名称

       newusers - 批量更新和创建新用户

大纲

       newusers [选项] [文件]

描述

       The newusers command reads a file (or the standard input by default) and uses this
       information to update a set of existing users or to create new users. Each line is in the
       same format as the standard password file (see passwd(5)) with the exceptions explained
       below:

       pw_name:pw_passwd:pw_uid:pw_gid:pw_gecos:pw_dir:pw_shell

       pw_name
           这是用户的用户名。

           It can be the name of a new user or the name of an existing user (or a user created
           before by newusers). In case of an existing user, the user's information will be
           changed, otherwise a new user will be created.

       pw_passwd
           此字段将被加密然后用于加密后密码的新值。

       pw_uid
           此字段用于定义用户的 UID。

           If the field is empty, a new (unused) UID will be defined automatically by newusers.

           如果此字段包含一个数字，此数字会用于 UID。

           If this field contains the name of an existing user (or the name of a user created
           before by newusers), the UID of the specified user will be used.

           如果一个现有用户更改了 UID，此用户的文件所有权需要手动修复。

       pw_gid
           此字段用于定义用户的主组 ID。

           If this field contains the name of an existing group (or a group created before by
           newusers), the GID of this group will be used as the primary group ID for the user.

           如果此字段是一个数字，此数字会被用作此用户的主组 ID。如果没有对应此 GID 的现有组，将会
           使用此 GID 创建一个新组，名称和用户名相同。

           If this field is empty, a new group will be created with the name of the user and a
           GID will be automatically defined by newusers to be used as the primary group ID for
           the user and as the GID for the new group.

           If this field contains the name of a group which does not exist (and was not created
           before by newusers), a new group will be created with the specified name and a GID
           will be automatically defined by newusers to be used as the primary group ID for the
           user and GID for the new group.

       pw_gecos
           此字段复制到用户的 GECOS 字段。

       pw_dir
           此字段用于定义用户的主目录。

           如果此字段指定的不是现有的目录，将会创建指定的目录，所有权设置为创建或更新的用户及其主
           组。

           If the home directory of an existing user is changed, newusers does not move or copy
           the content of the old directory to the new location. This should be done manually.

       pw_shell
           此字段定义了用户的 shell。对此字段不进行任何检查。

       newusers first tries to create or change all the specified users, and then write these
       changes to the user or group databases. If an error occurs (except in the final writes to
       the databases), no changes are committed to the databases.

       During this first pass, users are created with a locked password (and passwords are not
       changed for the users which are not created). A second pass is used to update the
       passwords using PAM. Failures to update a password are reported, but will not stop the
       other password updates.

       此命令一般用于在大型的应用环境中，对大量账户进行一次性更新。

选项

       The options which apply to the newusers command are:

       --badname
           Allow names that do not conform to standards.

       -h, --help
           现实帮助信息并退出。

       -r, --system
           创建一个系统账户。

           System users will be created with no aging information in /etc/shadow, and their
           numeric identifiers are chosen in the SYS_UID_MIN-SYS_UID_MAX range, defined in
           login.defs, instead of UID_MIN-UID_MAX (and their GID counterparts for the creation of
           groups).

       -R, --root CHROOT_DIR
           Apply changes in the CHROOT_DIR directory and use the configuration files from the
           CHROOT_DIR directory.

CAVEATS

       输入文件必须受到保护，因为它包含未加密的密码。

配置文件

       The following configuration variables in /etc/login.defs change the behavior of this tool:

       GID_MAX (number), GID_MIN (number)
           Range of group IDs used for the creation of regular groups by useradd, groupadd, or
           newusers.

           The default value for GID_MIN (resp.  GID_MAX) is 1000 (resp. 60000).

       HOME_MODE (number)
           The mode for new home directories. If not specified, the UMASK is used to create the
           mode.

           useradd and newusers use this to set the mode of the home directory they create.

       MAX_MEMBERS_PER_GROUP (number)
           Maximum members per group entry. When the maximum is reached, a new group entry (line)
           is started in /etc/group (with the same name, same password, and same GID).

           默认值是 0，意味着组中的成员数没有限制。

           此功能(分割组)允许限制组文件中的行长度。这对于确保 NIS 组的行比长于 1024 字符。

           如果要强制这个限制，可以使用 25。

           注意：分割组可能不受所有工具的支持(甚至在 Shadow 工具集中)。您不应该使用这个变量，除非
           真的需要。

       PASS_MAX_DAYS (number)
           一个密码可以使用的最大天数。如果密码比这旧，将会强迫更改密码。如果不指定，就假定为
           -1，这会禁用这个限制。

       PASS_MIN_DAYS (number)
           两次更改密码时间的最小间隔。将会拒绝任何早于此的更改密码的尝试。如果不指定，假定为
           -1，将会禁用这个限制。

       PASS_WARN_AGE (number)
           密码过期之前给出警告的天数。0 表示只有只在过期的当天警告，负值表示不警告。如果没有指
           定，不会给警告。

       SUB_GID_MIN (number), SUB_GID_MAX (number), SUB_GID_COUNT (number)
           If /etc/subuid exists, the commands useradd and newusers (unless the user already have
           subordinate group IDs) allocate SUB_GID_COUNT unused group IDs from the range
           SUB_GID_MIN to SUB_GID_MAX for each new user.

           The default values for SUB_GID_MIN, SUB_GID_MAX, SUB_GID_COUNT are respectively
           100000, 600100000 and 65536.

       SUB_UID_MIN (number), SUB_UID_MAX (number), SUB_UID_COUNT (number)
           If /etc/subuid exists, the commands useradd and newusers (unless the user already have
           subordinate user IDs) allocate SUB_UID_COUNT unused user IDs from the range
           SUB_UID_MIN to SUB_UID_MAX for each new user.

           The default values for SUB_UID_MIN, SUB_UID_MAX, SUB_UID_COUNT are respectively
           100000, 600100000 and 65536.

       SYS_GID_MAX (number), SYS_GID_MIN (number)
           Range of group IDs used for the creation of system groups by useradd, groupadd, or
           newusers.

           The default value for SYS_GID_MIN (resp.  SYS_GID_MAX) is 101 (resp.  GID_MIN-1).

       SYS_UID_MAX (number), SYS_UID_MIN (number)
           Range of user IDs used for the creation of system users by useradd or newusers.

           The default value for SYS_UID_MIN (resp.  SYS_UID_MAX) is 101 (resp.  UID_MIN-1).

       UID_MAX (number), UID_MIN (number)
           Range of user IDs used for the creation of regular users by useradd or newusers.

           The default value for UID_MIN (resp.  UID_MAX) is 1000 (resp. 60000).

       UMASK (number)
           文件模式创建掩码初始化为此值。如果没有指定，掩码初始化为 022。

           useradd and newusers use this mask to set the mode of the home directory they create
           if HOME_MODE is not set.

           It is also used by pam_umask as the default umask value.

文件

       /etc/passwd
           用户账户信息。

       /etc/shadow
           安全用户账户信息。

       /etc/group
           组账户信息。

       /etc/gshadow
           安全组账户信息。

       /etc/login.defs
           Shadow 密码套件配置。

       /etc/pam.d/newusers
           PAM configuration for newusers.

       /etc/subgid
           Per user subordinate group IDs.

       /etc/subuid
           Per user subordinate user IDs.

参见

       login.defs(5), passwd(1), subgid(5), subuid(5), useradd(8).