Provided by: sparse_0.6.1-2build1_amd64 
NAME
sparse - Semantic Parser for C
SYNOPSIS
sparse [WARNING OPTIONS]... file.c
DESCRIPTION
Sparse parses C source and looks for errors, producing warnings on standard error.
Sparse accepts options controlling the set of warnings to generate. To turn on warnings Sparse does not
issue by default, use the corresponding warning option -Wsomething. Sparse issues some warnings by
default; to turn off those warnings, pass the negation of the associated warning option, -Wno-something.
WARNING OPTIONS
-fmax-warnings=COUNT
Set the maximum number of displayed warnings to COUNT, which should be a numerical value or
'unlimited'. The default limit is 100.
-Wsparse-all
Turn on all sparse warnings, except for those explicitly disabled via -Wno-something.
-Wsparse-error
Turn all sparse warnings into errors.
-Waddress-space
Warn about code which mixes pointers to different address spaces.
Sparse allows an extended attribute __attribute__((address_space(id))) on pointers, which
designates a pointer target in address space id (an identifier or a constant integer). With
-Waddress-space, Sparse treats pointers with identical target types but different address spaces
as distinct types and will warn accordingly.
Sparse will also warn on casts which remove the address space (casts to an integer type or to a
plain pointer type). An exception to this is when the destination type is uintptr_t (or unsigned
long) since such casts are often used to "get a pointer value representation in an integer type"
and such values are independent of the address space.
To override these warnings, use a type that includes __attribute__((force)).
Sparse issues these warnings by default. To turn them off, use -Wno-address-space.
-Wbitwise
Warn about unsupported operations or type mismatches with restricted integer types.
Sparse supports an extended attribute, __attribute__((bitwise)), which creates a new restricted
integer type from a base integer type, distinct from the base integer type and from any other
restricted integer type not declared in the same declaration or typedef. For example, this allows
programs to create typedefs for integer types with specific endianness. With -Wbitwise, Sparse
will warn on any use of a restricted type in arithmetic operations other than bitwise operations,
and on any conversion of one restricted type into another, except via a cast that includes
__attribute__((force)).
__bitwise ends up being a "stronger integer separation", one that doesn't allow you to mix with
non-bitwise integers, so now it's much harder to lose the type by mistake.
__bitwise is for *unique types* that cannot be mixed with other types, and that you'd never want
to just use as a random integer (the integer 0 is special, though, and gets silently accepted iirc
- it's kind of like "NULL" for pointers). So "gfp_t" or the "safe endianness" types would be
__bitwise: you can only operate on them by doing specific operations that know about *that*
particular type.
Sparse issues these warnings by default. To turn them off, use -Wno-bitwise.
-Wbitwise-pointer
Same as -Wbitwise but for casts to or from pointers to bitwise types.
Sparse does not issue these warnings by default.
-Wcast-from-as
Warn about casts which remove an address space from a pointer type.
This is similar to -Waddress-space but will also warn on casts to unsigned long.
Sparse does not issues these warnings by default.
-Wcast-to-as
Warn about casts which add an address space to a pointer type.
A cast that includes __attribute__((force)) will suppress this warning. No warning is generated
if the original type is uintptr_t (or unsigned long).
Sparse does not issue these warnings by default.
-Wcast-truncate
Warn about casts that truncate constant values.
Sparse issues these warnings by default. To turn them off, use -Wno-cast-truncate.
-Wconstant-suffix
Warn if an integer constant is larger than the maximum representable value of the type indicated
by its type suffix (if any). For example, on a system where ints are 32-bit and longs 64-bit, the
constant 0x100000000U is larger than can be represented by an unsigned int but fits in an unsigned
long. So its type is unsigned long but this is not indicated by its suffix. In this case, the
warning could be suppressed by using the suffix UL: 0x100000000UL.
Sparse does not issue these warnings by default.
-Wconstexpr-not-const
Warn if a non-constant expression is encountered when really expecting a constant expression
instead. Currently, this warns when initializing an object of static storage duration with an
initializer which is not a constant expression.
Sparse does not issue these warnings by default.
-Wcontext
Warn about potential errors in synchronization or other delimited contexts.
Sparse supports several means of designating functions or statements that delimit contexts, such
as synchronization. Functions with the extended attribute
__attribute__((context(expression,in_context,out_context)) require the context expression (for
instance, a lock) to have the value in_context (a constant nonnegative integer) when called, and
return with the value out_context (a constant nonnegative integer). For APIs defined via macros,
use the statement form __context__(expression,in_value,out_value) in the body of the macro.
