NAME

       GRANT - define access privileges

SYNOPSIS

       GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | TRUNCATE | REFERENCES | TRIGGER }
           [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON { [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
                | ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] }
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

       GRANT { { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | REFERENCES } ( column_name [, ...] )
           [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] ( column_name [, ...] ) }
           ON [ TABLE ] table_name [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

       GRANT { { USAGE | SELECT | UPDATE }
           [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON { SEQUENCE sequence_name [, ...]
                | ALL SEQUENCES IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] }
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

       GRANT { { CREATE | CONNECT | TEMPORARY | TEMP } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON DATABASE database_name [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

       GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON DOMAIN domain_name [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

       GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER fdw_name [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

       GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON FOREIGN SERVER server_name [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

       GRANT { EXECUTE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON { { FUNCTION | PROCEDURE | ROUTINE } routine_name [ ( [ [ argmode ] [ arg_name ] arg_type [, ...] ] ) ] [, ...]
                | ALL { FUNCTIONS | PROCEDURES | ROUTINES } IN SCHEMA schema_name [, ...] }
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

       GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON LANGUAGE lang_name [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

       GRANT { { SELECT | UPDATE } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON LARGE OBJECT loid [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

       GRANT { { CREATE | USAGE } [, ...] | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON SCHEMA schema_name [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

       GRANT { CREATE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON TABLESPACE tablespace_name [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

       GRANT { USAGE | ALL [ PRIVILEGES ] }
           ON TYPE type_name [, ...]
           TO role_specification [, ...] [ WITH GRANT OPTION ]

       GRANT role_name [, ...] TO role_specification [, ...]
           [ WITH ADMIN OPTION ]
           [ GRANTED BY role_specification ]

       where role_specification can be:

           [ GROUP ] role_name
         | PUBLIC
         | CURRENT_USER
         | SESSION_USER

DESCRIPTION

       The GRANT command has two basic variants: one that grants privileges on a database object (table, column,
       view, foreign table, sequence, database, foreign-data wrapper, foreign server, function, procedure,
       procedural language, schema, or tablespace), and one that grants membership in a role. These variants are
       similar in many ways, but they are different enough to be described separately.

   GRANT on Database Objects
       This variant of the GRANT command gives specific privileges on a database object to one or more roles.
       These privileges are added to those already granted, if any.

       The key word PUBLIC indicates that the privileges are to be granted to all roles, including those that
       might be created later.  PUBLIC can be thought of as an implicitly defined group that always includes all
       roles. Any particular role will have the sum of privileges granted directly to it, privileges granted to
       any role it is presently a member of, and privileges granted to PUBLIC.

       If WITH GRANT OPTION is specified, the recipient of the privilege can in turn grant it to others. Without
       a grant option, the recipient cannot do that. Grant options cannot be granted to PUBLIC.

       There is no need to grant privileges to the owner of an object (usually the user that created it), as the
       owner has all privileges by default. (The owner could, however, choose to revoke some of their own
       privileges for safety.)

       The right to drop an object, or to alter its definition in any way, is not treated as a grantable
       privilege; it is inherent in the owner, and cannot be granted or revoked. (However, a similar effect can
       be obtained by granting or revoking membership in the role that owns the object; see below.) The owner
       implicitly has all grant options for the object, too.

       The possible privileges are:

       SELECT
       INSERT
       UPDATE
       DELETE
       TRUNCATE
       REFERENCES
       TRIGGER
       CREATE
       CONNECT
       TEMPORARY
       EXECUTE
       USAGE
           Specific types of privileges, as defined in Section 5.7.

       TEMP
           Alternative spelling for TEMPORARY.

       ALL PRIVILEGES
           Grant all of the privileges available for the object's type. The PRIVILEGES key word is optional in
           PostgreSQL, though it is required by strict SQL.

       The FUNCTION syntax works for plain functions, aggregate functions, and window functions, but not for
       procedures; use PROCEDURE for those. Alternatively, use ROUTINE to refer to a function, aggregate
       function, window function, or procedure regardless of its precise type.

       There is also an option to grant privileges on all objects of the same type within one or more schemas.
       This functionality is currently supported only for tables, sequences, functions, and procedures.  ALL
       TABLES also affects views and foreign tables, just like the specific-object GRANT command.  ALL FUNCTIONS
       also affects aggregate and window functions, but not procedures, again just like the specific-object
       GRANT command. Use ALL ROUTINES to include procedures.

   GRANT on Roles
       This variant of the GRANT command grants membership in a role to one or more other roles. Membership in a
       role is significant because it conveys the privileges granted to a role to each of its members.

       If WITH ADMIN OPTION is specified, the member can in turn grant membership in the role to others, and
       revoke membership in the role as well. Without the admin option, ordinary users cannot do that. A role is
       not considered to hold WITH ADMIN OPTION on itself, but it may grant or revoke membership in itself from
       a database session where the session user matches the role. Database superusers can grant or revoke
       membership in any role to anyone. Roles having CREATEROLE privilege can grant or revoke membership in any
       role that is not a superuser.

