Provided by: sec_2.8.2-1_all 
NAME
sec - simple event correlator
SYNOPSIS
sec [--conf=<file pattern> ...]
[--input=<file pattern>[=<context>] ...]
[--input-timeout=<input timeout>]
[--timeout-script=<timeout script>]
[--reopen-timeout=<reopen timeout>]
[--check-timeout=<check timeout>]
[--poll-timeout=<poll timeout>]
[--socket-timeout=<socket timeout>]
[--blocksize=<io block size>]
[--bufsize=<input buffer size>]
[--evstoresize=<event store size>]
[--cleantime=<clean time>]
[--log=<logfile>]
[--syslog=<facility>]
[--debug=<debuglevel>]
[--pid=<pidfile>]
[--dump=<dumpfile>]
[--user=<username>]
[--group=<groupname> ...]
[--umask=<mode>]
[--dumpfts | --nodumpfts]
[--dumpfjson | --nodumpfjson]
[--quoting | --noquoting]
[--tail | --notail]
[--fromstart | --nofromstart]
[--detach | --nodetach]
[--jointbuf | --nojointbuf]
[--keepopen | --nokeepopen]
[--rwfifo | --norwfifo]
[--childterm | --nochildterm]
[--intevents | --nointevents]
[--intcontexts | --nointcontexts]
[--testonly | --notestonly]
[--help] [-?]
[--version]
DESCRIPTION
SEC is an event correlation tool for advanced event processing which can be harnessed for event log
monitoring, for network and security management, for fraud detection, and for any other task which
involves event correlation. Event correlation is a procedure where a stream of events is processed, in
order to detect (and act on) certain event groups that occur within predefined time windows. Unlike many
other event correlation products which are heavyweight solutions, SEC is a lightweight and platform-
independent event correlator which runs as a single process. The user can start it as a daemon, employ it
in shell pipelines, execute it interactively in a terminal, run many SEC processes simultaneously for
different tasks, and use it in a wide variety of other ways.
SEC reads lines from files, named pipes, or standard input, matches the lines with patterns (regular
expressions, Perl subroutines, etc.) for recognizing input events, and correlates events according to
the rules in its configuration file(s). Rules are matched against input in the order they are given in
the configuration file. If there are two or more configuration files, rule sequence from every file is
matched against input (unless explicitly specified otherwise). SEC can produce output by executing
external programs (e.g., snmptrap(1) or mail(1)), by writing to files, by sending data to TCP and UDP
based servers, by calling precompiled Perl subroutines, etc.
SEC can be run in various ways. For example, the following command line starts it as a daemon, in order
to monitor events appended to the /var/log/messages syslog file with rules from /etc/sec/syslog.rules:
/usr/bin/sec --detach --conf=/etc/sec/syslog.rules \
--input=/var/log/messages
Each time /var/log/messages is rotated, a new instance of /var/log/messages is opened and processed from
the beginning. The following command line runs SEC in a shell pipeline, configuring it to process lines
from standard input, and to exit when the /usr/bin/nc tool closes its standard output and exits:
/usr/bin/nc -l 8080 | /usr/bin/sec --notail --input=- \
--conf=/etc/sec/my.conf
Some SEC rules start event correlation operations, while other rules react immediately to input events or
system clock. For example, suppose that SEC has been started with the following command line
/usr/bin/sec --conf=/etc/sec/sshd.rules --input=/var/log/secure
in order to monitor the /var/log/secure syslog file for sshd events. Also, suppose that the
/etc/sec/sshd.rules configuration file contains the following rule for correlating SSH failed login
syslog events:
type=SingleWithThreshold
ptype=RegExp
pattern=sshd\[\d+\]: Failed .+ for (\S+) from [\d.]+ port \d+ ssh2
desc=Three SSH login failures within 1m for user $1
action=pipe '%s' /bin/mail -s 'SSH login alert' root@localhost
window=60
thresh=3
The pattern field of the rule defines the pattern for recognizing input events, while the ptype field
defines its type (regular expression). Suppose that user risto fails to log in over SSH and the following
message is logged to /var/log/secure:
Dec 16 16:24:59 myserver sshd[13685]: Failed password for risto from 10.12.2.5 port 41063 ssh2
This input message will match the regular expression pattern of the above rule, and the match variable $1
will be set to the string risto (see perlre(1) for details). After a match, SEC will evaluate the
operation description string given with the desc field. This is done by substituting $1 with its current
value which yields Three SSH login failures within 1m for user risto. SEC will then check if there
already exists an event correlation operation identified with this string and triggered by the same rule.
If the operation is not found, SEC will create a new operation for the user name risto, and the
occurrence time of the input event will be recorded into the operation. Note that for event occurrence
time SEC always uses the current time as returned by the time(2) system call, *not* the timestamp
extracted from the event. Suppose that after 25 seconds, a similar SSH login failure event for the same
user name is observed. In this case, a running operation will be found for the operation description
string Three SSH login failures within 1m for user risto, and the occurrence time of the second event is
recorded into the operation. If after 30 seconds a third event for the user name risto is observed, the
operation has processed 3 events within 55 seconds. Since the threshold condition "3 events within 60
seconds" (as defined by the thresh and window fields) is now satisfied, SEC will execute the action
defined with the action field -- it will fork a command
/bin/mail -s 'SSH login alert' root@localhost
with a pipe connected to its standard input. Then, SEC writes the operation description string Three SSH
login failures within 1m for user risto (held by the %s special variable) to the standard input of the
command through the pipe. In other words, an e-mail warning is sent to the local root-user. Finally,
since there are 5 seconds left until the end of the event correlation window, the operation will consume
the following SSH login failure events for user risto without any further action, and finish after 5
seconds.
The above example illustrates that the desc field of a rule defines the scope of event correlation and
influences the number of operations created by the rule. For example, if we set the desc field to Three
SSH login failures within 1m, the root-user would be also alerted on 3 SSH login failure events for
*different* users within 1 minute. In order to avoid clashes between operations started by different
rules, operation ID contains not only the value set by the desc field, but also the rule file name and
the rule number inside the file. For example, if the rule file /etc/sec/sshd.rules contains one rule
type=SingleWithThreshold
ptype=RegExp
pattern=sshd\[\d+\]: Failed .+ for (\S+) from [\d.]+ port \d+ ssh2
desc=Three SSH login failures within 1m for user $1
action=pipe '%s' /bin/mail -s 'SSH login alert' root@localhost
window=60
thresh=3
and the event
Dec 16 16:24:59 myserver sshd[13685]: Failed password for risto from 10.12.2.5 port 41063 ssh2
is the first matching event for the above rule, this event will trigger a new event correlation operation
with the ID
/etc/sec/sshd.rules | 0 | Three SSH login failures within 1m for user risto
(0 is the number assigned to the first rule in the file, see EVENT CORRELATION OPERATIONS section for
more information).
The following simple example demonstrates that event correlation schemes can be defined by combining
several rules. In this example, two rules harness contexts and synthetic events for achieving their goal:
type=SingleWithThreshold
ptype=RegExp
pattern=sshd\[\d+\]: Failed .+ for (\S+) from [\d.]+ port \d+ ssh2
desc=Three SSH login failures within 1m for user $1
action=event 3_SSH_LOGIN_FAILURES_FOR_$1
window=60
thresh=3
type=EventGroup
ptype=RegExp
pattern=3_SSH_LOGIN_FAILURES_FOR_(\S+)
context=!USER_$1_COUNTED && !COUNTING_OFF
count=create USER_$1_COUNTED 60
desc=Repeated SSH login failures for 30 distinct users within 1m
action=pipe '%s' /bin/mail -s 'SSH login alert' root@localhost; \
create COUNTING_OFF 3600
window=60
thresh=30
The first rule looks almost identical to the rule from the previous example, but its action field is
different -- after three SSH login failures have been observed for the same user name within one minute
by an event correlation operation, the operation will emit the synthetic event
3_SSH_LOGIN_FAILURES_FOR_<username>. Although synthetic events are created by SEC, they are treated like
regular events received from input sources and are matched against rules. The regular expression pattern
of the second rule will match the 3_SSH_LOGIN_FAILURES_FOR_<username> event and start a new event
correlation operation if no such events have been previously seen. Also, each time a synthetic event for
some user name has matched the rule, a context with the lifetime of 1 minute for that user name is
created (see the count field). Note that this prevents further matches for the same user name, since a
synthetic event for <username> can match the rule only if the context USER_<username>_COUNTED *does not*
exist (as requested by the boolean expression in the context field; see CONTEXTS AND CONTEXT EXPRESSIONS
section for more information). The operation started by the rule sends an e-mail warning to the local
root-user if 30 synthetic events have been observed within 1 minute (see the thresh and window fields).
Note that due to the use of the USER_<username>_COUNTED contexts, all synthetic events concern different
user names. After sending an e-mail warning, the operation will also create the context COUNTING_OFF with
the lifetime of 1 hour, and will continue to run until the 1 minute event correlation window expires.
After the operation has finished, the presence of the COUNTING_OFF context will keep the second rule
disabled (as requested by the boolean expression in the context field). Therefore, at most one e-mail
warning per 1 hour is issued by above rules.
The above examples have presented the event correlation capabilities of SEC in a very brief fashion. The
following sections will provide an in-depth discussion of SEC features.
OPTIONS
--conf=<file_pattern>
expand <file_pattern> to filenames (with the Perl glob() function) and read event correlation
rules from every file. Multiple --conf options can be specified at command line. Each time SEC
receives a signal that forces a configuration reload, <file_pattern> is re-evaluated. See also
INPUT PROCESSING AND TIMING section for a discussion on rule processing order for multiple
configuration files.
--input=<file_pattern>[=<context>]
expand <file_pattern> to filenames (with the Perl glob() function) and use the files as input
sources. An input file can be a regular file, named pipe, or standard input if - was specified.
Multiple --input options can be specified at command line. Each time SEC receives the SIGHUP or
SIGABRT signal, <file_pattern> is re-evaluated. If SEC experiences a system error when reading
from an input file, it will close the file (use the --reopen-timeout option for reopening the
file). If <context> is given, SEC will set up the context <context> each time it reads a line from
input files that correspond to <file_pattern>. This will help the user to write rules that match
data from particular input source(s) only. When there is an --input option with <context>
specified, it will automatically enable the --intcontexts option. See INTERNAL EVENTS AND CONTEXTS
section for more information.
--input-timeout=<input_timeout>, --timeout-script=<timeout_script>
if SEC has not observed new data in an input file during <input_timeout> seconds (or the file was
closed <input_timeout> seconds ago), <timeout_script> will be executed with command line
parameters 1 and <the name of the input file>. If fresh data become available again,
<timeout_script> will be executed with command line parameters 0 and <the name of the input file>.
Setting <input_timeout> to 0 disables this behavior (this is also the default). Note that
--input_timeout and --timeout_script options can be used as synonyms for --input-timeout and
--timeout-script, respectively.
--reopen-timeout=<reopen_timeout>
if an input file is in the closed state (e.g., SEC fails to open the file at startup, because it
has not been created yet), SEC will attempt to reopen the file after every <reopen_timeout>
seconds until open succeeds. Setting <reopen_timeout> to 0 disables this behavior (this is also
the default). This option has no meaning when the --notail option is also specified. Note that
--reopen_timeout is a synonym for --reopen-timeout.
--check-timeout=<check_timeout>
if SEC has not observed new data in an input file, the file will not be polled (both for status
and data) during the next <check_timeout> seconds. Setting <check_timeout> to 0 disables this
behavior (this is also the default). Note that --check_timeout is a synonym for --check-timeout.
--poll-timeout=<poll_timeout>
a real number that specifies how many seconds SEC will sleep when no new data were read from input
files. Default is 0.1 seconds. Note that --poll_timeout is a synonym for --poll-timeout.
--socket-timeout=<socket_timeout>
if a network connection to a remote peer can't be established within <socket_timeout> seconds,
give up. Default is 60 seconds. Note that --socket_timeout is a synonym for --socket-timeout.
--blocksize=<io_block_size>
the number of bytes SEC will attempt to read at once from an input file. Default is 8192 bytes
(i.e., read from input files by 8KB blocks).
--bufsize=<input_buffer_size>
set all input buffers to hold <input_buffer_size> lines. The content of input buffers will be
compared with patterns that are part of rule definitions (i.e., no more than <input_buffer_size>
lines can be matched by a pattern at a time). If <input_buffer_size> is set to 0, SEC will
determine the proper value for <input_buffer_size> by checking event matching patterns of all SEC
rules. Default is 0 (i.e., determine the size of input buffers automatically).
--evstoresize=<event_store_size>
set an upper limit to the number of events in context event stores. Default is 0 which sets no
limit.
--cleantime=<clean_time>
time interval in seconds that specifies how often internal event correlation and context lists are
processed, in order to accomplish time-related tasks and to remove obsolete elements. See INPUT
PROCESSING AND TIMING section for more information. Default is 1 second.
--log=<logfile>
use <logfile> for logging SEC activities. Note that if the SEC standard error is connected to a
terminal, messages will also be logged there, in order to facilitate debugging.
--syslog=<facility>
use syslog for logging SEC activities. All messages will be logged with the facility <facility>,
e.g., local0 (see syslog(3) for possible facility values). Warning: be careful with using this
option if SEC is employed for monitoring syslog log files, because message loops might occur.
--debug=<debuglevel>
set logging verbosity for SEC. Setting debuglevel to <debuglevel> means that all messages of level
<debuglevel> and lower are logged (e.g., if <debuglevel> is 3, messages from levels 1-3 are
logged). The following levels are recognized by SEC:
1 - critical messages (severe faults that cause SEC to terminate, e.g., a failed system call)
2 - error messages (faults that need attention, e.g., an incorrect rule definition in a
configuration file)
3 - warning messages (possible faults, e.g., a command forked from SEC terminated with a non-zero
exit code)
4 - notification messages (normal system level events and interrupts, e.g., the reception of a
signal)
5 - informative messages (information about external programs forked from SEC)
6 - debug messages (detailed information about all SEC activities)
Default <debuglevel> is 6 (i.e., log everything). See SIGNALS section for information on how to
change <debuglevel> at runtime.
--pid=<pidfile>
SEC will store its process ID to <pidfile> at startup.
--dump=<dumpfile>
SEC will use <dumpfile> as its dump file for writing performance and debug data. With the
--dumpfts option, a timestamp suffix is appended to the dump file name. With the --dumpfjson
option, dump file is produced in JSON format. See SIGNALS section for more information. Default
is /tmp/sec.dump.
--user=<username>, --group=<groupname>
if SEC is started with effective user ID 0, it will drop root privileges by switching to user
<username> and group <groupname>. The --group option can't be used without the --user option. If
the --user option is given without --group, primary group of the user <username> is assumed for
<groupname>. If several groups are provided with multiple --group options, SEC switches to the
first group with other groups as supplementary groups.
--umask=<mode>
set file mode creation mask to <mode> at SEC startup, where <mode> is a value from the range
0..0777 (see also umask(2)). Octal, decimal, hexadecimal, and binary values can be specified for
<mode> (e.g., octal mask 0027 can also be expressed as 23, 0x17, and 0b000010111).
--dumpfts, --nodumpfts
if the --dumpfts option is specified, a timestamp suffix (seconds since Epoch) is appended to the
dump file name that reflects the file creation time. Default is --nodumpfts.
--dumpfjson, --nodumpfjson
if the --dumpfjson option is specified, dump file is produced in JSON format. Note that this
option requires the presence of Perl JSON module. Default is --nodumpfjson.
--quoting, --noquoting
if the --quoting option is specified, operation description strings that are supplied to command
lines of shellcmd, spawn, and cspawn actions will be put inside single quotes. Each single quote
(') that strings originally contain will be masked. This option prevents the shell from
interpreting special symbols that operation description strings might contain. Default is
--noquoting.
--tail, --notail
if the --notail option is specified, SEC will process all data that are currently available in
input files and exit after reaching all EOFs. If all input is received from a pipe and the
--notail option is given, SEC terminates when the last writer closes the pipe (EOF condition).
Please note that with named pipes --notail should be used with --norwfifo. With the --tail
option, SEC will jump to the end of input files and wait for new lines to arrive. Each input file
is tracked both by its name and i-node, and input file rotations are handled seamlessly. If the
input file is recreated or truncated, SEC will reopen it and process its content from the
beginning. If the input file is removed (i.e., there is just an i-node left without a name), SEC
will keep the i-node open and wait for the input file recreation. Default is --tail.
--fromstart, --nofromstart
these flags have no meaning when the --notail option is also specified. When used in combination
with --tail (or alone, since --tail is enabled by default), --fromstart will force SEC to read and
process input files from the beginning to the end, before the 'tail' mode is entered. Default is
--nofromstart.
--detach, --nodetach
if the --detach option is specified, SEC will disassociate itself from the controlling terminal
and become a daemon at startup (note that SEC will close its standard input, standard output, and
standard error, and change its working directory to the root directory). Default is --nodetach.
--jointbuf, --nojointbuf
if the --jointbuf option is specified, SEC uses joint input buffer for all input sources (the size
of the buffer is set with the --bufsize option). The --nojointbuf option creates a separate input
buffer for each input file, and a separate buffer for all synthetic and internal events (the sizes
of all buffers are set with the --bufsize option). The --jointbuf option allows multiline patterns
to match lines from several input sources, while the --nojointbuf pattern restricts the matching
to lines from one input source only. See INPUT PROCESSING AND TIMING section for more
information. If the size of input buffer(s) is 1 (either explicitly set with --bufsize=1 or
automatically determined from SEC rules), --jointbuf option is enabled, otherwise the default is
--nojointbuf.
--keepopen, --nokeepopen
if the --keepopen option is specified, SEC will keep input files open across soft restarts. When
the SIGABRT signal is received, SEC will not reopen input files which have been opened previously,
but will only open input files which are in the closed state. The --nokeepopen option forces SEC
to close and (re)open all input files during soft restarts. Default is --keepopen.
--rwfifo, --norwfifo
if the --norwfifo option is specified, named pipe input files are opened in read-only mode. In
this mode, the named pipe has to be reopened when the last writer closes the pipe, in order to
clear the EOF condition on the pipe. With the --rwfifo option, named pipe input files are opened
in read-write mode, although SEC never writes to the pipes. In this mode, the pipe does not need
to be reopened when an external writer closes it, since there is always at least one writer on the
pipe and EOF will never appear. Therefore, if the --notail option has been given, --norwfifo
should also be specified. Default is --rwfifo.
--childterm, --nochildterm
if the --childterm option is specified, SEC will send the SIGTERM signal to all its child
processes when it terminates or goes through a full restart. Default is --childterm.
--intevents, --nointevents
SEC will generate internal events when it starts up, when it receives certain signals, and when it
terminates gracefully. Specific rules can be written to match those internal events, in order to
accomplish special tasks at SEC startup, restart, and shutdown. See INTERNAL EVENTS AND CONTEXTS
section for more information. Default is --nointevents.
--intcontexts, --nointcontexts
SEC will create an internal context when it reads a line from an input file. This will help the
user to write rules that match data from particular input source only. See INTERNAL EVENTS AND
CONTEXTS section for more information. Default is --nointcontexts.
--testonly, --notestonly
if the --testonly option is specified, SEC will exit immediately after parsing the configuration
file(s). If the configuration file(s) contained no faulty rules, SEC will exit with 0, otherwise
with 1. Default is --notestonly.
--help, -?
SEC will output usage information and exit.
--version
SEC will output version information and exit.
Note that options can be introduced both with the single dash (-) and double dash (--), and both the
equal sign (=) and whitespace can be used for separating the option name from the option value. For
example, -conf=<file_pattern> and --conf <file_pattern> options are equivalent.
CONFIGURATION FILES
Each SEC configuration file consists of rule definitions which are separated by empty lines, whitespace
lines and/or comment lines. Each rule definition consists of keyword=value fields, one keyword and value
per line. Values are case insensitive only where character case is not important (like the values
specifying rule types, e.g., 'Single' and 'single' are treated identically). The backslash character (\)
may be used at the end of a line to continue the current rule field in the next line. Lines which begin
with the number sign (#) are treated as comments and ignored (whitespace characters may precede #). Any
comment line, empty line, whitespace line, or end of file will terminate the preceding rule definition.
For inserting comments into rule definitions, the rem keyword can be used. For example, the following
lines define two rules:
type=Single
rem=this rule matches any line which contains \
three consecutive A characters and writes the string \
"three A characters were observed" to standard output
ptype=SubStr
pattern=AAA
desc=Three A characters
action=write - three A characters were observed
# This comment line ends preceding rule definition.
# The following rule works like the previous rule,
# but looks for three consecutive B characters and
# writes the string "three B characters were observed"
# to standard output
type=Single
ptype=SubStr
pattern=BBB
desc=Three B characters
action=write - three B characters were observed
Apart from keywords that are part of rule definitions, label keywords may appear anywhere in the
configuration file. The value of each label keyword will be treated as a label that can be referred to in
rule definitions as a point-of-continue. This allows for continuing event processing at a rule that
follows the label, after the current rule has matched and processed the event.
The points-of-continue are defined with continue* fields. Accepted values for these fields are:
TakeNext
after an event has matched the rule, search for matching rules in the configuration file will
continue from the next rule.
GoTo <label>
after an event has matched the rule, search for matching rules will continue from the location of
<label> in the configuration file (<label> must be defined with the label keyword anywhere in the
configuration file *after* the current rule definition).
DontCont (default value)
after an event has matched the rule, search for matching rules ends in the *current* configuration
file.
