Provided by: bpfcc-tools_0.12.0-2_all 
NAME
trace - Trace a function and print its arguments or return value, optionally evaluating a filter. Uses
Linux eBPF/bcc.
SYNOPSIS
trace [-h] [-b BUFFER_PAGES] [-p PID] [-L TID] [-v] [-Z STRING_SIZE] [-S] [-s SYM_FILE_LIST]
[-M MAX_EVENTS] [-t] [-u] [-T] [-C] [-K] [-U] [-a] [-I header]
probe [probe ...]
DESCRIPTION
trace probes functions you specify and displays trace messages if a particular condition is met. You can
control the message format to display function arguments and return values.
Since this uses BPF, only the root user can use this tool.
REQUIREMENTS
CONFIG_BPF and bcc.
OPTIONS
-h Print usage message.
-p PID Trace only functions in the process PID.
-L TID Trace only functions in the thread TID.
-v Display the generated BPF program, for debugging purposes.
-z STRING_SIZE
When collecting string arguments (of type char*), collect up to STRING_SIZE characters. Longer
strings will be truncated.
-s SYM_FILE_LIST
When collecting stack trace in build id format, use the coma separated list for symbol resolution.
-S If set, trace messages from trace's own process. By default, this is off to avoid tracing storms
-- for example, if you trace the write system call, and consider that trace is writing to the
standard output.
-M MAX_EVENTS
Print up to MAX_EVENTS trace messages and then exit.
-t Print times relative to the beginning of the trace (offsets), in seconds.
-u Print UNIX timestamps instead of offsets from trace beginning, requires -t.
-T Print the time column.
-C Print CPU id.
-c CGROUP_PATH
Trace only functions in processes under CGROUP_PATH hierarchy.
-n NAME
Only print process names containing this name.
-f MSG_FILTER
Only print message of event containing this string.
-B Treat argument of STRCMP helper as a binary value
-K Print the kernel stack for each event.
-U Print the user stack for each event. -a Print virtual address in kernel and user stacks.
-I header
Additional header files to include in the BPF program. This is needed if your filter or print
expressions use types or data structures that are not available in the standard headers. For
example: 'linux/mm.h'
probe [probe ...]
One or more probes that attach to functions, filter conditions, and print information. See PROBE
SYNTAX below.
PROBE SYNTAX
The general probe syntax is as follows:
[{p,r}]:[library]:function[(signature)] [(predicate)] ["format string"[, arguments]]
{t:category:event,u:library:probe} [(predicate)] ["format string"[, arguments]]
{[{p,r}],t,u}
Probe type - "p" for function entry, "r" for function return, "t" for kernel tracepoint, "u" for
USDT probe. The default probe type is "p".
[library]
Library containing the probe. Specify the full path to the .so or executable file where the
function to probe resides. Alternatively, you can specify just the lib name: for example, "c"
refers to libc. If no library name is specified, the kernel is assumed. Also, you can specify an
executable name (without a full path) if it is in the PATH. For example, "bash".
category
The tracepoint category. For example, "sched" or "irq".
function
The function to probe.
signature
The optional signature of the function to probe. This can make it easier to access the function's
arguments, instead of using the "arg1", "arg2" etc. argument specifiers. For example, "(struct
timespec *ts)" in the signature position lets you use "ts" in the filter or print expressions.
event The tracepoint event. For example, "block_rq_complete".
probe The USDT probe name. For example, "pthread_create".
[(predicate)]
The filter applied to the captured data. Only if the filter evaluates as true, the trace message
will be printed. The filter can use any valid C expression that refers to the argument values:
arg1, arg2, etc., or to the return value retval in a return probe. If necessary, use C cast
operators to coerce the arguments to the desired type. For example, if arg1 is of type int, use
the expression ((int)arg1 < 0) to trace only invocations where arg1 is negative. Note that only
arg1-arg6 are supported, and only if the function is using the standard x86_64 convention where
the first six arguments are in the RDI, RSI, RDX, RCX, R8, R9 registers. If no predicate is
specified, all function invocations are traced.
The predicate expression may also use the STRCMP pseudo-function to compare a predefined string to
a string argument. For example: STRCMP("test", arg1). The order of arguments is important: the
first argument MUST be a quoted literal string, and the second argument can be a runtime string,
most typically an argument.
["format string"[, arguments]]
A printf-style format string that will be used for the trace message. You can use the following
format specifiers: %s, %d, %u, %lld, %llu, %hd, %hu, %c, %x, %llx -- with the same semantics as
printf's. Make sure to pass the exact number of arguments as there are placeholders in the format
string. The format specifier replacements may be any C expressions, and may refer to the same
special keywords as in the predicate (arg1, arg2, etc.).
In addition to the above format specifiers, you can also use %K and %U when the expression is an
address that potentially points to executable code (i.e., a symbol). trace will resolve %K
specifiers to a kernel symbol, such as vfs__read, and will resolve %U specifiers to a user-space
symbol in that process, such as sprintf.
In tracepoints, both the predicate and the arguments may refer to the tracepoint format structure,
which is stored in the special "args" variable. For example, the block:block_rq_complete
tracepoint can print or filter by args->nr_sector. To discover the format of your tracepoint, use
the tplist tool.
In USDT probes, the arg1, ..., argN variables refer to the probe's arguments. To determine which
arguments your probe has, use the tplist tool.
The predicate expression and the format specifier replacements for printing may also use the
following special keywords: $pid, $tgid to refer to the current process' pid and tgid; $uid, $gid
to refer to the current user's uid and gid; $cpu to refer to the current processor number.
EXAMPLES
Trace all invocations of the open system call with the name of the file being opened:
# trace '::do_sys_open "%s", arg2'
Trace all invocations of the read system call where the number of bytes requested is greater than 20,000:
# trace '::sys_read (arg3 > 20000) "read %d bytes", arg3'
Trace all malloc calls and print the size of the requested allocation:
# trace ':c:malloc "size = %d", arg1'
Trace returns from the readline function in bash and print the return value as a string:
# trace 'r:bash:readline "%s", retval'
Trace the block:block_rq_complete tracepoint and print the number of sectors completed:
# trace 't:block:block_rq_complete "%d sectors", args->nr_sector'
Trace the pthread_create USDT probe from the pthread library and print the address of the thread's start
function:
# trace 'u:pthread:pthread_create "start addr = %llx", arg3'
Trace the nanosleep system call and print the sleep duration in nanoseconds:
# trace 'p::SyS_nanosleep(struct timespec *ts) sleep for %lld ns , ts->tv_nsec'
Trace the inet_pton system call using build id mechanism and print the stack
# trace -s /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6,/bin/ping 'p:c:inet_pton' -U
SOURCE
This is from bcc.
https://github.com/iovisor/bcc
Also look in the bcc distribution for a companion _examples.txt file containing example usage, output,
and commentary for this tool.
OS
Linux
STABILITY
Unstable - in development.
AUTHOR
Sasha Goldshtein