection> blocks, the option setting will be
used as a default for <connection> blocks which follow it in the configuration file.

For example, suppose the nobind option were placed in the sample configuration file above, near
the top of the file, before the first <connection> block. The effect would be as if nobind were
declared in all <connection> blocks below it.

--proto-force p
When iterating through connection profiles, only consider profiles using protocol p ('tcp'|'udp').

--remote-random
When multiple --remote address/ports are specified, or if connection profiles are being used,
initially randomize the order of the list as a kind of basic load-balancing measure.

--proto p
Use protocol p for communicating with remote host. p can be udp, tcp-client, or tcp-server.

The default protocol is udp when --proto is not specified.

For UDP operation, --proto udp should be specified on both peers.

For TCP operation, one peer must use --proto tcp-server and the other must use --proto tcp-client.
A peer started with tcp-server will wait indefinitely for an incoming connection. A peer started
with tcp-client will attempt to connect, and if that fails, will sleep for 5 seconds (adjustable
via the --connect-retry option) and try again infinite or up to N retries (adjustable via the
--connect-retry-max option). Both TCP client and server will simulate a SIGUSR1 restart signal if
either side resets the connection.

OpenVPN is designed to operate optimally over UDP, but TCP capability is provided for situations
where UDP cannot be used. In comparison with UDP, TCP will usually be somewhat less efficient and
less robust when used over unreliable or congested networks.

This article outlines some of problems with tunneling IP over TCP:

http://sites.inka.de/sites/bigred/devel/tcp-tcp.html

There are certain cases, however, where using TCP may be advantageous from a security and
robustness perspective, such as tunneling non-IP or application-level UDP protocols, or tunneling
protocols which don't possess a built-in reliability layer.

--connect-retry n [max]
Wait n seconds between connection attempts (default=5). Repeated reconnection attempts are slowed
down after 5 retries per remote by doubling the wait time after each unsuccessful attempt. The
optional argument max specifies the maximum value of wait time in seconds at which it gets capped
(default=300).

--connect-retry-max n
n specifies the number of times each --remote or <connection> entry is tried. Specifying n as one
would try each entry exactly once. A successful connection resets the counter.
(default=unlimited).

--show-proxy-settings
Show sensed HTTP or SOCKS proxy settings. Currently, only Windows clients support this option.

--http-proxy server port [authfile|'auto'|'auto-nct'] [auth-method]
Connect to remote host through an HTTP proxy at address server and port port. If HTTP
Proxy-Authenticate is required, authfile is a file containing a username and password on 2 lines,
or "stdin" to prompt from console. Its content can also be specified in the config file with the
--http-proxy-user-pass option. (See section on inline files)

auth-method should be one of "none", "basic", or "ntlm".

HTTP Digest authentication is supported as well, but only via the auto or auto-nct flags (below).

The auto flag causes OpenVPN to automatically determine the auth-method and query stdin or the
management interface for username/password credentials, if required. This flag exists on OpenVPN
2.1 or higher.

The auto-nct flag (no clear-text auth) instructs OpenVPN to automatically determine the
authentication method, but to reject weak authentication protocols such as HTTP Basic
Authentication.

--http-proxy-option type [parm]
Set extended HTTP proxy options. Repeat to set multiple options.

VERSION version -- Set HTTP version number to version (default=1.0).

AGENT user-agent -- Set HTTP "User-Agent" string to user-agent.

CUSTOM-HEADER name content -- Adds the custom Header with name as name and content as the content
of the custom HTTP header.

--socks-proxy server [port] [authfile]
Connect to remote host through a Socks5 proxy at address server and port port (default=1080).
authfile (optional) is a file containing a username and password on 2 lines, or "stdin" to prompt
from console.

--resolv-retry n
If hostname resolve fails for --remote, retry resolve for n seconds before failing.

Set n to "infinite" to retry indefinitely.

By default, --resolv-retry infinite is enabled. You can disable by setting n=0.

--float
Allow remote peer to change its IP address and/or port number, such as due to DHCP (this is the
default if --remote is not used). --float when specified with --remote allows an OpenVPN session
to initially connect to a peer at a known address, however if packets arrive from a new address
and pass all authentication tests, the new address will take control of the session. This is
useful when you are connecting to a peer which holds a dynamic address such as a dial-in user or
DHCP client.

Essentially, --float tells OpenVPN to accept authenticated packets from any address, not only the
address which was specified in the --remote option.

--ipchange cmd
Run command cmd when our remote ip-address is initially authenticated or changes.

cmd consists of a path to script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The
path and arguments may be single- or double-quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be
separated by one or more spaces.

When cmd is executed two arguments are appended after any arguments specified in cmd , as follows:

cmd ip_address port_number

Don't use --ipchange in --mode server mode. Use a --client-connect script instead.

See the "Environmental Variables" section below for additional parameters passed as environmental
variables.

If you are running in a dynamic IP address environment where the IP addresses of either peer could
change without notice, you can use this script, for example, to edit the /etc/hosts file with the
current address of the peer. The script will be run every time the remote peer changes its IP
address.

Similarly if our IP address changes due to DHCP, we should configure our IP address change script
(see man page for dhcpcd(8) ) to deliver a SIGHUP or SIGUSR1 signal to OpenVPN. OpenVPN will then
reestablish a connection with its most recently authenticated peer on its new IP address.

--port port
TCP/UDP port number or port name for both local and remote (sets both --lport and --rport options
to given port). The current default of 1194 represents the official IANA port number assignment
for OpenVPN and has been used since version 2.0-beta17. Previous versions used port 5000 as the
default.

--lport port
Set local TCP/UDP port number or name. Cannot be used together with --nobind option.

--rport port
Set TCP/UDP port number or name used by the --remote option. The port can also be set directly
using the --remote option.

--bind [ipv6only]
Bind to local address and port. This is the default unless any of --proto tcp-client ,
--http-proxy or --socks-proxy are used.

If the ipv6only keyword is present OpenVPN will bind only to IPv6 (as oposed to IPv6 and IPv4)
when a IPv6 socket is opened.

--nobind
Do not bind to local address and port. The IP stack will allocate a dynamic port for returning
packets. Since the value of the dynamic port could not be known in advance by a peer, this option
is only suitable for peers which will be initiating connections by using the --remote option.

--dev tunX | tapX | null
TUN/TAP virtual network device ( X can be omitted for a dynamic device.)

See examples section below for an example on setting up a TUN device.

You must use either tun devices on both ends of the connection or tap devices on both ends. You
cannot mix them, as they represent different underlying network layers.

tun devices encapsulate IPv4 or IPv6 (OSI Layer 3) while tap devices encapsulate Ethernet 802.3
(OSI Layer 2).

--dev-type device-type
Which device type are we using? device-type should be tun (OSI Layer 3) or tap (OSI Layer 2).
Use this option only if the TUN/TAP device used with --dev does not begin with tun or tap.

--topology mode
Configure virtual addressing topology when running in --dev tun mode. This directive has no
meaning in --dev tap mode, which always uses a subnet topology.

If you set this directive on the server, the --server and --server-bridge directives will
automatically push your chosen topology setting to clients as well. This directive can also be
manually pushed to clients. Like the --dev directive, this directive must always be compatible
between client and server.

mode can be one of:

net30 -- Use a point-to-point topology, by allocating one /30 subnet per client. This is designed
to allow point-to-point semantics when some or all of the connecting clients might be Windows
systems. This is the default on OpenVPN 2.0.

p2p -- Use a point-to-point topology where the remote endpoint of the client's tun interface
always points to the local endpoint of the server's tun interface. This mode allocates a single
IP address per connecting client. Only use when none of the connecting clients are Windows
systems. This mode is functionally equivalent to the --ifconfig-pool-linear directive which is
available in OpenVPN 2.0, is deprecated and will be removed in OpenVPN 2.5

subnet -- Use a subnet rather than a point-to-point topology by configuring the tun interface with
a local IP address and subnet mask, similar to the topology used in --dev tap and ethernet
bridging mode. This mode allocates a single IP address per connecting client and works on Windows
as well. Only available when server and clients are OpenVPN 2.1 or higher, or OpenVPN 2.0.x which
has been manually patched with the --topology directive code. When used on Windows, requires
version 8.2 or higher of the TAP-Win32 driver. When used on *nix, requires that the tun driver
supports an ifconfig(8) command which sets a subnet instead of a remote endpoint IP address.

This option exists in OpenVPN 2.1 or higher.

Note: Using --topology subnet changes the interpretation of the arguments of --ifconfig to mean
"address netmask", no longer "local remote".

--dev-node node
Explicitly set the device node rather than using /dev/net/tun, /dev/tun, /dev/tap, etc. If
OpenVPN cannot figure out whether node is a TUN or TAP device based on the name, you should also
specify --dev-type tun or --dev-type tap.

Under Mac OS X this option can be used to specify the default tun implementation. Using --dev-node
utun forces usage of the native Darwin tun kernel support. Use --dev-node utunN to select a
specific utun instance. To force using the tun.kext (/dev/tunX) use --dev-node tun. When not
specifying a --dev-node option openvpn will first try to open utun, and fall back to tun.kext.

On Windows systems, select the TAP-Win32 adapter which is named node in the Network Connections
Control Panel or the raw GUID of the adapter enclosed by braces. The --show-adapters option under
Windows can also be used to enumerate all available TAP-Win32 adapters and will show both the
network connections control panel name and the GUID for each TAP-Win32 adapter.

--lladdr address
Specify the link layer address, more commonly known as the MAC address. Only applied to TAP
devices.

--iproute cmd
Set alternate command to execute instead of default iproute2 command. May be used in order to
execute OpenVPN in unprivileged environment.

--ifconfig l rn
Set TUN/TAP adapter parameters. l is the IP address of the local VPN endpoint. For TUN devices
in point-to-point mode, rn is the IP address of the remote VPN endpoint. For TAP devices, or TUN
devices used with --topology subnet, rn is the subnet mask of the virtual network segment which is
being created or connected to.

For TUN devices, which facilitate virtual point-to-point IP connections (when used in --topology
net30 or p2p mode), the proper usage of --ifconfig is to use two private IP addresses which are
not a member of any existing subnet which is in use. The IP addresses may be consecutive and
should have their order reversed on the remote peer. After the VPN is established, by pinging rn,
you will be pinging across the VPN.

For TAP devices, which provide the ability to create virtual ethernet segments, or TUN devices in
--topology subnet mode (which create virtual "multipoint networks"), --ifconfig is used to set an
IP address and subnet mask just as a physical ethernet adapter would be similarly configured. If
you are attempting to connect to a remote ethernet bridge, the IP address and subnet should be set
to values which would be valid on the the bridged ethernet segment (note also that DHCP can be
used for the same purpose).

This option, while primarily a proxy for the ifconfig(8) command, is designed to simplify TUN/TAP
tunnel configuration by providing a standard interface to the different ifconfig implementations
on different platforms.

--ifconfig parameters which are IP addresses can also be specified as a DNS or /etc/hosts file
resolvable name.

For TAP devices, --ifconfig should not be used if the TAP interface will be getting an IP address
lease from a DHCP server.

--ifconfig-noexec
Don't actually execute ifconfig/netsh commands, instead pass --ifconfig parameters to scripts
using environmental variables.

--ifconfig-nowarn
Don't output an options consistency check warning if the --ifconfig option on this side of the
connection doesn't match the remote side. This is useful when you want to retain the overall
benefits of the options consistency check (also see --disable-occ option) while only disabling the
ifconfig component of the check.

For example, if you have a configuration where the local host uses --ifconfig but the remote host
does not, use --ifconfig-nowarn on the local host.

This option will also silence warnings about potential address conflicts which occasionally annoy
more experienced users by triggering "false positive" warnings.

--route network/IP [netmask] [gateway] [metric]
Add route to routing table after connection is established. Multiple routes can be specified.
Routes will be automatically torn down in reverse order prior to TUN/TAP device close.

This option is intended as a convenience proxy for the route(8) shell command, while at the same
time providing portable semantics across OpenVPN's platform space.

netmask default -- 255.255.255.255

gateway default -- taken from --route-gateway or the second parameter to --ifconfig when --dev tun
is specified.

metric default -- taken from --route-metric otherwise 0.

The default can be specified by leaving an option blank or setting it to "default".

The network and gateway parameters can also be specified as a DNS or /etc/hosts file resolvable
name, or as one of three special keywords:

vpn_gateway -- The remote VPN endpoint address (derived either from --route-gateway or the second
parameter to --ifconfig when --dev tun is specified).

net_gateway -- The pre-existing IP default gateway, read from the routing table (not supported on
all OSes).

remote_host -- The --remote address if OpenVPN is being run in client mode, and is undefined in
server mode.

--route-gateway gw|'dhcp'
Specify a default gateway gw for use with --route.

If dhcp is specified as the parameter, the gateway address will be extracted from a DHCP
negotiation with the OpenVPN server-side LAN.

--route-metric m
Specify a default metric m for use with --route.

--route-delay [n] [w]
Delay n seconds (default=0) after connection establishment, before adding routes. If n is 0,
routes will be added immediately upon connection establishment. If --route-delay is omitted,
routes will be added immediately after TUN/TAP device open and --up script execution, before any
--user or --group privilege downgrade (or --chroot execution.)

This option is designed to be useful in scenarios where DHCP is used to set tap adapter addresses.
The delay will give the DHCP handshake time to complete before routes are added.

On Windows, --route-delay tries to be more intelligent by waiting w seconds (w=30 by default) for
the TAP-Win32 adapter to come up before adding routes.

--route-up cmd
Run command cmd after routes are added, subject to --route-delay.

See the "Environmental Variables" section below for additional parameters passed as environmental
variables.

--route-pre-down cmd
Run command cmd before routes are removed upon disconnection.

See the "Environmental Variables" section below for additional parameters passed as environmental
variables.

--route-noexec
Don't add or remove routes automatically. Instead pass routes to --route-up script using
environmental variables.

--route-nopull
When used with --client or --pull, accept options pushed by server EXCEPT for routes,
block-outside-dns and dhcp options like DNS servers.

When used on the client, this option effectively bars the server from adding routes to the
client's routing table, however note that this option still allows the server to set the TCP/IP
properties of the client's TUN/TAP interface.

--allow-pull-fqdn
Allow client to pull DNS names from server (rather than being limited to IP address) for
--ifconfig, --route, and --route-gateway.

--client-nat snat|dnat network netmask alias
This pushable client option sets up a stateless one-to-one NAT rule on packet addresses (not
ports), and is useful in cases where routes or ifconfig settings pushed to the client would create
an IP numbering conflict.

network/netmask (for example 192.168.0.0/255.255.0.0) defines the local view of a resource from
the client perspective, while alias/netmask (for example 10.64.0.0/255.255.0.0) defines the remote
view from the server perspective.

Use snat (source NAT) for resources owned by the client and dnat (destination NAT) for remote
resources.

Set --verb 6 for debugging info showing the transformation of src/dest addresses in packets.

--redirect-gateway flags...
Automatically execute routing commands to cause all outgoing IP traffic to be redirected over the
VPN. This is a client-side option.

This option performs three steps:

(1) Create a static route for the --remote address which forwards to the pre-existing default
gateway. This is done so that (3) will not create a routing loop.

(2) Delete the default gateway route.

(3) Set the new default gateway to be the VPN endpoint address (derived either from
--route-gateway or the second parameter to --ifconfig when --dev tun is specified).

When the tunnel is torn down, all of the above steps are reversed so that the original default
route is restored.

Option flags:

local -- Add the local flag if both OpenVPN peers are directly connected via a common subnet, such
as with wireless. The local flag will cause step 1 above to be omitted.

autolocal -- Try to automatically determine whether to enable local flag above.

def1 -- Use this flag to override the default gateway by using 0.0.0.0/1 and 128.0.0.0/1 rather
than 0.0.0.0/0. This has the benefit of overriding but not wiping out the original default
gateway.

bypass-dhcp -- Add a direct route to the DHCP server (if it is non-local) which bypasses the
tunnel (Available on Windows clients, may not be available on non-Windows clients).

bypass-dns -- Add a direct route to the DNS server(s) (if they are non-local) which bypasses the
tunnel (Available on Windows clients, may not be available on non-Windows clients).

block-local -- Block access to local LAN when the tunnel is active, except for the LAN gateway
itself. This is accomplished by routing the local LAN (except for the LAN gateway address) into
the tunnel.

ipv6 -- Redirect IPv6 routing into the tunnel. This works similar to the def1 flag, that is, more
specific IPv6 routes are added (2000::/4, 3000::/4), covering the whole IPv6 unicast space.

!ipv4 -- Do not redirect IPv4 traffic - typically used in the flag pair ipv6 !ipv4 to redirect
IPv6-only.

--link-mtu n
Sets an upper bound on the size of UDP packets which are sent between OpenVPN peers. It's best
not to set this parameter unless you know what you're doing.

--redirect-private [flags]
Like --redirect-gateway, but omit actually changing the default gateway. Useful when pushing
private subnets.

--tun-mtu n
Take the TUN device MTU to be n and derive the link MTU from it (default=1500). In most cases,
you will probably want to leave this parameter set to its default value.

The MTU (Maximum Transmission Units) is the maximum datagram size in bytes that can be sent
unfragmented over a particular network path. OpenVPN requires that packets on the control or data
channels be sent unfragmented.

MTU problems often manifest themselves as connections which hang during periods of active usage.

It's best to use the --fragment and/or --mssfix options to deal with MTU sizing issues.

--tun-mtu-extra n
Assume that the TUN/TAP device might return as many as n bytes more than the --tun-mtu size on
read. This parameter defaults to 0, which is sufficient for most TUN devices. TAP devices may
introduce additional overhead in excess of the MTU size, and a setting of 32 is the default when
TAP devices are used. This parameter only controls internal OpenVPN buffer sizing, so there is no
transmission overhead associated with using a larger value.

--mtu-disc type
Should we do Path MTU discovery on TCP/UDP channel? Only supported on OSes such as Linux that
supports the necessary system call to set.

'no' -- Never send DF (Don't Fragment) frames
'maybe' -- Use per-route hints
'yes' -- Always DF (Don't Fragment)

--mtu-test
To empirically measure MTU on connection startup, add the --mtu-test option to your configuration.
OpenVPN will send ping packets of various sizes to the remote peer and measure the largest packets
which were successfully received. The --mtu-test process normally takes about 3 minutes to
complete.

--fragment max
Enable internal datagram fragmentation so that no UDP datagrams are sent which are larger than max
bytes.

The max parameter is interpreted in the same way as the --link-mtu parameter, i.e. the UDP packet
size after encapsulation overhead has been added in, but not including the UDP header itself.

The --fragment option only makes sense when you are using the UDP protocol ( --proto udp ).

--fragment adds 4 bytes of overhead per datagram.

See the --mssfix option below for an important related option to --fragment.

It should also be noted that this option is not meant to replace UDP fragmentation at the IP stack
level. It is only meant as a last resort when path MTU discovery is broken. Using this option is
less efficient than fixing path MTU discovery for your IP link and using native IP fragmentation
instead.

Having said that, there are circumstances where using OpenVPN's internal fragmentation capability
may be your only option, such as tunneling a UDP multicast stream which requires fragmentation.

--mssfix max
Announce to TCP sessions running over the tunnel that they should limit their send packet sizes
such that after OpenVPN has encapsulated them, the resulting UDP packet size that OpenVPN sends to
its peer will not exceed max bytes. The default value is 1450.

The max parameter is interpreted in the same way as the --link-mtu parameter, i.e. the UDP packet
size after encapsulation overhead has been added in, but not including the UDP header itself.
Resulting packet would be at most 28 bytes larger for IPv4 and 48 bytes for IPv6 (20/40 bytes for
IP header and 8 bytes for UDP header). Default value of 1450 allows IPv4 packets to be transmitted
over a link with MTU 1473 or higher without IP level fragmentation.