EndMatch
after an event has matched the rule, search for matching rules ends for *all* configuration files.
SEC rules from the same configuration file are matched against input in the order they have been given in
the file. For example, consider a configuration file which contains the following rule sequence:
type=Single
ptype=SubStr
pattern=AAA
rem=after this rule has matched, continue from last rule
continue=GoTo lastRule
desc=Three A characters
action=write - three A characters were observed
type=Single
ptype=SubStr
pattern=BBB
rem=after this rule has matched, don't consider following rules, \
since 'continue' defaults to 'DontCont'
desc=Three B characters
action=write - three B characters were observed
type=Single
ptype=SubStr
pattern=CCC
rem=after this rule has matched, continue from next rule
continue=TakeNext
desc=Three C characters
action=write - three C characters were observed
label=lastRule
type=Single
ptype=SubStr
pattern=DDD
desc=Three D characters
action=write - three D characters were observed
For the input line "AAABBBCCCDDD", this ruleset writes strings "three A characters were observed" and
"three D characters were observed" to standard output. If the input line is "BBBCCCDDD", the string
"three B characters were observed" is written to standard output. For the input line "CCCDDD", strings
"three C characters were observed" and "three D characters were observed" are sent to standard output,
while the input line "DDD" produces the output string "three D characters were observed".
If there are two or more configuration files, rule sequence from every file is matched against input
(unless explicitly specified otherwise). For example, suppose SEC is started with the command line
/usr/bin/sec --input=- \
--conf=/etc/sec/sec1.rules --conf=/etc/sec/sec2.rules
and the configuration file /etc/sec/sec1.rules has the following content:
type=Single
ptype=SubStr
pattern=AAA
desc=Three A characters
action=write - three A characters were observed
type=Single
ptype=SubStr
pattern=BBB
continue=EndMatch
desc=Three B characters
action=write - three B characters were observed
Also, suppose the configuration file /etc/sec/sec2.rules has the following content:
type=Single
ptype=SubStr
pattern=CCC
desc=Three C characters
action=write - three C characters were observed
If SEC receives the line "AAABBBCCC" from standard input, rules from both configuration files are tried,
and as a result, the strings "three A characters were observed" and "three C characters were observed"
are written to standard output. Note that rules from /etc/sec/sec1.rules are tried first against the
input line, since the option --conf=/etc/sec/sec1.rules is given before --conf=/etc/sec/sec2.rules in the
SEC command line (see also INPUT PROCESSING AND TIMING section for a more detailed discussion). If SEC
receives the line "BBBCCC" from standard input, the second rule from /etc/sec/sec1.rules produces a
match, and the string "three B characters were observed" is written to standard output. Since the rule
contains continue=EndMatch statement, the search for matching rules will end for all configuration files,
and rules from /etc/sec/sec2.rules will not be not tried. Without this statement, the search for matching
rules would continue in /etc/sec/sec2.rules, and the first rule would write the string "three C
characters were observed" to standard output.
PATTERNS, PATTERN TYPES AND MATCH VARIABLES
Patterns and pattern types are defined with pattern* and ptype* rule fields. Many pattern types define
the number of lines N which the pattern matches (if N is omitted, 1 is assumed). If N is greater than 1,
the scope of matching is set with the --jointbuf and --nojointbuf options. With --jointbuf, the pattern
is used for matching N last input lines taken from the joint input buffer (the lines can come from
different input sources). With --nojointbuf, the source of the last input line is identified, and the
pattern is matched with N last input lines from the input buffer of the identified source.
SubStr[N]
pattern is a string that is searched in the last N input lines L1, L2, ..., LN. If N is greater
than 1, the input lines are joined into a string "L1<NEWLINE>L2<NEWLINE>...<NEWLINE>LN", and the
pattern string will be searched from it. If the pattern string is found in input line(s), the
pattern matches. Backslash sequences \t, \n, \r, \s, and \0 can be used in the pattern for
denoting tabulation, newline, carriage return, space character, and empty string, respectively,
while \\ denotes backslash itself. For example, consider the following pattern definition:
ptype=substr
pattern=Backup done:\tsuccess
The pattern matches lines containing "Backup done:<TAB>success".
Note that since the SubStr[N] pattern type has been designed for fast matching, it does not
support match variables.
RegExp[N]
pattern is a Perl regular expression (see perlre(1) for more information) for matching the last N
input lines L1, L2, ..., LN. If N is greater than 1, the input lines are joined into a string
"L1<NEWLINE>L2<NEWLINE>...<NEWLINE>LN", and the regular expression is matched with this string.
If the regular expression matches, match variables will be set, and these match variables can be
used in other parts of the rule definition.
In addition to numbered match variables ($1, $2, etc.), SEC supports named match variables
$+{name} and the $0 variable. The $0 variable holds the entire string of last N input lines that
the regular expression has matched. Named match variables can be created in newer versions of
Perl regular expression language, e.g., (?<myvar>AB|CD) sets $+{myvar} to AB or CD. Also, SEC
creates special named match variables $+{_inputsrc} and $+{_intcontext}. The $+{_inputsrc}
variable holds input file name(s) where matching line(s) came from. The $+{_intcontext} variable
holds the name of current internal context (see INTERNAL EVENTS AND CONTEXTS section for more
information). If internal context has not been set up for the current input source, the variable
is set to Perl undefined value.
For example, the following pattern matches the SSH "Connection from" event, and sets $0 to the
entire event line, both $1 and $+{ip} to the IP address of the remote node, and $2 to the port
number at the remote node:
ptype=RegExp
pattern=sshd\[\d+\]: Connection from (?<ip>[\d.]+) port (\d+)
If the matching event comes from input file /var/log/messages with internal context MSGS, the
$+{_inputsrc} and $+{_intcontext} variables are set to strings "/var/log/messages" and "MSGS",
respectively.
Also, SEC allows for match caching and for the creation of additional named match variables
through variable maps which are defined with the varmap* fields. Variable map is a list of
name=number mappings separated by semicolons, where name is the name for the named variable and
number identifies a numbered match variable that is set by the regular expression. Each name must
begin with a letter and consist of letters, digits and underscores. After the regular expression
has matched, named variables specified by the map are created from corresponding numbered
variables. If the same named variable is set up both from the regular expression and variable map,
the map takes precedence.
If name is not followed by the equal sign and number in the varmap* field, it is regarded as a
common name for all match variables and their values from a successful match. This name is used
for caching a successful match by the pattern -- match variables and their values are stored in
the memory-based pattern match cache under name. Cached match results can be reused by Cached and
NCached patterns. Note that before processing each new input line, previous content of the pattern
match cache is cleared. Also note that a successful pattern match is cached even if the subsequent
context expression evaluation yields FALSE (see INPUT PROCESSING AND TIMING section for more
information).
For example, consider the following pattern definition:
ptype=regexp
pattern=(?i)(\S+\.mydomain).*printer: toner\/ink low
varmap=printer_toner_or_ink_low; message=0; hostname=1
The pattern matches "printer: toner/ink low" messages in a case insensitive manner from printers
belonging to .mydomain. Note that the printer hostname is assigned to $1 and $+{hostname}, while
the whole message line is assigned to $0 and $+{message}. If the message comes from file
/var/log/test which does not have an internal context defined, the $+{_inputsrc} variable is set
to string "/var/log/test", while $+{_intcontext} is set to Perl undefined value. Also, these
variables and their values are stored to the pattern match cache under the name
"printer_toner_or_ink_low".
The following pattern definition produces a match if the last two input lines are AAA and BBB:
ptype=regexp2
pattern=^AAA\nBBB$
varmap=aaa_bbb
Note that with the --nojointbuf option the pattern only matches if the matching lines are coming
from the *same* input file, while the --jointbuf option lifts that restriction.
In the case of a match, $0 is set to "AAA<NEWLINE>BBB", $+{_inputsrc} to file name(s) for matching
lines, and $+{_intcontext} to the name of current internal context. Also, these variable-value
pairs are cached under the name "aaa_bbb".
PerlFunc[N]
pattern is a Perl function for matching the last N input lines L1, L2, ..., LN. The Perl function
is compiled at SEC startup with the Perl eval() function, and eval() must return a code reference
for the pattern to be valid (see also PERL INTEGRATION section). The function is called in Perl
list context, and with the --jointbuf option, lines L1, L2, ..., LN and the names of corresponding
input files F1, F2, ..., FN are passed to the function as parameters:
function(L1, L2, ..., LN, F1, F2, ..., FN)
Note that with the --nojointbuf option, the function is called with a single file name parameter
F, since lines L1, ..., LN are coming from the same input file:
function(L1, L2, ..., LN, F)
Also note that if the input line is a synthetic event, the input file name is Perl undefined
value.
If the function returns several values or a single value that is true in Perl boolean context, the
pattern matches. If the function returns no values or a single value that is false in Perl boolean
context (0, empty string or undefined value), the pattern does not match. If the pattern matches,
return values will be assigned to numbered match variables ($1, $2, etc.). Like with RegExp
patterns, the $0 variable is set to matching input line(s), the $+{_inputsrc} variable is set to
input file name(s), the $+{_intcontext} variable is set to the name of current internal context,
and named match variables can be created from variable maps. For example, consider the following
pattern definition:
ptype=perlfunc2
pattern=sub { return ($_[0] cmp $_[1]); }
The pattern compares last two input lines in a stringwise manner ($_[1] holds the last line and
$_[0] the preceding one), and matches if the lines are different. Note that the result of the
comparison is assigned to $1, while two matching lines are concatenated (with the newline
character between them) and assigned to $0. If matching lines come from input file /var/log/mylog
with internal context TEST, the $+{_inputsrc} and $+{_intcontext} variables are set to strings
"/var/log/mylog" and "TEST", respectively.
The following pattern produces a match for any line, and sets $1, $2 and $3 variables to strings
"abc", "def" and "ghi", respectively (also, $0 is set to the whole input line, $+{_inputsrc} to
the input file name, and $+{_intcontext} to the name of internal context associated with input
file $+{_inputsrc}):
ptype=perlfunc
pattern=sub { return ("abc", "def", "ghi"); }
The following pattern definition produces a match if the input line is not a synthetic event and
contains either the string "abc" or "def". The $0 variable is set to the matching line. If
matching line comes from /var/log/test without an internal context, $+{_intcontext} is set to Perl
undefined value, while $1, $+{file} and $+{_inputsrc} are set to string "/var/log/test":
ptype=perlfunc
pattern=sub { if (defined($_[1]) && $_[0] =~ /abc|def/) \
{ return $_[1]; } return 0; }
varmap= file=1
Finally, if a function pattern returns a single value which is a reference to a Perl hash, named
match variables are created from key-value pairs in the hash. For example, the following pattern
matches a line if it contains either the string "three" or "four". Apart from setting $0,
$+{_inputsrc} and $+{_intcontext}, the pattern also creates match variables $+{three} and
$+{four}, and sets them to 3 and 4, respectively:
ptype=perlfunc
pattern=sub { my(%hash); \
if ($_[0] !~ /three|four/) { return 0; } \
$hash{"three"} = 3; $hash{"four"} = 4; return \%hash; }
Cached pattern is a name that is searched in the pattern match cache (entries are stored into the cache
with the varmap* fields). If an entry with the given name is found in the cache, the pattern
matches, and match variables and values are retrieved from the cache. For example, if the input
line matches the following pattern
ptype=perlfunc
pattern=sub { if (defined($_[1]) && $_[0] =~ /abc|def/) \
{ return $_[1]; } return 0; }
varmap=abc_or_def_found; file=1
then the entry "abc_or_def_found" is created in the pattern match cache. Therefore, the pattern
ptype=cached
pattern=abc_or_def_found
will also produce a match for this input line, and set the $0, $1, $+{file}, $+{_inputsrc}, and
$+{_intcontext} variables to values from the previous match.
NSubStr[N]
like SubStr[N], except that the result of the match is negated. Note that this pattern type does
not support match variables.
NRegExp[N]
like RegExp[N], except that the result of the match is negated and variable maps are not
supported. Note that the only match variables supported by this pattern type are $0,
$+{_inputsrc}, and $+{_intcontext}.
NPerlFunc[N]
like PerlFunc[N], except that the result of the match is negated and variable maps are not
supported. Note that the only match variables supported by this pattern type are $0,
$+{_inputsrc}, and $+{_intcontext}.
NCached
like Cached, except that the result of the match is negated. Note that this pattern type does not
support match variables.
TValue pattern is a truth value, with TRUE and FALSE being legitimate values. TRUE always matches an
input line, while FALSE never matches anything. Note that this pattern type does not support
match variables.
When match variables are substituted, each "$$" sequence is interpreted as a literal dollar sign ($)
which allows for masking match variables. For example, the string "Received $$1" becomes "Received $1"
after substitution, while "Received $$$1" becomes "Received $<value_of_1st_var>". In order to
disambiguate numbered match variables from the following text, variable number must be enclosed in
braces. For example, the string "Received ${1}0" becomes "Received <value_of_1st_var>0" after
substitution, while the string "Received $10" would become "Received <value_of_10th_var>".
If the match variable was not set by the pattern, it is substituted with an empty string (i.e., a zero-
width string). Thus the string "Received $10!" becomes "Received !" after substitution if the pattern
did not set $10. (Note that prior to SEC-2.6, unset variables were *not* substituted.)
In the current version of SEC, names of $+{name} match variables must comply with the following naming
convention -- the first character can be a letter or underscore, while remaining characters can be
letters, digits, underscores and exclamation marks (!). However, when setting named match variables from
a pattern, it is recommended to begin the variable name with a letter, since names of special
automatically created variables begin with an underscore (e.g., $+{_inputsrc}).
After the pattern has matched an event and match variables have been set, it is also possible to refer to
previously cached match variables with the syntax $:{entryname:varname}, where entryname is the name of
the pattern match cache entry, and varname is the name of the variable stored under the entry. For
example, if the variable $+{ip} has been previously cached under the entry "SSH", it can be referred as
$:{SSH:ip}. For the reasons of efficiency, the $:{entryname:varname} syntax is not supported for fast
pattern types which do not set match variables (i.e., SubStr, NSubStr, NCached and TValue).
Note that since Pair and PairWithWindow rules have two patterns, match variables of the first pattern are
shadowed for some rule fields when the second pattern matches and sets variables. In order to refer to
shadowed variables, their names must begin with % instead of $ (e.g., %1 refers to match variable $1 set
by the first pattern). However, the use of the %-prefix is only valid under the following circumstances
-- *both* pattern types support match variables *and* in the given rule field match variables from *both*
patterns can be used.
The %-prefixed match variables are masked with the "%%" sequence (like regular match variables with
"$$"). Similarly, the braces can be used for disambiguating the %-prefixed variables from the following
text.
Finally, note that the second pattern of Pair and PairWithWindow rules may contain match variables if the
second pattern is of type SubStr, NSubStr, Regexp, or NRegExp. The variables are substituted at runtime
with the values set by the first pattern. If the pattern is a regular expression, all special characters
inside substituted values are masked with the Perl quotemeta() function and the final expression is
checked for correctness.
CONTEXTS AND CONTEXT EXPRESSIONS
A SEC context is a memory based entity which has one or more names, a lifetime, and an event store. Also,
an action list can be set up for a context which is executed immediately before the context expires.
For example, the action create MYCONTEXT 3600 (report MYCONTEXT /bin/mail root@localhost) creates the
context MYCONTEXT which has a lifetime of 3600 seconds and empty event store. Also, immediately before
MYCONTEXT expires and is dropped from memory, the action report MYCONTEXT /bin/mail root@localhost is
executed which mails the event store of MYCONTEXT to root@localhost.
Contexts can be used for event aggregation and reporting. Suppose the following actions are executed in
this order:
create MYCONTEXT
add MYCONTEXT This is a test
alias MYCONTEXT MYALIAS
add MYALIAS This is another test
report MYCONTEXT /bin/mail root@localhost
delete MYALIAS
The first action creates the context MYCONTEXT with infinite lifetime and empty event store. The second
action appends the string "This is a test" to the event store of MYCONTEXT. The third action sets up an
alias name MYALIAS for the context (names MYCONTEXT and MYALIAS refer to the same context data
structure). The fourth action appends the string "This is another test" to the event store of the
context. The fifth action writes the lines
This is a test
This is another test
to the standard input of the /bin/mail root@localhost command. The sixth action deletes the context data
structure from memory and drops its names MYCONTEXT and MYALIAS.
Since contexts are accessible from all rules and event correlation operations, they can be used for data
sharing and joining several rules into one event correlation scheme. In order to check for the presence
of contexts from rules, context expressions can be employed.
Context expressions are boolean expressions that are defined with the context* rule fields. Context
expressions can be used for restricting the matches produced by patterns, since if the expression
evaluates FALSE, the rule will not match an input event.
The context expression accepts context names, Perl miniprograms, Perl functions, and pattern match cache
lookups as operands. These operands can be combined with the following operators:
! - logical NOT,
&& - short-circuit logical AND,
|| - short-circuit logical OR.
In addition, parentheses can be used for grouping purposes.
If the operand does not contain any special operators (such as -> or :>, see below), it is treated as a
context name. Context name operands may contain match variables, but may not contain whitespace. If the
context name refers to an existing context, the operand evaluates TRUE, otherwise it evaluates FALSE.
For example, consider the following rule sequence:
type=Single
ptype=RegExp
pattern=Test: (\d+)
desc=test
action=create CONT_$1
type=Single
ptype=RegExp
pattern=Test2: (\d+) (\d+)
context=CONT_$1 && CONT_$2
desc=test
action=write - Both $1 and $2 have been seen in the past
If the following input lines appear in this order
Test: 19
Test: 261
Test2: 19 787
Test: 787
Test2: 787 261
the first input line matches the first rule which creates the context CONT_19, and similarly, the second
input line triggers the creation of the context CONT_261. The third input line "Test2: 19 787" matches
the regular expression
Test2: (\d+) (\d+)
but does not match the second rule, since the boolean expression
CONT_19 && CONT_787
evaluates FALSE (context CONT_19 exists, but context CONT_787 doesn't). The fourth input line matches the
first rule which creates the context CONT_787. The fifth input line "Test2: 787 261" matches the second
rule, since the boolean expression
CONT_787 && CONT_261
evaluates TRUE (both context CONT_787 and context CONT_261 exist), and therefore the string "Both 787 and
261 have been seen in the past" is written to standard output.
If the context expression operand contains the arrow operator (->), the text following the arrow must be
a valid Perl function definition that is compiled at SEC startup with the Perl eval() function. The
eval() must return a code reference (see also PERL INTEGRATION section for more information). If any text
precedes the arrow, it is treated as a list of parameters for the function. Parameters must be separated
by whitespace and may contain match variables. In order to evaluate the context expression operand, the
Perl function is called in the Perl scalar context. If the return value of the function is true in the
Perl boolean context, the operand evaluates TRUE, otherwise it evaluates FALSE.
For example, the following rule matches an SSH login failure event if the login attempt comes from a
privileged port of the client host:
type=Single
ptype=RegExp
pattern=sshd\[\d+\]: Failed .+ for (\S+) from [\d.]+ port (\d+) ssh2
context=$2 -> ( sub { $_[0] < 1024 } )
desc=SSH login failure for $1 priv port $2
action=write - SSH login failure for user $1 from a privileged port $2
When the following message from SSH daemon appears
Dec 16 16:24:59 myserver sshd[13685]: Failed password for risto from 10.12.2.5 port 41063 ssh2
the regular expression of the rule matches this message, and the value of the $2 match variable (41063)
is passed to the Perl function
sub { $_[0] < 1024 }
This function returns true if its input parameter is less than 1024 and false otherwise, and therefore
the above message will not match the rule. However, the following message
Dec 16 16:25:17 myserver sshd[13689]: Failed password for risto from 10.12.2.5 port 1023 ssh2
matches the rule, and the string "SSH login failure for user risto from a privileged port 1023" is
written to standard output.
As another example, the following context expression evaluates TRUE if the /var/log/messages file does
not exist or was last modified more than 1 hour ago (note that the Perl function takes no parameters):
context= -> ( sub { my(@stat) = stat("/var/log/messages"); \
return (!scalar(@stat) || time() - $stat[9] > 3600); } )
If the context expression operand contains the :> operator, the text that follows :> must be a valid Perl
function definition that is compiled at SEC startup with the Perl eval() function. The eval() must return
a code reference (see also PERL INTEGRATION section for more information). If any text precedes the :>
operator, it is treated as a list of parameters for the function. Parameters must be separated by
whitespace and may contain match variables. It is assumed that each parameter is a name of an entry in
the pattern match cache. If an entry with the given name does not exist, Perl undefined value is passed
to the function. If an entry with the given name exists, a reference to the entry is passed to the Perl
function. Internally, each pattern match cache entry is implemented as a Perl hash which contains all
match variables for the given entry. In the hash, each key-value pair represents some variable name and
value, e.g., if cached match variable $+{ip} is holding 10.1.1.1, the hash contains the value 10.1.1.1
with the key ip. In order to evaluate the context expression operand, the Perl function is called in the
Perl scalar context. If the return value of the function is true in the Perl boolean context, the operand
evaluates TRUE, otherwise it evaluates FALSE.