With -Wcontext Sparse will warn when it sees a function change the context without indicating this
with a context attribute, either by decreasing a context below zero (such as by releasing a lock
without acquiring it), or returning with a changed context (such as by acquiring a lock without
releasing it). Sparse will also warn about blocks of code which may potentially execute with
different contexts.
Sparse issues these warnings by default. To turn them off, use -Wno-context.
-Wdecl Warn about any non-static variable or function definition that has no previous declaration.
Private symbols (functions and variables) internal to a given source file should use static, to
allow additional compiler optimizations, allow detection of unused symbols, and prevent other code
from relying on these internal symbols. Public symbols used by other source files will need
declarations visible to those other source files, such as in a header file. All declarations
should fall into one of these two categories. Thus, with -Wdecl, Sparse warns about any symbol
definition with neither static nor a declaration. To fix this warning, declare private symbols
static, and ensure that the files defining public symbols have the symbol declarations available
first (such as by including the appropriate header file).
Sparse issues these warnings by default. To turn them off, use -Wno-decl.
-Wdeclaration-after-statement
Warn about declarations that are not at the start of a block.
These declarations are permitted in C99 but not in C89.
Sparse issues these warnings by default only when the C dialect is C89 (i.e. -ansi or -std=c89).
To turn them off, use -Wno-declaration-after-statement.
-Wdefault-bitfield-sign
Warn about any bitfield with no explicit signedness.
Bitfields have no standard-specified default signedness. (C99 6.7.2) A bitfield without an
explicit signed or unsigned creates a portability problem for software that relies on the
available range of values. To fix this, specify the bitfield type as signed or unsigned
explicitly.
Sparse does not issue these warnings by default.
-Wdesignated-init
Warn about positional initialization of structs marked as requiring designated initializers.
Sparse allows an attribute __attribute__((designated_init)) which marks a struct as requiring
designated initializers. Sparse will warn about positional initialization of a struct variable or
struct literal of a type that has this attribute.
Requiring designated initializers for a particular struct type will insulate code using that
struct type from changes to the layout of the type, avoiding the need to change initializers for
that type unless they initialize a removed or incompatibly changed field.
Common examples of this type of struct include collections of function pointers for the
implementations of a class of related operations, for which the default NULL for an unmentioned
field in a designated initializer will correctly indicate the absence of that operation.
Sparse issues these warnings by default. To turn them off, use -Wno-designated-init.
-Wdo-while
Warn about do-while loops that do not delimit the loop body with braces.
Sparse does not issue these warnings by default.
-Wenum-mismatch
Warn about the use of an expression of an incorrect enum type when initializing another enum type,
assigning to another enum type, or passing an argument to a function which expects another enum
type.
Sparse issues these warnings by default. To turn them off, use -Wno-enum-mismatch.
-Winit-cstring
Warn about initialization of a char array with a too long constant C string.
If the size of the char array and the length of the string are the same, there is no space for the
last nul char of the string in the array:
char s[3] = "abc";
If the array is used as a byte array, not as C string, this warning is just noise. However, if the
array is passed to functions dealing with C string like printf(%s) and strcmp, it may cause a
trouble.
Sparse does not issue these warnings by default.
-Wmemcpy-max-count
Warn about call of memcpy(), memset(), copy_from_user(), or copy_to_user() with a large compile-
time byte count.
Sparse issues these warnings by default. To turn them off, use -Wno-memcpy-max-count.
The limit can be changed with -fmemcpy-max-count=COUNT, the default being 100000.
-Wnon-pointer-null
Warn about the use of 0 as a NULL pointer.
0 has integer type. NULL has pointer type.
Sparse issues these warnings by default. To turn them off, use -Wno-non-pointer-null.
-Wold-initializer
Warn about the use of the pre-C99 GCC syntax for designated initializers.
C99 provides a standard syntax for designated fields in struct or union initializers:
struct structname var = { .field = value };
GCC also has an old, non-standard syntax for designated initializers which predates C99:
struct structname var = { field: value };
Sparse will warn about the use of GCC's non-standard syntax for designated initializers. To fix
this warning, convert designated initializers to use the standard C99 syntax.
Sparse issues these warnings by default. To turn them off, use -Wno-old-initializer.
-Wone-bit-signed-bitfield
Warn about any one-bit signed bitfields.
A one-bit signed bitfield can only have the values 0 and -1, or with some compilers only 0; this
results in unexpected behavior for programs which expected the ability to store 0 and 1.
Sparse issues these warnings by default. To turn them off, use -Wno-one-bit-signed-bitfield.
-Wparen-string
Warn about the use of a parenthesized string to initialize an array.
Standard C syntax does not permit a parenthesized string as an array initializer. GCC allows this
syntax as an extension. With -Wparen-string, Sparse will warn about this syntax.
Sparse does not issue these warnings by default.
-Wpointer-arith
Warn about anything that depends on the sizeof a void or function type.
C99 does not allow the sizeof operator to be applied to function types or to incomplete types such
as void. GCC allows sizeof to be applied to these types as an extension and assigns these types a
size of 1. With -pointer-arith, Sparse will warn about pointer arithmetic on void or function
pointers, as well as expressions which directly apply the sizeof operator to void or function
types.
Sparse does not issue these warnings by default.
-Wptr-subtraction-blows
Warn when subtracting two pointers to a type with a non-power-of-two size.
Subtracting two pointers to a given type gives a difference in terms of the number of items of
that type. To generate this value, compilers will usually need to divide the difference by the
size of the type, an potentially expensive operation for sizes other than powers of two.
Code written using pointer subtraction can often use another approach instead, such as array
indexing with an explicit array index variable, which may allow compilers to generate more
efficient code.
Sparse does not issue these warnings by default.
-Wreturn-void
Warn if a function with return type void returns a void expression.
C99 permits this, and in some cases this allows for more generic code in macros that use typeof or
take a type as a macro argument. However, some programs consider this poor style, and those
programs can use -Wreturn-void to get warnings about it.
Sparse does not issue these warnings by default.
-Wshadow
Warn when declaring a symbol which shadows a declaration with the same name in an outer scope.
Such declarations can lead to error-prone code.
Sparse does not issue these warnings by default.
-Wshift-count-negative
Warn if a shift count is negative.
Sparse issues these warnings by default.
-Wshift-count-overflow
Warn if a shift count is bigger than the operand's width.
Sparse issues these warnings by default.
-Wsizeof-bool
Warn when checking the sizeof a _Bool.
C99 does not specify the size of a _Bool. GCC, by default, uses 1.
Sparse does not issue these warnings by default.
-Wtransparent-union
Warn about any declaration using the GCC extension __attribute__((transparent_union)).
Sparse issues these warnings by default. To turn them off, use -Wno-transparent-union.
-Wtypesign
Warn when converting a pointer to an integer type into a pointer to an integer type with different
signedness.
Sparse does not issue these warnings by default.
-Wundef
Warn about preprocessor conditionals that use the value of an undefined preprocessor symbol.
Standard C (C99 6.10.1) permits using the value of an undefined preprocessor symbol in
preprocessor conditionals, and specifies it has a value of 0. However, this behavior can lead to
subtle errors.
Sparse does not issue these warnings by default.
MISC OPTIONS
-gcc-base-dir dir
Look for compiler-provided system headers in dir/include/ and dir/include-fixed/.
-multiarch-dir dir
Look for system headers in the multiarch subdirectory dir. The dir name would normally take the
form of the target's normalized GNU triplet. (e.g. i386-linux-gnu).
DEBUG OPTIONS
-fmem-report
Report some statistics about memory allocation used by the tool.
OTHER OPTIONS
-fdiagnostic-prefix[=PREFIX]
Prefix all diagnostics by the given PREFIX, followed by ": ". If no one is given "sparse" is
used. The default is to not use a prefix at all.
-fmemcpy-max-count=COUNT
Set the limit for the warnings given by -Wmemcpy-max-count. A COUNT of 'unlimited' or '0' will
effectively disable the warning. The default limit is 100000.
-ftabstop=WIDTH
Set the distance between tab stops. This helps sparse report correct column numbers in warnings
or errors. If the value is less than 1 or greater than 100, the option is ignored. The default
is 8.
-f[no-]unsigned-char, -f[no-]signed-char
Let plain 'char' be unsigned or signed. By default chars are signed.
SEE ALSO
cgcc(1)
HOMEPAGE
http://www.kernel.org/pub/software/devel/sparse/
MAILING LIST
linux-sparse@vger.kernel.org
CONTRIBUTINGS AND REPORTING BUGS
Submission of patches and reporting of bugs, as well as discussions related to Sparse, should be done via
the mailing list (linux-sparse@vger.kernel.org) where the development and maintenance is primarily done.
You do not have to be subscribed to the list to send a message there.
Bugs can also be reported and tracked via the Linux kernel's bugzilla:
http://bugzilla.kernel.org/enter_bug.cgi?component=Sparse&product=Tools .
AUTHORS
Sparse was started by Linus Torvalds. The complete list of contributors can be find at
https://www.openhub.net/p/sparse/contributors .
Luc Van Oostenryck is Sparse's current maintainer.
sparse(1)