The --mssfix option only makes sense when you are using the UDP protocol for OpenVPN peer-to-peer
communication, i.e. --proto udp.

--mssfix and --fragment can be ideally used together, where --mssfix will try to keep TCP from
needing packet fragmentation in the first place, and if big packets come through anyhow (from
protocols other than TCP), --fragment will internally fragment them.

Both --fragment and --mssfix are designed to work around cases where Path MTU discovery is broken
on the network path between OpenVPN peers.

The usual symptom of such a breakdown is an OpenVPN connection which successfully starts, but then
stalls during active usage.

If --fragment and --mssfix are used together, --mssfix will take its default max parameter from
the --fragment max option.

Therefore, one could lower the maximum UDP packet size to 1300 (a good first try for solving
MTU-related connection problems) with the following options:

--tun-mtu 1500 --fragment 1300 --mssfix

--sndbuf size
Set the TCP/UDP socket send buffer size. Defaults to operation system default.

--rcvbuf size
Set the TCP/UDP socket receive buffer size. Defaults to operation system default.

--mark value
Mark encrypted packets being sent with value. The mark value can be matched in policy routing and
packetfilter rules. This option is only supported in Linux and does nothing on other operating
systems.

--socket-flags flags...
Apply the given flags to the OpenVPN transport socket. Currently, only TCP_NODELAY is supported.

The TCP_NODELAY socket flag is useful in TCP mode, and causes the kernel to send tunnel packets
immediately over the TCP connection without trying to group several smaller packets into a larger
packet. This can result in a considerably improvement in latency.

This option is pushable from server to client, and should be used on both client and server for
maximum effect.

--txqueuelen n
(Linux only) Set the TX queue length on the TUN/TAP interface. Currently defaults to 100.

--shaper n
Limit bandwidth of outgoing tunnel data to n bytes per second on the TCP/UDP port. Note that this
will only work if mode is set to p2p. If you want to limit the bandwidth in both directions, use
this option on both peers.

OpenVPN uses the following algorithm to implement traffic shaping: Given a shaper rate of n bytes
per second, after a datagram write of b bytes is queued on the TCP/UDP port, wait a minimum of (b
/ n) seconds before queuing the next write.

It should be noted that OpenVPN supports multiple tunnels between the same two peers, allowing you
to construct full-speed and reduced bandwidth tunnels at the same time, routing low-priority data
such as off-site backups over the reduced bandwidth tunnel, and other data over the full-speed
tunnel.

Also note that for low bandwidth tunnels (under 1000 bytes per second), you should probably use
lower MTU values as well (see above), otherwise the packet latency will grow so large as to
trigger timeouts in the TLS layer and TCP connections running over the tunnel.

OpenVPN allows n to be between 100 bytes/sec and 100 Mbytes/sec.

--inactive n [bytes]
Causes OpenVPN to exit after n seconds of inactivity on the TUN/TAP device. The time length of
inactivity is measured since the last incoming or outgoing tunnel packet. The default value is 0
seconds, which disables this feature.

If the optional bytes parameter is included, exit if less than bytes of combined in/out traffic
are produced on the tun/tap device in n seconds.

In any case, OpenVPN's internal ping packets (which are just keepalives) and TLS control packets
are not considered "activity", nor are they counted as traffic, as they are used internally by
OpenVPN and are not an indication of actual user activity.

--ping n
Ping remote over the TCP/UDP control channel if no packets have been sent for at least n seconds
(specify --ping on both peers to cause ping packets to be sent in both directions since OpenVPN
ping packets are not echoed like IP ping packets). When used in one of OpenVPN's secure modes
(where --secret, --tls-server, or --tls-client is specified), the ping packet will be
cryptographically secure.

This option has two intended uses:

(1) Compatibility with stateful firewalls. The periodic ping will ensure that a stateful firewall
rule which allows OpenVPN UDP packets to pass will not time out.

(2) To provide a basis for the remote to test the existence of its peer using the --ping-exit
option.

--ping-exit n
Causes OpenVPN to exit after n seconds pass without reception of a ping or other packet from
remote. This option can be combined with --inactive, --ping, and --ping-exit to create a
two-tiered inactivity disconnect.

For example,

openvpn [options...] --inactive 3600 --ping 10 --ping-exit 60

when used on both peers will cause OpenVPN to exit within 60 seconds if its peer disconnects, but
will exit after one hour if no actual tunnel data is exchanged.

--ping-restart n
Similar to --ping-exit, but trigger a SIGUSR1 restart after n seconds pass without reception of a
ping or other packet from remote.

This option is useful in cases where the remote peer has a dynamic IP address and a low-TTL DNS
name is used to track the IP address using a service such as https://www.nsupdate.info/ + a
dynamic DNS client such as ddclient.

If the peer cannot be reached, a restart will be triggered, causing the hostname used with
--remote to be re-resolved (if --resolv-retry is also specified).

In server mode, --ping-restart, --inactive, or any other type of internally generated signal will
always be applied to individual client instance objects, never to whole server itself. Note also
in server mode that any internally generated signal which would normally cause a restart, will
cause the deletion of the client instance object instead.

In client mode, the --ping-restart parameter is set to 120 seconds by default. This default will
hold until the client pulls a replacement value from the server, based on the --keepalive setting
in the server configuration. To disable the 120 second default, set --ping-restart 0 on the
client.

See the signals section below for more information on SIGUSR1.

Note that the behavior of SIGUSR1 can be modified by the --persist-tun, --persist-key,
--persist-local-ip, and --persist-remote-ip options.

Also note that --ping-exit and --ping-restart are mutually exclusive and cannot be used together.

--keepalive interval timeout
A helper directive designed to simplify the expression of --ping and --ping-restart.

This option can be used on both client and server side, but it is enough to add this on the server
side as it will push appropriate --ping and --ping-restart options to the client. If used on both
server and client, the values pushed from server will override the client local values.

The timeout argument will be twice as long on the server side. This ensures that a timeout is
detected on client side before the server side drops the connection.

For example, --keepalive 10 60 expands as follows:

if mode server:
ping 10 # Argument: interval
ping-restart 120 # Argument: timeout*2
push "ping 10" # Argument: interval
push "ping-restart 60" # Argument: timeout
else
ping 10 # Argument: interval
ping-restart 60 # Argument: timeout

--ping-timer-rem
Run the --ping-exit / --ping-restart timer only if we have a remote address. Use this option if
you are starting the daemon in listen mode (i.e. without an explicit --remote peer), and you don't
want to start clocking timeouts until a remote peer connects.

--persist-tun
Don't close and reopen TUN/TAP device or run up/down scripts across SIGUSR1 or --ping-restart
restarts.

SIGUSR1 is a restart signal similar to SIGHUP, but which offers finer-grained control over reset
options.

--persist-key
Don't re-read key files across SIGUSR1 or --ping-restart.

This option can be combined with --user nobody to allow restarts triggered by the SIGUSR1 signal.
Normally if you drop root privileges in OpenVPN, the daemon cannot be restarted since it will now
be unable to re-read protected key files.

This option solves the problem by persisting keys across SIGUSR1 resets, so they don't need to be
re-read.

--persist-local-ip
Preserve initially resolved local IP address and port number across SIGUSR1 or --ping-restart
restarts.

--persist-remote-ip
Preserve most recently authenticated remote IP address and port number across SIGUSR1 or
--ping-restart restarts.

--mlock
Disable paging by calling the POSIX mlockall function. Requires that OpenVPN be initially run as
root (though OpenVPN can subsequently downgrade its UID using the --user option).

Using this option ensures that key material and tunnel data are never written to disk due to
virtual memory paging operations which occur under most modern operating systems. It ensures that
even if an attacker was able to crack the box running OpenVPN, he would not be able to scan the
system swap file to recover previously used ephemeral keys, which are used for a period of time
governed by the --reneg options (see below), then are discarded.

The downside of using --mlock is that it will reduce the amount of physical memory available to
other applications.

--up cmd
Run command cmd after successful TUN/TAP device open (pre --user UID change).

The up command is useful for specifying route commands which route IP traffic destined for private
subnets which exist at the other end of the VPN connection into the tunnel.

For --dev tun execute as:

cmd tun_dev tun_mtu link_mtu ifconfig_local_ip ifconfig_remote_ip [ init | restart ]

For --dev tap execute as:

cmd tap_dev tap_mtu link_mtu ifconfig_local_ip ifconfig_netmask [ init | restart ]

See the "Environmental Variables" section below for additional parameters passed as environmental
variables.

Note that if cmd includes arguments, all OpenVPN-generated arguments will be appended to them to
build an argument list with which the executable will be called.

Typically, cmd will run a script to add routes to the tunnel.

Normally the up script is called after the TUN/TAP device is opened. In this context, the last
command line parameter passed to the script will be init. If the --up-restart option is also
used, the up script will be called for restarts as well. A restart is considered to be a partial
reinitialization of OpenVPN where the TUN/TAP instance is preserved (the --persist-tun option will
enable such preservation). A restart can be generated by a SIGUSR1 signal, a --ping-restart
timeout, or a connection reset when the TCP protocol is enabled with the --proto option. If a
restart occurs, and --up-restart has been specified, the up script will be called with restart as
the last parameter.

NOTE: on restart, OpenVPN will not pass the full set of environment variables to the script.
Namely, everything related to routing and gateways will not be passed, as nothing needs to be done
anyway - all the routing setup is already in place. Additionally, the up-restart script will run
with the downgraded UID/GID settings (if configured).

The following standalone example shows how the --up script can be called in both an initialization
and restart context. (NOTE: for security reasons, don't run the following example unless UDP port
9999 is blocked by your firewall. Also, the example will run indefinitely, so you should abort
with control-c).

openvpn --dev tun --port 9999 --verb 4 --ping-restart 10 --up 'echo up' --down 'echo down'
--persist-tun --up-restart

Note that OpenVPN also provides the --ifconfig option to automatically ifconfig the TUN device,
eliminating the need to define an --up script, unless you also want to configure routes in the
--up script.

If --ifconfig is also specified, OpenVPN will pass the ifconfig local and remote endpoints on the
command line to the --up script so that they can be used to configure routes such as:

route add -net 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw $5

--up-delay
Delay TUN/TAP open and possible --up script execution until after TCP/UDP connection establishment
with peer.

In --proto udp mode, this option normally requires the use of --ping to allow connection
initiation to be sensed in the absence of tunnel data, since UDP is a "connectionless" protocol.

On Windows, this option will delay the TAP-Win32 media state transitioning to "connected" until
connection establishment, i.e. the receipt of the first authenticated packet from the peer.

--down cmd
Run command cmd after TUN/TAP device close (post --user UID change and/or --chroot ). cmd
consists of a path to script (or executable program), optionally followed by arguments. The path
and arguments may be single- or double-quoted and/or escaped using a backslash, and should be
separated by one or more spaces.

Called with the same parameters and environmental variables as the --up option above.

Note that if you reduce privileges by using --user and/or --group, your --down script will also
run at reduced privilege.

--down-pre
Call --down cmd/script before, rather than after, TUN/TAP close.

--up-restart
Enable the --up and --down scripts to be called for restarts as well as initial program start.
This option is described more fully above in the --up option documentation.

--setenv name value
Set a custom environmental variable name=value to pass to script.

--setenv FORWARD_COMPATIBLE 1
Relax config file syntax checking so that unknown directives will trigger a warning but not a
fatal error, on the assumption that a given unknown directive might be valid in future OpenVPN
versions.

This option should be used with caution, as there are good security reasons for having OpenVPN
fail if it detects problems in a config file. Having said that, there are valid reasons for
wanting new software features to gracefully degrade when encountered by older software versions.

It is also possible to tag a single directive so as not to trigger a fatal error if the directive
isn't recognized. To do this, prepend the following before the directive: setenv opt

Versions prior to OpenVPN 2.3.3 will always ignore options set with the setenv opt directive.

See also --ignore-unknown-option

--setenv-safe name value
Set a custom environmental variable OPENVPN_name=value to pass to script.

This directive is designed to be pushed by the server to clients, and the prepending of "OPENVPN_"
to the environmental variable is a safety precaution to prevent a LD_PRELOAD style attack from a
malicious or compromised server.

--ignore-unknown-option opt1 opt2 opt3 ... optN
When one of options opt1 ... optN is encountered in the configuration file the configuration file
parsing does not fail if this OpenVPN version does not support the option. Multiple
--ignore-unknown-option options can be given to support a larger number of options to ignore.

--ignore-unknown-option is available since OpenVPN 2.3.3.

--script-security level
This directive offers policy-level control over OpenVPN's usage of external programs and scripts.
Lower level values are more restrictive, higher values are more permissive. Settings for level:

0 -- Strictly no calling of external programs.
1 -- (Default) Only call built-in executables such as ifconfig, ip, route, or netsh.
2 -- Allow calling of built-in executables and user-defined scripts.
3 -- Allow passwords to be passed to scripts via environmental variables (potentially unsafe).

OpenVPN releases before v2.3 also supported a method flag which indicated how OpenVPN should call
external commands and scripts. This could be either execve or system. As of OpenVPN 2.3, this
flag is no longer accepted. In most *nix environments the execve() approach has been used without
any issues.

Some directives such as --up allow options to be passed to the external script. In these cases
make sure the script name does not contain any spaces or the configuration parser will choke
because it can't determine where the script name ends and script options start.

To run scripts in Windows in earlier OpenVPN versions you needed to either add a full path to the
script interpreter which can parse the script or use the system flag to run these scripts. As of
OpenVPN 2.3 it is now a strict requirement to have full path to the script interpreter when
running non-executables files. This is not needed for executable files, such as .exe, .com, .bat
or .cmd files. For example, if you have a Visual Basic script, you must use this syntax now:

--up 'C:\\Windows\\System32\\wscript.exe C:\\Program\ Files\\OpenVPN\\config\\my-up-script.vbs'

Please note the single quote marks and the escaping of the backslashes (\) and the space
character.

The reason the support for the system flag was removed is due to the security implications with
shell expansions when executing scripts via the system() call.

--disable-occ
Don't output a warning message if option inconsistencies are detected between peers. An example
of an option inconsistency would be where one peer uses --dev tun while the other peer uses --dev
tap.

Use of this option is discouraged, but is provided as a temporary fix in situations where a recent
version of OpenVPN must connect to an old version.

--user user
Change the user ID of the OpenVPN process to user after initialization, dropping privileges in the
process. This option is useful to protect the system in the event that some hostile party was
able to gain control of an OpenVPN session. Though OpenVPN's security features make this
unlikely, it is provided as a second line of defense.

By setting user to nobody or somebody similarly unprivileged, the hostile party would be limited
in what damage they could cause. Of course once you take away privileges, you cannot return them
to an OpenVPN session. This means, for example, that if you want to reset an OpenVPN daemon with
a SIGUSR1 signal (for example in response to a DHCP reset), you should make use of one or more of
the --persist options to ensure that OpenVPN doesn't need to execute any privileged operations in
order to restart (such as re-reading key files or running ifconfig on the TUN device).

--group group
Similar to the --user option, this option changes the group ID of the OpenVPN process to group
after initialization.

--cd dir
Change directory to dir prior to reading any files such as configuration files, key files,
scripts, etc. dir should be an absolute path, with a leading "/", and without any references to
the current directory such as "." or "..".

This option is useful when you are running OpenVPN in --daemon mode, and you want to consolidate
all of your OpenVPN control files in one location.

--chroot dir
Chroot to dir after initialization. --chroot essentially redefines dir as being the top level
directory tree (/). OpenVPN will therefore be unable to access any files outside this tree. This
can be desirable from a security standpoint.

Since the chroot operation is delayed until after initialization, most OpenVPN options that
reference files will operate in a pre-chroot context.

In many cases, the dir parameter can point to an empty directory, however complications can result
when scripts or restarts are executed after the chroot operation.

Note: The SSL library will probably need /dev/urandom to be available inside the chroot directory
dir. This is because SSL libraries occasionally need to collect fresh random. Newer linux
kernels and some BSDs implement a getrandom() or getentropy() syscall that removes the need for
/dev/urandom to be available.

--setcon context
Apply SELinux context after initialization. This essentially provides the ability to restrict
OpenVPN's rights to only network I/O operations, thanks to SELinux. This goes further than --user
and --chroot in that those two, while being great security features, unfortunately do not protect
against privilege escalation by exploitation of a vulnerable system call. You can of course
combine all three, but please note that since setcon requires access to /proc you will have to
provide it inside the chroot directory (e.g. with mount --bind).

Since the setcon operation is delayed until after initialization, OpenVPN can be restricted to
just network-related system calls, whereas by applying the context before startup (such as the
OpenVPN one provided in the SELinux Reference Policies) you will have to allow many things
required only during initialization.

Like with chroot, complications can result when scripts or restarts are executed after the setcon
operation, which is why you should really consider using the --persist-key and --persist-tun
options.

--daemon [progname]
Become a daemon after all initialization functions are completed. This option will cause all
message and error output to be sent to the syslog file (such as /var/log/messages), except for the
output of scripts and ifconfig commands, which will go to /dev/null unless otherwise redirected.
The syslog redirection occurs immediately at the point that --daemon is parsed on the command line
even though the daemonization point occurs later. If one of the --log options is present, it will
supersede syslog redirection.

The optional progname parameter will cause OpenVPN to report its program name to the system logger
as progname. This can be useful in linking OpenVPN messages in the syslog file with specific
tunnels. When unspecified, progname defaults to "openvpn".

When OpenVPN is run with the --daemon option, it will try to delay daemonization until the
majority of initialization functions which are capable of generating fatal errors are complete.
This means that initialization scripts can test the return status of the openvpn command for a
fairly reliable indication of whether the command has correctly initialized and entered the packet
forwarding event loop.

In OpenVPN, the vast majority of errors which occur after initialization are non-fatal.

Note: as soon as OpenVPN has daemonized, it can not ask for usernames, passwords, or key pass
phrases anymore. This has certain consequences, namely that using a password-protected private
key will fail unless the --askpass option is used to tell OpenVPN to ask for the pass phrase (this
requirement is new in v2.3.7, and is a consequence of calling daemon() before initializing the
crypto layer).

Further, using --daemon together with --auth-user-pass (entered on console) and --auth-nocache
will fail as soon as key renegotiation (and reauthentication) occurs.

--syslog [progname]
Direct log output to system logger, but do not become a daemon. See --daemon directive above for
description of progname parameter.

--errors-to-stderr
Output errors to stderr instead of stdout unless log output is redirected by one of the --log
options.

--passtos
Set the TOS field of the tunnel packet to what the payload's TOS is.

--inetd [wait|nowait] [progname]
Use this option when OpenVPN is being run from the inetd or xinetd(8) server.

The wait/nowait option must match what is specified in the inetd/xinetd config file. The nowait
mode can only be used with --proto tcp-server. The default is wait. The nowait mode can be used
to instantiate the OpenVPN daemon as a classic TCP server, where client connection requests are
serviced on a single port number. For additional information on this kind of configuration, see
the OpenVPN FAQ: http://openvpn.net/faq.html#oneport

This option precludes the use of --daemon, --local, or --remote. Note that this option causes
message and error output to be handled in the same way as the --daemon option. The optional
progname parameter is also handled exactly as in --daemon.