For example, consider the following rule sequence:
type=Single
ptype=RegExp
pattern=sshd\[\d+\]: (?<status>Accepted|Failed) .+ \
for (?<invuser>invalid user )?(?<user>\S+) from (?<ip>[\d.]+) \
port (?<port>\d+) ssh2
varmap=SSH
continue=TakeNext
desc=parse SSH login events and pass them to following rules
action=none
type=Single
ptype=Cached
pattern=SSH
context=SSH :> ( sub { $_[0]->{"status"} eq "Failed" && \
$_[0]->{"port"} < 1024 && \
defined($_[0]->{"invuser"}) } )
desc=Probe of invalid user $+{user} from privileged port of $+{ip}
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail -s 'SSH alert' root@localhost
The first rule matches and parses SSH login messages, and stores parsing results to the pattern match
cache under the name SSH. The pattern of the second rule (defined with ptype=Cached and pattern=SSH)
matches any input event for which the entry SSH has been previously created in the pattern match cache
(in other words, the event has been recognized and parsed as an SSH login message). For each matching
event, the second rule passes the reference to the SSH cache entry to the Perl function
sub { $_[0]->{"status"} eq "Failed" && \
$_[0]->{"port"} < 1024 && \
defined($_[0]->{"invuser"}) }
The function checks the values of $+{status}, $+{port}, and $+{invuser} match variables under the SSH
entry, and returns true if $+{status} equals to the string "Failed" (i.e., login attempt failed), the
value of $+{port} is less than 1024, and $+{invuser} holds a defined value (i.e., user account does not
exist). If the function (and thus context expression) evaluates TRUE, the rule sends a warning e-mail to
root@localhost that a non-existing user account was probed from a privileged port of a client host.
If the context expression operand begins with the varset keyword, the following string is treated as a
name of an entry in the pattern match cache. The operand evaluates TRUE if the given entry exists, and
FALSE otherwise.
For example, the following context expression definition evaluates TRUE if the pattern match cache entry
SSH exists and under this entry, the value of the match variable $+{user} equals to the string "risto":
context=varset SSH && SSH :> ( sub { $_[0]->{"user"} eq "risto" } )
If the context expression operand begins with the equal sign (=), the following text must be a Perl
miniprogram which is a valid parameter for the Perl eval() function. The miniprogram may contain match
variables. In order to evaluate the Perl miniprogram operand, it will be compiled and executed by
calling the Perl eval() function in the Perl scalar context (see also PERL INTEGRATION section). If the
return value from eval() is true in the Perl boolean context, the operand evaluates TRUE, otherwise it
evaluates FALSE. Please note that unlike Perl functions of -> and :> operators which are compiled once at
SEC startup, Perl miniprograms are compiled before each execution, and their evaluation is thus
considerably more expensive.
For example, the following context expression evaluates TRUE when neither the context C1 nor the context
C2 exists and the value of the $1 variable equals to the string "myhost.mydomain":
context=!(C1 || C2) && =("$1" eq "myhost.mydomain")
Since && is a short-circuiting operator, the Perl code
"$1" eq "myhost.mydomain"
is *not* evaluated if either C1 or C2 exists.
Note that since Perl functions and miniprograms may contain strings that clash with context expression
operators (e.g., '!'), it is recommended to enclose them in parentheses, e.g.,
context=$1 $2 -> ( sub { $_[0] != $_[1] } )
context= =({my($temp) = 0; !$temp;})
Also, if function parameter lists contain such strings, they should be enclosed in parentheses in the
similar way:
context=($1! $2) -> ( sub { $_[0] eq $_[1] } )
If the whole context expression is enclosed in square brackets [], e.g., [MYCONTEXT1 && !MYCONTEXT2], SEC
evaluates the expression *before* pattern matching (normally, the pattern is matched with input line(s)
first, so that match variables would be initialized and substituted before the expression is evaluated).
However, if the expression does not contain match variables and many input events are known to match the
pattern but not the expression, the []-operator could save substantial amount of CPU time.
ACTIONS, ACTION LISTS AND ACTION LIST VARIABLES
Action lists are defined with the action* rule fields. An action list consists of action definitions that
are separated by semicolons. Each action definition begins with a keyword specifying the action type.
Depending on the action type, parameters may follow, and non-constant parameters may contain match
variables. For instance, if the $1 and $2 match variables have the values "test1" and "the second test",
respectively, the action create MYCONT_$1 60 creates the context MYCONT_test1 with the lifetime of 60
seconds, while the action write - The names of tests: $1, $2 writes the string "The names of tests:
test1, the second test" to standard output.
Apart from few exceptions explicitly noted, match variables are substituted at the earliest opportunity
in action lists. For example, consider the following rule definition:
type=SingleWithThreshold
ptype=RegExp
pattern=sshd\[\d+\]: Failed .+ for (\S+) from [\d.]+ port \d+ ssh2
desc=Three SSH login failures within 1m
action=pipe 'Three SSH login failures, first user is $1' \
/bin/mail -s 'SSH login alert' root@localhost
window=60
thresh=3
When this rule matches an SSH login failure event which starts an event correlation operation, the
operation substitutes the $1 match variable in the action list definition with the user name from the
matching event, and user names from further events processed by this event correlation operation are not
considered for $1. For example, if the following events are observed
Dec 16 16:24:52 myserver sshd[13671]: Failed password for root from 10.12.2.5 port 29736 ssh2
Dec 16 16:24:59 myserver sshd[13685]: Failed password for risto from 10.12.2.5 port 41063 ssh2
Dec 16 16:25:01 myserver sshd[13689]: Failed password for oracle from 10.12.2.5 port 11204 ssh2
then all events are processed by the same operation, and the message "Three SSH login failures, first
user is root" is mailed to root@localhost.
In order to use semicolons inside a non-constant parameter, the parameter must be enclosed in parentheses
(the outermost set of parentheses will be removed by SEC during configuration file parsing). For
example, the following action list consists of delete and shellcmd actions:
action=delete MYCONTEXT; shellcmd (rm /tmp/sec1.tmp; rm /tmp/sec2.tmp)
The delete action deletes the context MYCONTEXT, while the shellcmd action executes the command line rm
/tmp/sec1.tmp; rm /tmp/sec2.tmp. Since the command line contains a semicolon, it has been enclosed in
parentheses, since otherwise the semicolon would be mistakenly considered a separator between two
actions.
Apart from match variables, SEC supports action list variables in action lists which facilitate data
sharing between actions and Perl integration. Each action list variable has a name which must begin with
a letter and consist of letters, digits and underscores. Names of built-in variables usually start with a
punctuation mark (.), so that they can be distinguished from user defined variables. In order to refer to
an action list variable, its name must be prefixed by a percent sign (%). Unlike match variables, action
list variables can only be used in action lists and they are substituted with their values immediately
before the action list execution. Also, action list variables continue to exist after the current action
list has been executed and can be employed in action lists of other rules.
The following action list variables are predefined by SEC:
%s operation description string (the value of the desc field after match variables have been
substituted with their values). Note that for the action2 field of Pair and PairWithWindow rules,
the %s variable is set by evaluating the desc2 field of the rule.
%t the time in human-readable format, as returned by the Perl localtime() function in the Perl scalar
context (e.g., Fri Feb 19 17:54:18 2016).
%u the time in seconds since Epoch, as returned by the time(2) system call.
%.sec number of seconds after the minute, in the range 00-59 (the value consists of two digits and is
zero padded on the left).
%.min number of minutes after the hour, in the range 00-59 (the value consists of two digits and is zero
padded on the left).
%.hour number of hours past midnight, in the range 00-23 (the value consists of two digits and is zero
padded on the left).
%.hmsstr
the time in HH:MM:SS format (hours, minutes and seconds separated by colons, e.g., 09:32:04 or
18:06:02).
%.mday day of the month, in the range 01-31 (the value consists of two digits and is zero padded on the
left).
%.mdaystr
day of the month as a string (the value consists of two characters and is space padded on the
left, e.g., " 1", " 4", " 9", or "25").
%.mon month, in the range 01-12 (the value consists of two digits and is zero padded on the left).
%.monstr
abbreviated name of the month according to the current locale, as returned by the %b specification
of the strftime(3) library call (e.g., Jan, May, or Sep).
%.year year (e.g., 1998 or 2016).
%.wday day of the week, in the range 0-6 (0 denotes Sunday).
%.wdaystr
abbreviated name of the day of the week according to the current locale, as returned by the %a
specification of the strftime(3) library call (e.g., Mon, Wed, or Sat).
%.tzname
name of the timezone according to the current locale, as returned by the %Z specification of the
strftime(3) library call (e.g., UTC or EET).
%.tzoff
timezone offset from UTC, as returned by the %z specification of the strftime(3) library call
(e.g., -0500 or +0200).
%.tzoff2
timezone offset from UTC in +hh:mm/-hh:mm format (e.g., -05:00 or +02:00), provided that the %z
specification of the strftime(3) library call returns the value in +hhmm/-hhmm format (if the
value does not follow this format, %.tzoff2 is set to an empty string).
%.nl newline character.
%.cr carriage return character.
%.tab tabulation character.
%.chr0, ..., %.chr31
ASCII 0..31 control characters (e.g., %.chr7 is bell and %.chr12 is form feed character).
For example, the following action list assigns the current time in human-readable format and the string
"This is a test event" to the %text action list variable, and mails the value of %text to root@localhost:
action=assign %text %t: This is a test event; \
pipe '%text' /bin/mail root@localhost
If the action list is executed at Nov 19 10:58:51 2015, the assign action sets the %text action list
variable to the string "Thu Nov 19 10:58:51 2015: This is a test event", while the pipe action mails this
string to root@localhost. Note that unlike match variables, action list variables have a global scope,
and accessing the value of the %text variable in action lists of other rules will thus yield the string
"Thu Nov 19 10:58:51 2015: This is a test event" (until another value is assigned to %text).
In order to disambiguate the variable from the following text, the variable name must be enclosed in
braces. For example, the following action
action=write - %{.year}-%{.mon}-%{.mday}T%{.hmsstr}%{.tzoff2}
writes a timestamp in ISO 8601 format to standard output, e.g., 2016-02-24T07:34:01+02:00 (replacing
%{.mday} with %.mday in the above action would mistakenly create a reference to %.mdayT variable).
When action list variables are substituted with their values, each sequence "%%" is interpreted as a
literal percent sign (%) which allows for masking the variables. For example, the string "s%%t" becomes
"s%t" after substitution, not "s%<timestamp>".
However, note that if %-prefixed match variables are supported for the action2 field of the Pair or
PairWithWindow rule, the sequence "%%%" must be used in action2 for masking a variable, since the string
goes through *two* variable substitution rounds (first for %-prefixed match variables and then for action
list variables, e.g., the string "s%%%t" first becomes "s%%t" and finally "s%t").
Whenever a rule field goes through several substitution rounds, the $ or % characters are masked inside
values substituted during earlier rounds, in order to avoid unwanted side effects during later rounds.
If the action list variable has not been set, it is substituted with an empty string (i.e., a zero-width
string). Thus the string "Value of A is: %a" becomes "Value of A is: " after substitution if the
variable %a is unset. (Note that prior to SEC-2.6, unset variables were *not* substituted.)
Finally, the values are substituted as strings, therefore values of other types (e.g., references) lose
their original meaning, unless explicitly noted otherwise (e.g., if a Perl function reference is stored
to an action list variable, the function can later be invoked through this variable with the call
action).
SEC supports the following actions (optional parameters are enclosed in square brackets):
none No action.
logonly [<string>]
Message <string> is logged to destinations given with the --log and --syslog options. The level of
the log message is set to 4 (see the --debug option for more information on log message levels).
Default value for <string> is %s. For example, consider the following action list definition:
action=logonly This is a test
The above logonly action logs the message "This is a test" with level 4.
write <filename> [<string>]
String <string> with a terminating newline is written to the file <filename> (<filename> may not
contain whitespace). File may be a regular file, named pipe, or standard output (denoted by -).
If the file is a regular file, <string> is appended to the end of the file. If the file does not
exist, it is created as a regular file before writing. Note that the file will not be closed
after the action completes, and the following write actions will access an already open file.
However, several signals cause the file to be closed and reopened, and for rotating files created
with write action, the SIGUSR2 signal can be used (see SIGNALS section for more information).
Default value for <string> is %s. For example, consider the following action list definition:
action=write /var/log/test.log %t $0
The above write action prepends human-readable timestamp and separating space character to the
value of the $0 match variable, and the resulting string is appended to file /var/log/test.log
with terminating newline.
writen <filename> [<string>]
Similar to the write action, except that the string <string> is written without a terminating
newline. Note that write and writen actions share the same filehandle for accessing the file. For
example, consider the following action list definition:
action=writen - ab; writen - c; writen - %.nl
The above action list writes the string "abc<NEWLINE>" to standard output, and is thus identical
to write - abc (and also to writen - abc%.nl).
closef <filename>
Close the file <filename> that has been previously opened by the write or writen action
(<filename> may not contain whitespace).
owritecl <filename> [<string>]
Similar to the write action, except that the file <filename> is opened and closed at each write.
Also, the string <string> is written without a terminating newline. If the file has already been
opened by a previous write action, owritecl does not use existing filehandle, but opens and closes
the file separately. For example, consider the following action list definition:
action=owritecl /var/log/test-%{.year}%{.mon}%{.mday} $0%{.nl}
The above owritecl action appends the value of the $0 match variable with terminating newline to
file /var/log/test-YYYYMMDD, where YYYYMMDD reflects the current date (e.g., if the current date
is April 1 2018, the file is /var/log/test-20180401). Since the file is closed after each write,
the old file will not be left open when date changes.
udgram <filename> [<string>]
String <string> is written to the UNIX datagram socket <filename> (<filename> may not contain
whitespace). Note that the socket will not be closed after the action completes, and the
following udgram actions will access an already open socket. However, several signals cause the
socket to be closed and reopened (see SIGNALS section for more information). Default value for
<string> is %s. For example, consider the following action list definition:
action=udgram /dev/log <30>%.monstr %.mdaystr %.hmsstr sec: This is a test
The above udgram action sends a syslog message to local syslog daemon via /dev/log socket, where
message priority is 30 (corresponds to the "daemon" facility and "info" level), syslog tag is
"sec" and message text is "This is a test". Note that message substring "%.monstr %.mdaystr
%.hmsstr" evaluates to timestamp in BSD syslog format (e.g., Mar 31 15:36:07).
closeudgr <filename>
Close the UNIX datagram socket <filename> that has been previously opened by the udgram action
(<filename> may not contain whitespace).
ustream <filename> [<string>]
String <string> is written to the UNIX stream socket <filename> (<filename> may not contain
whitespace). Note that the socket will not be closed after the action completes, and the
following ustream actions will access an already open socket. However, several signals cause the
socket to be closed and reopened (see SIGNALS section for more information). Default value for
<string> is %s.
closeustr <filename>
Close the UNIX stream socket <filename> that has been previously opened by the ustream action
(<filename> may not contain whitespace).
udpsock <host>:<port> [<string>]
String <string> is sent to the UDP port <port> of the host <host>. Note that the UDP socket which
is used for communication will not be closed after the action completes, and the following udpsock
actions for the same remote peer will use an already existing socket. However, several signals
cause the socket to be closed and recreated (see SIGNALS section for more information). Default
value for <string> is %s. For example, consider the following action list definition:
action=udpsock mysrv:514 <13>%.monstr %.mdaystr %.hmsstr myhost test: $0
The above udpsock action sends a BSD syslog message to port 514/udp of remote syslog server mysrv,
where message priority is 13 (corresponds to the "user" facility and "notice" level), name of the
local host is "myhost", syslog tag is "test" and message text is the value if the $0 match
variable.
closeudp <host>:<port>
Close the UDP socket for peer <host>:<port> that has been previously opened by the udpsock action.
tcpsock <host>:<port> [<string>]
String <string> is sent to the TCP port <port> of the host <host>. The timeout value given with
the --socket-timeout option determines for how many seconds SEC will attempt to establish a
connection to the remote peer. If the connection establishment does not succeed immediately, the
tcpsock action buffers <string> in memory for later sending to the remote peer. Note that the
relevant TCP socket will not be closed after <string> has been transmitted, and the following
tcpsock actions for the same peer will use an already existing socket. However, several signals
cause the socket to be closed and recreated (see SIGNALS section for more information). Default
value for <string> is %s. For example, consider the following action list definition:
action=tcpsock grsrv:2003 ssh.login.failures %{num} %{u}%{.nl}
The above tcpsock action sends the value of the action list variable %{num} to port 2003/tcp of
the Graphite server grsrv, so that the value is recorded under metric path ssh.login.failures.
Note that the %{u} action list variable evaluates to current time in seconds since Epoch and is
used for setting the timestamp for recorded value.
closetcp <host>:<port>
Close the TCP socket for peer <host>:<port> that has been previously opened by the tcpsock action.
shellcmd <cmdline>
Fork a process for executing command line <cmdline>. If the --quoting option was specified and
<cmdline> contains %s variables, the value of %s is quoted with single quotes before substituting
it into <cmdline>; if the value of %s contains single quotes, they are masked with backslashes
(e.g., abc is converted to 'abc' and aa'bb is converted to 'aa'\''bb'). For additional
information, see INTERPROCESS COMMUNICATION section. For example, consider the following action
list definition:
action=shellcmd (cat /tmp/report | mail root; rm -f /tmp/report); \
logonly Report sent to user root
The shellcmd action of this action list executes the command line
cat /tmp/report | mail root; rm -f /tmp/report
and the logonly action logs the message "Report sent to user root". Since the command line
contains a semicolon which is used for separating shellcmd and logonly actions, the command line
is enclosed in parentheses.
spawn <cmdline>
Similar to the shellcmd action, except that each line from the standard output of <cmdline>
becomes a synthetic event and will be treated like a line from input file (see the event action
for more information). If the --intcontexts command line option is given, internal context
_INTERNAL_EVENT is set up before each synthetic event is processed (see INTERNAL EVENTS AND
CONTEXTS section for more information). For example, consider the following action list
definition:
action=spawn (cat /tmp/events; rm -f /tmp/events)
The above spawn action will generate synthetic events from all lines in file /tmp/events and
remove the file. Since the command line contains a semicolon which is used for separating actions,
the command line is enclosed in parentheses.
cspawn <name> <cmdline>
Similar to the spawn action, except that if the --intcontexts command line option is given,
internal context <name> is set up for each synthetic event.
pipe '[<string>]' [<cmdline>]
Fork a process for executing command line <cmdline>. The string <string> with a terminating
newline is written to the standard input of <cmdline> (single quotes are used for disambiguating
<string> from <cmdline>). If <string> contains semicolons, <string> must be enclosed in
parentheses (e.g., pipe '($1;$2)' /bin/cat). Default value for <string> is %s. If <cmdline> is
omitted, <string> is written to standard output. For additional information, see INTERPROCESS
COMMUNICATION section. For example, consider the following action list definition:
action=pipe 'Offending activities from host $1' /bin/mail root@localhost
The above pipe action writes the line "Offending activities from host <hostname>" to the standard
input of the /bin/mail root@localhost command which sends this line to root@localhost via e-mail
(<hostname> is the value of the $1 match variable).
create [<name> [<time> [<action list>] ] ]
Create a context with the name <name>, lifetime of <time> seconds, and empty event store. The
<name> parameter may not contain whitespace and defaults to %s. The <time> parameter must evaluate
to an unsigned integer at runtime. Specifying 0 for <time> or omitting the value means infinite
lifetime. If <action list> is given, it will be executed when the context expires. If <action
list> contains several actions, the list must be enclosed in parentheses. In <action list>, the
internal context name _THIS may be used for referring to the current context (see INTERNAL EVENTS
AND CONTEXTS section for a detailed discussion). If an already existing context is recreated with
create, its remaining lifetime is set to <time> seconds, its action list is reinitialized, and its
event store is emptied. For example, consider the following action list definition:
action=write /var/log/test.log $0; create TIMER 3600 \
( logonly Closing /var/log/test.log; closef /var/log/test.log )
The write action from the above action list appends the value of the $0 match variable to file
/var/log/test.log, while the create action creates the context TIMER which will exist for 3600
seconds. Since this context is recreated at each write, the context can expire only if the action
list has not been executed for more than 3600 seconds (i.e., the action list has last updated the
file more than 1 hour ago). If that is the case, the action list
logonly Closing /var/log/test.log; closef /var/log/test.log
is executed which logs the message "Closing /var/log/test.log" with the logonly action and closes
/var/log/test.log with the closef action. When the execution of this action list is complete, the
TIMER context is deleted.
delete [<name>]
Delete the context <name>. The <name> parameter may not contain whitespace and defaults to %s.
obsolete [<name>]
Similar to the delete action, except that the action list of the context <name> (if present) is
executed before deletion.
set <name> <time> [<action list>]
Change settings for the context <name>. The creation time of the context is set to the current
time, and the lifetime of the context is set to <time> seconds. If the <action list> parameter is
given, the context action list is set to <action list>, otherwise the context action list is not
changed. The <name> parameter may not contain whitespace and defaults to %s. The <time>
parameter must evaluate to an unsigned integer or hyphen (-) at runtime. Specifying 0 for <time>
means infinite lifetime. If <time> equals to -, the creation time and lifetime of the context are
not changed. If <action list> contains several actions, the list must be enclosed in parentheses.
