Ubuntu Manpage: po4a-gettextize - convert an original file (and its translation) to a PO file

NAME

       po4a-gettextize - convert an original file (and its translation) to a PO file

SYNOPSIS

       po4a-gettextize -f fmt -m master.doc [-l XX.doc] -p XX.po

       (XX.po is the output, all others are inputs)

DESCRIPTION

       po4a (PO for anything) eases the maintenance of documentation translation using the classical gettext
       tools. The main feature of po4a is that it decouples the translation of content from its document
       structure.  Please refer to the page po4a(7) for a gentle introduction to this project.

       The po4a-gettextize script is in charge of converting documentation files into PO files. You only need it
       to setup your translation project with po4a, never afterward.

       If you start from scratch, po4a-gettextize will extract the translatable strings from the documentation
       and write a POT file. If you provide a previously existing translated file with the -l flag,
       po4a-gettextize will try to use the translations that it contains in the produced PO file. This process
       remains tedious and manual, as explained in Section 'Converting a manual translation to po4a' below.

       If the master document has non-ASCII characters, the new generated PO file will be in UTF-8. Else (if the
       master document is completely in ASCII), the generated PO will use the encoding of the translated input
       document, or UTF-8 if no translated document is provided.

OPTIONS

-f, --format
Format of the documentation you want to handle. Use the --help-format option to see the list of
available formats.

-m, --master
File containing the master document to translate. You can use this option multiple times if you want
to gettextize multiple documents.

-M, --master-charset
Charset of the file containing the document to translate.

-l, --localized
File containing the localized (translated) document. If you provided multiple master files, you may
wish to provide multiple localized file by using this option more than once.

-L, --localized-charset
Charset of the file containing the localized document.

-p, --po
File where the message catalog should be written. If not given, the message catalog will be written
to the standard output.

-o, --option
Extra option(s) to pass to the format plugin. See the documentation of each plugin for more
information about the valid options and their meanings. For example, you could pass '-o tablecells'
to the AsciiDoc parser, while the text parser would accept '-o tabs=split'.

-h, --help
Show a short help message.

--help-format
List the documentation formats understood by po4a.

-V, --version
Display the version of the script and exit.

-v, --verbose
Increase the verbosity of the program.

-d, --debug
Output some debugging information.

--msgid-bugs-address email@address
Set the report address for msgid bugs. By default, the created POT files have no Report-Msgid-Bugs-To
fields.

--copyright-holder string
Set the copyright holder in the POT header. The default value is "Free Software Foundation, Inc."

--package-name string
Set the package name for the POT header. The default is "PACKAGE".

--package-version string
Set the package version for the POT header. The default is "VERSION".

Converting a manual translation to po4a
po4a-gettextize will try to extract the content of any provided translation file, and use this content as
msgstr in the produced PO file. Be warned that this process is very fragile: the Nth string of the
translated file is supposed to be the translation of the Nth string in the original. This will naturally
not work unless both files share exactly the same structure.

Internally, each po4a parser reports the syntactical type of each extracted strings. This is how
desynchronization are detected during the gettextization. For example, if the files have the following
structure, it is very unlikely that the 4th string in translation (of type 'chapter') is the translation
of the 4th string in original (of type 'paragraph'). It is more likely that a new paragraph was added to
the original, or that two original paragraphs were merged together in the translation.

Original Translation

chapter chapter
paragraph paragraph
paragraph paragraph
paragraph chapter
chapter paragraph
paragraph paragraph

po4a-gettextize will verbosely diagnose any detected structure desynchronization. When this happens, you
should manually edit the files (this probably requires that you have some notions of the target
language). You must add fake paragraphs or remove some content in one of the documents (or both) to fix
the reported disparities, until the structure of both documents perfectly match. Some tricks are given in
the next section.

Even when the document is successfully processed, undetected disparities and silent errors are still
possible. That is why any translation associated automatically by po4a-gettextize is marked as fuzzy to
require an manual inspection by humans. One has to check that each retrieved msgstr is actually the
translation of the associated msgid, and not the string before or after.

As you can see, the key here is to have the exact same structure in the translated document and in the
original one. The best is to do the gettextization on the exact version of master.doc that was used for
the translation, and only update the PO file against the latest master file once the gettextization was
successful.