Also note that in wait mode, each OpenVPN tunnel requires a separate TCP/UDP port and a separate
inetd or xinetd entry. See the OpenVPN 1.x HOWTO for an example on using OpenVPN with xinetd:
http://openvpn.net/1xhowto.html

--log file
Output logging messages to file, including output to stdout/stderr which is generated by called
scripts. If file already exists it will be truncated. This option takes effect immediately when
it is parsed in the command line and will supersede syslog output if --daemon or --inetd is also
specified. This option is persistent over the entire course of an OpenVPN instantiation and will
not be reset by SIGHUP, SIGUSR1, or --ping-restart.

Note that on Windows, when OpenVPN is started as a service, logging occurs by default without the
need to specify this option.

--log-append file
Append logging messages to file. If file does not exist, it will be created. This option behaves
exactly like --log except that it appends to rather than truncating the log file.

--suppress-timestamps
Avoid writing timestamps to log messages, even when they otherwise would be prepended. In
particular, this applies to log messages sent to stdout.

--machine-readable-output
Always write timestamps and message flags to log messages, even when they otherwise would not be
prefixed. In particular, this applies to log messages sent to stdout.

--writepid file
Write OpenVPN's main process ID to file.

--nice n
Change process priority after initialization ( n greater than 0 is lower priority, n less than
zero is higher priority).

--fast-io
(Experimental) Optimize TUN/TAP/UDP I/O writes by avoiding a call to poll/epoll/select prior to
the write operation. The purpose of such a call would normally be to block until the device or
socket is ready to accept the write. Such blocking is unnecessary on some platforms which don't
support write blocking on UDP sockets or TUN/TAP devices. In such cases, one can optimize the
event loop by avoiding the poll/epoll/select call, improving CPU efficiency by 5% to 10%.

This option can only be used on non-Windows systems, when --proto udp is specified, and when
--shaper is NOT specified.

--multihome
Configure a multi-homed UDP server. This option needs to be used when a server has more than one
IP address (e.g. multiple interfaces, or secondary IP addresses), and is not using --local to
force binding to one specific address only. This option will add some extra lookups to the packet
path to ensure that the UDP reply packets are always sent from the address that the client is
talking to. This is not supported on all platforms, and it adds more processing, so it's not
enabled by default.

Note: this option is only relevant for UDP servers.

Note 2: if you do an IPv6+IPv4 dual-stack bind on a Linux machine with multiple IPv4 address,
connections to IPv4 addresses will not work right on kernels before 3.15, due to missing kernel
support for the IPv4-mapped case (some distributions have ported this to earlier kernel versions,
though).

--echo [parms...]
Echo parms to log output.

Designed to be used to send messages to a controlling application which is receiving the OpenVPN
log output.

--remap-usr1 signal
Control whether internally or externally generated SIGUSR1 signals are remapped to SIGHUP (restart
without persisting state) or SIGTERM (exit).

signal can be set to "SIGHUP" or "SIGTERM". By default, no remapping occurs.

--verb n
Set output verbosity to n (default=1). Each level shows all info from the previous levels. Level
3 is recommended if you want a good summary of what's happening without being swamped by output.

0 -- No output except fatal errors.
1 to 4 -- Normal usage range.
5 -- Output R and W characters to the console for each packet read and write, uppercase is used
for TCP/UDP packets and lowercase is used for TUN/TAP packets.
6 to 11 -- Debug info range (see errlevel.h for additional information on debug levels).

--status file [n]
Write operational status to file every n seconds.

Status can also be written to the syslog by sending a SIGUSR2 signal.

With multi-client capability enabled on a server, the status file includes a list of clients and a
routing table. The output format can be controlled by the --status-version option in that case.

For clients or instances running in point-to-point mode, it will contain the traffic statistics.

--status-version [n]
Set the status file format version number to n.

This only affects the status file on servers with multi-client capability enabled.

1 -- traditional format (default). The client list contains the following fields comma-separated:
Common Name, Real Address, Bytes Received, Bytes Sent, Connected Since.
2 -- a more reliable format for external processing. Compared to version 1, the client list
contains some additional fields: Virtual Address, Virtual IPv6 Address, Username, Client ID, Peer
ID. Future versions may extend the number of fields.
3 -- identical to 2, but fields are tab-separated.

--mute n
Log at most n consecutive messages in the same category. This is useful to limit repetitive
logging of similar message types.

--compress [algorithm]
Enable a compression algorithm.

The algorithm parameter may be "lzo", "lz4", or empty. LZO and LZ4 are different compression
algorithms, with LZ4 generally offering the best performance with least CPU usage. For backwards
compatibility with OpenVPN versions before v2.4, use "lzo" (which is identical to the older option
"--comp-lzo yes").

If the algorithm parameter is empty, compression will be turned off, but the packet framing for
compression will still be enabled, allowing a different setting to be pushed later.

Security Considerations

Compression and encryption is a tricky combination. If an attacker knows or is able to control
(parts of) the plaintext of packets that contain secrets, the attacker might be able to extract
the secret if compression is enabled. See e.g. the CRIME and BREACH attacks on TLS which also
leverage compression to break encryption. If you are not entirely sure that the above does not
apply to your traffic, you are advised to *not* enable compression.

--comp-lzo [mode]
DEPRECATED This option will be removed in a future OpenVPN release. Use the newer --compress
instead.

Use LZO compression -- may add up to 1 byte per packet for incompressible data. mode may be
"yes", "no", or "adaptive" (default).

In a server mode setup, it is possible to selectively turn compression on or off for individual
clients.

First, make sure the client-side config file enables selective compression by having at least one
--comp-lzo directive, such as --comp-lzo no. This will turn off compression by default, but allow
a future directive push from the server to dynamically change the on/off/adaptive setting.

Next in a --client-config-dir file, specify the compression setting for the client, for example:

comp-lzo yes
push "comp-lzo yes"

The first line sets the comp-lzo setting for the server side of the link, the second sets the
client side.

--comp-noadapt
When used in conjunction with --comp-lzo, this option will disable OpenVPN's adaptive compression
algorithm. Normally, adaptive compression is enabled with --comp-lzo.

Adaptive compression tries to optimize the case where you have compression enabled, but you are
sending predominantly incompressible (or pre-compressed) packets over the tunnel, such as an FTP
or rsync transfer of a large, compressed file. With adaptive compression, OpenVPN will
periodically sample the compression process to measure its efficiency. If the data being sent
over the tunnel is already compressed, the compression efficiency will be very low, triggering
openvpn to disable compression for a period of time until the next re-sample test.

--management socket-name unix [pw-file] (recommended)
--management IP port [pw-file]
Enable a management server on a socket-name Unix socket on those platforms supporting it, or on a
designated TCP port.

pw-file , if specified, is a password file where the password must be on first line. Instead of a
filename it can use the keyword stdin which will prompt the user for a password to use when
OpenVPN is starting.

For unix sockets, the default behaviour is to create a unix domain socket that may be connected
to by any process. Use the --management-client-user and --management-client-group directives to
restrict access.

The management interface provides a special mode where the TCP management link can operate over
the tunnel itself. To enable this mode, set IP to tunnel. Tunnel mode will cause the management
interface to listen for a TCP connection on the local VPN address of the TUN/TAP interface.

BEWARE of enabling the management interface over TCP. In these cases you should ALWAYS make use
of pw-file to password protect the management interface. Any user who can connect to this TCP
IP:port will be able to manage and control (and interfere with) the OpenVPN process. It is also
strongly recommended to set IP to 127.0.0.1 (localhost) to restrict accessibility of the
management server to local clients.

While the management port is designed for programmatic control of OpenVPN by other applications,
it is possible to telnet to the port, using a telnet client in "raw" mode. Once connected, type
"help" for a list of commands.

For detailed documentation on the management interface, see the management-notes.txt file in the
management folder of the OpenVPN source distribution.

--management-client
Management interface will connect as a TCP/unix domain client to IP:port specified by --management
rather than listen as a TCP server or on a unix domain socket.

If the client connection fails to connect or is disconnected, a SIGTERM signal will be generated
causing OpenVPN to quit.

--management-query-passwords
Query management channel for private key password and --auth-user-pass username/password. Only
query the management channel for inputs which ordinarily would have been queried from the console.

--management-query-proxy
Query management channel for proxy server information for a specific --remote (client-only).

--management-query-remote
Allow management interface to override --remote directives (client-only).

--management-external-key
Allows usage for external private key file instead of --key option (client-only).

--management-external-cert certificate-hint
Allows usage for external certificate instead of --cert option (client-only). certificate-hint is
an arbitrary string which is passed to a management interface client as an argument of
NEED-CERTIFICATE notification. Requires --management-external-key.

--management-forget-disconnect
Make OpenVPN forget passwords when management session disconnects.

This directive does not affect the --http-proxy username/password. It is always cached.

--management-hold
Start OpenVPN in a hibernating state, until a client of the management interface explicitly starts
it with the hold release command.

--management-signal
Send SIGUSR1 signal to OpenVPN if management session disconnects. This is useful when you wish to
disconnect an OpenVPN session on user logoff. For --management-client this option is not needed
since a disconnect will always generate a SIGTERM.

--management-log-cache n
Cache the most recent n lines of log file history for usage by the management channel.

--management-up-down
Report tunnel up/down events to management interface.

--management-client-auth
Gives management interface client the responsibility to authenticate clients after their client
certificate has been verified. See management-notes.txt in OpenVPN distribution for detailed
notes.

--management-client-pf
Management interface clients must specify a packet filter file for each connecting client. See
management-notes.txt in OpenVPN distribution for detailed notes.

--management-client-user u
When the management interface is listening on a unix domain socket, only allow connections from
user u.

--management-client-group g
When the management interface is listening on a unix domain socket, only allow connections from
group g.

--plugin module-pathname [init-string]
Load plug-in module from the file module-pathname, passing init-string as an argument to the
module initialization function. Multiple plugin modules may be loaded into one OpenVPN process.

The module-pathname argument can be just a filename or a filename with a relative or absolute
path. The format of the filename and path defines if the plug-in will be loaded from a default
plug-in directory or outside this directory.

--plugin path Effective directory used
====================================================
myplug.so DEFAULT_DIR/myplug.so
subdir/myplug.so DEFAULT_DIR/subdir/myplug.so
./subdir/myplug.so CWD/subdir/myplug.so
/usr/lib/my/plug.so /usr/lib/my/plug.so

DEFAULT_DIR is replaced by the default plug-in directory, which is configured at the build time of
OpenVPN. CWD is the current directory where OpenVPN was started or the directory OpenVPN have
swithed into via the --cd option before the --plugin option.

For more information and examples on how to build OpenVPN plug-in modules, see the README file in
the plugin folder of the OpenVPN source distribution.

If you are using an RPM install of OpenVPN, see /usr/share/openvpn/plugin. The documentation is
in doc and the actual plugin modules are in lib.

Multiple plugin modules can be cascaded, and modules can be used in tandem with scripts. The
modules will be called by OpenVPN in the order that they are declared in the config file. If both
a plugin and script are configured for the same callback, the script will be called last. If the
return code of the module/script controls an authentication function (such as tls-verify,
auth-user-pass-verify, or client-connect), then every module and script must return success (0) in
order for the connection to be authenticated.

WARNING:
Plug-ins may do deferred execution, meaning the plug-in will return the control back to the main
OpenVPN process and provide the plug-in result later on via a different thread or process.
OpenVPN does NOT support multiple authentication plug-ins where more than one plugin tries to do
deferred authentication. If this behaviour is detected, OpenVPN will shut down upon first
authentication.

--keying-material-exporter label len
Save Exported Keying Material [RFC5705] of len bytes (must be between 16 and 4095 bytes) using
label in environment (exported_keying_material) for use by plugins in OPENVPN_PLUGIN_TLS_FINAL
callback.

Note that exporter labels have the potential to collide with existing PRF labels. In order to
prevent this, labels MUST begin with "EXPORTER".

This option requires OpenSSL 1.0.1 or newer.

Server Mode
Starting with OpenVPN 2.0, a multi-client TCP/UDP server mode is supported, and can be enabled with the
--mode server option. In server mode, OpenVPN will listen on a single port for incoming client
connections. All client connections will be routed through a single tun or tap interface. This mode is
designed for scalability and should be able to support hundreds or even thousands of clients on
sufficiently fast hardware. SSL/TLS authentication must be used in this mode.

--server network netmask ['nopool']
A helper directive designed to simplify the configuration of OpenVPN's server mode. This
directive will set up an OpenVPN server which will allocate addresses to clients out of the given
network/netmask. The server itself will take the ".1" address of the given network for use as the
server-side endpoint of the local TUN/TAP interface.

For example, --server 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0 expands as follows:

mode server
tls-server
push "topology [topology]"

if dev tun AND (topology == net30 OR topology == p2p):
ifconfig 10.8.0.1 10.8.0.2
if !nopool:
ifconfig-pool 10.8.0.4 10.8.0.251
route 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0
if client-to-client:
push "route 10.8.0.0 255.255.255.0"
else if topology == net30:
push "route 10.8.0.1"

if dev tap OR (dev tun AND topology == subnet):
ifconfig 10.8.0.1 255.255.255.0
if !nopool:
ifconfig-pool 10.8.0.2 10.8.0.253 255.255.255.0
push "route-gateway 10.8.0.1"
if route-gateway unset:
route-gateway 10.8.0.2

Don't use --server if you are ethernet bridging. Use --server-bridge instead.

--server-bridge gateway netmask pool-start-IP pool-end-IP

--server-bridge ['nogw']

A helper directive similar to --server which is designed to simplify the configuration of
OpenVPN's server mode in ethernet bridging configurations.

If --server-bridge is used without any parameters, it will enable a DHCP-proxy mode, where
connecting OpenVPN clients will receive an IP address for their TAP adapter from the DHCP server
running on the OpenVPN server-side LAN. Note that only clients that support the binding of a DHCP
client with the TAP adapter (such as Windows) can support this mode. The optional nogw flag
(advanced) indicates that gateway information should not be pushed to the client.

To configure ethernet bridging, you must first use your OS's bridging capability to bridge the TAP
interface with the ethernet NIC interface. For example, on Linux this is done with the brctl
tool, and with Windows XP it is done in the Network Connections Panel by selecting the ethernet
and TAP adapters and right-clicking on "Bridge Connections".

Next you you must manually set the IP/netmask on the bridge interface. The gateway and netmask
parameters to --server-bridge can be set to either the IP/netmask of the bridge interface, or the
IP/netmask of the default gateway/router on the bridged subnet.

Finally, set aside a IP range in the bridged subnet, denoted by pool-start-IP and pool-end-IP, for
OpenVPN to allocate to connecting clients.

For example, server-bridge 10.8.0.4 255.255.255.0 10.8.0.128 10.8.0.254 expands as follows:

mode server
tls-server

ifconfig-pool 10.8.0.128 10.8.0.254 255.255.255.0
push "route-gateway 10.8.0.4"

In another example, --server-bridge (without parameters) expands as follows:

mode server
tls-server

push "route-gateway dhcp"

Or --server-bridge nogw expands as follows:

mode server
tls-server

--push option
Push a config file option back to the client for remote execution. Note that option must be
enclosed in double quotes (""). The client must specify --pull in its config file. The set of
options which can be pushed is limited by both feasibility and security. Some options such as
those which would execute scripts are banned, since they would effectively allow a compromised
server to execute arbitrary code on the client. Other options such as TLS or MTU parameters
cannot be pushed because the client needs to know them before the connection to the server can be
initiated.

This is a partial list of options which can currently be pushed: --route, --route-gateway,
--route-delay, --redirect-gateway, --ip-win32, --dhcp-option, --inactive, --ping, --ping-exit,
--ping-restart, --setenv, --auth-token, --persist-key, --persist-tun, --echo, --comp-lzo,
--socket-flags, --sndbuf, --rcvbuf

--push-reset
Don't inherit the global push list for a specific client instance. Specify this option in a
client-specific context such as with a --client-config-dir configuration file. This option will
ignore --push options at the global config file level.

NOTE: --push-reset is very thorough: it will remove almost all options from the list of to-be-
pushed options. In many cases, some of these options will need to be re-configured afterwards -
specifically, --topology subnet and --route-gateway will get lost and this will break client
configs in many cases. Thus, for most purposes, --push-remove is better suited to selectively
remove push options for individual clients.

--push-remove opt
selectively remove all --push options matching "opt" from the option list for a client. "opt" is
matched as a substring against the whole option string to-be-pushed to the client, so
--push-remove route would remove all --push route ... and --push route-ipv6 ... statements,
while --push-remove 'route-ipv6 2001:' would only remove IPv6 routes for 2001:... networks.

--push-remove can only be used in a client-specific context, like in a --client-config-dir file,
or --client-connect script or plugin -- similar to --push-reset, just more selective.

NOTE: to change an option, --push-remove can be used to first remove the old value, and then add a
new --push option with the new value.

--push-peer-info
Push additional information about the client to server. The following data is always pushed to
the server:

IV_VER=<version> -- the client OpenVPN version

IV_LZO_STUB=1 -- if client was built with LZO stub capability

IV_LZ4=1 -- if the client supports LZ4 compressions.

IV_PROTO=2 -- if the client supports peer-id floating mechansim

IV_NCP=2 -- negotiable ciphers, client supports --cipher pushed by the server, a value of 2 or
greater indicates client supports AES-GCM-128 and AES-GCM-256.

IV_GUI_VER=<gui_id> <version> -- the UI version of a UI if one is running, for example
"de.blinkt.openvpn 0.5.47" for the Android app.

When --push-peer-info is enabled the additional information consists of the following data:

IV_HWADDR=<mac address> -- the MAC address of clients default gateway

IV_SSL=<version string> -- the ssl version used by the client, e.g. "OpenSSL 1.0.2f 28 Jan 2016".

IV_PLAT_VER=x.y - the version of the operating system, e.g. 6.1 for Windows 7.

UV_<name>=<value> -- client environment variables whose names start with "UV_"

--disable
Disable a particular client (based on the common name) from connecting. Don't use this option to
disable a client due to key or password compromise. Use a CRL (certificate revocation list)
instead (see the --crl-verify option).

This option must be associated with a specific client instance, which means that it must be
specified either in a client instance config file using --client-config-dir or dynamically
generated using a --client-connect script.

--ifconfig-pool start-IP end-IP [netmask]
Set aside a pool of subnets to be dynamically allocated to connecting clients, similar to a DHCP
server. For tun-style tunnels, each client will be given a /30 subnet (for interoperability with
Windows clients). For tap-style tunnels, individual addresses will be allocated, and the optional
netmask parameter will also be pushed to clients.

--ifconfig-pool-persist file [seconds]
Persist/unpersist ifconfig-pool data to file, at seconds intervals (default=600), as well as on
program startup and shutdown.

The goal of this option is to provide a long-term association between clients (denoted by their
common name) and the virtual IP address assigned to them from the ifconfig-pool. Maintaining a
long-term association is good for clients because it allows them to effectively use the
--persist-tun option.

file is a comma-delimited ASCII file, formatted as <Common-Name>,<IP-address>.

If seconds = 0, file will be treated as read-only. This is useful if you would like to treat file
as a configuration file.

Note that the entries in this file are treated by OpenVPN as suggestions only, based on past
associations between a common name and IP address. They do not guarantee that the given common
name will always receive the given IP address. If you want guaranteed assignment, use
--ifconfig-push

--ifconfig-pool-linear
DEPRECATED This option will be removed in OpenVPN 2.5

Modifies the --ifconfig-pool directive to allocate individual TUN interface addresses for clients
rather than /30 subnets. NOTE: This option is incompatible with Windows clients.

This option is deprecated, and should be replaced with --topology p2p which is functionally
equivalent.

--ifconfig-push local remote-netmask [alias]
Push virtual IP endpoints for client tunnel, overriding the --ifconfig-pool dynamic allocation.