In <action list>, the internal context name _THIS may be used for referring to the current context
(see INTERNAL EVENTS AND CONTEXTS section for a detailed discussion). For example, consider the
following action list definition:
action=set C_$1 30 ( logonly Context C_$1 has expired )
The above set action sets the context C_<suffix> to expire after 30 seconds with a log message
about expiration (<suffix> is the value of the $1 match variable).
alias <name> [<alias>]
Create an alias name <alias> for the context <name>. After creation, both <alias> and <name> will
point to the same context data structure, and can thus be used interchangeably for referring to
the context. The <name> and <alias> parameters may not contain whitespace, and <alias> defaults
to %s. If the context <name> does not exist, the alias name is not created. If the delete action
is called for one of the context names, the context data structure is destroyed, and all context
names (which are now pointers to unallocated memory) cease to exist. Also note that when the
context expires, its action list is executed only once, no matter how many names the context has.
unalias [<alias>]
Drop an existing context name <alias>, so that it can no longer be used for referring to the given
context. The <alias> parameter may not contain whitespace and defaults to %s. If the name <alias>
is the last reference to the context, the unalias action is identical to delete.
add <name> [<string>]
String <string> is appended to the end of the event store of the context <name>. The <name>
parameter may not contain whitespace, and the <string> parameter defaults to %s. If the context
<name> does not exist, the context is created with an infinite lifetime, empty action list and
empty event store (as with create <name>) before adding the string to event store. If <string> is
a multi-line string (i.e., it contains newlines), it is split into lines, and each line is
appended to the event store separately. For example, consider the following action list
definition:
action=add EVENTS This is a test; add EVENTS This is a test2
After the execution of this action list, the last two strings in the event store of the EVENTS
context are "This is a test" and "This is a test2" (in that order).
prepend <name> [<string>]
Similar to the add action, except that the string <string> is prepended to the beginning of the
event store of context <name>. For example, consider the following action list definition:
action=prepend EVENTS This is a test; prepend EVENTS This is a test2
After the execution of this action list, the first two strings in the event store of the EVENTS
context are "This is a test2" and "This is a test" (in that order).
fill <name> [<string>]
Similar to the add action, except that the event store of the context <name> is emptied before
<string> is added.
report <name> [<cmdline>]
Fork a process for executing command line <cmdline>, and write strings from the event store of the
context <name> to the standard input of <cmdline>. Strings are written in the order they appear
in the event store, with a terminating newline appended to each string. If the context <name>
does not exist or its event store is empty, <cmdline> is not executed. The <name> parameter may
not contain whitespace, and if <cmdline> is omitted, strings are written to standard output. For
additional information, see INTERPROCESS COMMUNICATION section. For example, consider the
following action list definition:
action=create PID_$1 60 ( report PID_$1 /bin/mail root@localhost ); \
add PID_$1 Beginning of the report
The above action list creates the context PID_<suffix> with the lifetime of 60 seconds and sets
the first string in the context event store to "Beginning of the report" (<suffix> is the value of
the $1 match variable). When the context expires, all strings from the event store will be mailed
to root@localhost.
copy <name> %<var>
Strings s1,...,sn from the event store of the context <name> are joined into a multi-line string
"s1<NEWLINE>...<NEWLINE>sn", and this string is assigned to the action list variable %<var>. If
the context <name> does not exist, the value of %<var> does not change.
empty <name> [%<var>]
Similar to the copy action, except that the event store of the context <name> will be emptied
after the assignment. If %<var> is omitted, the content of the event store is dropped without an
assignment.
pop <name> %<var>
Remove the last string from the event store of context <name>, and assign it to the action list
variable %<var>. If the event store is empty, %<var> is set to empty string. If the context
<name> does not exist, the value of %<var> does not change.
shift <name> %<var>
Remove the first string from the event store of context <name>, and assign it to the action list
variable %<var>. If the event store is empty, %<var> is set to empty string. If the context
<name> does not exist, the value of %<var> does not change.
exists %<var> <name>
If the context <name> exists, set the action list variable %<var> to 1, otherwise set %<var> to 0.
getsize %<var> <name>
Find the number of strings in the event store of context <name>, and assign this number to the
action list variable %<var>. If the context <name> does not exist, %<var> is set to Perl
undefined value. For example, consider the following action list definition:
action=fill EVENTS Event1; add EVENTS Event2; add EVENTS Event3; \
pop EVENTS %temp1; shift EVENTS %temp2; getsize %size EVENTS
This action list sets the %temp1 action list variable to Event3, %temp2 action list variable to
Event1, and %size action list variable to 1.
getaliases %<var> <name>
Find all alias names for context <name>, join the names into a multi-line string
"alias1<NEWLINE>...<NEWLINE>aliasn", and assign this string to the action list variable %<var>.
If the context <name> does not exist, the value of %<var> does not change.
getltime %<var> <name>
Find the lifetime of context <name>, and assign this number to the action list variable %<var>.
If the context <name> does not exist, the value of %<var> does not change. For example, consider
the following action list definition:
action=create TEST 10 ( getltime %time TEST; \
logonly Context TEST with %time second lifetime has expired )
The above create action configures the context TEST to log its lifetime when it expires.
setltime <name> [<time>]
Set the lifetime of context <name> to <time>. Specifying 0 for <time> or omitting the value means
infinite lifetime. Note that unlike the set action, setltime does not adjust the context creation
time. For example, if context TEST has been created at 12:01:00 with the lifetime of 60 seconds,
then after invoking setltime TEST 30 at 12:01:20 the context would exist until 12:01:30, while
invoking setltime TEST 10 would immediately expire the context.
getctime %<var> <name>
Find the creation time of context <name>, and assign this timestamp to the action list variable
%<var>. The value assigned to %<var> is measured in seconds since Epoch (as reported by the
time(2) system call). If the context <name> does not exist, the value of %<var> does not change.
setctime <time> <name>
Set the creation time of context <name> to <time>. The <time> parameter must evaluate to seconds
since Epoch (as reported by the time(2) system call), and must reflect a time moment between the
previous creation time and the current time (both endpoints included). For example, if context
TEST has been created at 12:43:00 with the lifetime of 60 seconds, then after invoking setctime %u
TEST at 12:43:25 the context would exist until 12:44:25 (the %u action list variable evaluates to
current time in seconds since Epoch).
event [<time>] [<string>]
After <time> seconds, create a synthetic event <string>. If <string> is a multi-line string
(i.e., it contains newlines), it is split into lines, and from each line a separate synthetic
event is created. SEC will treat each synthetic event like a line from an input file -- the event
will be matched against rules and it might trigger further actions. If the --intcontexts command
line option is given, internal context _INTERNAL_EVENT is set up for synthetic event(s) (see
INTERNAL EVENTS AND CONTEXTS section for more information). The <time> parameter is an integer
constant. Specifying 0 for <time> or omitting the value means "now". Default value for <string> is
%s. For example, consider the following action list definition:
action=copy EVENTS %events; event %events
The above action list will create a synthetic event from each string in the event store of the
EVENTS context.
tevent <time> [<string>]
Similar to the event action, except that the <time> parameter may contain variables and must
evaluate to an unsigned integer at runtime.
cevent <name> <time> [<string>]
Similar to the tevent action, except that if the --intcontexts command line option is given,
internal context <name> is set up for synthetic event(s).
reset [<offset>] [<string>]
Terminate event correlation operation(s) with the operation description string <string>. Note that
the reset action works only for operations started from the same configuration file. The <offset>
parameter is used to refer to a specific rule in the configuration file. If <offset> is given, the
operation started by the given rule is terminated (if it exists). If <offset> is an unsigned
integer N, it refers to the N-th rule in the configuration file. If <offset> is 0, it refers to
the current rule. If <offset> begins with the plus (+) or minus (-) sign, it specifies an offset
from the current rule (e.g., -1 denotes the previous and +1 the next rule). Note that since
Options rules are only processed when configuration files are loaded and they are not applied at
runtime, Options rules are excluded when calculating <offset>. If <offset> is not given, SEC
checks for each rule from the current configuration file if an operation with <string> has been
started by this rule, and the operation is terminated if it exists. Default value for <string> is
%s. For additional information, see EVENT CORRELATION OPERATIONS section. For example, consider
the following action list definition:
action=reset -1 Ten login failures observed from $1; reset 0
If the above action list is executed by an event correlation operation, the first reset action
will terminate another event correlation operation which has been started by the previous rule and
has the operation description string "Ten login failures observed from <host>" (<host> is the
value of the $1 match variable). The second reset action will terminate the calling operation
itself.
getwpos %<var> <offset> [<string>]
Find the beginning of the event correlation window for an event correlation operation, and set the
action list variable %<var> to this timestamp. The value assigned to %<var> is measured in
seconds since Epoch (as reported by the time(2) system call). As with the reset action, the event
correlation operation is identified by the operation description string <string> and the rule
offset <offset>. If the operation does not exist, the value of %<var> does not change. Default
value for <string> is %s. For additional information, see EVENT CORRELATION OPERATIONS section.
For example, consider the following action list definition:
action=getwpos %pos -1 Ten login failures observed from $1
The above getwpos action will find the beginning of the event correlation window for an event
correlation operation which has been started by the previous rule and has the operation
description string "Ten login failures observed from <host>" (<host> is the value of the $1 match
variable). If the event correlation window begins at April 6 08:03:53 2018 UTC, the value
1523001833 will be assigned to the %pos action list variable.
setwpos <time> <offset> [<string>]
Set the beginning of the event correlation window to <time> for an event correlation operation (if
it exists). The <time> parameter must evaluate to seconds since Epoch (as reported by the time(2)
system call), and must reflect a time moment between the previous window position and the current
time (both endpoints included). As with the reset action, the event correlation operation is
identified by the operation description string <string> and the rule offset <offset>. Default
value for <string> is %s. For additional information, see EVENT CORRELATION OPERATIONS section.
assign %<var> [<string>]
Assign string <string> to the action list variable %<var>. Default value for <string> is %s.
assignsq %<var> [<string>]
Similar to the assign action, except that <string> is quoted with single quotes before assigning
it to %<var>. If <string> contains single quotes, they are masked with backslashes (e.g., if the
match variable $1 holds the value abc'123'xyz, the action assignsq %myvar $1 assigns the value
'abc'\''123'\''xyz' to the action list variable %myvar). This action is useful for disabling
shell intepretation for the values of action list variables that appear in command lines executed
by SEC. Default value for <string> is %s.
free %<var>
Unset the action list variable %<var>.
eval %<var> <code>
The parameter <code> is a Perl miniprogram that is compiled and executed by calling the Perl
eval() function in the Perl list context. If the miniprogram returns a single value, it is
assigned to the action list variable %<var>. If the miniprogram returns several values s1,...,sn,
they are joined into a multi-line string "s1<NEWLINE>...<NEWLINE>sn", and this string is assigned
to %<var>. If no value is returned, %<var> is set to Perl undefined value. If eval() fails, the
value of %<var> does not change. Since most Perl programs contain semicolons which are also
employed by SEC as action separators, it is recommended to enclose the <code> parameter in
parentheses, in order to mask the semicolons in <code>. For additional information, see PERL
INTEGRATION section. For example, consider the following action list definition:
action=assign %div Division error; eval %div ( $1 / $2 )
The assign action sets the %div action list variable to the string "Division error", while the
eval action substitutes the values of $1 and $2 match variables into the string "$1 / $2".
Resulting string is treated as Perl code which is first compiled and then executed. For instance,
if the values of $1 and $2 are 12 and 4, respectively, the following Perl code is compiled: 12 /
4. Since executing this code yields 3, the eval action assigns this value to the %div action list
variable. Also, if $2 has no value or its value is 0, resulting code leads to compilation or
execution error, and %div retains its previous value "Division error".
call %<var> %<ref> [<paramlist>]
Call the precompiled Perl function referenced by the action list variable %<ref>, and assign the
result to the action list variable %<var>. The %<ref> parameter must be a code reference that has
been previously created with the eval action. The <paramlist> parameter (if given) is a string
which specifies parameters for the function. The parameters must be separated by whitespace in the
<paramlist> string. If the function returns a single value, it is assigned to %<var>. If the
function returns several values s1,...,sn, they are joined into a multi-line string
"s1<NEWLINE>...<NEWLINE>sn", and this string is assigned to %<var>. If no value is returned,
%<var> is set to Perl undefined value. If the function encounters a fatal runtime error or %<ref>
is not a code reference, the value of %<var> does not change. For additional information, see
PERL INTEGRATION section. For example, consider the following action list definition:
action=eval %func ( sub { return $_[0] + $_[1] } ); \
call %sum %func $1 $2
Since the Perl code provided to eval action is a definition of an anonymous function, its
compilation yields a code reference which gets assigned to the %func action list variable (the
function returns the sum of its two input parameters). The call action will invoke previously
compiled function, using the values of $1 and $2 match variables as function parameters, and
assigning function return value to the %sum action list variable. Therefore, if the values of $1
and $2 are 2 and 3, respectively, %sum is set to 5.
lcall %<var> [<paramlist>] -> <code>
lcall %<var> [<paramlist>] :> <code>
Call the precompiled Perl function <code> and assign the result to the action list variable
%<var>. The <code> parameter must be a valid Perl anonymous function definition that is compiled
at SEC startup with the Perl eval() function, and eval() must return a code reference. The
<paramlist> parameter (if given) is a string which specifies parameters for the function. The
parameters must be separated by whitespace in the <paramlist> string. If <paramlist> is followed
by -> operator, parameters are passed to function as Perl scalar values. If <paramlist> is
followed by :> operator, it is assumed that each parameter is a name of an entry in the pattern
match cache. If an entry with the given name does not exist, Perl undefined value is passed to the
function. If an entry with the given name exists, a reference to the entry is passed to the
function. Internally, each pattern match cache entry is implemented as a Perl hash which contains
all match variables for the given entry. If the function returns a single value, it is assigned
to %<var>. If the function returns several values s1,...,sn, they are joined into a multi-line
string "s1<NEWLINE>...<NEWLINE>sn", and this string is assigned to %<var>. If no value is
returned, %<var> is set to Perl undefined value. If the function encounters a fatal runtime
error, the value of %<var> does not change. Since most Perl functions contain semicolons which
are also employed by SEC as action separators, it is recommended to enclose the <code> parameter
in parentheses, in order to mask the semicolons in <code>. For additional information, see PERL
INTEGRATION section. For example, consider the following action list definition:
action=lcall %len $1 -> ( sub { return length($_[0]) } )
The above lcall action will take the value of the $1 match variable and find its length in
characters, assigning the length to the %len action list variable. Note that the function for
finding the length is compiled when SEC loads its configuration, and all invocations of lcall will
execute already compiled code. As another example, consider the following action list definition:
action=lcall %o SSH :> ( sub { $_[0]->{"failure"} = 1 } )
The above lcall action will assign 1 to the $+{failure} match variable that has been cached under
the SSH entry in the pattern match cache (variable will be created if it did not exist
previously).
rewrite <lnum> [<string>]
Replace last <lnum> lines in the input buffer with string <string>. If the --nojointbuf option was
specified and the action is triggered by a matching event, the action modifies the buffer which
holds this event. If the --nojointbuf option was specified and the action is triggered by the
system clock (e.g., the action is executed from the Calendar rule), the action modifies the buffer
which holds the last already processed event. With the --jointbuf option, the content of the
joint input buffer is rewritten. The <lnum> parameter must evaluate to an unsigned integer at
runtime. If <lnum> evaluates to 0, <lnum> is reset to the number of lines in <string>. If the
value of <lnum> is greater than the buffer size N, <lnum> is reset to N. If <string> contains
less than <lnum> lines, <string> will be padded with leading empty lines. If <string> contains
more than <lnum> lines, only leading <lnum> lines from <string> are written into the buffer.
Default value for <string> is %s. For additional information, see INPUT PROCESSING AND TIMING
section.
addinput <filename> [<offset> [<name>] ]
File <filename> is added to the list of input files and opened, so that processing starts from
file offset <offset>. The <offset> parameter must evaluate to unsigned integer or - (EOF) at
runtime. If <offset> is not specified, it defaults to - (i.e., processing starts from the end of
file). If opening the file fails (e.g., the file does not exist), it will stay in the list of
input files (e.g., with the --reopen-timeout command line option, SEC will attempt to reopen the
file). The <name> parameter defines the internal context which should be used for <filename> if
the --intcontexts command line option is given (if <name> is omitted but --intcontexts command
line option is present, default internal context will be used). See INTERNAL EVENTS AND CONTEXTS
section for more information. For example, consider the following action list definition:
action=addinput /var/log/test-%{.year}%{.mon}%{.mday} 0 TESTFILE
The above addinput action adds the file /var/log/test-YYYYMMDD to the list of input files, where
YYYYMMDD reflects the current date. The addinput action will also attempt to open the file, and if
open succeeds, file will be processed from the beginning. Also, the internal context TESTFILE will
be used for all events read from the file.
dropinput <filename>
File <filename> is dropped from the list of input files and closed (if currently open). Note that
dropinput action can only be used for input files which have been previously set up with addinput
action.
sigemul <signal>
Emulates the arrival of signal <signal> and triggers its handler. The <signal> parameter must
evaluate to one of the following strings: HUP, ABRT, USR1, USR2, INT, or TERM. For example, the
action sigemul USR1 triggers the generation of SEC dump file. See the SIGNALS section for detailed
information on signals that are handled by SEC.
varset %<var> <entry>
If the pattern match cache entry <entry> exists, set the action list variable %<var> to 1,
otherwise set %<var> to 0. For example, if pattern match cache contains the entry with the name
SSH but not the entry with the name NTP, the action varset %ssh SSH will set the %ssh action list
variable to 1, while the action varset %ntp NTP will set the %ntp action list variable to 0.
if %<var> ( <action list> ) [ else ( <action list2> ) ]
If the action list variable %<var> evaluates true in the Perl boolean context (i.e., it holds a
defined value which is neither 0 nor empty string), execute the action list <action list>. If the
second action list <action list2> is given with the optional else-statement, it is executed if
%<var> either does not exist or evaluates false (i.e., %<var> holds 0, empty string or Perl
undefined value). For example, consider the following action list definition:
action=exists %present REPORT; if %present \
( report REPORT /bin/mail root@localhost; delete REPORT ) \
else ( logonly Nothing to report )
If the REPORT context exists, its event store is mailed to root@localhost and the context is
deleted, otherwise the message "Nothing to report" is logged.
while %<var> ( <action list> )
Execute the action list <action list> repeatedly as long as the action list variable %<var>
evaluates true in the Perl boolean context (i.e., it holds a defined value which is neither 0 nor
empty string). For example, consider the following action list definition:
action=create REVERSE; getsize %n TEST; \
while %n ( pop TEST %e; add REVERSE %e; getsize %n TEST ); \
copy REVERSE %events; fill TEST %events
This action list reverses the order of strings in the event store of the context TEST, using the
context REVERSE as a temporary storage. During each iteration of the while-loop, the last string
in the event store of TEST is removed with the pop action and appended to the event store of
REVERSE with the add action. The loop terminates when all strings have been removed from the event
store of TEST (i.e., the getsize action reports 0 for event store size). Finally, the event store
of REVERSE is assigned to the %events action list variable with the copy action, and the fill
action is used for overwriting the event store of TEST with the value of %events.
break If used inside a while-loop, terminates its execution; otherwise terminates the execution of the
entire action list.
continue
If used inside a while-loop, starts the next iteration of the loop; otherwise terminates the
execution of the entire action list.
Examples:
Follow the /var/log/trapd.log file and feed to SEC input all lines that are appended to the file:
action=spawn /bin/tail -f /var/log/trapd.log
Mail the timestamp and the value of the $0 variable to the local root:
action=pipe '%t: $0' /bin/mail -s "alert message" root@localhost
Add the value of the $0 variable to the event store of the context ftp_<the value of $1>, and set the
context to expire after 30 minutes. When the context expires, its event store will be mailed to the
local root:
action=add ftp_$1 $0; \
set ftp_$1 1800 (report ftp_$1 /bin/mail root@localhost)
Create a subroutine for weeding out comment lines from the input list, and use this subroutine for
removing comment lines from the event store of the context C1:
action=eval %funcptr ( sub { my(@buf) = split(/\n/, $_[0]); \
my(@ret) = grep(!/^#/, @buf); return @ret; } ); \
copy C1 %in; call %out %funcptr %in; fill C1 %out
The following action list achieves the same goal as the previous action list with while and if actions:
action=getsize %size C1; while %size ( shift C1 %event; \
lcall %nocomment %event -> ( sub { $_[0] !~ /^#/ } ); \
if %nocomment ( add C1 %event ); \
lcall %size %size -> ( sub { $_[0]-1; } ) )
PARSING ISSUES
As already noted, SEC context expressions and action lists may contain parentheses which are used for
grouping and masking purposes. When SEC parses its configuration, it checks whether parentheses in
context expressions and action lists are balanced (i.e., whether each parenthesis has a counterpart),
since unbalanced parentheses introduce ambiguity. This can cause SEC to reject some legitimate
constructs, e.g.,
action=eval %o (print ")";)
is considered an invalid action list (however, note that
action=eval %o (print "()";)
would be passed by SEC, since now parentheses are balanced). In order to avoid such parsing errors, each
parenthesis without a counterpart must be masked with a backslash (the backslash will be removed by SEC
during configuration file parsing). For example, the above action could be written as
action=eval %o (print "\)";)
RULE TYPES
This section provides a detailed discussion of SEC rule types.
SINGLE RULE
The Single rule immediately executes an action list when an event has matched the rule. An event matches
the rule if the pattern matches the event and the context expression (if given) evaluates TRUE.
The Single rule supports the following fields:
type fixed to Single (value is case insensitive, so single or sIngLe can be used instead).
continue (optional)
TakeNext, DontCont, EndMatch or GoTo <label> (apart from <label>, values are case insensitive).
ptype pattern type (value is case insensitive).
pattern
pattern.
varmap (optional)
variable map.
context (optional)
context expression.
desc operation description string.
action action list.
rem (optional, may appear more than once)
remarks and comments.