If you are lucky enough to have a a perfect match in the file structures, building a correct PO file is a
matter of seconds. Otherwise, you will soon understand why this process has such an ugly name :) But
remember that this grunt work is the price to pay to get the comfort of po4a afterward. Once converted,
the synchronization between master documents and translations will always be fully automatic.

Even when things go wrong, gettextization often remains faster than translating everything again. I was
able to gettextize the existing French translation of the whole Perl documentation in one day, even
though the structure of many documents were desynchronized. That was more than two megabytes of original
text (2 millions of characters): restarting the translation from scratch would have required several
months of work.

Hints and tricks for the gettextization process
The gettextization stops as soon as a desynchronization is detected. In theory, it should probably be
possible resynchronize the gettextization later in the documents using e.g. the same algorithm than the
diff(1) utility. But a manual intervention would still be mandatory to manually match the elements that
couldn't be automatically matched, explaining why automatic resynchronization is not implemented (yet?).

When this happens, the whole game comes down to the alignment of these damn files' structures again
through manual edits. po4a-gettextize is rather verbose about what went wrong when it happens. It reports
the strings that don't match, their positions in the text, and the type of each of them. Moreover, the PO
file generated so far is dumped as gettextization.failed.po for further inspection.

Here are some other tricks to help you in this tedious process:

• Remove all extra content of the translations, such as the section giving credits to the translators.
You can add them back in po4a afterward, using an addenda (see po4a(7)).

• If you need to edit the files to align their structures, you should prefer editing the translation if
possible. Indeed, if the changes to the original are too intrusive, the old and new versions will not
be matched during the PO update, and the corresponding translation will be dumped anyway. But do not
hesitate to also edit the original document if required: the important thing is to get a first PO
file to start with.

• Do not hesitate to kill any original content that would not exist in the translated version. This
content will be automatically reintroduced afterward, when synchronizing the PO file with the
document.

• You should probably inform the original author of any structural change in the translation that seems
justified. Issues in the original document should reported to the author. Fixing them in your
translation only fixes them for a part of the community. Plus, it is impossible to do so when using
po4a ;)

• Sometimes, the paragraph content does match, but not their types. Fixing it is rather format-
dependent. In POD and man, it often comes from the fact that one of them contains a line beginning
with a white space while the other does not. In those formats, such paragraph cannot be wrapped and
thus become a different type. Just remove the space and you are fine. It may also be a typo in the
tag name in XML.

Likewise, two paragraphs may get merged together in POD when the separating line contains some
spaces, or when there is no empty line between the =item line and the content of the item.

• Sometimes, the desynchronization message seems odd because the translation is attached to the wrong
original paragraph. It is the sign of an undetected issue earlier in the process. Search for the
actual desynchronization point by inspecting gettextization.failed.po, and fix the problem where it
really is.

• In some unfortunate settings, you will get the feeling that po4a ate some parts of the text, either
the original or the translation. gettextization.failed.po indicates that both files matched as
expected up to the paragraph N. But then, an (unsuccessful) attempt is made to match the N+1
paragraph in the original file not with the N+1 paragraph in the translation as it should, but with
the N+2 paragraph. Just as if the N+1 paragraph that you see in the document simply disappeared from
the file during the process.

This unfortunate situation happens when the same paragraph is repeated over the document. In that
case, no new entry is created in the PO file, but a new reference is added to the existing one
instead.

So, the previous situation occurs when two similar but different paragraphs are translated in the
exact same way. This will apparently remove a paragraph of the translation. To fix the problem, it is
sufficient to slightly alter one of the translations in the document. You can also prefer to kill the
second paragraph in the original document.

To the opposite, if the same paragraph appearing twice in the original document is not translated in
the exact same way at both locations, you will get the feeling that one paragraph of the original
document just vanished. Just copy the best translation over the other one in the translated document
to fix the problem.

• As a final note, do not be too surprised if the first synchronization of your PO file takes a long
time. This is because most of the msgid of the PO file resulting from the gettextization don't match
exactly any element of the POT file built from the recent master files. This forces gettext to search
for the closest one using a costly string proximity algorithm.

For example, the first po4a-updatepo of the Perl documentation's French translation (5.5 MB PO file)
took about 48 hours (yes, two days) while the subsequent ones only take a dozen of seconds.

AUTHORS

        Denis Barbier <barbier@linuxfr.org>
        Nicolas Francois <nicolas.francois@centraliens.net>
        Martin Quinson (mquinson#debian.org)

COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE