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PROLOG
This manual page is part of the POSIX Programmer's Manual. The Linux implementation of this interface
may differ (consult the corresponding Linux manual page for details of Linux behavior), or the interface
may not be implemented on Linux.
NAME
ps — report process status
SYNOPSIS
ps [−aA] [−defl] [−g grouplist] [−G grouplist]
[−n namelist] [−o format]... [−p proclist] [−t termlist]
[−u userlist] [−U userlist]
DESCRIPTION
The ps utility shall write information about processes, subject to having appropriate privileges to
obtain information about those processes.
By default, ps shall select all processes with the same effective user ID as the current user and the
same controlling terminal as the invoker.
OPTIONS
The ps utility shall conform to the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 12.2, Utility Syntax
Guidelines.
The following options shall be supported:
−a Write information for all processes associated with terminals. Implementations may omit
session leaders from this list.
−A Write information for all processes.
−d Write information for all processes, except session leaders.
−e Write information for all processes. (Equivalent to −A.)
−f Generate a full listing. (See the STDOUT section for the contents of a full listing.)
−g grouplist
Write information for processes whose session leaders are given in grouplist. The application
shall ensure that the grouplist is a single argument in the form of a <blank> or
<comma>-separated list.
−G grouplist
Write information for processes whose real group ID numbers are given in grouplist. The
application shall ensure that the grouplist is a single argument in the form of a <blank> or
<comma>-separated list.
−l Generate a long listing. (See STDOUT for the contents of a long listing.)
−n namelist
Specify the name of an alternative system namelist file in place of the default. The name of
the default file and the format of a namelist file are unspecified.
−o format Write information according to the format specification given in format. This is fully
described in the STDOUT section. Multiple −o options can be specified; the format specification
shall be interpreted as the <space>-separated concatenation of all the format option-arguments.
−p proclist
Write information for processes whose process ID numbers are given in proclist. The
application shall ensure that the proclist is a single argument in the form of a <blank> or
<comma>-separated list.
−t termlist
Write information for processes associated with terminals given in termlist. The application
shall ensure that the termlist is a single argument in the form of a <blank> or
<comma>-separated list. Terminal identifiers shall be given in an implementation-defined
format. On XSI-conformant systems, they shall be given in one of two forms: the device's
filename (for example, tty04) or, if the device's filename starts with tty, just the identifier
following the characters tty (for example, "04").
−u userlist
Write information for processes whose user ID numbers or login names are given in userlist.
The application shall ensure that the userlist is a single argument in the form of a <blank> or
<comma>-separated list. In the listing, the numerical user ID shall be written unless the −f
option is used, in which case the login name shall be written.
−U userlist
Write information for processes whose real user ID numbers or login names are given in
userlist. The application shall ensure that the userlist is a single argument in the form of a
<blank> or <comma>-separated list.
With the exception of −f, −l, −n namelist, and −o format, all of the options shown are used to select
processes. If any are specified, the default list shall be ignored and ps shall select the processes
represented by the inclusive OR of all the selection-criteria options.
OPERANDS
None.
STDIN
Not used.
INPUT FILES
None.
ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
The following environment variables shall affect the execution of ps:
COLUMNS Override the system-selected horizontal display line size, used to determine the number of text
columns to display. See the Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Chapter 8, Environment
Variables for valid values and results when it is unset or null.
LANG Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. (See the
Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Section 8.2, Internationalization Variables the
precedence of internationalization variables used to determine the values of locale
categories.)
LC_ALL If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization
variables.
LC_CTYPE Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters
(for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments).
LC_MESSAGES
Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic
messages written to standard error and informative messages written to standard output.
LC_TIME Determine the format and contents of the date and time strings displayed.
NLSPATH Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.
TZ Determine the timezone used to calculate date and time strings displayed. If TZ is unset or
null, an unspecified default timezone shall be used.
ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS
Default.
STDOUT
When the −o option is not specified, the standard output format is unspecified.
On XSI-conformant systems, the output format shall be as follows. The column headings and descriptions
of the columns in a ps listing are given below. The precise meanings of these fields are implementation-
defined. The letters 'f' and 'l' (below) indicate the option (full or long) that shall cause the
corresponding heading to appear; all means that the heading always appears. Note that these two options
determine only what information is provided for a process; they do not determine which processes are
listed.
F (l) Flags (octal and additive) associated with
the process.
S (l) The state of the process.
UID (f,l) The user ID number of the process owner;
the login name is printed under the −f
option.
PID (all) The process ID of the process; it is
possible to kill a process if this datum is
known.