Note that match variables may be used in context, desc, and action fields. Also note that this rule does
not start an event correlation operation, and the desc field is merely used for setting the %s action
list variable.
Examples:
type=single
continue=takenext
ptype=regexp
pattern=ftpd\[(\d+)\]: \S+ \(ristov2.*FTP session opened
desc=ftp session opened for ristov2 pid $1
action=create ftp_$1
type=single
continue=takenext
ptype=regexp
pattern=ftpd\[(\d+)\]:
context=ftp_$1
desc=ftp session event for ristov2 pid $1
action=add ftp_$1 $0; set ftp_$1 1800 \
(report ftp_$1 /bin/mail root@localhost)
type=single
ptype=regexp
pattern=ftpd\[(\d+)\]: \S+ \(ristov2.*FTP session closed
desc=ftp session closed for ristov2 pid $1
action=report ftp_$1 /bin/mail root@localhost; \
delete ftp_$1
This ruleset is created for monitoring the ftpd log file. The first rule creates the context ftp_<pid>
when someone connects from host ristov2 over FTP and establishes a new ftp session (the session is
identified by the PID of the process which has been created for handling this session). The second rule
adds all further log file lines for the session <pid> to the event store of the context ftp_<pid> (before
adding a line, the rule checks if the context exists). After adding a line, the rule extends context's
lifetime for 30 minutes and sets the action list that will be executed when the context expires. The
third rule mails collected log file lines to root@localhost when the session <pid> is closed. Collected
lines will also be mailed when the session <pid> has been inactive for 30 minutes (no log file lines
observed for that session).
Note that the log file line that has matched the first rule is also matched against the second rule
(since the first rule has the continue field set to TakeNext). Since the second rule always matches this
line, it will become the first line in the event store of ftp_<pid>. The second rule has also its
continue field set to TakeNext, since otherwise no log file lines would reach the third rule.
SINGLEWITHSCRIPT RULE
The SingleWithScript rule forks a process for executing an external program when an event has matched the
rule. The names of all currently existing contexts are written to the standard input of the program.
After the program has been forked, the rule matching continues immediately, and the program status will
be checked periodically until the program exits. If the program returns 0 exit status, the action list
defined by the action field is executed; otherwise the action list defined by the action2 field is
executed (if given).
The SingleWithScript rule supports the following fields:
type fixed to SingleWithScript (value is case insensitive).
continue (optional)
TakeNext, DontCont, EndMatch or GoTo <label> (apart from <label>, values are case insensitive).
ptype pattern type (value is case insensitive).
pattern
pattern.
varmap (optional)
variable map.
context (optional)
context expression.
script an external program.
desc operation description string.
action action list.
action2 (optional)
action list.
rem (optional, may appear more than once)
remarks and comments.
Note that match variables may be used in context, script, desc, action, and action2 fields. Also note
that this rule does not start an event correlation operation, and the desc field is merely used for
setting the %s action list variable.
Examples:
type=SingleWithScript
ptype=RegExp
pattern=interface ([\d.]+) down
script=/bin/ping -c 3 -q $1
desc=Check if $1 responds to ping
action=logonly Interface $1 reported down, but is pingable
action2=pipe '%t: Interface $1 is down' /bin/mail root@localhost
When "interface <ipaddress> down" line appears in input, the rule checks if <ipaddress> responds to ping.
If <ipaddress> is pingable, the message "Interface <ipaddress> reported down, but is pingable" is logged;
otherwise an e-mail warning containing a human-readable timestamp is sent to root@localhost.
SINGLEWITHSUPPRESS RULE
The SingleWithSuppress rule runs event correlation operations for filtering repeated instances of the
same event during T seconds. The value of T is defined by the window field.
When an event has matched the rule, SEC evaluates the operation description string given with the desc
field. If the operation for the given string and rule does not exist, SEC will create it with the
lifetime of T seconds, and the operation immediately executes an action list. If the operation exists, it
consumes the matching event without any action.
The SingleWithSuppress rule supports the following fields:
type fixed to SingleWithSuppress (value is case insensitive).
continue (optional)
TakeNext, DontCont, EndMatch or GoTo <label> (apart from <label>, values are case insensitive).
ptype pattern type (value is case insensitive).
pattern
pattern.
varmap (optional)
variable map.
context (optional)
context expression.
desc operation description string.
action action list.
window event correlation window size (value is an integer constant).
rem (optional, may appear more than once)
remarks and comments.
Note that match variables may be used in context, desc, and action fields.
Examples:
type=SingleWithSuppress
ptype=RegExp
pattern=(\S+): [fF]ile system full
desc=File system $1 full
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost
window=900
This rule runs event correlation operations for processing "file system full" syslog messages, e.g.,
Dec 16 14:26:09 test ufs: [ID 845546 kern.notice] NOTICE: alloc: /var: file system full
When the first message for a file system is observed, an operation is created which sends an e-mail
warning about this file system to root@localhost. The operation will then run for 900 seconds and
silently consume further messages for the *same* file system. However, if a message for a different file
system is observed, another operation will be started which sends a warning to root@localhost again
(since the desc field contains the $1 match variable which evaluates to the file system name).
PAIR RULE
The Pair rule runs event correlation operations for processing event pairs during T seconds. The value of
T is defined by the window field. Default value is 0 which means infinity.
When an event has matched the conditions defined by the pattern and context field, SEC evaluates the
operation description string given with the desc field. If the operation for the given string and rule
exists, it consumes the matching event without any action. If the operation does not exist, SEC will
create it with the lifetime of T seconds, and the operation immediately executes an action list defined
by the action field. SEC will also copy the match conditions given with the pattern2 and context2 field
into the operation, and substitute match variables with their values in copied conditions.
If the event does not match conditions defined by the pattern and context field, SEC will check the match
conditions of all operations started by the given rule. Each matching operation executes the action list
given with the action2 field and finishes.
If match variables are set when the operation matches an event, they are made available as $-prefixed
match variables in context2, desc2, and action2 fields of the rule definition. For example, if pattern2
field is a regular expression, then $1 in the desc2 field is set by pattern2. In order to access match
variables set by pattern, %-prefixed match variables have to be used in context2, desc2, and action2
fields. For example, if pattern and pattern2 are regular expressions, then %1 in the desc2 field refers
to the value set by the first capture group in pattern (i.e., it has the same value as $1 in the desc
field).
The Pair rule supports the following fields:
type fixed to Pair (value is case insensitive).
continue (optional)
TakeNext, DontCont, EndMatch or GoTo <label> (apart from <label>, values are case insensitive).
Specifies the point-of-continue after a match by pattern and context.
ptype pattern type for pattern (value is case insensitive).
pattern
pattern.
varmap (optional)
variable map for pattern.
context (optional)
context expression, evaluated together with pattern.
desc operation description string.
action action list.
continue2 (optional)
TakeNext, DontCont, EndMatch or GoTo <label> (apart from <label>, values are case insensitive).
Specifies the point-of-continue after a match by pattern2 and context2.
ptype2 pattern type for pattern2 (value is case insensitive).
pattern2
pattern.
varmap2 (optional)
variable map for pattern2.
context2 (optional)
context expression, evaluated together with pattern2.
desc2 format string that sets the %s variable for action2.
action2
action list.
window (optional)
event correlation window size (value is an integer constant).
rem (optional, may appear more than once)
remarks and comments.
Note that match variables may be used in context, desc, action, pattern2, context2, desc2, and action2
fields.
Examples:
type=Pair
ptype=RegExp
pattern=kernel: nfs: server (\S+) not responding, still trying
desc=Server $1 is not responding
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost
ptype2=SubStr
pattern2=kernel: nfs: server $1 OK
desc2=Server $1 is responding again
action2=logonly
window=3600
This rule runs event correlation operations for processing NFS "server not responding" and "server OK"
syslog messages, e.g.,
Dec 18 22:39:48 test kernel: nfs: server box1 not responding, still trying
Dec 18 22:42:27 test kernel: nfs: server box1 OK
When the "server not responding" message for an NFS server is observed, an operation is created for this
server which sends an e-mail warning about the server to root@localhost. The operation will then run for
3600 seconds and silently consume further "server not responding" messages for the same server. If this
operation observes "server OK" message for the *same* server, it will log the message "Server
<servername> is responding again" and finish.
For example, if SEC observes the following event at 22:39:48
Dec 18 22:39:48 test kernel: nfs: server box1 not responding, still trying
an event correlation operation is created for server box1 which issues an e-mail warning about this
server immediately. After that, the operation will run for 3600 seconds (until 23:39:48), waiting for an
event which would contain the substring "kernel: nfs: server box1 OK" (because the pattern2 field
contains the $1 match variable which evaluates to the server name).
If any further error messages appear for server box1 during the 3600 second lifetime of the operation,
e.g.,
Dec 18 22:40:28 test kernel: nfs: server box1 not responding, still trying
Dec 18 22:41:09 test kernel: nfs: server box1 not responding, still trying
these messages will be silently consumed by the operation. If before its expiration the operation
observes an event which contains the substring "kernel: nfs: server box1 OK", e.g.,
Dec 18 22:42:27 test kernel: nfs: server box1 OK
the operation will log the message "Server box1 is responding again" and terminate immediately. If no
such message appears during the 3600 second lifetime of the operation, the operation will expire without
taking any action. Please note that if the window field would be either removed from the rule definition
or set to 0, the operation would never silently expire, but would terminate only after observing an event
which contains the substring "kernel: nfs: server box1 OK".
If the above rule is modified in the following way
type=Pair
ptype=RegExp
pattern=^([[:alnum:]: ]+) \S+ kernel: nfs: server (\S+) not responding, still trying
desc=Server $2 is not responding
action=logonly
ptype2=RegExp
pattern2=^([[:alnum:]: ]+) \S+ kernel: nfs: server $2 OK
desc2=Server %2 was not accessible from %1 to $1
action2=pipe '%s' /bin/mail root@localhost
window=86400
this rule will run event correlation operations which report NFS server downtime to root@localhost via e-
mail, provided that downtime does not exceed 24 hours (86400 seconds).
For example, if SEC observes the following event
Dec 18 23:01:17 test kernel: nfs: server box.test not responding, still trying
then the rule matches this event, sets $1 match variable to "Dec 18 23:01:17" and $2 to "box.test", and
creates an event correlation operation for server box.test. This operation will start its work by
logging the message "Server box.test is not responding", and will then run for 86400 seconds, waiting for
an event which would match the regular expression
^([[:alnum:]: ]+) \S+ kernel: nfs: server box\.test OK
Note that this expression was created from the regular expression template in the pattern2 field by
substituting the match variable $2 with its value. However, since the string "box.test" contains the dot
(.) character which is a regular expression metacharacter, the dot is masked with the backslash in the
regular expression.
Suppose SEC will then observe the event
Dec 18 23:09:54 test kernel: nfs: server box.test OK
This event matches the above regular expression which is used by the operation running for server
box.test. Also, the regular expression match sets the $1 variable to "Dec 18 23:09:54" and unsets the $2
variable. In order to refer to their original values when the operation was created, %1 and %2 match
variables have to be used in the desc2 field (%1 equals to "Dec 18 23:01:17" and %2 equals to
"box.test"). Therefore, the operation will send the e-mail message "Server box.test was not accessible
from Dec 18 23:01:17 to Dec 18 23:09:54" to root@localhost, and will terminate immediately.
PAIRWITHWINDOW RULE
The PairWithWindow rule runs event correlation operations for processing event pairs during T seconds.
The value of T is defined by the window field.
When an event has matched the conditions defined by the pattern and context field, SEC evaluates the
operation description string given with the desc field. If the operation for the given string and rule
exists, it consumes the matching event without any action. If the operation does not exist, SEC will
create it with the lifetime of T seconds. SEC will also copy the match conditions given with the
pattern2 and context2 field into the operation, and substitute match variables with their values in
copied conditions.
If the event does not match conditions defined by the pattern and context field, SEC will check the match
conditions of all operations started by the given rule. Each matching operation executes the action list
given with the action2 field and finishes. If the operation has not observed a matching event by the end
of its lifetime, it executes the action list given with the action field before finishing.
If match variables are set when the operation matches an event, they are made available as $-prefixed
match variables in context2, desc2, and action2 fields of the rule definition. For example, if pattern2
field is a regular expression, then $1 in the desc2 field is set by pattern2. In order to access match
variables set by pattern, %-prefixed match variables have to be used in context2, desc2, and action2
fields. For example, if pattern and pattern2 are regular expressions, then %1 in the desc2 field refers
to the value set by the first capture group in pattern (i.e., it has the same value as $1 in the desc
field).
The PairWithWindow rule supports the following fields:
type fixed to PairWithWindow (value is case insensitive).
continue (optional)
TakeNext, DontCont, EndMatch or GoTo <label> (apart from <label>, values are case insensitive).
Specifies the point-of-continue after a match by pattern and context.
ptype pattern type for pattern (value is case insensitive).
pattern
pattern.
varmap (optional)
variable map for pattern.
context (optional)
context expression, evaluated together with pattern.
desc operation description string.
action action list.
continue2 (optional)
TakeNext, DontCont, EndMatch or GoTo <label> (apart from <label>, values are case insensitive).
Specifies the point-of-continue after a match by pattern2 and context2.
ptype2 pattern type for pattern2 (value is case insensitive).
pattern2
pattern.
varmap2 (optional)
variable map for pattern2.
context2 (optional)
context expression, evaluated together with pattern2.
desc2 format string that sets the %s variable for action2.
action2
action list.
window event correlation window size (value is an integer constant).
rem (optional, may appear more than once)
remarks and comments.
Note that match variables may be used in context, desc, action, pattern2, context2, desc2, and action2
fields.
Examples:
type=PairWithWindow
ptype=RegExp
pattern=sshd\[\d+\]: Failed .+ for (\S+) from ([\d.]+) port \d+ ssh2
desc=User $1 has been unable to log in from $2 over SSH during 1 minute
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost
ptype2=RegExp
pattern2=sshd\[\d+\]: Accepted .+ for $1 from $2 port \d+ ssh2
desc2=SSH login successful for %1 from %2 after initial failure
action2=logonly
window=60
This rule runs event correlation operations for processing SSH login events, e.g.,
Dec 27 19:00:24 test sshd[10526]: Failed password for risto from 10.1.2.7 port 52622 ssh2
Dec 27 19:00:27 test sshd[10526]: Accepted password for risto from 10.1.2.7 port 52622 ssh2
When an SSH login failure is observed for a user name and a source IP address, an operation is created
for this user name and IP address combination which will expect a successful login for the *same* user
name and *same* IP address during 60 seconds. If the user will not log in from the same IP address
during 60 seconds, the operation will send an e-mail warning to root@localhost before finishing,
otherwise it will log the message "SSH login successful for <username> from <ipaddress> after initial
failure" and finish.
Suppose the following events are generated by an SSH daemon, and each event timestamp reflects the time
SEC observes the event:
Dec 30 13:02:01 test sshd[30517]: Failed password for risto from 10.1.2.7 port 42172 ssh2
Dec 30 13:02:30 test sshd[30810]: Failed password for root from 192.168.1.104 port 46125 ssh2
Dec 30 13:02:37 test sshd[30517]: Failed password for risto from 10.1.2.7 port 42172 ssh2
Dec 30 13:02:59 test sshd[30810]: Failed password for root from 192.168.1.104 port 46125 ssh2
Dec 30 13:03:04 test sshd[30810]: Accepted password for root from 192.168.1.104 port 46125 ssh2
When the first event is observed at 13:02:01, an operation is started for user risto and IP address
10.1.2.7 which will expect a successful login for risto from 10.1.2.7. The operation will run for 60
seconds, waiting for an event which would match the regular expression
sshd\[\d+\]: Accepted .+ for risto from 10\.1\.2\.7 port \d+ ssh2
Note that this expression was created from the regular expression template in the pattern2 field by
substituting match variables $1 and $2 with their values. However, since the value of $2 contains the dot
(.) characters which are regular expression metacharacters, each dot is masked with the backslash in the
regular expression.
When the second event is observed at 13:02:30, another operation is started for user root and IP address
192.168.1.104 which will expect root to log in successfully from 192.168.1.104. This operation will run
for 60 seconds, waiting for an event matching the regular expression
sshd\[\d+\]: Accepted .+ for root from 192\.168\.1\.104 port \d+ ssh2
The third event at 13:02:37 represents a second login failure for user risto and IP address 10.1.2.7, and
is silently consumed by the first operation. Likewise, the fourth event at 13:02:59 is silently consumed
by the second operation. The first operation will run until 13:03:01 and then expire without seeing a
successful login for risto from 10.1.2.7. Before terminating, the operation will send an e-mail warning
to root@localhost that user risto has not managed to log in from 10.1.2.7 during one minute. At
13:03:04, the second operation will observe an event which matches its regular expression
sshd\[\d+\]: Accepted .+ for root from 192\.168\.1\.104 port \d+ ssh2
After seeing this event, the operation will log the message "SSH login successful for root from
192.168.1.104 after initial failure" and terminate immediately. Please note that the match by the
regular expression
sshd\[\d+\]: Accepted .+ for root from 192\.168\.1\.104 port \d+ ssh2
sets the $1 match variable to 1 and unsets $2. Therefore, the %1 and %2 match variables have to be used
in the desc2 field, in order to refer to the original values of $1 (root) and $2 (192.168.1.104) when the
operation was created.
SINGLEWITHTHRESHOLD RULE
The SingleWithThreshold rule runs event correlation operations for counting repeated instances of the
same event during T seconds, and taking an action if N events are observed. The values of T and N are
defined by the window and thresh field, respectively.
When an event has matched the rule, SEC evaluates the operation description string given with the desc
field. If the operation for the given string and rule does not exist, SEC will create it with the
lifetime of T seconds. The operation will memorize the occurrence time of the event (current time as
returned by the time(2) system call), and compare the number of memorized occurrence times with the
threshold N. If the operation has observed N events, it executes the action list defined by the action
field, and consumes all further matching events without any action. If the rule has an optional action
list defined with the action2 field, the operation will execute it before finishing, provided that the
action list given with action has been previously executed by the operation. Note that a sliding window
is employed for event counting -- if the operation has observed less than N events by the end of its
lifetime, it drops occurrence times which are older than T seconds, and extends its lifetime for T
seconds from the earliest remaining occurrence time. If there are no remaining occurrence times, the
operation finishes without executing an action list.
The SingleWithThreshold rule supports the following fields:
type fixed to SingleWithThreshold (value is case insensitive).
continue (optional)
TakeNext, DontCont, EndMatch or GoTo <label> (apart from <label>, values are case insensitive).
ptype pattern type (value is case insensitive).
pattern
pattern.
varmap (optional)
variable map.
context (optional)
context expression.
desc operation description string.
action action list.
action2 (optional)
action list.
window event correlation window size (value is an integer constant).
thresh counting threshold (value is an integer constant).
rem (optional, may appear more than once)
remarks and comments.
Note that match variables may be used in context, desc, action, and action2 fields.
Examples:
type=SingleWithThreshold
ptype=RegExp
pattern=sshd\[\d+\]: Failed .+ for (\S+) from [\d.]+ port \d+ ssh2
desc=Three SSH login failures within 1m for user $1
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost
window=60
thresh=3
This rule runs event correlation operations for counting the number of SSH login failure events. Each
operation counts events for one user name, and if the operation has observed three login failures within
60 seconds, it sends an e-mail warning to root@localhost.
Suppose the following events are generated by an SSH daemon, and each event timestamp reflects the time
SEC observes the event:
Dec 28 01:42:21 test sshd[28132]: Failed password for risto from 10.1.2.7 port 42172 ssh2
Dec 28 01:43:10 test sshd[28132]: Failed password for risto from 10.1.2.7 port 42172 ssh2
Dec 28 01:43:29 test sshd[28132]: Failed password for risto from 10.1.2.7 port 42172 ssh2
Dec 28 01:44:00 test sshd[28149]: Failed password for risto2 from 10.1.2.7 port 42176 ssh2
Dec 28 01:44:03 test sshd[28211]: Failed password for risto from 10.1.2.7 port 42192 ssh2
Dec 28 01:44:07 test sshd[28211]: Failed password for risto from 10.1.2.7 port 42192 ssh2
When the first event is observed at 01:42:21, a counting operation is started for user risto, with its
event correlation window ending at 01:43:21. Since by 01:43:21 two SSH login failures for user risto
have occurred, the threshold condition remains unsatisfied for the operation. Therefore, the beginning
of its event correlation window will be moved to 01:43:10 (the occurrence time of the second event),
leaving the first event outside the window. At 01:44:00, another counting operation is started for user
risto2. The threshold condition for the first operation will become satisfied at 01:44:03 (since the
operation has seen three login failure events for user risto within 60 seconds), and thus an e-mail
warning will be issued. Finally, the event occurring at 01:44:07 will be consumed silently by the first
operation (the operation will run until 01:44:10). Since there will be no further login failure events
for user risto2, the second operation will exist until 01:45:00 without taking any action.
SINGLEWITH2THRESHOLDS RULE
The SingleWith2Thresholds rule runs event correlation operations which take action if N1 events have been
observed in the window of T1 seconds, and then at most N2 events will be observed in the window of T2
seconds. The values of T1, N1, T2, and N2 are defined by the window, thresh, window2, and thresh2 field,
respectively.
When an event has matched the rule, SEC evaluates the operation description string given with the desc
field. If the operation for the given string and rule does not exist, SEC will create it with the
lifetime of T1 seconds. The operation will memorize the occurrence time of the event (current time as
returned by the time(2) system call), and compare the number of memorized occurrence times with the
threshold N1. If the operation has observed N1 events, it executes the action list defined by the action
field, and starts another counting round for T2 seconds. If no more than N2 events have been observed by
the end of the window, the operation executes the action list defined by the action2 field and finishes.
Note that both windows are sliding -- the first window slides like the window of the SingleWithThreshold
operation, while the beginning of the second window is moved to the second earliest memorized event
occurrence time when the threshold N2 is violated.
The SingleWith2Thresholds rule supports the following fields:
type fixed to SingleWith2Thresholds (value is case insensitive).
continue (optional)
TakeNext, DontCont, EndMatch or GoTo <label> (apart from <label>, values are case insensitive).
ptype pattern type (value is case insensitive).
pattern
pattern.
varmap (optional)
variable map.
context (optional)
context expression.
desc operation description string.
action action list.
window event correlation window size (value is an integer constant).
thresh counting threshold.
desc2 format string that sets the %s variable for action2.
action2
action list.
window2
event correlation window size (value is an integer constant).
thresh2
counting threshold.
rem (optional, may appear more than once)
remarks and comments.
Note that match variables may be used in context, desc, action, desc2, and action2 fields.
Examples:
type=SingleWith2Thresholds
ptype=RegExp
pattern=(\S+): %SYS-3-CPUHOG
desc=Router $1 CPU overload
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost
window=300
thresh=2
desc2=Router $1 CPU load has been normal for 1h
action2=logonly
window2=3600
thresh2=0
When a SYS-3-CPUHOG syslog message is received from a router, the rule starts a counting operation for
this router which sends an e-mail warning to root@localhost if another such message is received from the
same router within 300 seconds. After sending the warning, the operation will continue to run until no
SYS-3-CPUHOG syslog messages have been received from the router for 3600 seconds. When this condition
becomes satisfied, the operation will log the message "Router <routername> CPU load has been normal for
1h" and finish.
Suppose the following events are generated by a router, and each event timestamp reflects the time SEC
observes the event:
Dec 30 12:23:25 router1.mydomain Router1: %SYS-3-CPUHOG: cpu is hogged
Dec 30 12:25:38 router1.mydomain Router1: %SYS-3-CPUHOG: cpu is hogged
Dec 30 12:28:53 router1.mydomain Router1: %SYS-3-CPUHOG: cpu is hogged
When the first event is observed at 12:23:25, a counting operation is started for router Router1. The
appearance of the second event at 12:25:38 fulfills the threshold condition given with the thresh and
window fields (two events have been observed within 300 seconds). Therefore, the operation will send an
e-mail warning about the CPU overload of Router1 to root@localhost.
After that, the operation will start another counting round, expecting to see no SYS-3-CPUHOG events
(since thresh2=0) for Router1 during the following 3600 seconds (the beginning of the operation's event
correlation window will be moved to 12:25:38 for the second counting round). Since the appearance of the
third event at 12:28:53 violates the threshold condition given with the thresh2 and window2 fields, the
beginning of the event correlation window will be moved to 12:28:53. Since there will be no further
SYS-3-CPUHOG messages for Router1, the operation will run until 13:28:53 and then expire, logging the
message "Router Router1 CPU load has been normal for 1h" before finishing.
EVENTGROUP RULE
The EventGroup rule runs event correlation operations for counting repeated instances of N different
events e1,...,eN during T seconds, and taking an action if threshold conditions c1,...,cN for *all*
events are satisfied (i.e., for each event eK there are at least cK event instances in the window). Note
that the event correlation window of the EventGroup operation is sliding like the window of the
SingleWithThreshold operation.
Event e1 is described with the pattern and context field, event e2 is described with the pattern2 and
context2 field, etc. The values for N and T are defined by the type and window field, respectively. The
value for c1 is given with the thresh field, the value for c2 is given with the thresh2 field, etc.
Values for N and c1,...,cN default to 1.
In order to match an event with the rule, pattern and context fields are evaluated first. If they don't
match the event, then pattern2 and context2 are evaluated, etc. If all N conditions are tried without a
success, the event doesn't match the rule.
When an event has matched the rule, SEC evaluates the operation description string given with the desc
field. If the operation for the given string and rule does not exist, SEC will create it with the
lifetime of T seconds. The operation will memorize the occurrence time of the event (current time as
returned by the time(2) system call), and compare the number of memorized occurrence times for each eK
with the threshold cK (i.e., the number of observed instances of eK is compared with the threshold cK).
If all threshold confitions are satisfied, the operation executes the action list defined by the action
field, and consumes all further matching events without re-executing the action list if the multact field
is set to No (this is the default). However, if multact is set to Yes, the operation will re-evaluate
the threshold conditions on every further matching event, re-executing the action list given with the
action field if all conditions are satisfied, and sliding the event correlation window forward when the
window is about to expire (if no events remain in the window, the operation will finish).
If the rule definition has an optional action list defined with the countK field for event eK, the
operation executes it every time an instance of eK is observed (even if multact is set to No and the
operation has already executed the action list given with action). If the action list contains match
variables, they are substituted before *each* execution with values from matching the current instance of
eK.
If the rule definition has an optional action list defined with the init field, the operation executes it
immediately after the operation has been created.
If the rule definition has an optional action list defined with the end field, the operation executes it
immediately before the operation finishes. Note that this action list is *not* executed when the
operation is terminated with the reset action.
If the rule definition has an optional action list defined with the slide field, the operation executes
it immediately after the event correlation window has slidden forward. However, note that moving the
window with the setwpos action will *not* trigger the execution.
The EventGroup rule supports the following fields:
type EventGroup[N] (value is case insensitive, N defaults to 1).
continue (optional)
TakeNext, DontCont, EndMatch or GoTo <label> (apart from <label>, values are case insensitive).
Specifies the point-of-continue after a match by pattern and context.
ptype pattern type for pattern (value is case insensitive).
pattern
pattern.
varmap (optional)
variable map for pattern.
context (optional)
context expression, evaluated together with pattern.
count (optional)
action list for execution after a match by pattern and context.
thresh (optional)
counting threshold for events matched by pattern and context (value is an integer constant,
default is 1).
...
continueN (optional)
TakeNext, DontCont, EndMatch or GoTo <label> (apart from <label>, values are case insensitive).
Specifies the point-of-continue after a match by patternN and contextN.
ptypeN pattern type for patternN (value is case insensitive).
patternN
pattern.
varmapN (optional)
variable map for patternN.
contextN (optional)
context expression, evaluated together with patternN.
countN (optional)
action list for execution after a match by patternN and contextN.
threshN (optional)
counting threshold for events matched by patternN and contextN (value is an integer constant,
default is 1).
desc operation description string.
action action list.
init (optional)
action list.
end (optional)
action list.
slide (optional)
action list.
multact (optional)
Yes or No (values are case insensitive, default is No).
window event correlation window size (value is an integer constant).
rem (optional, may appear more than once)
remarks and comments.
Note that match variables may be used in context*, count*, desc, action, init, end, and slide fields.
Examples:
The following example rule cross-correlates iptables events, Apache web server access log messages with
4xx response codes, and SSH login failure events:
type=EventGroup3
ptype=RegExp
pattern=sshd\[\d+\]: Failed .+ for (?:invalid user )?\S+ from ([\d.]+) port \d+ ssh2
thresh=2
ptype2=RegExp
pattern2=^([\d.]+) \S+ \S+ \[.+?\] ".+? HTTP\/[\d.]+" 4\d+
thresh2=3
ptype3=RegExp
pattern3=kernel: iptables:.* SRC=([\d.]+)
thresh3=5
desc=Repeated probing from host $1
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost
window=120
The rule starts an event correlation operation for an IP address if SSH login failure event, iptables
event, or Apache 4xx event is observed for that IP address. The operation sends an e-mail warning to
root@localhost if within 120 seconds three threshold conditions are satisfied for the IP address it
tracks -- (1) at least two SSH login failure events have occurred for this client IP, (2) at least three
Apache 4xx events have occured for this client IP, (3) at least five iptables events have been observed
for this source IP.
Suppose the following events occur, and each event timestamp reflects the time SEC observes the event:
192.168.1.104 - - [05/Jan/2014:01:11:22 +0200] "GET /test.html HTTP/1.1" 404 286 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11;
Ubuntu; Linux i686; rv:26.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/26.0"
Jan 5 01:12:52 localhost kernel: iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=08:00:27:8e:a1:3a:00:1d:e0:7e:89:b1:08:00
SRC=192.168.1.104 DST=192.168.1.107 LEN=60 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=48422 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=46351
DPT=21 WINDOW=29200 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0
Jan 5 01:12:53 localhost kernel: iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=08:00:27:8e:a1:3a:00:1d:e0:7e:89:b1:08:00
SRC=192.168.1.104 DST=192.168.1.107 LEN=60 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=48423 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=46351
DPT=21 WINDOW=29200 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0
Jan 5 01:13:01 localhost kernel: iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=08:00:27:8e:a1:3a:00:1d:e0:7e:89:b1:08:00
SRC=192.168.1.104 DST=192.168.1.107 LEN=60 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=20048 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=44963
DPT=23 WINDOW=29200 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0
Jan 5 01:13:02 localhost kernel: iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=08:00:27:8e:a1:3a:00:1d:e0:7e:89:b1:08:00
SRC=192.168.1.104 DST=192.168.1.107 LEN=60 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=20049 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=44963
DPT=23 WINDOW=29200 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0
Jan 5 01:13:08 localhost kernel: iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=08:00:27:8e:a1:3a:00:1d:e0:7e:89:b1:08:00
SRC=192.168.1.104 DST=192.168.1.107 LEN=60 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=36362 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=56918
DPT=25 WINDOW=29200 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0
Jan 5 01:13:09 localhost kernel: iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=08:00:27:8e:a1:3a:00:1d:e0:7e:89:b1:08:00
SRC=192.168.1.104 DST=192.168.1.107 LEN=60 TOS=0x10 PREC=0x00 TTL=64 ID=36363 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=56918
DPT=25 WINDOW=29200 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0
192.168.1.104 - - [05/Jan/2014:01:13:51 +0200] "GET /test.html HTTP/1.1" 404 286 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11;
Ubuntu; Linux i686; rv:26.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/26.0"
192.168.1.104 - - [05/Jan/2014:01:13:54 +0200] "GET /test.html HTTP/1.1" 404 286 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11;
Ubuntu; Linux i686; rv:26.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/26.0"
192.168.1.104 - - [05/Jan/2014:01:14:00 +0200] "GET /login.html HTTP/1.1" 404 287 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11;
Ubuntu; Linux i686; rv:26.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/26.0"
192.168.1.104 - - [05/Jan/2014:01:14:03 +0200] "GET /login.html HTTP/1.1" 404 287 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11;
Ubuntu; Linux i686; rv:26.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/26.0"
192.168.1.104 - - [05/Jan/2014:01:14:03 +0200] "GET /login.html HTTP/1.1" 404 287 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11;
Ubuntu; Linux i686; rv:26.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/26.0"
Jan 5 01:14:11 localhost sshd[1810]: Failed password for root from 192.168.1.104 port 46125 ssh2
Jan 5 01:14:12 localhost sshd[1810]: Failed password for root from 192.168.1.104 port 46125 ssh2
Jan 5 01:14:18 localhost sshd[1822]: Failed password for root from 192.168.1.104 port 46126 ssh2
Jan 5 01:14:19 localhost sshd[1822]: Failed password for root from 192.168.1.104 port 46126 ssh2
192.168.1.104 - - [05/Jan/2014:01:14:34 +0200] "GET /test.html HTTP/1.1" 404 286 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (X11;
Ubuntu; Linux i686; rv:26.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/26.0"
The Apache 4xx event at 01:11:22 starts an event correlation operation for 192.168.1.104 which has the
event correlation window of 120 seconds, thus ending at 01:13:22. Between 01:12:52 and 01:13:09, six
iptables events appear for 192.168.1.104, and the appearance of the fifth event at 01:13:08 fulfills the
third threshold condition (within 120 seconds, at least five iptables events have been observed).
Since by 01:13:22 (the end of the event correlation window) no additional events have occurred, the first
and second threshold condition remain unsatisfied. Therefore, the beginning of the event correlation
window will be moved to 01:12:52 (the occurrence time of the earliest event which is at most 120 seconds
old). As a result, the end of the window will move from 01:13:22 to 01:14:52. The only event which is
left outside the window is the Apache 4xx event at 01:11:22, and thus the threshold condition for
iptables events remains satisfied.
Between 01:13:51 and 01:14:03, five Apache 4xx events occur, and the appearance of the third event at
01:14:00 fulfills the second threshold condition (within 120 seconds, at least three Apache 4xx events
have been observed). These events are followed by four SSH login failure events which occur between
01:14:11 and 01:14:19. The appearance of the second event at 01:14:12 fulfills the first threshold
condition (within 120 seconds, at least two SSH login failure events have been observed). Since at this
particular moment (01:14:12) the other two conditions are also fulfilled, the operation sends an e-mail
warning about 192.168.1.104 to root@localhost. After that, the operation silently consumes all further
matching events for 192.168.1.104 until 01:14:52, and then terminates.
Please note that if the above rule definition would contain multact=yes statement, the operation would
continue sending e-mails at each matching event after 01:14:12, provided that all threshold conditions
are satisfied. Therefore, the operation would send three additional e-mails at 01:14:18, 01:14:19, and
01:14:34. Also, the operation would not terminate after its window ends at 01:14:52, but would rather
slide the window forward and expect new events. At the occurence of any iptables, SSH login failure or
Apache 4xx event for 192.168.1.104, the operation would produce a warning e-mail if all threshold
conditions are fulfilled.
The following example rule cross-correlates iptables events and SSH login events:
type=EventGroup3
ptype=regexp
pattern=sshd\[\d+\]: Failed .+ for (\S+) from ([\d.]+) port \d+ ssh2
varmap= user=1; ip=2
count=alias OPER_$+{ip} LOGIN_FAILED_$+{user}_$+{ip}
ptype2=regexp
pattern2=sshd\[\d+\]: Accepted .+ for (\S+) from ([\d.]+) port \d+ ssh2
varmap2= user=1; ip=2
context2=LOGIN_FAILED_$+{user}_$+{ip}
ptype3=regexp
pattern3=kernel: iptables:.* SRC=([\d.]+)
varmap3= ip=1
desc=Client $+{ip} accessed a firewalled port and had difficulties with logging in
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost
init=create OPER_$+{ip}
slide=delete OPER_$+{ip}; reset 0
end=delete OPER_$+{ip}
window=120
The rule starts an event correlation operation for an IP address if SSH login failure or iptables event
was observed for that IP address. The operation exists for 120 seconds (since when the event correlation
window slides forward, the operation terminates itself with the reset action as specified with the slide
field). The operation sends an e-mail warning to root@localhost if within 120 seconds three threshold
conditions are satisfied for the IP address it tracks -- (1) at least one iptables event has been
observed for this source IP, (2) at least one SSH login failure has been observed for this client IP, (3)
at least one successful SSH login has been observed for this client IP and for some user, provided that
the operation has previously observed an SSH login failure for the same user and same client IP.
Suppose the following events occur, and each event timestamp reflects the time SEC observes the event:
Dec 27 19:00:06 test kernel: iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=00:13:72:8a:83:d2:00:1b:25:07:e2:1b:08:00
SRC=10.1.2.7 DST=10.2.5.5 LEN=60 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=62 ID=1881 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=34342 DPT=23
WINDOW=5840 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0
Dec 27 19:00:14 test sshd[10520]: Accepted password for root from 10.1.2.7 port 52609 ssh2
Dec 27 19:00:24 test sshd[10526]: Failed password for risto from 10.1.2.7 port 52622 ssh2
Dec 27 19:00:27 test sshd[10526]: Accepted password for risto from 10.1.2.7 port 52622 ssh2
The iptables event at 19:00:06 starts an event correlation operation for 10.1.2.7 which has the event
correlation window of 120 seconds. Immediately after the operation has been started, it creates the
context OPER_10.1.2.7. The second event at 19:00:14 does not match the rule, since the context
LOGIN_FAILED_root_10.1.2.7 does not exist. The third event at 19:00:24 matches the rule, and the
operation which is running for 10.1.2.7 sets up the alias name LOGIN_FAILED_risto_10.1.2.7 for the
context OPER_10.1.2.7. Finally, the fourth event at 19:00:27 matches the rule, since the context
LOGIN_FAILED_risto_10.1.2.7 exists, and the event is therefore processed by the operation (the presence
of the context indicates that the operation has previously observed a login failure for user risto from
10.1.2.7). At this particular moment (19:00:27), all three threshold conditions for the operation are
fulfilled, and therefore it sends an e-mail warning about 10.1.2.7 to root@localhost. After that, the
operation silently consumes all further matching events for 10.1.2.7 until 19:02:06, and then terminates.
Immediately before termination, the operation deletes the context OPER_10.1.2.7 which also drops its
alias name LOGIN_FAILED_risto_10.1.2.7.
SUPPRESS RULE
The Suppress rule takes no action when an event has matched the rule, and keeps matching events from
being processed by later rules in the configuration file.
The Suppress rule supports the following fields:
type fixed to Suppress (value is case insensitive).
ptype pattern type (value is case insensitive).
pattern
pattern.
varmap (optional)
variable map.
context (optional)
context expression.
desc (optional)
string for describing the rule.
rem (optional, may appear more than once)
remarks and comments.
Note that match variables may be used in the context field. Also note that this rule does not start an
event correlation operation, and the optional desc field is merely used for describing the rule.
Finally, in order to end event processing, so that no further rules from any of the configuration files
would be tried, use the Jump rule.
Examples:
type=Suppress
ptype=RegExp
pattern=sshd\[\d+\]: Failed .+ for \S+ from ([\d.]+) port \d+ ssh2
context=SUPPRESS_IP_$1
type=SingleWithThreshold
ptype=RegExp
pattern=sshd\[\d+\]: Failed .+ for (\S+) from ([\d.]+) port \d+ ssh2
desc=Three SSH login failures within 1m for user $1 from $2
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost; \
create SUPPRESS_IP_$2 3600
window=60
thresh=3
The first rule filters out SSH login failure events for an already reported source IP address, so that
they will not be matched against the second rule during 3600 seconds after sending an e-mail warning.
CALENDAR RULE
The Calendar rule was designed for executing actions at specific times. Unlike all other rules, this rule
reacts only to the system clock, ignoring other input. The Calendar rule executes the action list given
with the action field if the current time matches all conditions of the time specification given with the
time field. The action list is executed only once for any matching minute.
The rule employs a time specification which closely resembles the crontab(1) style, but there are some
subtle differences. The time specification consists of five or six conditions separated by whitespace.
The first condition matches minutes (allowed values are 0-59), the second condition matches hours
(allowed values are 0-23), the third condition days (allowed values are 0-31, with 0 denoting the last
day of the month), the fourth condition months (allowed values are 1-12), and the fifth condition
weekdays (allowed values are 0-7, with 0 and 7 denoting Sunday). The sixth condition is optional and
matches years (allowed values are 0-99 which denote the last two digits of the year).
Asterisks (*), ranges of numbers (e.g., 8-11), and lists (e.g., 2,5,7-9) are allowed as conditions.
Asterisks and ranges may be augmented with step values (e.g., 47-55/2 means 47,49,51,53,55).
Note that unlike crontab(1) time specification, the day and weekday conditions are *not* joined with
logical OR, but rather with logical AND. Therefore, 0 1 25-31 10 7 means 1AM on last Sunday in October.
On the other hand, with crontab(1) the same specification means 1AM in every last seven days or every
Sunday in October.
Also, unlike some versions of cron(8), SEC is not restricted to take action only during the first second
of the current minute. For example, if SEC is started at the 22th second of a minute, the wildcard
condition produces a match for this minute. As another example, if the time specification matches the
current minute but the context expression evaluates FALSE during the first half of the minute, the
Calendar rule will execute the action list in the middle of this minute when the expression value becomes
TRUE.
The Calendar rule supports the following fields:
type fixed to Calendar (value is case insensitive).
time time specification.
context (optional)
context expression.
desc operation description string.
action action list.
rem (optional, may appear more than once)
remarks and comments.
Note that this rule does not start event correlation operation, and the desc field is merely used for
setting the %s action list variable.
Examples:
type=Calendar
time=0 2 25-31 3,12 6
desc=Check if backup is done on last Saturday of Q1 and Q4
action=event WAITING_FOR_BACKUP
type=Calendar
time=0 2 24-30 6,9 6
desc=Check if backup is done on last Saturday of Q2 and Q3
action=event WAITING_FOR_BACKUP
type=PairWithWindow
ptype=SubStr
pattern=WAITING_FOR_BACKUP
desc=Quarterly backup not completed on time!
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost
ptype2=SubStr
pattern2=BACKUP READY
desc2=Quarterly backup successfully completed
action2=none
window=1800
The first two rules create a synthetic event WAITING_FOR_BACKUP at 2AM on last Saturday of March, June,
September and December. The third rule matches this event and starts an event correlation operation
which waits for the BACKUP READY event for 1800 seconds. If this event has not arrived by 2:30AM, the
operation sends an e-mail warning to root@localhost.
JUMP RULE
The Jump rule submits matching events to specific ruleset(s) for further processing. If the event matches
the rule, SEC continues the search for matching rules in configuration file set(s) given with the cfset
field. Rules from every file are tried in the order of their appearance in the file. Configuration file
sets can be created from Options rules with the joincfset field, with each set containing at least one
configuration file. If more that one set name is given with cfset, sets are processed from left to
right; a matching rule in one set doesn't prevent SEC from processing the following sets. If the constset
field is set to Yes, set names are assumed to be constants and will not be searched for match variables
at runtime.
