NAME

       ld86 - Linker for as86(1)

SYNOPSIS

       ld86  [-03MNdimrstyz[-]]  [-llib_extension]  [-o outfile] [-Ccrtfile] [-Llibdir] [-Olibfile] [-Ttextaddr]
       [-Hheapsize] [-Ddataaddr] infile...

DESCRIPTION

       This linker understands only the object files produced by the as86  assembler,  it  can  link  them  into
       either an impure or a separate I&D executable.

       The linking defaults are everything off or none except for -0 and the output file is a.out.  There is not
       a standard library location defined in the linker.

OPTIONS

       -0     produce header with 16-bit magic

       -3     produce header with 32-bit magic

       -d     delete the header from the output file, used for MSDOS COM files.  As  a  side  effect  this  also
              includes -s as there's nowhere to put a symbol table.

       -Cx    add file libdir-from-search/crtx.o to list of files linked

       -D     data base address follows (in format suitable for strtoul)

       -H     the top of heap (initial stack) address (in format suitable for strtoul)

       -Lx    add dir name x to the head of the list of library dirs searched

       -M     print symbols linked on stdout

       -N     Create  a  native Linux OMAGIC output file. If the contents are i386 code the binary can be either
              linked by GCC or executed by linux. If the -z option is also included the linker  can  generate  a
              QMAGIC executable.

       -Ox    add library or object file libdir-from-search/x to list of files linked

       -T     text base address follows (in format suitable for strtoul)

       -i     separate I&D output

       -lx    add library libdir-from-search/libx.a to list of files linked

       -m     print modules linked on stdout

       -o     output file name follows

       -s     strip symbols

       -r     Generate  a  relocatable  object from one source object, if the linker is given the -N option also
              the output format will be the hosts native format if possible.

       -t     trace modules being looked at on stdout

       -y     Alter the symbol tables to add label 'extensions' so that labels with more than 8  characters  can
              be stored in elks executables.

       -z     produce "unmapped zero page" or "QMAGIC" executables

       All  the options not taking an argument may be turned off by following the option letter by a '-', as for
       cc1.

PREDEFINED LABELS

       The linker predefines several labels that can be imported into user programs.

       __etext
              Standard C variable for the end of the text segment.

       __edata
              Standard C variable for the end of the initialized data.

       __end  Standard C variable for the end of the bss area.

       __segoff
              The offset within the executable file between the start of the text segment and the start  of  the
              data segment in 16 byte 'paragraphs'. Note this is zero for impure (tiny model) executables and is
              adjusted for executables that don't start at offset 0 within the segment.

       __segXDL
              The lowest address with data in segment 'X'. (eg __seg0DL is for segment zero or the text segment,
              __seg3DL is for the data segment) The value 'X' is a hex digit.

       __segXDH
              The top of segment 'X's data area.

       __segXCL
              The  bottom  of  segment  'X's  'common data' or uninitialized data area. Each segment has both an
              initialized and uninitialized data area.

       __segXCH
              The top of segment 'X's common area.

       __segXSO
              This is the adjusted offset from segment 0 of the start of segment 'X' in 'paragraphs'.

HISTORY

       The 6809 version does not support -i.

       The previous versions of the linker could produce an 8086 executable with segments of a  size  >64k,  now
       only i386 executables may have segments this large.

BUGS

       The  linker cannot deal with reverse seeks caused by org instructions in the object file. Unlike previous
       versions the current one traps the error rather than trying to fill up the hard disk.

       The linker produces a broken a.out object file if given one input and the -r option  this  is  so  it  is
       compatible with pre-dev86 versions.

                                                    Apr, 1997                                            ld86(1)