PPID (f,l) The process ID of the parent process.
C (f,l) Processor utilization for scheduling.
PRI (l) The priority of the process; higher numbers
mean lower priority.
NI (l) Nice value; used in priority computation.
ADDR (l) The address of the process.
SZ (l) The size in blocks of the core image of the
process.
WCHAN (l) The event for which the process is waiting
or sleeping; if blank, the process is
running.
STIME (f) Starting time of the process.
TTY (all) The controlling terminal for the process.
TIME (all) The cumulative execution time for the
process.
CMD (all) The command name; the full command name and
its arguments are written under the −f
option.
A process that has exited and has a parent, but has not yet been waited for by the parent, shall be
marked defunct.
Under the option −f, ps tries to determine the command name and arguments given when the process was
created by examining memory or the swap area. Failing this, the command name, as it would appear without
the option −f, is written in square brackets.
The −o option allows the output format to be specified under user control.
The application shall ensure that the format specification is a list of names presented as a single
argument, <blank> or <comma>-separated. Each variable has a default header. The default header can be
overridden by appending an <equals-sign> and the new text of the header. The rest of the characters in
the argument shall be used as the header text. The fields specified shall be written in the order
specified on the command line, and should be arranged in columns in the output. The field widths shall be
selected by the system to be at least as wide as the header text (default or overridden value). If the
header text is null, such as −o user=, the field width shall be at least as wide as the default header
text. If all header text fields are null, no header line shall be written.
The following names are recognized in the POSIX locale:
ruser The real user ID of the process. This shall be the textual user ID, if it can be obtained and the
field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.
user The effective user ID of the process. This shall be the textual user ID, if it can be obtained
and the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.
rgroup The real group ID of the process. This shall be the textual group ID, if it can be obtained and
the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.
group The effective group ID of the process. This shall be the textual group ID, if it can be obtained
and the field width permits, or a decimal representation otherwise.
pid The decimal value of the process ID.
ppid The decimal value of the parent process ID.
pgid The decimal value of the process group ID.
pcpu The ratio of CPU time used recently to CPU time available in the same period, expressed as a
percentage. The meaning of ``recently'' in this context is unspecified. The CPU time available is
determined in an unspecified manner.
vsz The size of the process in (virtual) memory in 1024 byte units as a decimal integer.
nice The decimal value of the nice value of the process; see nice.
etime In the POSIX locale, the elapsed time since the process was started, in the form:
[[dd−]hh:]mm:ss
where dd shall represent the number of days, hh the number of hours, mm the number of minutes,
and ss the number of seconds. The dd field shall be a decimal integer. The hh, mm, and ss fields
shall be two-digit decimal integers padded on the left with zeros.
time In the POSIX locale, the cumulative CPU time of the process in the form:
[dd−]hh:mm:ss
The dd, hh, mm, and ss fields shall be as described in the etime specifier.
tty The name of the controlling terminal of the process (if any) in the same format used by the who
utility.
comm The name of the command being executed (argv[0] value) as a string.
args The command with all its arguments as a string. The implementation may truncate this value to the
field width; it is implementation-defined whether any further truncation occurs. It is
unspecified whether the string represented is a version of the argument list as it was passed to
the command when it started, or is a version of the arguments as they may have been modified by
the application. Applications cannot depend on being able to modify their argument list and
having that modification be reflected in the output of ps.
Any field need not be meaningful in all implementations. In such a case a <hyphen> ('−') should be output
in place of the field value.
Only comm and args shall be allowed to contain <blank> characters; all others shall not. Any
implementation-defined variables shall be specified in the system documentation along with the default
header and indicating whether the field may contain <blank> characters.
The following table specifies the default header to be used in the POSIX locale corresponding to each
format specifier.
TableNames: Variable
┌──────────────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────────────┐
│Format Specifier Default Header │ Format Specifier Default Header │
├──────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────────────────────┤
│args COMMAND │ ppid PPID │
│comm COMMAND │ rgroup RGROUP │
│etime ELAPSED │ ruser RUSER │
│group GROUP │ time TIME │
│nice NI │ tty TT │
│pcpu %CPU │ user USER │
│pgid PGID │ vsz VSZ │
│pid PID │ │
└──────────────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────────────┘
STDERR
The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.
OUTPUT FILES
None.
EXTENDED DESCRIPTION
None.
EXIT STATUS
The following exit values shall be returned:
0 Successful completion.
>0 An error occurred.
CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS
Default.
The following sections are informative.