If the cfset field is not present and the continue field is set to GoTo, the Jump rule can be used for
skipping rules inside the current configuration file. If both cfset and continue are not present (or
continue is set to DontCont), Jump is identical to Suppress rule. Finally, if cfset is not present and
continue is set to EndMatch, processing of the matching event ends (i.e., no further rules from any of
the configuration files will be tried).
The Jump rule supports the following fields:
type fixed to Jump (value is case insensitive).
continue (optional)
TakeNext, DontCont, EndMatch or GoTo <label> (apart from <label>, values are case insensitive).
ptype pattern type (value is case insensitive).
pattern
pattern.
varmap (optional)
variable map.
context (optional)
context expression.
cfset (optional)
configuration file set names that are separated by whitespace.
constset (optional)
Yes or No (values are case insensitive, default is Yes).
desc (optional)
string for describing the rule.
rem (optional, may appear more than once)
remarks and comments.
Note that match variables may be used in the context field. They may also be used in the cfset field,
provided that the constset field is set to No. Also note that this rule does not start event correlation
operations, and the optional desc field is merely used for describing the rule.
Examples:
type=Jump
ptype=RegExp
pattern=sshd\[\d+\]:
cfset=sshd-rules auth-rules
When an sshd syslog message appears in input, rules from configuration files of the set sshd-rules are
first used for matching the message, and then rules from the configuration file set auth-rules are tried.
OPTIONS RULE
The Options rule sets processing options for the ruleset in the current configuration file. If more than
one Options rule is present in the configuration file, the last instance overrides all previous ones.
Note that the Options rule is only processed when SEC (re)starts and reads in the configuration file.
Since this rule is not applied at runtime, it can never match events, react to the system clock, or start
event correlation operations.
The joincfset field lists the names of one or more configuration file sets, and the current configuration
file will be added to each set. If a set doesn't exist, it will be created and the current configuration
file becomes its first member. If the procallin field is set to No, the rules from the configuration
file will be used for matching input from Jump rules only.
The Options rule supports the following fields:
type fixed to Options (value is case insensitive).
joincfset (optional)
configuration file set names that are separated by whitespace.
procallin (optional)
Yes or No (values are case insensitive, default is Yes).
rem (optional, may appear more than once)
remarks and comments.
Examples:
The following rule adds the current configuration file to the set sshd-rules which is used for matching
input from Jump rules only:
type=Options
joincfset=sshd-rules
procallin=no
The following rule adds the current configuration file to sets linux and solaris which are used for
matching all input:
type=Options
joincfset=linux solaris
EVENT CORRELATION OPERATIONS
Event correlation operations are dynamic entities created by rules. After creating an operation, the
rule also feeds the operation with events that need to be correlated. Since each rule can create and feed
many operations which are running simultaneously, each operation needs a unique ID.
In order to identify event correlation operations, SEC assigns an ID to every operation that is composed
from the configuration file name, the rule number, and the operation description string (defined by the
desc field of the rule). If there are N rules in the configuration file (excluding Options rules), the
rule numbers belong to the range 0..N-1, and the number of the k-th rule is k-1. Since each Options rule
is only processed when SEC reads in the configuration file and is not applied at runtime, the Options
rules will not receive rule numbers. Note that since the configuration file name and rule number are
part of the operation ID, different rules can have identical desc fields without a danger of a clash
between operations.
For example, if the configuration file /etc/sec/my.conf contains only one rule
type=SingleWithThreshold
ptype=RegExp
pattern=user (\S+) login failure on (\S+)
desc=Repeated login failures for user $1 on $2
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost
window=60
thresh=3
then the number of this rule is 0. When this rule matches an input event "user admin login failure on
tty1", the desc field yields an operation description string Repeated login failures for user admin on
tty1, and the event will be directed for further processing to the operation with the following ID:
/etc/sec/my.conf | 0 | Repeated login failures for user admin on tty1
If the operation for this ID does not exist, the rule will create it. The newly created operation has
its event counter initialized to 1, and it expects to receive two additional "user admin login failure on
tty1" events from the rule within the following 60 seconds. If the operation receives such an event, its
event counter is incremented, and if the counter reaches the value of 3, a warning e-mail is sent to
root@localhost.
By tuning the desc field of the rule, the scope of individual event correlation operations can be
changed. For instance, if the following events occur within 10 seconds
user admin login failure on tty1
user admin login failure on tty5
user admin login failure on tty2
the above rule starts three event correlation operations. However, if the desc field of the rule is
changed to Repeated login failures for user $1, these events are processed by the *same* event
correlation operation (the operation sends a warning e-mail to root@localhost when it receives the third
event).
Since rules from the same configuration file are matched against input in the order they are given, the
rule ordering influences the creation and feeding of event correlation operations. Suppose the
configuration file /etc/sec/my.conf contains the following rules:
type=Suppress
ptype=TValue
pattern=TRUE
context=MYCONTEXT
type=SingleWithThreshold
ptype=RegExp
pattern=user (\S+) login failure on (\S+)
desc=Repeated login failures for user $1 on $2
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost
window=60
thresh=3
The second rule is able to create and feed event correlation operations as long as the context MYCONTEXT
does not exist. However, after MYCONTEXT has been created, no input event will reach the second rule, and
the rule is thus unable to create new operations and feed existing ones with events.
Note that Pair and PairWithWindow rules can feed the same event to several operations. Suppose the
configuration file /etc/sec/my2.conf contains the following rules:
type=Suppress
ptype=SubStr
pattern=test
type=Pair
ptype=RegExp
pattern=database (\S+) down
desc=Database $1 is down
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost
ptype2=RegExp
pattern2=database $1 up|all databases up
desc2=Database %1 is up
action2=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost
window=86400
Since the following input events don't contain the substring "test"
database mydb1 down
database mydb2 down
database mydb3 down
they are matched by the second rule of type Pair which creates three event correlation operations. Each
operation is running for one particular database name, and the operations have the following IDs:
/etc/sec/my2.conf | 1 | Database mydb1 is down
/etc/sec/my2.conf | 1 | Database mydb2 is down
/etc/sec/my2.conf | 1 | Database mydb3 is down
Each newly created operation sends an e-mail notification to root@localhost about the "database down"
condition, and will then wait for 86400 seconds (24 hours) for either of the following messages:
(a) "database up" message for the given database,
(b) "all databases up" message.
The operation with the ID
/etc/sec/my2.conf | 1 | Database mydb1 is down
uses the following regular expression for matching expected messages:
database mydb1 up|all databases up
The operation with the ID
/etc/sec/my2.conf | 1 | Database mydb2 is down
employs the following regular expression for matching expected messages:
database mydb2 up|all databases up
Finally, the operation with the ID
/etc/sec/my2.conf | 1 | Database mydb3 is down
uses the following regular expression:
database mydb3 up|all databases up
If the following input events appear after 10 minutes
database test up
admin logged in
database mydb3 up
all databases up
the first event "database test up" matches the first rule (Suppress) which does not pass the event
further to the second rule (Pair). However, all following events reach the Pair rule. Since the
messages don't match the pattern field of the rule, the rule feeds them to all currently existing
operations it has created, so that the operations can match these events with their regular expressions.
Because regular expressions of all three operations don't match the event "admin logged in", the
operations will continue to run. In the case of the "database mydb3 up" event, the regular expression of
the operation
/etc/sec/my2.conf | 1 | Database mydb3 is down
produces a match. Therefore, the operation will send the e-mail notification "Database mydb3 is up" to
root@localhost and terminate. However, the following event "all databases up" matches the regular
expressions of two remaining operations. As a result, the operations will send e-mail notifications
"Database mydb1 is up" and "Database mydb2 is up" to root@localhost and terminate.
Each operation has an event correlation window which defines its scope in time. The size of the window is
defined by the window* field, and the beginning of the window can be obtained with the getwpos action.
SingleWithThreshold, SingleWith2Thresholds and EventGroup operations can slide its window forward during
event processing, while for all operations the window can also be moved explicitly with the setwpos
action. Also, with the reset action event correlation operations can be terminated. Note that getwpos,
setwpos, and reset actions only work for operations started by the rules from the same configuration
file.
For example, consider the configuration file /etc/sec/sshd.rules that contains the following rules:
type=SingleWithThreshold
ptype=RegExp
pattern=sshd\[\d+\]: Failed .+ for (\S+) from [\d.]+ port \d+ ssh2
desc=Three SSH login failures within 1m for user $1
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost
window=60
thresh=3
type=Single
ptype=RegExp
pattern=sshd\[\d+\]: Accepted .+ for (\S+) from [\d.]+ port \d+ ssh2
desc=SSH login successful for user $1
action=reset -1 Three SSH login failures within 1m for user $1
Suppose the following events are generated by an SSH daemon, and each event timestamp reflects the time
SEC observes the event:
Dec 29 15:00:03 test sshd[14129]: Failed password for risto from 10.1.2.7 port 31312 ssh2
Dec 29 15:00:08 test sshd[14129]: Failed password for risto from 10.1.2.7 port 31312 ssh2
Dec 29 15:00:17 test sshd[14129]: Accepted password for risto from 10.1.2.7 port 31312 ssh2
Dec 29 15:00:52 test sshd[14142]: Failed password for risto from 10.1.1.2 port 17721 ssh2
The first event at 15:00:03 starts an event correlation operation with the ID
/etc/sec/sshd.rules | 0 | Three SSH login failures within 1m for user risto
However, when the third event occurs at 15:00:17, the second rule matches it and terminates the operation
with the action
reset -1 Three SSH login failures within 1m for user risto
The -1 parameter of reset restricts the action to operations started by the previous rule (i.e., the
first rule that has a number 0), while the Three SSH login failures within 1m for user risto parameter
refers to the operation description string. Together with the current configuration file name
(/etc/sec/sshd.rules), the parameters yield the operation ID
/etc/sec/sshd.rules | 0 | Three SSH login failures within 1m for user risto
(If the operation with the given ID would not exist, reset would perform no operation.)
As a consequence, the fourth event at 15:00:52 starts another operation with the same ID as the
terminated operation had. Without the second rule, the operation that was started at 15:00:03 would not
be terminated, and the appearance of the fourth event would trigger a warning e-mail from that operation.
INPUT PROCESSING AND TIMING
SEC processes input data iteratively by reading one line at each iteration, writing this line into a
relevant input buffer, and matching the content of the updated buffer with rules from configuration
files. If during the matching process an action list is executed which creates new input events (e.g.,
through the event action), they are *not* written to buffer(s) immediately, but rather consumed at
following iterations.
Note that when both synthetic events and regular input are available for processing, synthetic events are
always consumed first. When all synthetic events have been consumed iteratively, SEC will start
processing new data from input files.
With the --jointbuf option, SEC employs a joint input buffer for all input sources which holds N last
input lines (the value of N can be set with the --bufsize option). Updating the input buffer means that
the new line becomes the first element of the buffer, while the last element (the oldest line) is removed
from the end of the buffer. With the --nojointbuf option, SEC maintains a buffer of N lines for each
input file, and if the input line comes from file F, the buffer of F is updated as described previously.
There is also a separate buffer for synthetic and internal events.
Suppose SEC is started with the following command line
/usr/bin/sec --conf=/etc/sec/test-multiline.conf --jointbuf \
--input=/var/log/prog1.log --input=/var/log/prog2.log
and the configuration file /etc/sec/test-multiline.conf has the following content:
type=Single
rem=this rule matches two consecutive lines where the first \
line contains "test1" and the second line "test2", and \
writes the matching lines to standard output
ptype=RegExp2
pattern=test1.*\n.*test2
desc=two consecutive test lines
action=write - $0
When the following lines appear in input files /var/log/prog1.log and /var/log/prog2.log
Dec 31 12:33:12 test prog1: test1 (file /var/log/prog1.log)
Dec 31 12:34:09 test prog2: test1 (file /var/log/prog2.log)
Dec 31 12:39:35 test prog1: test2 (file /var/log/prog1.log)
Dec 31 12:41:53 test prog2: test2 (file /var/log/prog2.log)
they are stored in a common input buffer. Therefore, rule fires after the third event has appeared, and
writes the following lines to standard output:
Dec 31 12:34:09 test prog2: test1 (file /var/log/prog2.log)
Dec 31 12:39:35 test prog1: test2 (file /var/log/prog1.log)
However, if SEC is started with the --nojointbuf option, separate input buffers are set up for
/var/log/prog1.log and /var/log/prog2.log. Therefore, the rule fires after the third event has occurred,
and writes the following lines to standard output:
Dec 31 12:33:12 test prog1: test1 (file /var/log/prog1.log)
Dec 31 12:39:35 test prog1: test2 (file /var/log/prog1.log)
The rule also fires after the fourth event has occurred, producing the following output:
Dec 31 12:34:09 test prog2: test1 (file /var/log/prog2.log)
Dec 31 12:41:53 test prog2: test2 (file /var/log/prog2.log)
The content of input buffers can be modified with the rewrite action, and modifications become visible
immediately during ongoing event processing iteration. Suppose SEC is started with the following command
line
/usr/bin/sec --conf=/etc/sec/test-rewrite.conf \
--input=- --nojointbuf
and the configuration file /etc/sec/test-rewrite.conf has the following content:
type=Single
rem=this rule matches two consecutive lines where the first \
line contains "test1" and the second line "test2", and \
joins these lines in the input buffer
ptype=RegExp2
pattern=^(.*test1.*)\n(.*test2.*)$
continue=TakeNext
desc=join two test lines
action=rewrite 2 Joined $1 and $2
type=Single
rem=this rule matches a line which begins with "Joined", \
and writes this line to standard output
ptype=RegExp
pattern=^Joined
desc=output joined lines
action=write - $0
When the following two lines appear in standard input
This is a test1
This is a test2
they are matched by the first rule which uses the rewrite action for replacing those two lines in the
input buffer with a new content. The last line in the input buffer ("This is a test2") is replaced with
"Joined This is a test1 and This is a test2", while the previous line in the input buffer ("This is a
test1") is replaced with an empty string. Since the rule contains continue=TakeNext statement, the
matching process will continue from the following rule. This rule matches the last line in the input
buffer if it begins with "Joined", and writes the line to standard output, producing
Joined This is a test1 and This is a test2
After each event processing iteration, the pattern match cache is cleared. In other words, if a match is
cached with the rule varmap* field, it is available during ongoing iteration only. Note that results
from a successful pattern matching are also cached when the subsequent context expression evaluation
yields FALSE. This allows for reusing results from partial rule matches. For example, the following
rule creates the cache entry "ssh_failed_login" for any SSH failed login event, even if the context
ALERTING_ON does not exist:
type=Single
ptype=RegExp
pattern=sshd\[\d+\]: Failed .+ for (\S+) from ([\d.]+) port \d+ ssh2
varmap=ssh_failed_login; user=1; ip=2
context=ALERTING_ON
desc=SSH login failure for user $1 from $2
action=pipe '%s' /bin/mail -s 'SSH login alert' root@localhost
However, provided the context expression does not contain match variables, enclosing the expression in
square brackets (e.g., [ALERTING_ON]) forces its evaluation before the pattern matching, and will thus
prevent the matching and the creation of the cache entry if the evaluation yields FALSE.
Rules from the same configuration file are matched against the buffer content in the order they are given
in that file. When multiple configuration files have been specified, rule sequences from all files are
matched against the buffer content (unless specified otherwise with Options rules). The matching order
is determined by the order of configuration files in SEC command line. For example, if the Perl glob()
function returns filenames in ascending ASCII order, and configuration files /home/risto/A.conf,
/home/risto/B.conf2, and /home/risto/C.conf are specified with --conf=/home/risto/*.conf
--conf=/home/risto/*.conf2 in SEC command line, then SEC first matches the input against the rule
sequence from A.conf, then from C.conf, and finally from B.conf2. Also, note that even if A.conf
contains a Suppress rule for a particular event, the event is still processed by rulesets in C.conf and
B.conf2. However, note that glob() might return file names in different order if locale settings change.
If you want to enforce a fixed order for configuration file application in a portable way, it is
recommended to create a unique set for each file with the Options rule, and employ the Jump rule for
defining the processing order for sets, e.g.:
# This rule appears in A.conf
type=Options
joincfset=FileA
procallin=no
# This rule appears in B.conf2
type=Options
joincfset=FileB
procallin=no
# This rule appears in C.conf
type=Options
joincfset=FileC
procallin=no
# This rule appears in main.conf
type=Jump
ptype=TValue
pattern=TRUE
cfset=FileA FileC FileB
After the relevant input buffer has been updated and its content has been matched by the rules, SEC
handles caught signals and checks the status of child processes. When the timeout specified with the
--cleantime option has expired, SEC also checks the status of contexts and event correlation operations.
Therefore, relatively small values should be specified with the --cleantime option, in order to retain
the accuracy of the event correlation process. If the --cleantime option is set to 0, SEC checks event
correlation operations and contexts after processing every input line, but this consumes more CPU time.
If the --poll-timeout option value exceeds the value given with --cleantime, the --poll-timeout option
value takes precedence (i.e., sleeps after unsuccessful polls will not be shortened).
Finally, note that apart from the sleeps after unsuccessful polls, SEC measures all time intervals and
occurrence times in seconds, and always uses the time(2) system call for obtaining the current time.
Also, for input event occurrence time SEC always uses the time it observed the event, *not* the timestamp
extracted from the event.
INTERNAL EVENTS AND CONTEXTS
In the action list of a context, the context can also be referred with the internal context name _THIS.
The name _THIS is created and deleted dynamically by SEC and it points to the context only during its
action list execution. This feature is useful when the context has had several names during its lifetime
(created with the alias action), and it is hard to determine which names exist when the context expires.
For example, if the context is created with create A 60 (report A /bin/mail root) which is immediately
followed by alias A B and unalias A, the report action will fail since the name A no longer refers to the
context. However, replacing the first action with create A 60 (report _THIS /bin/mail root) will produce
the correct result.
If the --intevents command line option is given, SEC will generate internal events when it is started up,
when it receives certain signals, and when it terminates normally. Inside SEC, internal event is treated
as if it was a line that was read from a SEC input file. Specific rules can be written to match internal
events, in order to take some action (e.g., start an external event correlation module with spawn when
SEC starts up). The following internal events are supported:
SEC_STARTUP - generated when SEC is started (this event will always be the first event that SEC sees)
SEC_PRE_RESTART - generated before processing of the SIGHUP signal (this event will be the last event
that SEC sees before clearing all internal data structures and reloading its configuration)
SEC_RESTART - generated after processing of the SIGHUP signal (this event will be the first event that
SEC sees after clearing all internal data structures and reloading its configuration)
SEC_PRE_SOFTRESTART - generated before processing of the SIGABRT signal (this event will be the last
event that SEC sees before reloading its configuration)
SEC_SOFTRESTART - generated after processing of the SIGABRT signal (this event will be the first event
that SEC sees after reloading its configuration)
SEC_PRE_LOGROTATE - generated before processing of the SIGUSR2 signal (this event will be the last event
that SEC sees before reopening its log file and closing its outputs)
SEC_LOGROTATE - generated after processing of the SIGUSR2 signal (this event will be the first event that
SEC sees after reopening its log file and closing its outputs)
SEC_SHUTDOWN - generated when SEC receives the SIGTERM signal, or when SEC reaches all EOFs of input
files after being started with the --notail option. With the --childterm option, SEC sleeps for 3 seconds
after generating SEC_SHUTDOWN event, and then sends SIGTERM to its child processes (if a child process
was triggered by SEC_SHUTDOWN, this delay leaves the process enough time for setting a signal handler for
SIGTERM).
Before generating an internal event, SEC sets up a context named SEC_INTERNAL_EVENT, in order to
disambiguate internal events from regular input. The SEC_INTERNAL_EVENT context is deleted immediately
after the internal event has been matched against all rules.
If the --intcontexts command line option is given, or there is an --input option with a context
specified, SEC creates an internal context each time it reads a line from an input file or a synthetic
event. The internal context is deleted immediately after the line has been matched against all rules.
For all input files that have the context name explicitly set with --input=<file_pattern>=<context>, the
name of the internal context is <context>. If the line was read from the input file <filename> for which
there is no context name set, the name of the internal context is _FILE_EVENT_<filename>. For synthetic
events, the name of the internal context defaults to _INTERNAL_EVENT, but cspawn and cevent actions can
be used for generating synthetic events with custom internal context names. This allows for writing rules
that match data from one particular input source only. For example, the rule
type=Suppress
ptype=TValue
pattern=TRUE
context=[!_FILE_EVENT_/dev/logpipe]
passes only the lines that were read from /dev/logpipe, and also synthetic events that were generated
with the _FILE_EVENT_/dev/logpipe internal context (e.g., with the action cevent _FILE_EVENT_/dev/logpipe
0 This is a test event). As another example, if SEC has been started with the command line
/usr/bin/sec --intevents --intcontexts --conf=/etc/sec/my.conf \
--input=/var/log/messages=MESSAGES \
--input=/var/log/secure=SECURE \
--input=/var/log/cron=CRON
and the rule file /etc/sec/my.conf contains the following rules
type=Single
ptype=RegExp
pattern=^(?:SEC_STARTUP|SEC_RESTART)$
context=[SEC_INTERNAL_EVENT]
desc=listen on 10514/tcp for incoming events
action=cspawn MESSAGES /usr/bin/nc -l -k 10514
type=Single
ptype=RegExp
pattern=.
context=[MESSAGES]
desc=echo everything from 10514/tcp and /var/log/messages
action=write - $0
then SEC will receive input lines from the log files /var/log/messages, /var/log/secure, and
/var/log/cron, and will also run /usr/bin/nc for receiving input lines from the port 10514/tcp. All input
lines from /var/log/messages and 10514/tcp are matched by the second rule and written to standard output.