The parameters local and remote-netmask are set according to the --ifconfig directive which you
want to execute on the client machine to configure the remote end of the tunnel. Note that the
parameters local and remote-netmask are from the perspective of the client, not the server. They
may be DNS names rather than IP addresses, in which case they will be resolved on the server at
the time of client connection.

The optional alias parameter may be used in cases where NAT causes the client view of its local
endpoint to differ from the server view. In this case local/remote-netmask will refer to the
server view while alias/remote-netmask will refer to the client view.

Remember also to include a --route directive in the main OpenVPN config file which encloses local,
so that the kernel will know to route it to the server's TUN/TAP interface.

OpenVPN's internal client IP address selection algorithm works as follows:

1 -- Use --client-connect script generated file for static IP (first choice).
2 -- Use --client-config-dir file for static IP (next choice).
3 -- Use --ifconfig-pool allocation for dynamic IP (last choice).

--iroute network [netmask]
Generate an internal route to a specific client. The netmask parameter, if omitted, defaults to
255.255.255.255.

This directive can be used to route a fixed subnet from the server to a particular client,
regardless of where the client is connecting from. Remember that you must also add the route to
the system routing table as well (such as by using the --route directive). The reason why two
routes are needed is that the --route directive routes the packet from the kernel to OpenVPN.
Once in OpenVPN, the --iroute directive routes to the specific client.

This option must be specified either in a client instance config file using --client-config-dir or
dynamically generated using a --client-connect script.

The --iroute directive also has an important interaction with --push "route ...". --iroute
essentially defines a subnet which is owned by a particular client (we will call this client A).
If you would like other clients to be able to reach A's subnet, you can use --push "route ..."
together with --client-to-client to effect this. In order for all clients to see A's subnet,
OpenVPN must push this route to all clients EXCEPT for A, since the subnet is already owned by A.
OpenVPN accomplishes this by not not pushing a route to a client if it matches one of the client's
iroutes.

--client-to-client
Because the OpenVPN server mode handles multiple clients through a single tun or tap interface, it
is effectively a router. The --client-to-client flag tells OpenVPN to internally route
client-to-client traffic rather than pushing all client-originating traffic to the TUN/TAP
interface.

When this option is used, each client will "see" the other clients which are currently connected.
Otherwise, each client will only see the server. Don't use this option if you want to firewall
tunnel traffic using custom, per-client rules.

--duplicate-cn
Allow multiple clients with the same common name to concurrently connect. In the absence of this
option, OpenVPN will disconnect a client instance upon connection of a new client having the same
common name.

--client-connect cmd
Run command cmd on client connection.

The command is passed the common name and IP address of the just-authenticated client as
environmental variables (see environmental variable section below). The command is also passed
the pathname of a freshly created temporary file as the last argument (after any arguments
specified in cmd ), to be used by the command to pass dynamically generated config file directives
back to OpenVPN.

If the script wants to generate a dynamic config file to be applied on the server when the client
connects, it should write it to the file named by the last argument.

See the --client-config-dir option below for options which can be legally used in a dynamically
generated config file.

Note that the return value of script is significant. If script returns a non-zero error status,
it will cause the client to be disconnected.

--client-disconnect cmd
Like --client-connect but called on client instance shutdown. Will not be called unless the
--client-connect script and plugins (if defined) were previously called on this instance with
successful (0) status returns.

The exception to this rule is if the --client-disconnect command or plugins are cascaded, and at
least one client-connect function succeeded, then ALL of the client-disconnect functions for
scripts and plugins will be called on client instance object deletion, even in cases where some of
the related client-connect functions returned an error status.

The --client-disconnect command is not passed any extra arguments (only those arguments specified
in cmd if any).

--client-config-dir dir
Specify a directory dir for custom client config files. After a connecting client has been
authenticated, OpenVPN will look in this directory for a file having the same name as the client's
X509 common name. If a matching file exists, it will be opened and parsed for client-specific
configuration options. If no matching file is found, OpenVPN will instead try to open and parse a
default file called "DEFAULT", which may be provided but is not required. Note that the
configuration files must be readable by the OpenVPN process after it has dropped it's root
privileges.

This file can specify a fixed IP address for a given client using --ifconfig-push, as well as
fixed subnets owned by the client using --iroute.

One of the useful properties of this option is that it allows client configuration files to be
conveniently created, edited, or removed while the server is live, without needing to restart the
server.

The following options are legal in a client-specific context: --push, --push-reset, --push-remove,
--iroute, --ifconfig-push, and --config.

--ccd-exclusive
Require, as a condition of authentication, that a connecting client has a --client-config-dir
file.

--tmp-dir dir
Specify a directory dir for temporary files. This directory will be used by openvpn processes and
script to communicate temporary data with openvpn main process. Note that the directory must be
writable by the OpenVPN process after it has dropped it's root privileges.

This directory will be used by in the following cases:

* --client-connect scripts to dynamically generate client-specific configuration files.

* OPENVPN_PLUGIN_AUTH_USER_PASS_VERIFY plugin hook to return success/failure via auth_control_file
when using deferred auth method

* OPENVPN_PLUGIN_ENABLE_PF plugin hook to pass filtering rules via pf_file

--hash-size r v
Set the size of the real address hash table to r and the virtual address table to v. By default,
both tables are sized at 256 buckets.

--bcast-buffers n
Allocate n buffers for broadcast datagrams (default=256).

--tcp-queue-limit n
Maximum number of output packets queued before TCP (default=64).

When OpenVPN is tunneling data from a TUN/TAP device to a remote client over a TCP connection, it
is possible that the TUN/TAP device might produce data at a faster rate than the TCP connection
can support. When the number of output packets queued before sending to the TCP socket reaches
this limit for a given client connection, OpenVPN will start to drop outgoing packets directed at
this client.

--tcp-nodelay
This macro sets the TCP_NODELAY socket flag on the server as well as pushes it to connecting
clients. The TCP_NODELAY flag disables the Nagle algorithm on TCP sockets causing packets to be
transmitted immediately with low latency, rather than waiting a short period of time in order to
aggregate several packets into a larger containing packet. In VPN applications over TCP,
TCP_NODELAY is generally a good latency optimization.

The macro expands as follows:

if mode server:
socket-flags TCP_NODELAY
push "socket-flags TCP_NODELAY"

--max-clients n
Limit server to a maximum of n concurrent clients.

--max-routes-per-client n
Allow a maximum of n internal routes per client (default=256). This is designed to help contain
DoS attacks where an authenticated client floods the server with packets appearing to come from
many unique MAC addresses, forcing the server to deplete virtual memory as its internal routing
table expands. This directive can be used in a --client-config-dir file or auto-generated by a
--client-connect script to override the global value for a particular client.

Note that this directive affects OpenVPN's internal routing table, not the kernel routing table.

--stale-routes-check n [t]
Remove routes haven't had activity for n seconds (i.e. the ageing time).

This check is ran every t seconds (i.e. check interval).

If t is not present it defaults to n

This option helps to keep the dynamic routing table small. See also --max-routes-per-client

--connect-freq n sec
Allow a maximum of n new connections per sec seconds from clients. This is designed to contain
DoS attacks which flood the server with connection requests using certificates which will
ultimately fail to authenticate.

This is an imperfect solution however, because in a real DoS scenario, legitimate connections
might also be refused.

For the best protection against DoS attacks in server mode, use --proto udp and either --tls-auth
or --tls-crypt.

--learn-address cmd
Run command cmd to validate client virtual addresses or routes.

Three arguments will be appended to any arguments in cmd as follows:

[1] operation -- "add", "update", or "delete" based on whether or not the address is being added
to, modified, or deleted from OpenVPN's internal routing table.
[2] address -- The address being learned or unlearned. This can be an IPv4 address such as
"198.162.10.14", an IPv4 subnet such as "198.162.10.0/24", or an ethernet MAC address (when --dev
tap is being used) such as "00:FF:01:02:03:04".
[3] common name -- The common name on the certificate associated with the client linked to this
address. Only present for "add" or "update" operations, not "delete".

On "add" or "update" methods, if the script returns a failure code (non-zero), OpenVPN will reject
the address and will not modify its internal routing table.

Normally, the cmd script will use the information provided above to set appropriate firewall
entries on the VPN TUN/TAP interface. Since OpenVPN provides the association between virtual IP
or MAC address and the client's authenticated common name, it allows a user-defined script to
configure firewall access policies with regard to the client's high-level common name, rather than
the low level client virtual addresses.

--auth-user-pass-verify cmd method
Require the client to provide a username/password (possibly in addition to a client certificate)
for authentication.

OpenVPN will run command cmd to validate the username/password provided by the client.

If method is set to "via-env", OpenVPN will call script with the environmental variables username
and password set to the username/password strings provided by the client. Be aware that this
method is insecure on some platforms which make the environment of a process publicly visible to
other unprivileged processes.

If method is set to "via-file", OpenVPN will write the username and password to the first two
lines of a temporary file. The filename will be passed as an argument to script, and the file
will be automatically deleted by OpenVPN after the script returns. The location of the temporary
file is controlled by the --tmp-dir option, and will default to the current directory if
unspecified. For security, consider setting --tmp-dir to a volatile storage medium such as
/dev/shm (if available) to prevent the username/password file from touching the hard drive.

The script should examine the username and password, returning a success exit code (0) if the
client's authentication request is to be accepted, or a failure code (1) to reject the client.

This directive is designed to enable a plugin-style interface for extending OpenVPN's
authentication capabilities.

To protect against a client passing a maliciously formed username or password string, the username
string must consist only of these characters: alphanumeric, underbar ('_'), dash ('-'), dot ('.'),
or at ('@'). The password string can consist of any printable characters except for CR or LF.
Any illegal characters in either the username or password string will be converted to underbar
('_').

Care must be taken by any user-defined scripts to avoid creating a security vulnerability in the
way that these strings are handled. Never use these strings in such a way that they might be
escaped or evaluated by a shell interpreter.

For a sample script that performs PAM authentication, see sample-scripts/auth-pam.pl in the
OpenVPN source distribution.

--auth-gen-token [lifetime]
After successful user/password authentication, the OpenVPN server will with this option generate a
temporary authentication token and push that to client. On the following renegotiations, the
OpenVPN client will pass this token instead of the users password. On the server side the server
will do the token authentication internally and it will NOT do any additional authentications
against configured external user/password authentication mechanisms.

The lifetime argument defines how long the generated token is valid. The lifetime is defined in
seconds. If lifetime is not set or it is set to 0, the token will never expire.

This feature is useful for environments which is configured to use One Time Passwords (OTP) as
part of the user/password authentications and that authentication mechanism does not implement any
auth-token support.

--opt-verify
Clients that connect with options that are incompatible with those of the server will be
disconnected.

Options that will be compared for compatibility include dev-type, link-mtu, tun-mtu, proto,
ifconfig, comp-lzo, fragment, keydir, cipher, auth, keysize, secret, no-replay, no-iv, tls-auth,
key-method, tls-server, and tls-client.

This option requires that --disable-occ NOT be used.

--auth-user-pass-optional
Allow connections by clients that do not specify a username/password. Normally, when
--auth-user-pass-verify or --management-client-auth is specified (or an authentication plugin
module), the OpenVPN server daemon will require connecting clients to specify a username and
password. This option makes the submission of a username/password by clients optional, passing
the responsibility to the user-defined authentication module/script to accept or deny the client
based on other factors (such as the setting of X509 certificate fields). When this option is
used, and a connecting client does not submit a username/password, the user-defined authentication
module/script will see the username and password as being set to empty strings (""). The
authentication module/script MUST have logic to detect this condition and respond accordingly.

--client-cert-not-required
DEPRECATED This option will be removed in OpenVPN 2.5

Don't require client certificate, client will authenticate using username/password only. Be aware
that using this directive is less secure than requiring certificates from all clients.

Please note: This is replaced by --verify-client-cert which allows for more flexibility. The
option --verify-client-cert none is functionally equivalent to --client-cert-not-required

--verify-client-cert none|optional|require
Specify whether the client is required to supply a valid certificate.

Possible options are

none : a client certificate is not required. the client need to authenticate using
username/password only. Be aware that using this directive is less secure than requiring
certificates from all clients.

If you use this directive, the entire responsibility of authentication will rest on your
--auth-user-pass-verify script, so keep in mind that bugs in your script could potentially
compromise the security of your VPN.

--verify-client-cert none is functionally equivalent to --client-cert-not-required.

optional : a client may present a certificate but it is not required to do so. When using this
directive, you should also use a --auth-user-pass-verify script to ensure that clients are
authenticated using a certificate, a username and password, or possibly even both.

Again, the entire responsibility of authentication will rest on your --auth-user-pass-verify
script, so keep in mind that bugs in your script could potentially compromise the security of your
VPN.

require : this is the default option. A client is required to present a certificate, otherwise VPN
access is refused.

If you don't use this directive (or use --verify-client-cert require ) but you also specify an
--auth-user-pass-verify script, then OpenVPN will perform double authentication. The client
certificate verification AND the --auth-user-pass-verify script will need to succeed in order for
a client to be authenticated and accepted onto the VPN.

--username-as-common-name
For --auth-user-pass-verify authentication, use the authenticated username as the common name,
rather than the common name from the client cert.

--compat-names [no-remapping]
DEPRECATED This option will be removed in OpenVPN 2.5

Until OpenVPN v2.3 the format of the X.509 Subject fields was formatted like this:

/C=US/L=Somewhere/CN=John Doe/emailAddress=john@example.com

In addition the old behaviour was to remap any character other than alphanumeric, underscore
('_'), dash ('-'), dot ('.'), and slash ('/') to underscore ('_'). The X.509 Subject string as
returned by the tls_id environmental variable, could additionally contain colon (':') or equal
('=').

When using the --compat-names option, this old formatting and remapping will be re-enabled again.
This is purely implemented for compatibility reasons when using older plug-ins or scripts which
does not handle the new formatting or UTF-8 characters.

In OpenVPN 2.3 the formatting of these fields changed into a more standardised format. It now
looks like:

C=US, L=Somewhere, CN=John Doe, emailAddress=john@example.com

The new default format in OpenVPN 2.3 also does not do the character remapping which happened
earlier. This new format enables proper support for UTF-8 characters in the usernames, X.509
Subject fields and Common Name variables and it complies to the RFC 2253, UTF-8 String
Representation of Distinguished Names.

The no-remapping mode flag can be used with the --compat-names option to be compatible with the
now deprecated --no-name-remapping option. It is only available at the server. When this mode
flag is used, the Common Name, Subject, and username strings are allowed to include any printable
character including space, but excluding control characters such as tab, newline, and
carriage-return. no-remapping is only available on the server side.

Please note: This option is immediately deprecated. It is only implemented to make the transition
to the new formatting less intrusive. It will be removed in OpenVPN 2.5. So please update your
scripts/plug-ins where necessary.

--no-name-remapping
DEPRECATED This option will be removed in OpenVPN 2.5

The --no-name-remapping option is an alias for --compat-names no-remapping. It ensures
compatibility with server configurations using the --no-name-remapping option.

Please note: This option is now deprecated. It will be removed in OpenVPN 2.5. So please make
sure you support the new X.509 name formatting described with the --compat-names option as soon as
possible.

--port-share host port [dir]
When run in TCP server mode, share the OpenVPN port with another application, such as an HTTPS
server. If OpenVPN senses a connection to its port which is using a non-OpenVPN protocol, it will
proxy the connection to the server at host:port. Currently only designed to work with HTTP/HTTPS,
though it would be theoretically possible to extend to other protocols such as ssh.

dir specifies an optional directory where a temporary file with name N containing content C will
be dynamically generated for each proxy connection, where N is the source IP:port of the client
connection and C is the source IP:port of the connection to the proxy receiver. This directory
can be used as a dictionary by the proxy receiver to determine the origin of the connection. Each
generated file will be automatically deleted when the proxied connection is torn down.

Not implemented on Windows.

Client Mode
Use client mode when connecting to an OpenVPN server which has --server, --server-bridge, or --mode
server in it's configuration.

--client
A helper directive designed to simplify the configuration of OpenVPN's client mode. This
directive is equivalent to:

pull
tls-client

--pull This option must be used on a client which is connecting to a multi-client server. It indicates
to OpenVPN that it should accept options pushed by the server, provided they are part of the legal
set of pushable options (note that the --pull option is implied by --client ).

In particular, --pull allows the server to push routes to the client, so you should not use --pull
or --client in situations where you don't trust the server to have control over the client's
routing table.

--pull-filter accept|ignore|reject text
Filter options received from the server if the option starts with text. Runs on client. The
action flag accept allows the option, ignore removes it and reject flags an error and triggers a
SIGUSR1 restart. The filters may be specified multiple times, and each filter is applied in the
order it is specified. The filtering of each option stops as soon as a match is found. Unmatched
options are accepted by default.

Prefix comparison is used to match text against the received option so that

--pull-filter ignore "route"

would remove all pushed options starting with route which would include, for example,
route-gateway. Enclose text in quotes to embed spaces.

--pull-filter accept "route 192.168.1."
--pull-filter ignore "route "

would remove all routes that do not start with 192.168.1.

This option may be used only on clients. Note that reject may result in a repeated cycle of
failure and reconnect, unless multiple remotes are specified and connection to the next remote
succeeds. To silently ignore an option pushed by the server, use ignore.

--auth-user-pass [up]
Authenticate with server using username/password. up is a file containing username/password on 2
lines. If the password line is missing, OpenVPN will prompt for one.

If up is omitted, username/password will be prompted from the console.

The server configuration must specify an --auth-user-pass-verify script to verify the
username/password provided by the client.

--auth-retry type
Controls how OpenVPN responds to username/password verification errors such as the client-side
response to an AUTH_FAILED message from the server or verification failure of the private key
password.

Normally used to prevent auth errors from being fatal on the client side, and to permit
username/password requeries in case of error.

An AUTH_FAILED message is generated by the server if the client fails --auth-user-pass
authentication, or if the server-side --client-connect script returns an error status when the
client tries to connect.

type can be one of:

none -- Client will exit with a fatal error (this is the default).
nointeract -- Client will retry the connection without requerying for an --auth-user-pass
username/password. Use this option for unattended clients.
interact -- Client will requery for an --auth-user-pass username/password and/or private key
password before attempting a reconnection.

Note that while this option cannot be pushed, it can be controlled from the management interface.

--static-challenge t e
Enable static challenge/response protocol using challenge text t, with echo flag given by e (0|1).

The echo flag indicates whether or not the user's response to the challenge should be echoed.

See management-notes.txt in the OpenVPN distribution for a description of the OpenVPN
challenge/response protocol.

--server-poll-timeout n, --connect-timeout n
When connecting to a remote server do not wait for more than n seconds waiting for a response
before trying the next server. The default value is 120s. This timeout includes proxy and TCP
connect timeouts.

--explicit-exit-notify [n]
In UDP client mode or point-to-point mode, send server/peer an exit notification if tunnel is
restarted or OpenVPN process is exited. In client mode, on exit/restart, this option will tell
the server to immediately close its client instance object rather than waiting for a timeout. The
n parameter (default=1) controls the maximum number of attempts that the client will try to resend
the exit notification message.

In UDP server mode, send RESTART control channel command to connected clients. The n parameter
(default=1) controls client behavior. With n = 1 client will attempt to reconnect to the same
server, with n = 2 client will advance to the next server.

OpenVPN will not send any exit notifications unless this option is enabled.

--allow-recursive-routing
When this option is set, OpenVPN will not drop incoming tun packets with same destination as host.

Data Channel Encryption Options:
These options are meaningful for both Static & TLS-negotiated key modes (must be compatible between
peers).

--secret file [direction]
Enable Static Key encryption mode (non-TLS). Use pre-shared secret file which was generated with
--genkey.

