Provided by: zfsutils-linux_2.0.6-1ubuntu3_amd64 
NAME
zfs-module-parameters - ZFS module parameters
DESCRIPTION
Description of the different parameters to the ZFS module.
Module parameters
dbuf_cache_max_bytes (ulong)
Maximum size in bytes of the dbuf cache. The target size is determined by the
MIN versus 1/2^dbuf_cache_shift (1/32) of the target ARC size. The behavior
of the dbuf cache and its associated settings can be observed via the
/proc/spl/kstat/zfs/dbufstats kstat.
Default value: ULONG_MAX.
dbuf_metadata_cache_max_bytes (ulong)
Maximum size in bytes of the metadata dbuf cache. The target size is
determined by the MIN versus 1/2^dbuf_metadata_cache_shift (1/64) of the
target ARC size. The behavior of the metadata dbuf cache and its associated
settings can be observed via the /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/dbufstats kstat.
Default value: ULONG_MAX.
dbuf_cache_hiwater_pct (uint)
The percentage over dbuf_cache_max_bytes when dbufs must be evicted directly.
Default value: 10%.
dbuf_cache_lowater_pct (uint)
The percentage below dbuf_cache_max_bytes when the evict thread stops evicting
dbufs.
Default value: 10%.
dbuf_cache_shift (int)
Set the size of the dbuf cache, dbuf_cache_max_bytes, to a log2 fraction of
the target ARC size.
Default value: 5.
dbuf_metadata_cache_shift (int)
Set the size of the dbuf metadata cache, dbuf_metadata_cache_max_bytes, to a
log2 fraction of the target ARC size.
Default value: 6.
dmu_object_alloc_chunk_shift (int)
dnode slots allocated in a single operation as a power of 2. The default value
minimizes lock contention for the bulk operation performed.
Default value: 7 (128).
dmu_prefetch_max (int)
Limit the amount we can prefetch with one call to this amount (in bytes).
This helps to limit the amount of memory that can be used by prefetching.
Default value: 134,217,728 (128MB).
ignore_hole_birth (int)
This is an alias for send_holes_without_birth_time.
l2arc_feed_again (int)
Turbo L2ARC warm-up. When the L2ARC is cold the fill interval will be set as
fast as possible.
Use 1 for yes (default) and 0 to disable.
l2arc_feed_min_ms (ulong)
Min feed interval in milliseconds. Requires l2arc_feed_again=1 and only
applicable in related situations.
Default value: 200.
l2arc_feed_secs (ulong)
Seconds between L2ARC writing
Default value: 1.
l2arc_headroom (ulong)
How far through the ARC lists to search for L2ARC cacheable content, expressed
as a multiplier of l2arc_write_max. ARC persistence across reboots can be
achieved with persistent L2ARC by setting this parameter to 0 allowing the
full length of ARC lists to be searched for cacheable content.
Default value: 2.
l2arc_headroom_boost (ulong)
Scales l2arc_headroom by this percentage when L2ARC contents are being
successfully compressed before writing. A value of 100 disables this feature.
Default value: 200%.
l2arc_mfuonly (int)
Controls whether only MFU metadata and data are cached from ARC into L2ARC.
This may be desired to avoid wasting space on L2ARC when reading/writing large
amounts of data that are not expected to be accessed more than once. The
default is 0, meaning both MRU and MFU data and metadata are cached. When
turning off (0) this feature some MRU buffers will still be present in ARC and
eventually cached on L2ARC.
Use 0 for no (default) and 1 for yes.
l2arc_meta_percent (int)
Percent of ARC size allowed for L2ARC-only headers. Since L2ARC buffers are
not evicted on memory pressure, too large amount of headers on system with
irrationaly large L2ARC can render it slow or unusable. This parameter limits
L2ARC writes and rebuild to achieve it.
Default value: 33%.
l2arc_trim_ahead (ulong)
Trims ahead of the current write size (l2arc_write_max) on L2ARC devices by
this percentage of write size if we have filled the device. If set to 100 we
TRIM twice the space required to accommodate upcoming writes. A minimum of
64MB will be trimmed. It also enables TRIM of the whole L2ARC device upon
creation or addition to an existing pool or if the header of the device is
invalid upon importing a pool or onlining a cache device. A value of 0
disables TRIM on L2ARC altogether and is the default as it can put significant
stress on the underlying storage devices. This will vary depending of how well
the specific device handles these commands.
Default value: 0%.
l2arc_noprefetch (int)
Do not write buffers to L2ARC if they were prefetched but not used by
applications.
Use 1 for yes (default) and 0 to disable.
l2arc_norw (int)
No reads during writes.
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
l2arc_write_boost (ulong)
Cold L2ARC devices will have l2arc_write_max increased by this amount while
they remain cold.
Default value: 8,388,608.
l2arc_write_max (ulong)
Max write bytes per interval.
Default value: 8,388,608.
l2arc_rebuild_enabled (int)
Rebuild the L2ARC when importing a pool (persistent L2ARC). This can be
disabled if there are problems importing a pool or attaching an L2ARC device
(e.g. the L2ARC device is slow in reading stored log metadata, or the metadata
has become somehow fragmented/unusable).
Use 1 for yes (default) and 0 for no.
l2arc_rebuild_blocks_min_l2size (ulong)
Min size (in bytes) of an L2ARC device required in order to write log blocks
in it. The log blocks are used upon importing the pool to rebuild the L2ARC
(persistent L2ARC). Rationale: for L2ARC devices less than 1GB, the amount of
data l2arc_evict() evicts is significant compared to the amount of restored
L2ARC data. In this case do not write log blocks in L2ARC in order not to
waste space.
Default value: 1,073,741,824 (1GB).
metaslab_aliquot (ulong)
Metaslab granularity, in bytes. This is roughly similar to what would be
referred to as the "stripe size" in traditional RAID arrays. In normal
operation, ZFS will try to write this amount of data to a top-level vdev
before moving on to the next one.
Default value: 524,288.
metaslab_bias_enabled (int)
Enable metaslab group biasing based on its vdev's over- or under-utilization
relative to the pool.
Use 1 for yes (default) and 0 for no.
metaslab_force_ganging (ulong)
Make some blocks above a certain size be gang blocks. This option is used by
the test suite to facilitate testing.
Default value: 16,777,217.
zfs_history_output_max (int)
When attempting to log the output nvlist of an ioctl in the on-disk history,
the output will not be stored if it is larger than size (in bytes). This must
be less then DMU_MAX_ACCESS (64MB). This applies primarily to
zfs_ioc_channel_program().
Default value: 1MB.
zfs_keep_log_spacemaps_at_export (int)
Prevent log spacemaps from being destroyed during pool exports and destroys.
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
zfs_metaslab_segment_weight_enabled (int)
Enable/disable segment-based metaslab selection.
Use 1 for yes (default) and 0 for no.
zfs_metaslab_switch_threshold (int)
When using segment-based metaslab selection, continue allocating from the
active metaslab until zfs_metaslab_switch_threshold worth of buckets have been
exhausted.
Default value: 2.
metaslab_debug_load (int)
Load all metaslabs during pool import.
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
metaslab_debug_unload (int)
Prevent metaslabs from being unloaded.
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
metaslab_fragmentation_factor_enabled (int)
Enable use of the fragmentation metric in computing metaslab weights.
Use 1 for yes (default) and 0 for no.
metaslab_df_max_search (int)
Maximum distance to search forward from the last offset. Without this limit,
fragmented pools can see >100,000 iterations and metaslab_block_picker()
becomes the performance limiting factor on high-performance storage.
With the default setting of 16MB, we typically see less than 500 iterations,
even with very fragmented, ashift=9 pools. The maximum number of iterations
possible is: metaslab_df_max_search / (2 * (1<<ashift)). With the default
setting of 16MB this is 16*1024 (with ashift=9) or 2048 (with ashift=12).
Default value: 16,777,216 (16MB)
metaslab_df_use_largest_segment (int)
If we are not searching forward (due to metaslab_df_max_search,
metaslab_df_free_pct, or metaslab_df_alloc_threshold), this tunable controls
what segment is used. If it is set, we will use the largest free segment. If
it is not set, we will use a segment of exactly the requested size (or
larger).
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
zfs_metaslab_max_size_cache_sec (ulong)
When we unload a metaslab, we cache the size of the largest free chunk. We use
that cached size to determine whether or not to load a metaslab for a given
allocation. As more frees accumulate in that metaslab while it's unloaded, the
cached max size becomes less and less accurate. After a number of seconds
controlled by this tunable, we stop considering the cached max size and start
considering only the histogram instead.
Default value: 3600 seconds (one hour)
zfs_metaslab_mem_limit (int)
When we are loading a new metaslab, we check the amount of memory being used
to store metaslab range trees. If it is over a threshold, we attempt to unload
the least recently used metaslab to prevent the system from clogging all of
its memory with range trees. This tunable sets the percentage of total system
memory that is the threshold.