       If GRANTED BY is specified, the grant is recorded as having been done by the specified role. Only
       database superusers may use this option, except when it names the same role executing the command.

       Unlike the case with privileges, membership in a role cannot be granted to PUBLIC. Note also that this
       form of the command does not allow the noise word GROUP in role_specification.

NOTES

       The REVOKE(7) command is used to revoke access privileges.

       Since PostgreSQL 8.1, the concepts of users and groups have been unified into a single kind of entity
       called a role. It is therefore no longer necessary to use the keyword GROUP to identify whether a grantee
       is a user or a group.  GROUP is still allowed in the command, but it is a noise word.

       A user may perform SELECT, INSERT, etc. on a column if they hold that privilege for either the specific
       column or its whole table. Granting the privilege at the table level and then revoking it for one column
       will not do what one might wish: the table-level grant is unaffected by a column-level operation.

       When a non-owner of an object attempts to GRANT privileges on the object, the command will fail outright
       if the user has no privileges whatsoever on the object. As long as some privilege is available, the
       command will proceed, but it will grant only those privileges for which the user has grant options. The
       GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES forms will issue a warning message if no grant options are held, while the other
       forms will issue a warning if grant options for any of the privileges specifically named in the command
       are not held. (In principle these statements apply to the object owner as well, but since the owner is
       always treated as holding all grant options, the cases can never occur.)

       It should be noted that database superusers can access all objects regardless of object privilege
       settings. This is comparable to the rights of root in a Unix system. As with root, it's unwise to operate
       as a superuser except when absolutely necessary.

       If a superuser chooses to issue a GRANT or REVOKE command, the command is performed as though it were
       issued by the owner of the affected object. In particular, privileges granted via such a command will
       appear to have been granted by the object owner. (For role membership, the membership appears to have
       been granted by the containing role itself.)

       GRANT and REVOKE can also be done by a role that is not the owner of the affected object, but is a member
       of the role that owns the object, or is a member of a role that holds privileges WITH GRANT OPTION on the
       object. In this case the privileges will be recorded as having been granted by the role that actually
       owns the object or holds the privileges WITH GRANT OPTION. For example, if table t1 is owned by role g1,
       of which role u1 is a member, then u1 can grant privileges on t1 to u2, but those privileges will appear
       to have been granted directly by g1. Any other member of role g1 could revoke them later.

       If the role executing GRANT holds the required privileges indirectly via more than one role membership
       path, it is unspecified which containing role will be recorded as having done the grant. In such cases it
       is best practice to use SET ROLE to become the specific role you want to do the GRANT as.

       Granting permission on a table does not automatically extend permissions to any sequences used by the
       table, including sequences tied to SERIAL columns. Permissions on sequences must be set separately.

       See Section 5.7 for more information about specific privilege types, as well as how to inspect objects'
       privileges.

EXAMPLES

       Grant insert privilege to all users on table films:

           GRANT INSERT ON films TO PUBLIC;

       Grant all available privileges to user manuel on view kinds:

           GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON kinds TO manuel;

       Note that while the above will indeed grant all privileges if executed by a superuser or the owner of
       kinds, when executed by someone else it will only grant those permissions for which the someone else has
       grant options.

       Grant membership in role admins to user joe:

           GRANT admins TO joe;

COMPATIBILITY

       According to the SQL standard, the PRIVILEGES key word in ALL PRIVILEGES is required. The SQL standard
       does not support setting the privileges on more than one object per command.

       PostgreSQL allows an object owner to revoke their own ordinary privileges: for example, a table owner can
       make the table read-only to themselves by revoking their own INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, and TRUNCATE
       privileges. This is not possible according to the SQL standard. The reason is that PostgreSQL treats the
       owner's privileges as having been granted by the owner to themselves; therefore they can revoke them too.
       In the SQL standard, the owner's privileges are granted by an assumed entity “_SYSTEM”. Not being
       “_SYSTEM”, the owner cannot revoke these rights.

       According to the SQL standard, grant options can be granted to PUBLIC; PostgreSQL only supports granting
       grant options to roles.

       The SQL standard allows the GRANTED BY option to be used in all forms of GRANT. PostgreSQL only supports
       it when granting role membership, and even then only superusers may use it in nontrivial ways.

       The SQL standard provides for a USAGE privilege on other kinds of objects: character sets, collations,
       translations.

       In the SQL standard, sequences only have a USAGE privilege, which controls the use of the NEXT VALUE FOR
       expression, which is equivalent to the function nextval in PostgreSQL. The sequence privileges SELECT and
       UPDATE are PostgreSQL extensions. The application of the sequence USAGE privilege to the currval function
       is also a PostgreSQL extension (as is the function itself).

       Privileges on databases, tablespaces, schemas, and languages are PostgreSQL extensions.

SEE ALSO

       REVOKE(7), ALTER DEFAULT PRIVILEGES (ALTER_DEFAULT_PRIVILEGES(7))