The optional direction parameter enables the use of 4 distinct keys (HMAC-send, cipher-encrypt,
HMAC-receive, cipher-decrypt), so that each data flow direction has a different set of HMAC and
cipher keys. This has a number of desirable security properties including eliminating certain
kinds of DoS and message replay attacks.

When the direction parameter is omitted, 2 keys are used bidirectionally, one for HMAC and the
other for encryption/decryption.

The direction parameter should always be complementary on either side of the connection, i.e. one
side should use "0" and the other should use "1", or both sides should omit it altogether.

The direction parameter requires that file contains a 2048 bit key. While pre-1.5 versions of
OpenVPN generate 1024 bit key files, any version of OpenVPN which supports the direction
parameter, will also support 2048 bit key file generation using the --genkey option.

Static key encryption mode has certain advantages, the primary being ease of configuration.

There are no certificates or certificate authorities or complicated negotiation handshakes and
protocols. The only requirement is that you have a pre-existing secure channel with your peer
(such as ssh ) to initially copy the key. This requirement, along with the fact that your key
never changes unless you manually generate a new one, makes it somewhat less secure than TLS mode
(see below). If an attacker manages to steal your key, everything that was ever encrypted with it
is compromised. Contrast that to the perfect forward secrecy features of TLS mode (using Diffie
Hellman key exchange), where even if an attacker was able to steal your private key, he would gain
no information to help him decrypt past sessions.

Another advantageous aspect of Static Key encryption mode is that it is a handshake-free protocol
without any distinguishing signature or feature (such as a header or protocol handshake sequence)
that would mark the ciphertext packets as being generated by OpenVPN. Anyone eavesdropping on the
wire would see nothing but random-looking data.

--key-direction
Alternative way of specifying the optional direction parameter for the --tls-auth and --secret
options. Useful when using inline files (See section on inline files).

--auth alg
Authenticate data channel packets and (if enabled) tls-auth control channel packets with HMAC
using message digest algorithm alg. (The default is SHA1 ). HMAC is a commonly used message
authentication algorithm (MAC) that uses a data string, a secure hash algorithm, and a key, to
produce a digital signature.

The OpenVPN data channel protocol uses encrypt-then-mac (i.e. first encrypt a packet, then HMAC
the resulting ciphertext), which prevents padding oracle attacks.

If an AEAD cipher mode (e.g. GCM) is chosen, the specified --auth algorithm is ignored for the
data channel, and the authentication method of the AEAD cipher is used instead. Note that alg
still specifies the digest used for tls-auth.

In static-key encryption mode, the HMAC key is included in the key file generated by --genkey. In
TLS mode, the HMAC key is dynamically generated and shared between peers via the TLS control
channel. If OpenVPN receives a packet with a bad HMAC it will drop the packet. HMAC usually adds
16 or 20 bytes per packet. Set alg=none to disable authentication.

For more information on HMAC see http://www.cs.ucsd.edu/users/mihir/papers/hmac.html

--cipher alg
Encrypt data channel packets with cipher algorithm alg.

The default is BF-CBC, an abbreviation for Blowfish in Cipher Block Chaining mode. When cipher
negotiation (NCP) is allowed, OpenVPN 2.4 and newer on both client and server side will
automatically upgrade to AES-256-GCM. See --ncp-ciphers and --ncp-disable for more details on
NCP.

Using BF-CBC is no longer recommended, because of its 64-bit block size. This small block size
allows attacks based on collisions, as demonstrated by SWEET32. See
https://community.openvpn.net/openvpn/wiki/SWEET32 for details. Due to this, support for BF-CBC,
DES, CAST5, IDEA and RC2 ciphers will be removed in OpenVPN 2.6.

To see other ciphers that are available with OpenVPN, use the --show-ciphers option.

Set alg=none to disable encryption.

--ncp-ciphers cipher_list
Restrict the allowed ciphers to be negotiated to the ciphers in cipher_list. cipher_list is a
colon-separated list of ciphers, and defaults to "AES-256-GCM:AES-128-GCM".

For servers, the first cipher from cipher_list will be pushed to clients that support cipher
negotiation.

Cipher negotiation is enabled in client-server mode only. I.e. if --mode is set to 'server'
(server-side, implied by setting --server ), or if --pull is specified (client-side, implied by
setting --client).

If both peers support and do not disable NCP, the negotiated cipher will override the cipher
specified by --cipher.

Additionally, to allow for more smooth transition, if NCP is enabled, OpenVPN will inherit the
cipher of the peer if that cipher is different from the local --cipher setting, but the peer
cipher is one of the ciphers specified in --ncp-ciphers. E.g. a non-NCP client (<=v2.3, or with
--ncp-disabled set) connecting to a NCP server (v2.4+) with "--cipher BF-CBC" and "--ncp-ciphers
AES-256-GCM:AES-256-CBC" set can either specify "--cipher BF-CBC" or "--cipher AES-256-CBC" and
both will work.

This list is restricted to be 127 chars long after conversion to OpenVPN ciphers.

--ncp-disable
Disable "negotiable crypto parameters". This completely disables cipher negotiation.

--keysize n
DEPRECATED This option will be removed in OpenVPN 2.6.

Size of cipher key in bits (optional). If unspecified, defaults to cipher-specific default. The
--show-ciphers option (see below) shows all available OpenSSL ciphers, their default key sizes,
and whether the key size can be changed. Use care in changing a cipher's default key size. Many
ciphers have not been extensively cryptanalyzed with non-standard key lengths, and a larger key
may offer no real guarantee of greater security, or may even reduce security.

--prng alg [nsl]
(Advanced) For PRNG (Pseudo-random number generator), use digest algorithm alg (default=sha1), and
set nsl (default=16) to the size in bytes of the nonce secret length (between 16 and 64).

Set alg=none to disable the PRNG and use the OpenSSL RAND_bytes function instead for all of
OpenVPN's pseudo-random number needs.

--engine [engine-name]
Enable OpenSSL hardware-based crypto engine functionality.

If engine-name is specified, use a specific crypto engine. Use the --show-engines standalone
option to list the crypto engines which are supported by OpenSSL.

--no-replay
DEPRECATED This option will be removed in OpenVPN 2.5.

(Advanced) Disable OpenVPN's protection against replay attacks. Don't use this option unless you
are prepared to make a tradeoff of greater efficiency in exchange for less security.

OpenVPN provides datagram replay protection by default.

Replay protection is accomplished by tagging each outgoing datagram with an identifier that is
guaranteed to be unique for the key being used. The peer that receives the datagram will check
for the uniqueness of the identifier. If the identifier was already received in a previous
datagram, OpenVPN will drop the packet. Replay protection is important to defeat attacks such as
a SYN flood attack, where the attacker listens in the wire, intercepts a TCP SYN packet
(identifying it by the context in which it occurs in relation to other packets), then floods the
receiving peer with copies of this packet.

OpenVPN's replay protection is implemented in slightly different ways, depending on the key
management mode you have selected.

In Static Key mode or when using an CFB or OFB mode cipher, OpenVPN uses a 64 bit unique
identifier that combines a time stamp with an incrementing sequence number.

When using TLS mode for key exchange and a CBC cipher mode, OpenVPN uses only a 32 bit sequence
number without a time stamp, since OpenVPN can guarantee the uniqueness of this value for each
key. As in IPSec, if the sequence number is close to wrapping back to zero, OpenVPN will trigger
a new key exchange.

To check for replays, OpenVPN uses the sliding window algorithm used by IPSec.

--replay-window n [t]
Use a replay protection sliding-window of size n and a time window of t seconds.

By default n is 64 (the IPSec default) and t is 15 seconds.

This option is only relevant in UDP mode, i.e. when either --proto udp is specified, or no
--proto option is specified.

When OpenVPN tunnels IP packets over UDP, there is the possibility that packets might be dropped
or delivered out of order. Because OpenVPN, like IPSec, is emulating the physical network layer,
it will accept an out-of-order packet sequence, and will deliver such packets in the same order
they were received to the TCP/IP protocol stack, provided they satisfy several constraints.

(a) The packet cannot be a replay (unless --no-replay is specified, which disables replay
protection altogether).

(b) If a packet arrives out of order, it will only be accepted if the difference between its
sequence number and the highest sequence number received so far is less than n.

(c) If a packet arrives out of order, it will only be accepted if it arrives no later than t
seconds after any packet containing a higher sequence number.

If you are using a network link with a large pipeline (meaning that the product of bandwidth and
latency is high), you may want to use a larger value for n. Satellite links in particular often
require this.

If you run OpenVPN at --verb 4, you will see the message "Replay-window backtrack occurred [x]"
every time the maximum sequence number backtrack seen thus far increases. This can be used to
calibrate n.

There is some controversy on the appropriate method of handling packet reordering at the security
layer.

Namely, to what extent should the security layer protect the encapsulated protocol from attacks
which masquerade as the kinds of normal packet loss and reordering that occur over IP networks?

The IPSec and OpenVPN approach is to allow packet reordering within a certain fixed sequence
number window.

OpenVPN adds to the IPSec model by limiting the window size in time as well as sequence space.

OpenVPN also adds TCP transport as an option (not offered by IPSec) in which case OpenVPN can
adopt a very strict attitude towards message deletion and reordering: Don't allow it. Since TCP
guarantees reliability, any packet loss or reordering event can be assumed to be an attack.

In this sense, it could be argued that TCP tunnel transport is preferred when tunneling non-IP or
UDP application protocols which might be vulnerable to a message deletion or reordering attack
which falls within the normal operational parameters of IP networks.

So I would make the statement that one should never tunnel a non-IP protocol or UDP application
protocol over UDP, if the protocol might be vulnerable to a message deletion or reordering attack
that falls within the normal operating parameters of what is to be expected from the physical IP
layer. The problem is easily fixed by simply using TCP as the VPN transport layer.

--mute-replay-warnings
Silence the output of replay warnings, which are a common false alarm on WiFi networks. This
option preserves the security of the replay protection code without the verbosity associated with
warnings about duplicate packets.

--replay-persist file
Persist replay-protection state across sessions using file to save and reload the state.

This option will strengthen protection against replay attacks, especially when you are using
OpenVPN in a dynamic context (such as with --inetd) when OpenVPN sessions are frequently started
and stopped.

This option will keep a disk copy of the current replay protection state (i.e. the most recent
packet timestamp and sequence number received from the remote peer), so that if an OpenVPN session
is stopped and restarted, it will reject any replays of packets which were already received by the
prior session.

This option only makes sense when replay protection is enabled (the default) and you are using
either --secret (shared-secret key mode) or TLS mode with --tls-auth.

--no-iv
DEPRECATED This option will be removed in OpenVPN 2.5.

(Advanced) Disable OpenVPN's use of IV (cipher initialization vector). Don't use this option
unless you are prepared to make a tradeoff of greater efficiency in exchange for less security.

OpenVPN uses an IV by default, and requires it for CFB and OFB cipher modes (which are totally
insecure without it). Using an IV is important for security when multiple messages are being
encrypted/decrypted with the same key.

IV is implemented differently depending on the cipher mode used.

In CBC mode, OpenVPN uses a pseudo-random IV for each packet.

In CFB/OFB mode, OpenVPN uses a unique sequence number and time stamp as the IV. In fact, in
CFB/OFB mode, OpenVPN uses a datagram space-saving optimization that uses the unique identifier
for datagram replay protection as the IV.

--use-prediction-resistance
Enable prediction resistance on mbed TLS's RNG.

Enabling prediction resistance causes the RNG to reseed in each call for random. Reseeding this
often can quickly deplete the kernel entropy pool.

If you need this option, please consider running a daemon that adds entropy to the kernel pool.

--test-crypto
Do a self-test of OpenVPN's crypto options by encrypting and decrypting test packets using the
data channel encryption options specified above. This option does not require a peer to function,
and therefore can be specified without --dev or --remote.

The typical usage of --test-crypto would be something like this:

openvpn --test-crypto --secret key

openvpn --test-crypto --secret key --verb 9

This option is very useful to test OpenVPN after it has been ported to a new platform, or to
isolate problems in the compiler, OpenSSL crypto library, or OpenVPN's crypto code. Since it is a
self-test mode, problems with encryption and authentication can be debugged independently of
network and tunnel issues.

TLS Mode Options:
TLS mode is the most powerful crypto mode of OpenVPN in both security and flexibility. TLS mode works by
establishing control and data channels which are multiplexed over a single TCP/UDP port. OpenVPN
initiates a TLS session over the control channel and uses it to exchange cipher and HMAC keys to protect
the data channel. TLS mode uses a robust reliability layer over the UDP connection for all control
channel communication, while the data channel, over which encrypted tunnel data passes, is forwarded
without any mediation. The result is the best of both worlds: a fast data channel that forwards over UDP
with only the overhead of encrypt, decrypt, and HMAC functions, and a control channel that provides all
of the security features of TLS, including certificate-based authentication and Diffie Hellman forward
secrecy.

To use TLS mode, each peer that runs OpenVPN should have its own local certificate/key pair ( --cert and
--key ), signed by the root certificate which is specified in --ca.

When two OpenVPN peers connect, each presents its local certificate to the other. Each peer will then
check that its partner peer presented a certificate which was signed by the master root certificate as
specified in --ca.

If that check on both peers succeeds, then the TLS negotiation will succeed, both OpenVPN peers will
exchange temporary session keys, and the tunnel will begin passing data.

The OpenVPN project provides a set of scripts for managing RSA certificates & keys:
https://github.com/OpenVPN/easy-rsa

--tls-server
Enable TLS and assume server role during TLS handshake. Note that OpenVPN is designed as a
peer-to-peer application. The designation of client or server is only for the purpose of
negotiating the TLS control channel.

--tls-client
Enable TLS and assume client role during TLS handshake.

--ca file
Certificate authority (CA) file in .pem format, also referred to as the root certificate. This
file can have multiple certificates in .pem format, concatenated together. You can construct your
own certificate authority certificate and private key by using a command such as:

openssl req -nodes -new -x509 -keyout ca.key -out ca.crt

Then edit your openssl.cnf file and edit the certificate variable to point to your new root
certificate ca.crt.

For testing purposes only, the OpenVPN distribution includes a sample CA certificate (ca.crt). Of
course you should never use the test certificates and test keys distributed with OpenVPN in a
production environment, since by virtue of the fact that they are distributed with OpenVPN, they
are totally insecure.

--capath dir
Directory containing trusted certificates (CAs and CRLs). Not available with mbed TLS.

CAs in the capath directory are expected to be named <hash>.<n>. CRLs are expected to be named
<hash>.r<n>. See the -CApath option of openssl verify , and the -hash option of openssl x509 ,
openssl crl and X509_LOOKUP_hash_dir(3) for more information.

Similarly to the --crl-verify option CRLs are not mandatory - OpenVPN will log the usual warning
in the logs if the relevant CRL is missing, but the connection will be allowed.

--dh file
File containing Diffie Hellman parameters in .pem format (required for --tls-server only).

Set file=none to disable Diffie Hellman key exchange (and use ECDH only). Note that this requires
peers to be using an SSL library that supports ECDH TLS cipher suites (e.g. OpenSSL 1.0.1+, or
mbed TLS 2.0+).

Use openssl dhparam -out dh2048.pem 2048 to generate 2048-bit DH parameters. Diffie Hellman
parameters may be considered public.

--ecdh-curve name
Specify the curve to use for elliptic curve Diffie Hellman. Available curves can be listed with
--show-curves. The specified curve will only be used for ECDH TLS-ciphers.

This option is not supported in mbed TLS builds of OpenVPN.

--cert file
Local peer's signed certificate in .pem format -- must be signed by a certificate authority whose
certificate is in --ca file. Each peer in an OpenVPN link running in TLS mode should have its own
certificate and private key file. In addition, each certificate should have been signed by the
key of a certificate authority whose public key resides in the --ca certificate authority file.
You can easily make your own certificate authority (see above) or pay money to use a commercial
service such as thawte.com (in which case you will be helping to finance the world's second space
tourist :). To generate a certificate, you can use a command such as:

openssl req -nodes -new -keyout mycert.key -out mycert.csr

If your certificate authority private key lives on another machine, copy the certificate signing
request (mycert.csr) to this other machine (this can be done over an insecure channel such as
email). Now sign the certificate with a command such as:

openssl ca -out mycert.crt -in mycert.csr

Now copy the certificate (mycert.crt) back to the peer which initially generated the .csr file
(this can be over a public medium). Note that the openssl ca command reads the location of the
certificate authority key from its configuration file such as /usr/share/ssl/openssl.cnf -- note
also that for certificate authority functions, you must set up the files index.txt (may be empty)
and serial (initialize to 01 ).

--extra-certs file
Specify a file containing one or more PEM certs (concatenated together) that complete the local
certificate chain.

This option is useful for "split" CAs, where the CA for server certs is different than the CA for
client certs. Putting certs in this file allows them to be used to complete the local certificate
chain without trusting them to verify the peer-submitted certificate, as would be the case if the
certs were placed in the ca file.

--key file
Local peer's private key in .pem format. Use the private key which was generated when you built
your peer's certificate (see --cert file above).

--tls-version-min version ['or-highest']
Sets the minimum TLS version we will accept from the peer (default is "1.0"). Examples for
version include "1.0", "1.1", or "1.2". If 'or-highest' is specified and version is not
recognized, we will only accept the highest TLS version supported by the local SSL implementation.

--tls-version-max version
Set the maximum TLS version we will use (default is the highest version supported). Examples for
version include "1.0", "1.1", or "1.2".

--pkcs12 file
Specify a PKCS #12 file containing local private key, local certificate, and root CA certificate.
This option can be used instead of --ca, --cert, and --key. Not available with mbed TLS.

--verify-hash hash [algo]
Specify SHA1 or SHA256 fingerprint for level-1 cert. The level-1 cert is the CA (or intermediate
cert) that signs the leaf certificate, and is one removed from the leaf certificate in the
direction of the root. When accepting a connection from a peer, the level-1 cert fingerprint must
match hash or certificate verification will fail. Hash is specified as XX:XX:... For example:

AD:B0:95:D8:09:C8:36:45:12:A9:89:C8:90:09:CB:13:72:A6:AD:16

The algo flag can be either SHA1 or SHA256. If not provided, it defaults to SHA1.

--pkcs11-cert-private [0|1]...
Set if access to certificate object should be performed after login. Every provider has its own
setting.

--pkcs11-id name
Specify the serialized certificate id to be used. The id can be gotten by the standalone
--show-pkcs11-ids option.

--pkcs11-id-management
Acquire PKCS#11 id from management interface. In this case a NEED-STR 'pkcs11-id-request'
real-time message will be triggered, application may use pkcs11-id-count command to retrieve
available number of certificates, and pkcs11-id-get command to retrieve certificate id and
certificate body.

--pkcs11-pin-cache seconds
Specify how many seconds the PIN can be cached, the default is until the token is removed.

--pkcs11-protected-authentication [0|1]...
Use PKCS#11 protected authentication path, useful for biometric and external keypad devices.
Every provider has its own setting.

--pkcs11-providers provider...
Specify a RSA Security Inc. PKCS #11 Cryptographic Token Interface (Cryptoki) providers to load.
This option can be used instead of --cert, --key, and --pkcs12.

If p11-kit is present on the system, its p11-kit-proxy.so module will be loaded by default if
either the --pkcs11-id or --pkcs11-id-management options are specified without --pkcs11-provider
being given.

--pkcs11-private-mode mode...
Specify which method to use in order to perform private key operations. A different mode can be
specified for each provider. Mode is encoded as hex number, and can be a mask one of the
following:

0 (default) -- Try to determine automatically.
1 -- Use sign.
2 -- Use sign recover.
4 -- Use decrypt.
8 -- Use unwrap.

--cryptoapicert select-string
Load the certificate and private key from the Windows Certificate System Store (Windows/OpenSSL
Only).

Use this option instead of --cert and --key.

This makes it possible to use any smart card, supported by Windows, but also any kind of
certificate, residing in the Cert Store, where you have access to the private key. This option
has been tested with a couple of different smart cards (GemSAFE, Cryptoflex, and Swedish Post
Office eID) on the client side, and also an imported PKCS12 software certificate on the server
side.

To select a certificate, based on a substring search in the certificate's subject:

cryptoapicert "SUBJ:Peter Runestig"

To select a certificate, based on certificate's thumbprint:

cryptoapicert "THUMB:f6 49 24 41 01 b4 ..."

The thumbprint hex string can easily be copy-and-pasted from the Windows Certificate Store GUI.

--key-method m
DEPRECATED This option will be removed in OpenVPN 2.5

Use data channel key negotiation method m. The key method must match on both sides of the
connection.

After OpenVPN negotiates a TLS session, a new set of keys for protecting the tunnel data channel
is generated and exchanged over the TLS session.

In method 1 (the default for OpenVPN 1.x), both sides generate random encrypt and HMAC-send keys
which are forwarded to the other host over the TLS channel. Method 1 is deprecated in OpenVPN 2.4
, and will be removed in OpenVPN 2.5.

In method 2, (the default for OpenVPN 2.0) the client generates a random key. Both client and
server also generate some random seed material. All key source material is exchanged over the TLS
channel. The actual keys are generated using the TLS PRF function, taking source entropy from both
client and server. Method 2 is designed to closely parallel the key generation process used by
TLS 1.0.

Note that in TLS mode, two separate levels of keying occur:

(1) The TLS connection is initially negotiated, with both sides of the connection producing
certificates and verifying the certificate (or other authentication info provided) of the other
side. The --key-method parameter has no effect on this process.

(2) After the TLS connection is established, the tunnel session keys are separately negotiated
over the existing secure TLS channel. Here, --key-method determines the derivation of the tunnel
session keys.

--tls-cipher l
--tls-ciphersuites l
A list l of allowable TLS ciphers delimited by a colon (":").

These setting can be used to ensure that certain cipher suites are used (or not used) for the TLS
connection. OpenVPN uses TLS to secure the control channel, over which the keys that are used to
protect the actual VPN traffic are exchanged.

The supplied list of ciphers is (after potential OpenSSL/IANA name translation) simply supplied to
the crypto library. Please see the OpenSSL and/or mbed TLS documentation for details on the
cipher list interpretation.

For OpenSSL, the --tls-cipher is used for TLS 1.2 and below. For TLS 1.3 and up, the
--tls-ciphersuites setting is used. mbed TLS has no TLS 1.3 support yet and only the --tls-cipher
setting is used.

Use --show-tls to see a list of TLS ciphers supported by your crypto library.

Warning! --tls-cipher and --tls-ciphersuites are expert features, which - if used correcly - can
improve the security of your VPN connection. But it is also easy to unwittingly use them to
carefully align a gun with your foot, or just break your connection. Use with care!

The default for --tls-cipher is to use mbed TLS's default cipher list when using mbed TLS or
"DEFAULT:!EXP:!LOW:!MEDIUM:!kDH:!kECDH:!DSS:!PSK:!SRP:!kRSA" when using OpenSSL.

The default for --tls-ciphersuites is to use the crypto library's default.

--tls-cert-profile profile
Set the allowed cryptographic algorithms for certificates according to profile.

The following profiles are supported:

legacy (default): SHA1 and newer, RSA 2048-bit+, any elliptic curve.

preferred : SHA2 and newer, RSA 2048-bit+, any elliptic curve.

suiteb : SHA256/SHA384, ECDSA with P-256 or P-384.

This option is only fully supported for mbed TLS builds. OpenSSL builds use the following
approximation:

legacy (default): sets "security level 1"

preferred : sets "security level 2"

suiteb : sets "security level 3" and --tls-cipher "SUITEB128".

OpenVPN will migrate to 'preferred' as default in the future. Please ensure that your keys
already comply.

--tls-timeout n
Packet retransmit timeout on TLS control channel if no acknowledgment from remote within n seconds
(default=2). When OpenVPN sends a control packet to its peer, it will expect to receive an
acknowledgement within n seconds or it will retransmit the packet, subject to a TCP-like
exponential backoff algorithm. This parameter only applies to control channel packets. Data
channel packets (which carry encrypted tunnel data) are never acknowledged, sequenced, or
retransmitted by OpenVPN because the higher level network protocols running on top of the tunnel
such as TCP expect this role to be left to them.

--reneg-bytes n
Renegotiate data channel key after n bytes sent or received (disabled by default with an
exception, see below). OpenVPN allows the lifetime of a key to be expressed as a number of bytes
encrypted/decrypted, a number of packets, or a number of seconds. A key renegotiation will be
forced if any of these three criteria are met by either peer.

If using ciphers with cipher block sizes less than 128-bits, --reneg-bytes is set to 64MB by
default, unless it is explicitly disabled by setting the value to 0, but this is HIGHLY
DISCOURAGED as this is designed to add some protection against the SWEET32 attack vector. For
more information see the --cipher option.

--reneg-pkts n
Renegotiate data channel key after n packets sent and received (disabled by default).

--reneg-sec n
Renegotiate data channel key after n seconds (default=3600).

When using dual-factor authentication, note that this default value may cause the end user to be
challenged to reauthorize once per hour.

Also, keep in mind that this option can be used on both the client and server, and whichever uses
the lower value will be the one to trigger the renegotiation. A common mistake is to set
--reneg-sec to a higher value on either the client or server, while the other side of the
connection is still using the default value of 3600 seconds, meaning that the renegotiation will
still occur once per 3600 seconds. The solution is to increase --reneg-sec on both the client and
server, or set it to 0 on one side of the connection (to disable), and to your chosen value on the
other side.

--hand-window n
Handshake Window -- the TLS-based key exchange must finalize within n seconds of handshake
initiation by any peer (default = 60 seconds). If the handshake fails we will attempt to reset
our connection with our peer and try again. Even in the event of handshake failure we will still
use our expiring key for up to --tran-window seconds to maintain continuity of transmission of
tunnel data.

--tran-window n
Transition window -- our old key can live this many seconds after a new a key renegotiation begins
(default = 3600 seconds). This feature allows for a graceful transition from old to new key, and
removes the key renegotiation sequence from the critical path of tunnel data forwarding.

--single-session
After initially connecting to a remote peer, disallow any new connections. Using this option
means that a remote peer cannot connect, disconnect, and then reconnect.

If the daemon is reset by a signal or --ping-restart, it will allow one new connection.

--single-session can be used with --ping-exit or --inactive to create a single dynamic session
that will exit when finished.

--tls-exit
Exit on TLS negotiation failure.

--tls-auth file [direction]
Add an additional layer of HMAC authentication on top of the TLS control channel to mitigate DoS
attacks and attacks on the TLS stack.

In a nutshell, --tls-auth enables a kind of "HMAC firewall" on OpenVPN's TCP/UDP port, where TLS
control channel packets bearing an incorrect HMAC signature can be dropped immediately without
response.

file (required) is a file in OpenVPN static key format which can be generated by --genkey

Older versions (up to OpenVPN 2.3) supported a freeform passphrase file. This is no longer
supported in newer versions (v2.4+).

See the --secret option for more information on the optional direction parameter.

--tls-auth is recommended when you are running OpenVPN in a mode where it is listening for packets
from any IP address, such as when --remote is not specified, or --remote is specified with
--float.

The rationale for this feature is as follows. TLS requires a multi-packet exchange before it is
able to authenticate a peer. During this time before authentication, OpenVPN is allocating
resources (memory and CPU) to this potential peer. The potential peer is also exposing many parts
of OpenVPN and the OpenSSL library to the packets it is sending. Most successful network attacks
today seek to either exploit bugs in programs (such as buffer overflow attacks) or force a program
to consume so many resources that it becomes unusable. Of course the first line of defense is
always to produce clean, well-audited code. OpenVPN has been written with buffer overflow attack
prevention as a top priority. But as history has shown, many of the most widely used network
applications have, from time to time, fallen to buffer overflow attacks.

So as a second line of defense, OpenVPN offers this special layer of authentication on top of the
TLS control channel so that every packet on the control channel is authenticated by an HMAC
signature and a unique ID for replay protection. This signature will also help protect against
DoS (Denial of Service) attacks. An important rule of thumb in reducing vulnerability to DoS
attacks is to minimize the amount of resources a potential, but as yet unauthenticated, client is
able to consume.

--tls-auth does this by signing every TLS control channel packet with an HMAC signature, including
packets which are sent before the TLS level has had a chance to authenticate the peer. The result
is that packets without the correct signature can be dropped immediately upon reception, before
they have a chance to consume additional system resources such as by initiating a TLS handshake.
--tls-auth can be strengthened by adding the --replay-persist option which will keep OpenVPN's
replay protection state in a file so that it is not lost across restarts.

It should be emphasized that this feature is optional and that the key file used with --tls-auth
gives a peer nothing more than the power to initiate a TLS handshake. It is not used to encrypt
or authenticate any tunnel data.

Use --tls-crypt instead if you want to use the key file to not only authenticate, but also encrypt
the TLS control channel.

--tls-crypt keyfile

Encrypt and authenticate all control channel packets with the key from keyfile. (See --tls-auth
for more background.)

Encrypting (and authenticating) control channel packets:

• provides more privacy by hiding the certificate used for the TLS connection,

• makes it harder to identify OpenVPN traffic as such,

• provides "poor-man's" post-quantum security, against attackers who will never know the
pre-shared key (i.e. no forward secrecy).

In contrast to --tls-auth, --tls-crypt does *not* require the user to set --key-direction.

Security Considerations

All peers use the same --tls-crypt pre-shared group key to authenticate and encrypt control
channel messages. To ensure that IV collisions remain unlikely, this key should not be used to
encrypt more than 2^48 client-to-server or 2^48 server-to-client control channel messages. A
typical initial negotiation is about 10 packets in each direction. Assuming both initial
negotiation and renegotiations are at most 2^16 (65536) packets (to be conservative), and
(re)negotiations happen each minute for each user (24/7), this limits the tls-crypt key lifetime
to 8171 years divided by the number of users. So a setup with 1000 users should rotate the key at
least once each eight years. (And a setup with 8000 users each year.)

If IV collisions were to occur, this could result in the security of --tls-crypt degrading to the
same security as using --tls-auth. That is, the control channel still benefits from the extra
protection against active man-in-the-middle-attacks and DoS attacks, but may no longer offer extra
privacy and post-quantum security on top of what TLS itself offers.

--askpass [file]
Get certificate password from console or file before we daemonize.

For the extremely security conscious, it is possible to protect your private key with a password.
Of course this means that every time the OpenVPN daemon is started you must be there to type the
password. The --askpass option allows you to start OpenVPN from the command line. It will query
you for a password before it daemonizes. To protect a private key with a password you should omit
the -nodes option when you use the openssl command line tool to manage certificates and private
keys.

If file is specified, read the password from the first line of file. Keep in mind that storing
your password in a file to a certain extent invalidates the extra security provided by using an
encrypted key.

--auth-nocache
Don't cache --askpass or --auth-user-pass username/passwords in virtual memory.

If specified, this directive will cause OpenVPN to immediately forget username/password inputs
after they are used. As a result, when OpenVPN needs a username/password, it will prompt for
input from stdin, which may be multiple times during the duration of an OpenVPN session.

When using --auth-nocache in combination with a user/password file and --chroot or --daemon, make
sure to use an absolute path.

This directive does not affect the --http-proxy username/password. It is always cached.

--auth-token token
This is not an option to be used directly in any configuration files, but rather push this option
from a --client-connect script or a --plugin which hooks into the OPENVPN_PLUGIN_CLIENT_CONNECT or
OPENVPN_PLUGIN_CLIENT_CONNECT_V2 calls. This option provides a possibility to replace the clients
password with an authentication token during the lifetime of the OpenVPN client.

Whenever the connection is renegotiated and the --auth-user-pass-verify script or --plugin making
use of the OPENVPN_PLUGIN_AUTH_USER_PASS_VERIFY hook is triggered, it will pass over this token as
the password instead of the password the user provided. The authentication token can only be
reset by a full reconnect where the server can push new options to the client. The password the
user entered is never preserved once an authentication token have been set. If the OpenVPN server
side rejects the authentication token, the client will receive an AUTH_FAIL and disconnect.

The purpose of this is to enable two factor authentication methods, such as HOTP or TOTP, to be
used without needing to retrieve a new OTP code each time the connection is renegotiated. Another
use case is to cache authentication data on the client without needing to have the users password
cached in memory during the life time of the session.

To make use of this feature, the --client-connect script or --plugin needs to put

push "auth-token UNIQUE_TOKEN_VALUE"

into the file/buffer for dynamic configuration data. This will then make the OpenVPN server to
push this value to the client, which replaces the local password with the UNIQUE_TOKEN_VALUE.

Newer clients (2.4.7+) will fall back to the original password method after a failed auth. Older
clients will keep using the token value and react acording to --auth-retry

--tls-verify cmd
Run command cmd to verify the X509 name of a pending TLS connection that has otherwise passed all
other tests of certification (except for revocation via --crl-verify directive; the revocation
test occurs after the --tls-verify test).

cmd should return 0 to allow the TLS handshake to proceed, or 1 to fail.

When cmd is executed two arguments are appended after any arguments specified in cmd , as follows:

cmd certificate_depth subject

These arguments are, respectively, the current certificate depth and the X509 subject
distinguished name (dn) of the peer.

This feature is useful if the peer you want to trust has a certificate which was signed by a
certificate authority who also signed many other certificates, where you don't necessarily want to
trust all of them, but rather be selective about which peer certificate you will accept. This
feature allows you to write a script which will test the X509 name on a certificate and decide
whether or not it should be accepted. For a simple perl script which will test the common name
field on the certificate, see the file verify-cn in the OpenVPN distribution.

See the "Environmental Variables" section below for additional parameters passed as environmental
variables.

--tls-export-cert directory
Store the certificates the clients uses upon connection to this directory. This will be done
before --tls-verify is called. The certificates will use a temporary name and will be deleted
when the tls-verify script returns. The file name used for the certificate is available via the
peer_cert environment variable.

--x509-username-field [ext:]fieldname
Field in the X.509 certificate subject to be used as the username (default=CN). Typically, this
option is specified with fieldname as either of the following:

--x509-username-field emailAddress
--x509-username-field ext:subjectAltName

The first example uses the value of the "emailAddress" attribute in the certificate's Subject
field as the username. The second example uses the ext: prefix to signify that the X.509
extension fieldname "subjectAltName" be searched for an rfc822Name (email) field to be used as the
username. In cases where there are multiple email addresses in ext:fieldname, the last occurrence
is chosen.

When this option is used, the --verify-x509-name option will match against the chosen fieldname
instead of the Common Name.

Only the subjectAltName and issuerAltName X.509 extensions are supported.

Please note: This option has a feature which will convert an all-lowercase fieldname to uppercase
characters, e.g., ou -> OU. A mixed-case fieldname or one having the ext: prefix will be left
as-is. This automatic upcasing feature is deprecated and will be removed in a future release.

--verify-x509-name name type
Accept connections only if a host's X.509 name is equal to name. The remote host must also pass
all other tests of verification.

Which X.509 name is compared to name depends on the setting of type. type can be "subject" to
match the complete subject DN (default), "name" to match a subject RDN or "name-prefix" to match a
subject RDN prefix. Which RDN is verified as name depends on the --x509-username-field option.
But it defaults to the common name (CN), e.g. a certificate with a subject DN "C=KG, ST=NA,
L=Bishkek, CN=Server-1" would be matched by:

--verify-x509-name 'C=KG, ST=NA, L=Bishkek, CN=Server-1' and --verify-x509-name Server-1 name or
you could use --verify-x509-name Server- name-prefix if you want a client to only accept
connections to "Server-1", "Server-2", etc.

--verify-x509-name is a useful replacement for the --tls-verify option to verify the remote host,
because --verify-x509-name works in a --chroot environment without any dependencies.

Using a name prefix is a useful alternative to managing a CRL (Certificate Revocation List) on the
client, since it allows the client to refuse all certificates except for those associated with
designated servers.

NOTE: Test against a name prefix only when you are using OpenVPN with a custom CA certificate that
is under your control. Never use this option with type "name-prefix" when your client
certificates are signed by a third party, such as a commercial web CA.

--x509-track attribute
Save peer X509 attribute value in environment for use by plugins and management interface.
Prepend a '+' to attribute to save values from full cert chain. Values will be encoded as
X509_<depth>_<attribute>=<value>. Multiple --x509-track options can be defined to track multiple
attributes.

--ns-cert-type client|server
DEPRECATED This option will be removed in OpenVPN 2.5. Use the more modern equivalent
--remote-cert-tls instead. This option will be removed in OpenVPN 2.5.

Require that peer certificate was signed with an explicit nsCertType designation of "client" or
"server".

This is a useful security option for clients, to ensure that the host they connect with is a
designated server.

See the easy-rsa/build-key-server script for an example of how to generate a certificate with the
nsCertType field set to "server".

If the server certificate's nsCertType field is set to "server", then the clients can verify this
with --ns-cert-type server.

This is an important security precaution to protect against a man-in-the-middle attack where an
authorized client attempts to connect to another client by impersonating the server. The attack
is easily prevented by having clients verify the server certificate using any one of
--ns-cert-type, --verify-x509-name, or --tls-verify.

--remote-cert-ku [v...]
Require that peer certificate was signed with an explicit key usage.

If present in the certificate, the keyUsage value is validated by the TLS library during the TLS
handshake. Specifying this option without arguments requires this extension to be present (so the
TLS library will verify it).

If the list v... is also supplied, the keyUsage field must have at least the same bits set as the
bits in one of the values supplied in the list v...

The key usage values in the list must be encoded in hex, e.g. "--remote-cert-ku a0"

--remote-cert-eku oid
Require that peer certificate was signed with an explicit extended key usage.

This is a useful security option for clients, to ensure that the host they connect to is a
designated server.

The extended key usage should be encoded in oid notation, or OpenSSL symbolic representation.

--remote-cert-tls client|server
Require that peer certificate was signed with an explicit key usage and extended key usage based
on RFC3280 TLS rules.

This is a useful security option for clients, to ensure that the host they connect to is a
designated server. Or the other way around; for a server to verify that only hosts with a client
certificate can connect.

The --remote-cert-tls client option is equivalent to --remote-cert-ku --remote-cert-eku "TLS Web
Client Authentication"

The --remote-cert-tls server option is equivalent to --remote-cert-ku --remote-cert-eku "TLS Web
Server Authentication"

--crl-verify crl ['dir']
Check peer certificate against the file crl in PEM format.

A CRL (certificate revocation list) is used when a particular key is compromised but when the
overall PKI is still intact.

Suppose you had a PKI consisting of a CA, root certificate, and a number of client certificates.
Suppose a laptop computer containing a client key and certificate was stolen. By adding the
stolen certificate to the CRL file, you could reject any connection which attempts to use it,
while preserving the overall integrity of the PKI.

The only time when it would be necessary to rebuild the entire PKI from scratch would be if the
root certificate key itself was compromised.

The option is not mandatory - if the relevant CRL is missing, OpenVPN will log a warning in the
logs - e.g. "VERIFY WARNING: depth=0, unable to get certificate CRL" - but the connection will be
allowed.

If the optional dir flag is specified, enable a different mode where crl is a directory containing
files named as revoked serial numbers (the files may be empty, the contents are never read). If a
client requests a connection, where the client certificate serial number (decimal string) is the
name of a file present in the directory, it will be rejected.