APPLICATION USAGE
Things can change while ps is running; the snapshot it gives is only true for an instant, and might not
be accurate by the time it is displayed.
The args format specifier is allowed to produce a truncated version of the command arguments. In some
implementations, this information is no longer available when the ps utility is executed.
If the field width is too narrow to display a textual ID, the system may use a numeric version. Normally,
the system would be expected to choose large enough field widths, but if a large number of fields were
selected to write, it might squeeze fields to their minimum sizes to fit on one line. One way to ensure
adequate width for the textual IDs is to override the default header for a field to make it larger than
most or all user or group names.
There is no special quoting mechanism for header text. The header text is the rest of the argument. If
multiple header changes are needed, multiple −o options can be used, such as:
ps −o "user=User Name" −o pid=Process\ ID
On some implementations, especially multi-level secure systems, ps may be severely restricted and produce
information only about child processes owned by the user.
EXAMPLES
The command:
ps −o user,pid,ppid=MOM −o args
writes at least the following in the POSIX locale:
USER PID MOM COMMAND
helene 34 12 ps −o uid,pid,ppid=MOM −o args
The contents of the COMMAND field need not be the same in all implementations, due to possible
truncation.
RATIONALE
There is very little commonality between BSD and System V implementations of ps. Many options conflict
or have subtly different usages. The standard developers attempted to select a set of options for the
base standard that were useful on a wide range of systems and selected options that either can be
implemented on both BSD and System V-based systems without breaking the current implementations or where
the options are sufficiently similar that any changes would not be unduly problematic for users or
implementors.
It is recognized that on some implementations, especially multi-level secure systems, ps may be nearly
useless. The default output has therefore been chosen such that it does not break historical
implementations and also is likely to provide at least some useful information on most systems.
The major change is the addition of the format specification capability. The motivation for this
invention is to provide a mechanism for users to access a wider range of system information, if the
system permits it, in a portable manner. The fields chosen to appear in this volume of POSIX.1‐2008 were
arrived at after considering what concepts were likely to be both reasonably useful to the ``average''
user and had a reasonable chance of being implemented on a wide range of systems. Again it is recognized
that not all systems are able to provide all the information and, conversely, some may wish to provide
more. It is hoped that the approach adopted will be sufficiently flexible and extensible to accommodate
most systems. Implementations may be expected to introduce new format specifiers.
The default output should consist of a short listing containing the process ID, terminal name, cumulative
execution time, and command name of each process.
The preference of the standard developers would have been to make the format specification an operand of
the ps command. Unfortunately, BSD usage precluded this.
At one time a format was included to display the environment array of the process. This was deleted
because there is no portable way to display it.
The −A option is equivalent to the BSD −g and the SVID −e. Because the two systems differed, a mnemonic
compromise was selected.
The −a option is described with some optional behavior because the SVID omits session leaders, but BSD
does not.
In an early proposal, format specifiers appeared for priority and start time. The former was not defined
adequately in this volume of POSIX.1‐2008 and was removed in deference to the defined nice value; the
latter because elapsed time was considered to be more useful.
In a new BSD version of ps, a −O option can be used to write all of the default information, followed by
additional format specifiers. This was not adopted because the default output is implementation-defined.
Nevertheless, this is a useful option that should be reserved for that purpose. In the −o option for the
POSIX Shell and Utilities ps, the format is the concatenation of each −o. Therefore, the user can have
an alias or function that defines the beginning of their desired format and add more fields to the end of
the output in certain cases where that would be useful.
The format of the terminal name is unspecified, but the descriptions of ps, talk, who, and write require
that they all use the same format.
The pcpu field indicates that the CPU time available is determined in an unspecified manner. This is
because it is difficult to express an algorithm that is useful across all possible machine architectures.
Historical counterparts to this value have attempted to show percentage of use in the recent past, such
as the preceding minute. Frequently, these values for all processes did not add up to 100%.
Implementations are encouraged to provide data in this field to users that will help them identify
processes currently affecting the performance of the system.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
kill, nice, renice
The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2008, Chapter 8, Environment Variables, Section 12.2, Utility
Syntax Guidelines
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 Edition,
Standard for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 7, Copyright (C) 2013 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc
and The Open Group. (This is POSIX.1-2008 with the 2013 Technical Corrigendum 1 applied.) In the event
of any discrepancy between this version and the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original
IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document. The original Standard can be obtained online at
http://www.unix.org/online.html .
Any typographical or formatting errors that appear in this page are most likely to have been introduced
during the conversion of the source files to man page format. To report such errors, see
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/reporting_bugs.html .