INTERPROCESS COMMUNICATION
The SingleWithScript rule and shellcmd, spawn, cspawn, pipe, and report actions fork a child process for
executing an external program. If the program command line contains shell metacharacters, the command
line is first parsed by the shell which then starts the program. SEC communicates with its child
processes through pipes (created with the pipe(2) system call). When the child process is at the read
end of the pipe, data have to be written to the pipe in blocking mode which ensures reliable data
transmission. In order to avoid being blocked, SEC forks another child process for writing data to the
pipe reliably.
After forking an external program, SEC continues immediately, and checks the program status periodically
until the program exits. The running time of a child process is not limited in any way. With the
--childterm option, SEC sends the SIGTERM signal to all child processes when it terminates. If some
special exit procedures need to be accomplished in the child process (or the child wishes to ignore
SIGTERM), then the child must install a handler for the SIGTERM signal. Note that if the program command
line contains shell metacharacters, the parsing shell will run as a child process of SEC and the parent
process of the program. Therefore, the SIGTERM signal will be sent to the shell, *not* the program. In
order to avoid this, the shell's builtin exec command can be used (see sh(1) for more information) which
replaces the shell with the program without forking a new process, e.g.,
action=spawn exec /usr/local/bin/myscript.pl 2>/var/log/myscript.log
Note that if an action list includes two actions which fork external programs, the execution order these
programs is not determined by the order of actions in the list, since both programs are running
asynchronously. In order to address this issue, the execution order must be specified explicitly (e.g.,
instead of writing action=shellcmd cmd1; shellcmd cmd2, use the shell && operator and write
action=shellcmd cmd1 && cmd2).
Sometimes it is desireable to start an external program and provide it with data from several rules. In
order to create such setup, named pipes can be harnessed. For example, if /var/log/pipe is a named pipe,
then
action=shellcmd /usr/bin/logger -f /var/log/pipe -p user.notice
starts the /usr/bin/logger utility which sends all lines read from /var/log/pipe to the local syslog
daemon with the "user" facility and "notice" level. In order to feed events to /usr/bin/logger, the write
action can be used (e.g., write /var/log/pipe This is my event). Although SEC keeps the named pipe open
across different write actions, the pipe will be closed on the reception of SIGHUP, SIGABRT and SIGUSR2
signals. Since many UNIX tools terminate on receiving EOF from standard input, they need restarting
after such signals have arrived. For this purpose, the --intevents option and SEC internal events can be
used. For example, the following rule starts the /usr/bin/logger utility at SEC startup, and also
restarts it after the reception of relevant signals:
type=Single
ptype=RegExp
pattern=^(?:SEC_STARTUP|SEC_RESTART|SEC_SOFTRESTART|SEC_LOGROTATE)$
context=SEC_INTERNAL_EVENT
desc=start the logger tool
action=free %emptystring; owritecl /var/log/pipe %emptystring; \
shellcmd /usr/bin/logger -f /var/log/pipe -p user.notice
Note that if /var/log/pipe is never opened for writing by a write action, /usr/bin/logger will never see
EOF and will thus not terminate. The owritecl action opens and closes /var/log/pipe without writing any
bytes, in order to ensure the presence of EOF in such cases. This allows any previous /usr/bin/logger
process to terminate before the new process is started.
PERL INTEGRATION
SEC supports patterns, context expressions, and actions which involve calls to the Perl eval() function
or the execution of precompiled Perl code. The use of Perl code in SEC patterns and context expressions
allows for creating proper match conditions for scenarios which can't be handled by a simple regular
expression match. For example, consider the following iptables syslog events:
May 27 10:00:15 box1 kernel: iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=08:00:27:be:9e:2f:00:10:db:ff:20:03:08:00
SRC=10.6.4.14 DST=10.1.8.2 LEN=84 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=251 ID=61426 PROTO=ICMP TYPE=8 CODE=0 ID=11670
SEQ=2
May 27 10:02:22 box1 kernel: iptables: IN=eth0 OUT= MAC=08:00:27:be:9e:2f:00:10:db:ff:20:03:08:00
SRC=10.6.4.14 DST=10.1.8.2 LEN=52 TOS=0x00 PREC=0x00 TTL=60 ID=61441 DF PROTO=TCP SPT=53125 DPT=23
WINDOW=49640 RES=0x00 SYN URGP=0
Depending on the protocol and the nature of the traffic, events can have a wide variety of fields, and
parsing out all event data with one regular expression is infeasible. For addressing this issue, a
PerlFunc pattern can be used which creates match variables from all fields of the matching event, stores
them in one Perl hash, and returns a reference to this hash. Outside the PerlFunc pattern, match
variables are initialized from the key-value pairs in the returned hash. Suppose the following Jump rule
with a PerlFunc pattern is defined in the main.rules rule file:
type=Jump
ptype=PerlFunc
pattern=sub { my(%var); my($line) = $_[0]; \
if ($line !~ /kernel: iptables:/g) { return 0; } \
while ($line =~ /\G\s*([A-Z]+)(?:=(\S*))?/g) { \
$var{$1} = defined($2)?$2:1; \
} return \%var; }
varmap=IPTABLES
desc=parse iptables event
cfset=iptables
For example, if the iptables event contains the fields SRC=10.6.4.14, DST=10.1.8.2 and SYN, the above
PerlFunc pattern sets up match variable $+{SRC} which holds 10.6.4.14, match variable $+{DST} which holds
10.1.8.2, and match variable $+{SYN} which holds 1. The Jump rule caches all created match variables
under the name IPTABLES, and submits the matching event to iptables ruleset for further processing.
Suppose the iptables ruleset is defined in the iptables.rules rule file:
type=Options
procallin=no
joincfset=iptables
type=SingleWithThreshold
ptype=Cached
pattern=IPTABLES
context=IPTABLES :> ( sub { return $_[0]->{"PROTO"} eq "ICMP"; } )
desc=ICMP flood type $+{TYPE} code $+{CODE} from host $+{SRC}
action=logonly
window=10
thresh=100
type=SingleWithThreshold
ptype=Cached
pattern=IPTABLES
context=IPTABLES :> ( sub { return exists($_[0]->{"SYN"}) && \
exists($_[0]->{"FIN"}) ; } )
desc=SYN+FIN flood from host $+{SRC}
action=logonly
window=10
thresh=100
The two SingleWithThreshold rules employ Cached patterns for matching iptables events by looking up the
IPTABLES entry in the pattern match cache (created by the above Jump rule for each iptables event). In
order to narrow down the match to specific iptables events, the rules employ precompiled Perl functions
in context expressions. The :> operator is used for speeding up the matching, providing the function
with a single parameter which refers to the hash of variable name-value pairs for the IPTABLES cache
entry.
The first SingleWithThreshold rule logs a warning message if within 10 seconds 100 iptables events have
been observed for ICMP packets with the same type, code, and source IP address. The second
SingleWithThreshold rule logs a warning message if within 10 seconds 100 iptables events have been
observed for TCP packets coming from the same host, and having both SYN and FIN flag set in each packet.
Apart from using action list variables for data sharing between rules, Perl variables created in Perl
code can be employed for the same purpose. For example, when SEC has executed the following action
action=eval %a ($b = 1)
the variable $b and its value become visible in the following context expression
context= =(++$b > 10)
(with that expression one can implement event counting implicitly). In order to avoid possible clashes
with variables inside the SEC code itself, user-defined Perl code is executed in the main::SEC namespace
(i.e., inside the special package main::SEC). By using the main:: prefix, SEC data structures can be
accessed and modified. For example, the following rules restore and save contexts with names MY_* on SEC
startup and shutdown, using Perl Storable module for saving and restoring relevant elements of
%main::context_list hash (since code references can't be saved/restored with Storable, the following
example assumes that context action lists do not contain lcall actions):
type=Single
ptype=SubStr
pattern=SEC_STARTUP
context=SEC_INTERNAL_EVENT
continue=TakeNext
desc=Load the Storable module and terminate if it is not found
action=eval %ret (require Storable); \
if %ret ( logonly Storable loaded ) else ( eval %o exit(1) )
type=Single
ptype=SubStr
pattern=SEC_STARTUP
context=SEC_INTERNAL_EVENT
desc=Restore contexts MY_* from /var/lib/sec/SEC_CONTEXTS on startup
action=lcall %ret -> ( sub { my($ref, $context); \
$ref = Storable::retrieve("/var/lib/sec/SEC_CONTEXTS"); \
foreach $context (keys %{$ref}) { \
if ($context =~ /^MY_/) \
{ $main::context_list{$context} = $ref->{$context}; } } } )
type=Single
ptype=SubStr
pattern=SEC_SHUTDOWN
context=SEC_INTERNAL_EVENT
desc=Save contexts MY_* into /var/lib/sec/SEC_CONTEXTS on shutdown
action=lcall %ret -> ( sub { my($context, %hash); \
foreach $context (keys %main::context_list) { \
if ($context =~ /^MY_/) \
{ $hash{$context} = $main::context_list{$context}; } } \
Storable::store(\%hash, "/var/lib/sec/SEC_CONTEXTS"); } )
However, note that modifying data structures within SEC code is recommended only for advanced users who
have carefully studied relevant parts of the code.
Finally, sometimes larger chunks of Perl code have to be used for event processing and correlation.
However, writing many lines of code directly into a rule is cumbersome and may decrease its readability.
In such cases it is recommended to separate the code into a custom Perl module which is loaded at SEC
startup, and use the code through the module interface (see perlmod(1) for further details):
type=Single
ptype=SubStr
pattern=SEC_STARTUP
context=SEC_INTERNAL_EVENT
desc=Load the SecStuff module
action=eval %ret (require '/usr/local/sec/SecStuff.pm'); \
if %ret ( none ) else ( eval %o exit(1) )
type=Single
ptype=PerlFunc
pattern=sub { return SecStuff::my_match($_[0]); }
desc=event '$0' was matched by my_match()
action=write - %s
EXAMPLES
Example 1 - a ruleset for Cisco events
This section presents an example rulebase for managing Cisco devices. It is assumed that the managed
devices have syslog logging enabled, and that all syslog messages are sent to a central host and written
to log file(s) that are monitored by SEC.
# Set up contexts NIGHT and WEEKEND for nights
# and weekends. The context NIGHT has a lifetime
# of 8 hours and the context WEEKEND 2 days
type=Calendar
time=0 23 * * *
desc=NIGHT
action=create %s 28800
type=Calendar
time=0 0 * * 6
desc=WEEKEND
action=create %s 172800
# If a router does not come up within 5 minutes
# after it was rebooted, generate event
# "<router> REBOOT FAILURE". The next rule matches
# this event, checks the router with ping and sends
# a notification if there is no response.
type=PairWithWindow
ptype=RegExp
pattern=\s([\w.-]+) \d+: %SYS-5-RELOAD
desc=$1 REBOOT FAILURE
action=event %s
ptype2=RegExp
pattern2=\s$1 \d+: %SYS-5-RESTART
desc2=%1 successful reboot
action2=logonly
window=300
type=SingleWithScript
ptype=RegExp
pattern=^([\w.-]+) REBOOT FAILURE
script=/bin/ping -c 3 -q $1
desc=$1 did not come up after reboot
action=logonly $1 is pingable after reboot
action2=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost
# Send a notification if CPU load of a router is too
# high (two CPUHOG messages are received within 5
# minutes); send another notification if the load is
# normal again (no CPUHOG messages within last 15
# minutes). Rule is not active at night or weekend.
type=SingleWith2Thresholds
ptype=RegExp
pattern=\s([\w.-]+) \d+: %SYS-3-CPUHOG
context=!(NIGHT || WEEKEND)
desc=$1 CPU overload
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost
window=300
thresh=2
desc2=$1 CPU load normal
action2=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost
window2=900
thresh2=0
# If a router interface is in down state for less
# than 15 seconds, generate event
# "<router> INTERFACE <interface> SHORT OUTAGE";
# otherwise generate event
# "<router> INTERFACE <interface> DOWN".
type=PairWithWindow
ptype=RegExp
pattern=\s([\w.-]+) \d+: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface ([\w.-]+), changed state to down
desc=$1 INTERFACE $2 DOWN
action=event %s
ptype2=RegExp
pattern2=\s$1 \d+: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface $2, changed state to up
desc2=%1 INTERFACE %2 SHORT OUTAGE
action2=event %s
window=15
# If "<router> INTERFACE <interface> DOWN" event is
# received, send a notification and wait for
# "interface up" event from the same router interface
# for the next 24 hours
type=Pair
ptype=RegExp
pattern=^([\w.-]+) INTERFACE ([\w.-]+) DOWN
desc=$1 interface $2 is down
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost
ptype2=RegExp
pattern2=\s$1 \d+: %LINK-3-UPDOWN: Interface $2, changed state to up
desc2=%1 interface %2 is up
action2=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost
window=86400
# If ten "short outage" events have been observed
# in the window of 6 hours, send a notification
type=SingleWithThreshold
ptype=RegExp
pattern=^([\w.-]+) INTERFACE ([\w.-]+) SHORT OUTAGE
desc=Interface $2 at node $1 is unstable
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail root@localhost
window=21600
thresh=10
Example 2 - hierarchically organized rulesets for iptables and sshd events
This section presents an example of hierarchically organized rules for processing Linux iptables events
from /var/log/messages and SSH login events from /var/log/secure. It is assumed that all rule files
reside in the /etc/sec directory and that the rule hierarchy has two levels. The file
/etc/sec/main.rules contains first-level Jump rules for matching and parsing events from input files and
submitting them to proper rulesets for further processing. All other rule files in the /etc/sec directory
contain second-level rules which receive their input from first-level Jump rules. Also, the example
assumes that SEC is started with the following command line:
/usr/bin/sec --conf=/etc/sec/*.rules --intcontexts \
--input=/var/log/messages --input=/var/log/secure
#
# the content of /etc/sec/main.rules
#
type=Jump
context=[ _FILE_EVENT_/var/log/messages ]
ptype=PerlFunc
pattern=sub { my(%var); my($line) = $_[0]; \
if ($line !~ /kernel: iptables:/g) { return 0; } \
while ($line =~ /\G\s*([A-Z]+)(?:=(\S*))?/g) { \
$var{$1} = defined($2)?$2:1; \
} return \%var; }
varmap=IPTABLES
desc=parse iptables events and direct to relevant ruleset
cfset=iptables
type=Jump
context=[ _FILE_EVENT_/var/log/secure ]
ptype=RegExp
pattern=sshd\[(?<pid>\d+)\]: (?<status>Accepted|Failed) \
(?<authmethod>[\w-]+) for (?<invuser>invalid user )?\
(?<user>[\w-]+) from (?<srcip>[\d.]+) port (?<srcport>\d+) ssh2$
varmap=SSH_LOGIN
desc=parse SSH login events and direct to relevant ruleset
cfset=ssh-login
type=Jump
context=[ SSH_EVENT ]
ptype=TValue
pattern=True
desc=direct SSH synthetic events to relevant ruleset
cfset=ssh-events
#
# the content of /etc/sec/iptables.rules
#
type=Options
procallin=no
joincfset=iptables
type=SingleWithThreshold
ptype=Cached
pattern=IPTABLES
context=IPTABLES :> ( sub { return exists($_[0]->{"SYN"}) && \
exists($_[0]->{"FIN"}) ; } ) \
&& !SUPPRESS_IP_$+{SRC}
desc=SYN+FIN flood from host $+{SRC}
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail -s 'iptables alert' root@localhost; \
create SUPPRESS_IP_$+{SRC} 3600
window=10
thresh=100
type=SingleWithThreshold
ptype=Cached
pattern=IPTABLES
context=IPTABLES :> ( sub { return exists($_[0]->{"SYN"}) && \
!exists($_[0]->{"ACK"}) ; } ) \
&& !SUPPRESS_IP_$+{SRC}
desc=SYN flood from host $+{SRC}
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail -s 'iptables alert' root@localhost; \
create SUPPRESS_IP_$+{SRC} 3600
window=10
thresh=100
#
# the content of /etc/sec/ssh-login.rules
#
type=Options
procallin=no
joincfset=ssh-login
type=Single
ptype=Cached
pattern=SSH_LOGIN
context=SSH_LOGIN :> ( sub { return $_[0]->{"status"} eq "Failed" && \
$_[0]->{"srcport"} < 1024 && \
defined($_[0]->{"invuser"}); } )
continue=TakeNext
desc=Probe of invalid user $+{user} from privileged port of $+{srcip}
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail -s 'SSH alert' root@localhost
type=SingleWithThreshold
ptype=Cached
pattern=SSH_LOGIN
context=SSH_LOGIN :> ( sub { return $_[0]->{"status"} eq "Failed" && \
defined($_[0]->{"invuser"}); } )
desc=Ten login probes for invalid users from $+{srcip} within 60s
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail -s 'SSH alert' root@localhost
thresh=10
window=60
type=PairWithWindow
ptype=Cached
pattern=SSH_LOGIN
context=SSH_LOGIN :> ( sub { return $_[0]->{"status"} eq "Failed"; } )
desc=User $+{user} failed to log in from $+{srcip} within 60s
action=cevent SSH_EVENT 0 %s
ptype2=Cached
pattern2=SSH_LOGIN
context2=SSH_LOGIN :> \
( sub { return $_[0]->{"status"} eq "Accepted"; } ) && \
$+{user} %+{user} $+{srcip} %+{srcip} -> \
( sub { return $_[0] eq $_[1] && $_[2] eq $_[3]; } )
desc2=User $+{user} logged in successfully from $+{srcip} within 60s
action2=logonly
window=60
#
# the content of /etc/sec/ssh-events.rules
#
type=Options
procallin=no
joincfset=ssh-events
type=SingleWithThreshold
ptype=RegExp
pattern=User ([\w-]+) failed to log in from [\d.]+ within 60s
desc=Ten login failures for user $1 within 1h
action=pipe '%t: %s' /bin/mail -s 'SSH alert' root@localhost
thresh=10
window=3600
ENVIRONMENT
If the SECRC environment variable is set, SEC expects it to contain the name of its resource file.
Resource file lines which are empty or which begin with the number sign (#) are ignored (whitespace may
precede #). Each remaining line is appended to the argv array of SEC as a *single* element. Also, the
lines are appended to argv in the order they appear in the resource file. Therefore, if the SEC command
line option has a value, the option name and the value must either be separated by the equal sign (=) or
a newline. Here is a simple resource file example:
# read events from standard input
--input=-
# rules are stored in /etc/sec/test.conf
--conf
/etc/sec/test.conf
Note that although SEC rereads its resource file at the reception of the SIGHUP or SIGABRT signal, adding
an option that specifies a certain startup procedure (e.g., --pid or --detach) will not produce the
desired effect at runtime. Also note that the resource file content is *not* parsed by shell, therefore
shell metacharacters are passed to SEC as-is.
SIGNALS
SIGHUP full restart -- SEC will reinterpret its command line and resource file options, reopen its log
and input files, close its output files and sockets (these will be reopened on demand), reload its
configuration, and drop *all* event correlation state (all event correlation operations will be
terminated, all contexts will be deleted, all action list variables will be erased, etc.). With
the --childterm option, SEC will also send the SIGTERM signal to its child processes.
SIGABRT
soft restart -- SEC will reinterpret its command line and resource file options, reopen its log
file, and close its output files and sockets (these will be reopened on demand). If the --keepopen
option is specified, previously opened input files will remain open across soft restart, otherwise
all input files will be reopened. SEC will (re)load configuration from rule files which have been
modified (file modification time returned by stat(2) has changed) or created after the previous
configuration load. SEC will also terminate event correlation operations started from rule files
that have been modified or removed after the previous configuration load. Other operations and
previously loaded configuration from unmodified rule files will remain intact. Note that on some
systems SIGIOT is used in place of SIGABRT.
SIGUSR1
detailed information about the current state of SEC (performance and rule matching statistics,
running event correlation operations, created contexts, etc.) will be written to the SEC dump
file.
SIGUSR2
SEC will reopen its log file (useful for log file rotation), and also close its output files and
sockets which will be reopened on demand.
SIGINT SEC will increase its logging level by one; if the current level is 6, the level will be set back
to 1. Please note this feature is available only if SEC is running non-interactively (e.g., in
daemon mode).
SIGTERM
SEC will terminate gracefully. With the --childterm option, all SEC child processes will receive
SIGTERM.
BUGS
With some locale settings, single quotes (') in this man page might be displayed incorrectly. As a
workaround, set the LANG environment variable to C when reading this man page (e.g., env LANG=C man sec).
AUTHOR
Risto Vaarandi (ristov at users d0t s0urcef0rge d0t net)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author is grateful to SEB Estonia for supporting this work. The author also thanks the following
people for supplying software patches, documentation fixes, and suggesting new features: Al Sorrell,
Brian Mielke, David Lang, James Brown, Jon Frazier, Mark D. Nagel, Peter Eckel, Rick Casey, and William
Gertz. Last but not least, the author expresses his profound gratitute to John P. Rouillard for many
great ideas and creative discussions that have helped to develop SEC.
SEE ALSO
cron(8), crontab(1), fork(2), mail(1), perl(1), perlmod(1), perlre(1), pipe(2), sh(1), snmptrap(1),
stat(2), strftime(3), syslog(3), time(2), umask(2)