Note: As the crl file (or directory) is read every time a peer connects, if you are dropping root
privileges with --user, make sure that this user has sufficient privileges to read the file.

SSL Library information:
--show-ciphers
(Standalone) Show all cipher algorithms to use with the --cipher option.

--show-digests
(Standalone) Show all message digest algorithms to use with the --auth option.

--show-tls
(Standalone) Show all TLS ciphers supported by the crypto library. OpenVPN uses TLS to secure the
control channel, over which the keys that are used to protect the actual VPN traffic are
exchanged. The TLS ciphers will be sorted from highest preference (most secure) to lowest.

Be aware that whether a cipher suite in this list can actually work depends on the specific setup
of both peers (e.g. both peers must support the cipher, and an ECDSA cipher suite will not work if
you are using an RSA certificate, etc.).

--show-engines
(Standalone) Show currently available hardware-based crypto acceleration engines supported by the
OpenSSL library.

--show-curves
(Standalone) Show all available elliptic curves to use with the --ecdh-curve option.

Generate a random key:
Used only for non-TLS static key encryption mode.

--genkey
(Standalone) Generate a random key to be used as a shared secret, for use with the --secret
option. This file must be shared with the peer over a pre-existing secure channel such as scp(1)

--secret file
Write key to file.

TUN/TAP persistent tunnel config mode:
Available with Linux 2.4.7+. These options comprise a standalone mode of OpenVPN which can be used to
create and delete persistent tunnels.

--mktun
(Standalone) Create a persistent tunnel on platforms which support them such as Linux. Normally
TUN/TAP tunnels exist only for the period of time that an application has them open. This option
takes advantage of the TUN/TAP driver's ability to build persistent tunnels that live through
multiple instantiations of OpenVPN and die only when they are deleted or the machine is rebooted.

One of the advantages of persistent tunnels is that they eliminate the need for separate --up and
--down scripts to run the appropriate ifconfig(8) and route(8) commands. These commands can be
placed in the the same shell script which starts or terminates an OpenVPN session.

Another advantage is that open connections through the TUN/TAP-based tunnel will not be reset if
the OpenVPN peer restarts. This can be useful to provide uninterrupted connectivity through the
tunnel in the event of a DHCP reset of the peer's public IP address (see the --ipchange option
above).

One disadvantage of persistent tunnels is that it is harder to automatically configure their MTU
value (see --link-mtu and --tun-mtu above).

On some platforms such as Windows, TAP-Win32 tunnels are persistent by default.

--rmtun
(Standalone) Remove a persistent tunnel.

--dev tunX | tapX
TUN/TAP device

--user user
Optional user to be owner of this tunnel.

--group group
Optional group to be owner of this tunnel.

Windows-Specific Options:
--win-sys path
Set the Windows system directory pathname to use when looking for system executables such as
route.exe and netsh.exe. By default, if this directive is not specified, OpenVPN will use the
SystemRoot environment variable.

This option have changed behaviour in OpenVPN 2.3. Earlier you had to define --win-sys env to use
the SystemRoot environment variable, otherwise it defaulted to C:\WINDOWS. It is not needed to
use the env keyword any more, and it will just be ignored. A warning is logged when this is found
in the configuration file.

--ip-win32 method
When using --ifconfig on Windows, set the TAP-Win32 adapter IP address and netmask using method.
Don't use this option unless you are also using --ifconfig.

manual -- Don't set the IP address or netmask automatically. Instead output a message to the
console telling the user to configure the adapter manually and indicating the IP/netmask which
OpenVPN expects the adapter to be set to.

dynamic [offset] [lease-time] -- Automatically set the IP address and netmask by replying to DHCP
query messages generated by the kernel. This mode is probably the "cleanest" solution for setting
the TCP/IP properties since it uses the well-known DHCP protocol. There are, however, two
prerequisites for using this mode: (1) The TCP/IP properties for the TAP-Win32 adapter must be set
to "Obtain an IP address automatically," and (2) OpenVPN needs to claim an IP address in the
subnet for use as the virtual DHCP server address. By default in --dev tap mode, OpenVPN will
take the normally unused first address in the subnet. For example, if your subnet is 192.168.4.0
netmask 255.255.255.0, then OpenVPN will take the IP address 192.168.4.0 to use as the virtual
DHCP server address. In --dev tun mode, OpenVPN will cause the DHCP server to masquerade as if it
were coming from the remote endpoint. The optional offset parameter is an integer which is > -256
and < 256 and which defaults to -1. If offset is positive, the DHCP server will masquerade as the
IP address at network address + offset. If offset is negative, the DHCP server will masquerade as
the IP address at broadcast address + offset. The Windows ipconfig /all command can be used to
show what Windows thinks the DHCP server address is. OpenVPN will "claim" this address, so make
sure to use a free address. Having said that, different OpenVPN instantiations, including
different ends of the same connection, can share the same virtual DHCP server address. The
lease-time parameter controls the lease time of the DHCP assignment given to the TAP-Win32
adapter, and is denoted in seconds. Normally a very long lease time is preferred because it
prevents routes involving the TAP-Win32 adapter from being lost when the system goes to sleep.
The default lease time is one year.

netsh -- Automatically set the IP address and netmask using the Windows command-line "netsh"
command. This method appears to work correctly on Windows XP but not Windows 2000.

ipapi -- Automatically set the IP address and netmask using the Windows IP Helper API. This
approach does not have ideal semantics, though testing has indicated that it works okay in
practice. If you use this option, it is best to leave the TCP/IP properties for the TAP-Win32
adapter in their default state, i.e. "Obtain an IP address automatically."

adaptive -- (Default) Try dynamic method initially and fail over to netsh if the DHCP negotiation
with the TAP-Win32 adapter does not succeed in 20 seconds. Such failures have been known to occur
when certain third-party firewall packages installed on the client machine block the DHCP
negotiation used by the TAP-Win32 adapter. Note that if the netsh failover occurs, the TAP-Win32
adapter TCP/IP properties will be reset from DHCP to static, and this will cause future OpenVPN
startups using the adaptive mode to use netsh immediately, rather than trying dynamic first. To
"unstick" the adaptive mode from using netsh, run OpenVPN at least once using the dynamic mode to
restore the TAP-Win32 adapter TCP/IP properties to a DHCP configuration.

--route-method m
Which method m to use for adding routes on Windows?

adaptive (default) -- Try IP helper API first. If that fails, fall back to the route.exe shell
command.
ipapi -- Use IP helper API.
exe -- Call the route.exe shell command.

--dhcp-option type [parm]
Set extended TAP-Win32 TCP/IP properties, must be used with --ip-win32 dynamic or --ip-win32
adaptive. This option can be used to set additional TCP/IP properties on the TAP-Win32 adapter,
and is particularly useful for configuring an OpenVPN client to access a Samba server across the
VPN.

DOMAIN name -- Set Connection-specific DNS Suffix.

DNS addr -- Set primary domain name server IPv4 or IPv6 address. Repeat this option to set
secondary DNS server addresses.

Note: DNS IPv6 servers are currently set using netsh (the existing DHCP code can only do IPv4
DHCP, and that protocol only permits IPv4 addresses anywhere). The option will be put into the
environment, so an --up script could act upon it if needed.

WINS addr -- Set primary WINS server address (NetBIOS over TCP/IP Name Server). Repeat this
option to set secondary WINS server addresses.

NBDD addr -- Set primary NBDD server address (NetBIOS over TCP/IP Datagram Distribution Server)
Repeat this option to set secondary NBDD server addresses.

NTP addr -- Set primary NTP server address (Network Time Protocol). Repeat this option to set
secondary NTP server addresses.

NBT type -- Set NetBIOS over TCP/IP Node type. Possible options: 1 = b-node (broadcasts), 2 =
p-node (point-to-point name queries to a WINS server), 4 = m-node (broadcast then query name
server), and 8 = h-node (query name server, then broadcast).

NBS scope-id -- Set NetBIOS over TCP/IP Scope. A NetBIOS Scope ID provides an extended naming
service for the NetBIOS over TCP/IP (Known as NBT) module. The primary purpose of a NetBIOS scope
ID is to isolate NetBIOS traffic on a single network to only those nodes with the same NetBIOS
scope ID. The NetBIOS scope ID is a character string that is appended to the NetBIOS name. The
NetBIOS scope ID on two hosts must match, or the two hosts will not be able to communicate. The
NetBIOS Scope ID also allows computers to use the same computer name, as they have different scope
IDs. The Scope ID becomes a part of the NetBIOS name, making the name unique. (This description
of NetBIOS scopes courtesy of NeonSurge@abyss.com)

DISABLE-NBT -- Disable Netbios-over-TCP/IP.

Note that if --dhcp-option is pushed via --push to a non-windows client, the option will be saved
in the client's environment before the up script is called, under the name "foreign_option_{n}".

--tap-sleep n
Cause OpenVPN to sleep for n seconds immediately after the TAP-Win32 adapter state is set to
"connected".

This option is intended to be used to troubleshoot problems with the --ifconfig and --ip-win32
options, and is used to give the TAP-Win32 adapter time to come up before Windows IP Helper API
operations are applied to it.

--show-net-up
Output OpenVPN's view of the system routing table and network adapter list to the syslog or log
file after the TUN/TAP adapter has been brought up and any routes have been added.

--block-outside-dns
Block DNS servers on other network adapters to prevent DNS leaks. This option prevents any
application from accessing TCP or UDP port 53 except one inside the tunnel. It uses Windows
Filtering Platform (WFP) and works on Windows Vista or later.

This option is considered unknown on non-Windows platforms and unsupported on Windows XP,
resulting in fatal error. You may want to use --setenv opt or --ignore-unknown-option (not
suitable for Windows XP) to ignore said error. Note that pushing unknown options from server does
not trigger fatal errors.

--dhcp-renew
Ask Windows to renew the TAP adapter lease on startup. This option is normally unnecessary, as
Windows automatically triggers a DHCP renegotiation on the TAP adapter when it comes up, however
if you set the TAP-Win32 adapter Media Status property to "Always Connected", you may need this
flag.

--dhcp-release
Ask Windows to release the TAP adapter lease on shutdown. This option has no effect now, as it is
enabled by default starting with OpenVPN 2.4.1.

--register-dns
Run ipconfig /flushdns and ipconfig /registerdns on connection initiation. This is known to kick
Windows into recognizing pushed DNS servers.

--pause-exit
Put up a "press any key to continue" message on the console prior to OpenVPN program exit. This
option is automatically used by the Windows explorer when OpenVPN is run on a configuration file
using the right-click explorer menu.

--service exit-event [0|1]
Should be used when OpenVPN is being automatically executed by another program in such a context
that no interaction with the user via display or keyboard is possible. In general, end-users
should never need to explicitly use this option, as it is automatically added by the OpenVPN
service wrapper when a given OpenVPN configuration is being run as a service.

exit-event is the name of a Windows global event object, and OpenVPN will continuously monitor the
state of this event object and exit when it becomes signaled.

The second parameter indicates the initial state of exit-event and normally defaults to 0.

Multiple OpenVPN processes can be simultaneously executed with the same exit-event parameter. In
any case, the controlling process can signal exit-event, causing all such OpenVPN processes to
exit.

When executing an OpenVPN process using the --service directive, OpenVPN will probably not have a
console window to output status/error messages, therefore it is useful to use --log or
--log-append to write these messages to a file.

--show-adapters
(Standalone) Show available TAP-Win32 adapters which can be selected using the --dev-node option.
On non-Windows systems, the ifconfig(8) command provides similar functionality.

--allow-nonadmin [TAP-adapter]
(Standalone) Set TAP-adapter to allow access from non-administrative accounts. If TAP-adapter is
omitted, all TAP adapters on the system will be configured to allow non-admin access. The
non-admin access setting will only persist for the length of time that the TAP-Win32 device object
and driver remain loaded, and will need to be re-enabled after a reboot, or if the driver is
unloaded and reloaded. This directive can only be used by an administrator.

--show-valid-subnets
(Standalone) Show valid subnets for --dev tun emulation. Since the TAP-Win32 driver exports an
ethernet interface to Windows, and since TUN devices are point-to-point in nature, it is necessary
for the TAP-Win32 driver to impose certain constraints on TUN endpoint address selection.

Namely, the point-to-point endpoints used in TUN device emulation must be the middle two addresses
of a /30 subnet (netmask 255.255.255.252).

--show-net
(Standalone) Show OpenVPN's view of the system routing table and network adapter list.

PKCS#11 Standalone Options:
--show-pkcs11-ids [provider] [cert_private]
(Standalone) Show PKCS#11 token object list. Specify cert_private as 1 if certificates are stored
as private objects.

If p11-kit is present on the system, the provider argument is optional; if omitted the default
p11-kit-proxy.so module will be queried.

--verb option can be used BEFORE this option to produce debugging information.

Standalone Debug Options:
--show-gateway [v6target]
(Standalone) Show current IPv4 and IPv6 default gateway and interface towards the gateway (if the
protocol in question is enabled). If an IPv6 address is passed as argument, the IPv6 route for
this host is reported.

IPv6 Related Options
The following options exist to support IPv6 tunneling in peer-to-peer and client-server mode. All
options are modeled after their IPv4 counterparts, so more detailed explanations given there apply here
as well (except for --topology , which has no effect on IPv6).

--ifconfig-ipv6 ipv6addr/bits ipv6remote
configure IPv6 address ipv6addr/bits on the ``tun'' device. The second parameter is used as route
target for --route-ipv6 if no gateway is specified.

--route-ipv6 ipv6addr/bits [gateway] [metric]
setup IPv6 routing in the system to send the specified IPv6 network into OpenVPN's ``tun''. The
gateway parameter is only used for IPv6 routes across ``tap'' devices, and if missing, the
``ipv6remote'' field from --ifconfig-ipv6 is used.

--server-ipv6 ipv6addr/bits
convenience-function to enable a number of IPv6 related options at once, namely --ifconfig-ipv6,
--ifconfig-ipv6-pool and --push tun-ipv6 Is only accepted if ``--mode server'' or ``--server'' is
set. Pushing of the --tun-ipv6 directive is done for older clients which require an explicit
``--tun-ipv6'' in their configuration.

--ifconfig-ipv6-pool ipv6addr/bits
Specify an IPv6 address pool for dynamic assignment to clients. The pool starts at ipv6addr and
matches the offset determined from the start of the IPv4 pool.

--ifconfig-ipv6-push ipv6addr/bits ipv6remote
for ccd/ per-client static IPv6 interface configuration, see --client-config-dir and
--ifconfig-push for more details.

--iroute-ipv6 ipv6addr/bits
for ccd/ per-client static IPv6 route configuration, see --iroute for more details how to setup
and use this, and how --iroute and --route interact.

SCRIPTING AND ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES

OpenVPN exports a series of environmental variables for use by user-defined scripts.

Script Order of Execution
--up Executed after TCP/UDP socket bind and TUN/TAP open.

--tls-verify
Executed when we have a still untrusted remote peer.

--ipchange
Executed after connection authentication, or remote IP address change.

--client-connect
Executed in --mode server mode immediately after client authentication.

--route-up
Executed after connection authentication, either immediately after, or some number of seconds
after as defined by the --route-delay option.

--route-pre-down
Executed right before the routes are removed.

--client-disconnect
Executed in --mode server mode on client instance shutdown.

--down Executed after TCP/UDP and TUN/TAP close.

--learn-address
Executed in --mode server mode whenever an IPv4 address/route or MAC address is added to OpenVPN's
internal routing table.

--auth-user-pass-verify
Executed in --mode server mode on new client connections, when the client is still untrusted.

String Types and Remapping
In certain cases, OpenVPN will perform remapping of characters in strings. Essentially, any characters
outside the set of permitted characters for each string type will be converted to underbar ('_').

Q: Why is string remapping necessary?

A: It's an important security feature to prevent the malicious coding of strings from untrusted sources
to be passed as parameters to scripts, saved in the environment, used as a common name, translated to a
filename, etc.

Q: Can string remapping be disabled?

A: Yes, by using the --no-name-remapping option, however this should be considered an advanced option.

Here is a brief rundown of OpenVPN's current string types and the permitted character class for each
string:

X509 Names: Alphanumeric, underbar ('_'), dash ('-'), dot ('.'), at ('@'), colon (':'), slash ('/'), and
equal ('='). Alphanumeric is defined as a character which will cause the C library isalnum() function to
return true.

Common Names: Alphanumeric, underbar ('_'), dash ('-'), dot ('.'), and at ('@').

--auth-user-pass username: Same as Common Name, with one exception: starting with OpenVPN 2.0.1, the
username is passed to the OPENVPN_PLUGIN_AUTH_USER_PASS_VERIFY plugin in its raw form, without string
remapping.

--auth-user-pass password: Any "printable" character except CR or LF. Printable is defined to be a
character which will cause the C library isprint() function to return true.

--client-config-dir filename as derived from common name or username: Alphanumeric, underbar ('_'), dash
('-'), and dot ('.') except for "." or ".." as standalone strings. As of v2.0.1-rc6, the at ('@')
character has been added as well for compatibility with the common name character class.

Environmental variable names: Alphanumeric or underbar ('_').

Environmental variable values: Any printable character.

For all cases, characters in a string which are not members of the legal character class for that string
type will be remapped to underbar ('_').

Environmental Variables
Once set, a variable is persisted indefinitely until it is reset by a new value or a restart,

As of OpenVPN 2.0-beta12, in server mode, environmental variables set by OpenVPN are scoped according to
the client objects they are associated with, so there should not be any issues with scripts having access
to stale, previously set variables which refer to different client instances.

bytes_received
Total number of bytes received from client during VPN session. Set prior to execution of the
--client-disconnect script.

bytes_sent
Total number of bytes sent to client during VPN session. Set prior to execution of the
--client-disconnect script.

common_name
The X509 common name of an authenticated client. Set prior to execution of --client-connect,
--client-disconnect, and --auth-user-pass-verify scripts.

config Name of first --config file. Set on program initiation and reset on SIGHUP.

daemon Set to "1" if the --daemon directive is specified, or "0" otherwise. Set on program initiation
and reset on SIGHUP.

daemon_log_redirect
Set to "1" if the --log or --log-append directives are specified, or "0" otherwise. Set on
program initiation and reset on SIGHUP.

dev The actual name of the TUN/TAP device, including a unit number if it exists. Set prior to --up or
--down script execution.

dev_idx
On Windows, the device index of the TUN/TAP adapter (to be used in netsh.exe calls which sometimes
just do not work right with interface names). Set prior to --up or --down script execution.

foreign_option_{n}
An option pushed via --push to a client which does not natively support it, such as --dhcp-option
on a non-Windows system, will be recorded to this environmental variable sequence prior to --up
script execution.

ifconfig_broadcast
The broadcast address for the virtual ethernet segment which is derived from the --ifconfig option
when --dev tap is used. Set prior to OpenVPN calling the ifconfig or netsh (windows version of
ifconfig) commands which normally occurs prior to --up script execution.

ifconfig_ipv6_local
The local VPN endpoint IPv6 address specified in the --ifconfig-ipv6 option (first parameter).
Set prior to OpenVPN calling the ifconfig or netsh (windows version of ifconfig) commands which
normally occurs prior to --up script execution.

ifconfig_ipv6_netbits
The prefix length of the IPv6 network on the VPN interface. Derived from the /nnn parameter of
the IPv6 address in the --ifconfig-ipv6 option (first parameter). Set prior to OpenVPN calling
the ifconfig or netsh (windows version of ifconfig) commands which normally occurs prior to --up
script execution.

ifconfig_ipv6_remote
The remote VPN endpoint IPv6 address specified in the --ifconfig-ipv6 option (second parameter).
Set prior to OpenVPN calling the ifconfig or netsh (windows version of ifconfig) commands which
normally occurs prior to --up script execution.

ifconfig_local
The local VPN endpoint IP address specified in the --ifconfig option (first parameter). Set prior
to OpenVPN calling the ifconfig or netsh (windows version of ifconfig) commands which normally
occurs prior to --up script execution.

ifconfig_remote
The remote VPN endpoint IP address specified in the --ifconfig option (second parameter) when
--dev tun is used. Set prior to OpenVPN calling the ifconfig or netsh (windows version of
ifconfig) commands which normally occurs prior to --up script execution.

ifconfig_netmask
The subnet mask of the virtual ethernet segment that is specified as the second parameter to
--ifconfig when --dev tap is being used. Set prior to OpenVPN calling the ifconfig or netsh
(windows version of ifconfig) commands which normally occurs prior to --up script execution.

ifconfig_pool_local_ip
The local virtual IP address for the TUN/TAP tunnel taken from an --ifconfig-push directive if
specified, or otherwise from the ifconfig pool (controlled by the --ifconfig-pool config file
directive). Only set for --dev tun tunnels. This option is set on the server prior to execution
of the --client-connect and --client-disconnect scripts.

ifconfig_pool_netmask
The virtual IP netmask for the TUN/TAP tunnel taken from an --ifconfig-push directive if
specified, or otherwise from the ifconfig pool (controlled by the --ifconfig-pool config file
directive). Only set for --dev tap tunnels. This option is set on the server prior to execution
of the --client-connect and --client-disconnect scripts.

ifconfig_pool_remote_ip
The remote virtual IP address for the TUN/TAP tunnel taken from an --ifconfig-push directive if
specified, or otherwise from the ifconfig pool (controlled by the --ifconfig-pool config file
directive). This option is set on the server prior to execution of the --client-connect and
--client-disconnect scripts.

link_mtu
The maximum packet size (not including the IP header) of tunnel data in UDP tunnel transport mode.
Set prior to --up or --down script execution.

local The --local parameter. Set on program initiation and reset on SIGHUP.

local_port
The local port number or name, specified by --port or --lport. Set on program initiation and
reset on SIGHUP.

password
The password provided by a connecting client. Set prior to --auth-user-pass-verify script
execution only when the via-env modifier is specified, and deleted from the environment after the
script returns.

proto The --proto parameter. Set on program initiation and reset on SIGHUP.

remote_{n}
The --remote parameter. Set on program initiation and reset on SIGHUP.

remote_port_{n}
The remote port number, specified by --port or --rport. Set on program initiation and reset on
SIGHUP.

route_net_gateway
The pre-existing default IP gateway in the system routing table. Set prior to --up script
execution.

route_vpn_gateway
The default gateway used by --route options, as specified in either the --route-gateway option or
the second parameter to --ifconfig when --dev tun is specified. Set prior to --up script
execution.

route_{parm}_{n}
A set of variables which define each route to be added, and are set prior to --up script
execution.

parm will be one of "network", "netmask", "gateway", or "metric".

n is the OpenVPN route number, starting from 1.

If the network or gateway are resolvable DNS names, their IP address translations will be recorded
rather than their names as denoted on the command line or configuration file.

route_ipv6_{parm}_{n}
A set of variables which define each IPv6 route to be added, and are set prior to --up script
execution.

parm will be one of "network" or "gateway" ("netmask" is contained as "/nnn" in the
route_ipv6_network_{n}, unlike IPv4 where it is passed in a separate environment variable).

n is the OpenVPN route number, starting from 1.

If the network or gateway are resolvable DNS names, their IP address translations will be recorded
rather than their names as denoted on the command line or configuration file.

peer_cert
Temporary file name containing the client certificate upon connection. Useful in conjunction with
--tls-verify

script_context
Set to "init" or "restart" prior to up/down script execution. For more information, see
documentation for --up.

script_type
Prior to execution of any script, this variable is set to the type of script being run. It can be
one of the following: up, down, ipchange, route-up, tls-verify, auth-user-pass-verify,
client-connect, client-disconnect, or learn-address. Set prior to execution of any script.

signal The reason for exit or restart. Can be one of sigusr1, sighup, sigterm, sigint, inactive
(controlled by --inactive option), ping-exit (controlled by --ping-exit option), ping-restart
(controlled by --ping-restart option), connection-reset (triggered on TCP connection reset),
error, or unknown (unknown signal). This variable is set just prior to down script execution.

time_ascii
Client connection timestamp, formatted as a human-readable time string. Set prior to execution of
the --client-connect script.

time_duration
The duration (in seconds) of the client session which is now disconnecting. Set prior to
execution of the --client-disconnect script.

time_unix
Client connection timestamp, formatted as a unix integer date/time value. Set prior to execution
of the --client-connect script.

tls_digest_{n} / tls_digest_sha256_{n}
Contains the certificate SHA1 / SHA256 fingerprint, where n is the verification level. Only set
for TLS connections. Set prior to execution of --tls-verify script.

tls_id_{n}
A series of certificate fields from the remote peer, where n is the verification level. Only set
for TLS connections. Set prior to execution of --tls-verify script.

tls_serial_{n}
The serial number of the certificate from the remote peer, where n is the verification level.
Only set for TLS connections. Set prior to execution of --tls-verify script. This is in the form
of a decimal string like "933971680", which is suitable for doing serial-based OCSP queries (with
OpenSSL, do not prepend "0x" to the string) If something goes wrong while reading the value from
the certificate it will be an empty string, so your code should check that. See the
contrib/OCSP_check/OCSP_check.sh script for an example.

tls_serial_hex_{n}
Like tls_serial_{n}, but in hex form (e.g. "12:34:56:78:9A").

tun_mtu
The MTU of the TUN/TAP device. Set prior to --up or --down script execution.

trusted_ip (or trusted_ip6)
Actual IP address of connecting client or peer which has been authenticated. Set prior to
execution of --ipchange, --client-connect, and --client-disconnect scripts. If using ipv6
endpoints (udp6, tcp6), trusted_ip6 will be set instead.

trusted_port
Actual port number of connecting client or peer which has been authenticated. Set prior to
execution of --ipchange, --client-connect, and --client-disconnect scripts.

untrusted_ip (or untrusted_ip6)
Actual IP address of connecting client or peer which has not been authenticated yet. Sometimes
used to nmap the connecting host in a --tls-verify script to ensure it is firewalled properly.
Set prior to execution of --tls-verify and --auth-user-pass-verify scripts. If using ipv6
endpoints (udp6, tcp6), untrusted_ip6 will be set instead.

untrusted_port
Actual port number of connecting client or peer which has not been authenticated yet. Set prior
to execution of --tls-verify and --auth-user-pass-verify scripts.

username
The username provided by a connecting client. Set prior to --auth-user-pass-verify script
execution only when the via-env modifier is specified.

X509_{n}_{subject_field}
An X509 subject field from the remote peer certificate, where n is the verification level. Only
set for TLS connections. Set prior to execution of --tls-verify script. This variable is similar
to tls_id_{n} except the component X509 subject fields are broken out, and no string remapping
occurs on these field values (except for remapping of control characters to "_"). For example,
the following variables would be set on the OpenVPN server using the sample client certificate in
sample-keys (client.crt). Note that the verification level is 0 for the client certificate and 1
for the CA certificate.

X509_0_emailAddress=me@myhost.mydomain
X509_0_CN=Test-Client
X509_0_O=OpenVPN-TEST
X509_0_ST=NA
X509_0_C=KG
X509_1_emailAddress=me@myhost.mydomain
X509_1_O=OpenVPN-TEST
X509_1_L=BISHKEK
X509_1_ST=NA
X509_1_C=KG

INLINE FILE SUPPORT

       OpenVPN  allows  including  files  in  the  main configuration for the --ca, --cert, --dh, --extra-certs,
       --key, --pkcs12, --secret, --crl-verify, --http-proxy-user-pass, --tls-auth and --tls-crypt options.

       Each inline file started by the line <option> and ended by the line </option>

       Here is an example of an inline file usage

           <cert>
           -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
           [...]
           -----END CERTIFICATE-----
           </cert>

       When using the inline file feature with --pkcs12 the inline file has to be base64 encoded. Encoding of  a
       .p12 file into base64 can be done for example with OpenSSL by running openssl base64 -in input.p12

SIGNALS

       SIGHUP Cause  OpenVPN  to  close  all TUN/TAP and network connections, restart, re-read the configuration
              file (if any), and reopen TUN/TAP and network connections.

       SIGUSR1
              Like SIGHUP, except don't re-read configuration file, and possibly don't close and reopen  TUN/TAP
              device, re-read key files, preserve local IP address/port, or preserve most recently authenticated
              remote   IP   address/port   based   on   --persist-tun,  --persist-key,  --persist-local-ip,  and
              --persist-remote-ip options respectively (see above).

              This  signal  may  also  be  internally  generated  by  a  timeout  condition,  governed  by   the
              --ping-restart option.

              This signal, when combined with --persist-remote-ip, may be sent when the underlying parameters of
              the  host's  network interface change such as when the host is a DHCP client and is assigned a new
              IP address.  See --ipchange above for more information.

       SIGUSR2
              Causes OpenVPN to display its current statistics (to the syslog  file  if  --daemon  is  used,  or
              stdout otherwise).

       SIGINT, SIGTERM
              Causes OpenVPN to exit gracefully.

TUN/TAP DRIVER SETUP

       If you are running Linux 2.4.7 or higher, you probably have the TUN/TAP driver already installed.  If so,
       there are still a few things you need to do:

       Make device: mknod /dev/net/tun c 10 200

       Load driver: modprobe tun

EXAMPLES

Prior to running these examples, you should have OpenVPN installed on two machines with network
connectivity between them. If you have not yet installed OpenVPN, consult the INSTALL file included in
the OpenVPN distribution.

TUN/TAP Setup:
If you are using Linux 2.4 or higher, make the tun device node and load the tun module:

mknod /dev/net/tun c 10 200

modprobe tun

If you installed from RPM, the mknod step may be omitted, because the RPM install does that for you.

Only Linux 2.4 and newer are supported.

For other platforms, consult the INSTALL file at http://openvpn.net/install.html for more information.

Firewall Setup:
If firewalls exist between the two machines, they should be set to forward UDP port 1194 in both
directions. If you do not have control over the firewalls between the two machines, you may still be
able to use OpenVPN by adding --ping 15 to each of the openvpn commands used below in the examples (this
will cause each peer to send out a UDP ping to its remote peer once every 15 seconds which will cause
many stateful firewalls to forward packets in both directions without an explicit firewall rule).

If you are using a Linux iptables-based firewall, you may need to enter the following command to allow
incoming packets on the TUN device:

iptables -A INPUT -i tun+ -j ACCEPT

See the firewalls section below for more information on configuring firewalls for use with OpenVPN.

VPN Address Setup:
For purposes of our example, our two machines will be called bob.example.com and alice.example.com. If
you are constructing a VPN over the internet, then replace bob.example.com and alice.example.com with the
internet hostname or IP address that each machine will use to contact the other over the internet.

Now we will choose the tunnel endpoints. Tunnel endpoints are private IP addresses that only have
meaning in the context of the VPN. Each machine will use the tunnel endpoint of the other machine to
access it over the VPN. In our example, the tunnel endpoint for bob.example.com will be 10.4.0.1 and for
alice.example.com, 10.4.0.2.

Once the VPN is established, you have essentially created a secure alternate path between the two hosts
which is addressed by using the tunnel endpoints. You can control which network traffic passes between
the hosts (a) over the VPN or (b) independently of the VPN, by choosing whether to use (a) the VPN
endpoint address or (b) the public internet address, to access the remote host. For example if you are on
bob.example.com and you wish to connect to alice.example.com via ssh without using the VPN (since ssh has
its own built-in security) you would use the command ssh alice.example.com. However in the same
scenario, you could also use the command telnet 10.4.0.2 to create a telnet session with
alice.example.com over the VPN, that would use the VPN to secure the session rather than ssh.

You can use any address you wish for the tunnel endpoints but make sure that they are private addresses
(such as those that begin with 10 or 192.168) and that they are not part of any existing subnet on the
networks of either peer, unless you are bridging. If you use an address that is part of your local
subnet for either of the tunnel endpoints, you will get a weird feedback loop.

Example 1: A simple tunnel without security
On bob:

openvpn --remote alice.example.com --dev tun1 --ifconfig 10.4.0.1 10.4.0.2 --verb 9

On alice:

openvpn --remote bob.example.com --dev tun1 --ifconfig 10.4.0.2 10.4.0.1 --verb 9

Now verify the tunnel is working by pinging across the tunnel.

On bob:

ping 10.4.0.2

On alice:

ping 10.4.0.1

The --verb 9 option will produce verbose output, similar to the tcpdump(8) program. Omit the --verb 9
option to have OpenVPN run quietly.

Example 2: A tunnel with static-key security (i.e. using a pre-shared secret)
First build a static key on bob.

openvpn --genkey --secret key

This command will build a random key file called key (in ascii format). Now copy key to alice over a
secure medium such as by using the scp(1) program.

On bob:

openvpn --remote alice.example.com --dev tun1 --ifconfig 10.4.0.1 10.4.0.2 --verb 5 --secret key

On alice:

openvpn --remote bob.example.com --dev tun1 --ifconfig 10.4.0.2 10.4.0.1 --verb 5 --secret key

Now verify the tunnel is working by pinging across the tunnel.

On bob:

ping 10.4.0.2

On alice:

ping 10.4.0.1

Example 3: A tunnel with full TLS-based security
For this test, we will designate bob as the TLS client and alice as the TLS server. Note that client or
server designation only has meaning for the TLS subsystem. It has no bearing on OpenVPN's peer-to-peer,
UDP-based communication model.

First, build a separate certificate/key pair for both bob and alice (see above where --cert is discussed
for more info). Then construct Diffie Hellman parameters (see above where --dh is discussed for more
info). You can also use the included test files client.crt, client.key, server.crt, server.key and
ca.crt. The .crt files are certificates/public-keys, the .key files are private keys, and ca.crt is a
certification authority who has signed both client.crt and server.crt. For Diffie Hellman parameters you
can use the included file dh1024.pem. Note that all client, server, and certificate authority
certificates and keys included in the OpenVPN distribution are totally insecure and should be used for
testing only.

On bob:

openvpn --remote alice.example.com --dev tun1 --ifconfig 10.4.0.1 10.4.0.2 --tls-client --ca
ca.crt --cert client.crt --key client.key --reneg-sec 60 --verb 5

On alice:

openvpn --remote bob.example.com --dev tun1 --ifconfig 10.4.0.2 10.4.0.1 --tls-server --dh
dh1024.pem --ca ca.crt --cert server.crt --key server.key --reneg-sec 60 --verb 5

Now verify the tunnel is working by pinging across the tunnel.

On bob:

ping 10.4.0.2

On alice:

ping 10.4.0.1

Notice the --reneg-sec 60 option we used above. That tells OpenVPN to renegotiate the data channel keys
every minute. Since we used --verb 5 above, you will see status information on each new key negotiation.

For production operations, a key renegotiation interval of 60 seconds is probably too frequent. Omit the
--reneg-sec 60 option to use OpenVPN's default key renegotiation interval of one hour.

Routing:
Assuming you can ping across the tunnel, the next step is to route a real subnet over the secure tunnel.
Suppose that bob and alice have two network interfaces each, one connected to the internet, and the other
to a private network. Our goal is to securely connect both private networks. We will assume that bob's
private subnet is 10.0.0.0/24 and alice's is 10.0.1.0/24.

First, ensure that IP forwarding is enabled on both peers. On Linux, enable routing:

echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

and enable TUN packet forwarding through the firewall:

iptables -A FORWARD -i tun+ -j ACCEPT

On bob:

route add -net 10.0.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 10.4.0.2

On alice:

route add -net 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 10.4.0.1

Now any machine on the 10.0.0.0/24 subnet can access any machine on the 10.0.1.0/24 subnet over the
secure tunnel (or vice versa).

In a production environment, you could put the route command(s) in a script and execute with the --up
option.

FIREWALLS

       OpenVPN's usage of a single UDP port makes it fairly firewall-friendly.  You should add an entry to  your
       firewall rules to allow incoming OpenVPN packets.  On Linux 2.4+:

              iptables -A INPUT -p udp -s 1.2.3.4 --dport 1194 -j ACCEPT

       This  will  allow  incoming packets on UDP port 1194 (OpenVPN's default UDP port) from an OpenVPN peer at
       1.2.3.4.

       If you are using HMAC-based packet authentication (the default in any of OpenVPN's secure modes),  having
       the  firewall  filter on source address can be considered optional, since HMAC packet authentication is a
       much more secure method of verifying the authenticity of a packet source.  In that case:

              iptables -A INPUT -p udp --dport 1194 -j ACCEPT

       would be adequate and would not render the host inflexible with respect to its peer having a  dynamic  IP
       address.

       OpenVPN  also  works well on stateful firewalls.  In some cases, you may not need to add any static rules
       to the firewall list if you are using a stateful firewall that knows how to track  UDP  connections.   If
       you  specify  --ping  n,  OpenVPN  will  be guaranteed to send a packet to its peer at least once every n
       seconds.  If n is less than the stateful  firewall  connection  timeout,  you  can  maintain  an  OpenVPN
       connection indefinitely without explicit firewall rules.

       You should also add firewall rules to allow incoming IP traffic on TUN or TAP devices such as:

              iptables -A INPUT -i tun+ -j ACCEPT

       to allow input packets from tun devices,

              iptables -A FORWARD -i tun+ -j ACCEPT

       to allow input packets from tun devices to be forwarded to other hosts on the local network,

              iptables -A INPUT -i tap+ -j ACCEPT

       to allow input packets from tap devices, and

              iptables -A FORWARD -i tap+ -j ACCEPT

       to allow input packets from tap devices to be forwarded to other hosts on the local network.

       These  rules  are secure if you use packet authentication, since no incoming packets will arrive on a TUN
       or TAP virtual device unless they first pass an HMAC authentication test.

FAQ

       http://openvpn.net/faq.html

HOWTO

       For a more comprehensive guide to setting up OpenVPN in a production setting, see the  OpenVPN  HOWTO  at
       http://openvpn.net/howto.html

PROTOCOL

       For a description of OpenVPN's underlying protocol, see http://openvpn.net/security.html

WEB

       OpenVPN's web site is at http://openvpn.net/

       Go  here to download the latest version of OpenVPN, subscribe to the mailing lists, read the mailing list
       archives, or browse the SVN repository.

BUGS

       Report all bugs to the OpenVPN team <info@openvpn.net>.

NOTES

       This product includes software developed by the OpenSSL Project ( http://www.openssl.org/ )

       For more information on the TLS protocol, see http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2246.txt

       For     more     information     on     the     LZO      real-time      compression      library      see
       http://www.oberhumer.com/opensource/lzo/

COPYRIGHT

       Copyright  (C) 2002-2018 OpenVPN Inc This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
       it under the terms of the GNU General Public  License  version  2  as  published  by  the  Free  Software
       Foundation.

AUTHORS

       James Yonan <jim@yonan.net>

                                                28 February 2018                                      openvpn(8)

NAME

SYNOPSIS

INTRODUCTION

DESCRIPTION

OPTIONS

SCRIPTING AND ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES

INLINE FILE SUPPORT

SIGNALS

TUN/TAP DRIVER SETUP

EXAMPLES

FIREWALLS

FAQ

HOWTO

PROTOCOL

WEB

BUGS

SEE ALSO

NOTES

COPYRIGHT

AUTHORS