Default value: 25 percent
zfs_vdev_default_ms_count (int)
When a vdev is added target this number of metaslabs per top-level vdev.
Default value: 200.
zfs_vdev_default_ms_shift (int)
Default limit for metaslab size.
Default value: 29 [meaning (1 << 29) = 512MB].
zfs_vdev_max_auto_ashift (ulong)
Maximum ashift used when optimizing for logical -> physical sector size on new
top-level vdevs.
Default value: ASHIFT_MAX (16).
zfs_vdev_min_auto_ashift (ulong)
Minimum ashift used when creating new top-level vdevs.
Default value: ASHIFT_MIN (9).
zfs_vdev_min_ms_count (int)
Minimum number of metaslabs to create in a top-level vdev.
Default value: 16.
vdev_validate_skip (int)
Skip label validation steps during pool import. Changing is not recommended
unless you know what you are doing and are recovering a damaged label.
Default value: 0.
zfs_vdev_ms_count_limit (int)
Practical upper limit of total metaslabs per top-level vdev.
Default value: 131,072.
metaslab_preload_enabled (int)
Enable metaslab group preloading.
Use 1 for yes (default) and 0 for no.
metaslab_lba_weighting_enabled (int)
Give more weight to metaslabs with lower LBAs, assuming they have greater
bandwidth as is typically the case on a modern constant angular velocity disk
drive.
Use 1 for yes (default) and 0 for no.
metaslab_unload_delay (int)
After a metaslab is used, we keep it loaded for this many txgs, to attempt to
reduce unnecessary reloading. Note that both this many txgs and
metaslab_unload_delay_ms milliseconds must pass before unloading will occur.
Default value: 32.
metaslab_unload_delay_ms (int)
After a metaslab is used, we keep it loaded for this many milliseconds, to
attempt to reduce unnecessary reloading. Note that both this many milliseconds
and metaslab_unload_delay txgs must pass before unloading will occur.
Default value: 600000 (ten minutes).
send_holes_without_birth_time (int)
When set, the hole_birth optimization will not be used, and all holes will
always be sent on zfs send. This is useful if you suspect your datasets are
affected by a bug in hole_birth.
Use 1 for on (default) and 0 for off.
spa_config_path (charp)
SPA config file
Default value: /etc/zfs/zpool.cache.
spa_asize_inflation (int)
Multiplication factor used to estimate actual disk consumption from the size
of data being written. The default value is a worst case estimate, but lower
values may be valid for a given pool depending on its configuration. Pool
administrators who understand the factors involved may wish to specify a more
realistic inflation factor, particularly if they operate close to quota or
capacity limits.
Default value: 24.
spa_load_print_vdev_tree (int)
Whether to print the vdev tree in the debugging message buffer during pool
import. Use 0 to disable and 1 to enable.
Default value: 0.
spa_load_verify_data (int)
Whether to traverse data blocks during an "extreme rewind" (-X) import. Use 0
to disable and 1 to enable.
An extreme rewind import normally performs a full traversal of all blocks in
the pool for verification. If this parameter is set to 0, the traversal skips
non-metadata blocks. It can be toggled once the import has started to stop or
start the traversal of non-metadata blocks.
Default value: 1.
spa_load_verify_metadata (int)
Whether to traverse blocks during an "extreme rewind" (-X) pool import. Use 0
to disable and 1 to enable.
An extreme rewind import normally performs a full traversal of all blocks in
the pool for verification. If this parameter is set to 0, the traversal is
not performed. It can be toggled once the import has started to stop or start
the traversal.
Default value: 1.
spa_load_verify_shift (int)
Sets the maximum number of bytes to consume during pool import to the log2
fraction of the target ARC size.
Default value: 4.
spa_slop_shift (int)
Normally, we don't allow the last 3.2% (1/(2^spa_slop_shift)) of space in the
pool to be consumed. This ensures that we don't run the pool completely out
of space, due to unaccounted changes (e.g. to the MOS). It also limits the
worst-case time to allocate space. If we have less than this amount of free
space, most ZPL operations (e.g. write, create) will return ENOSPC.
Default value: 5.
vdev_removal_max_span (int)
During top-level vdev removal, chunks of data are copied from the vdev which
may include free space in order to trade bandwidth for IOPS. This parameter
determines the maximum span of free space (in bytes) which will be included as
"unnecessary" data in a chunk of copied data.
The default value here was chosen to align with zfs_vdev_read_gap_limit, which
is a similar concept when doing regular reads (but there's no reason it has to
be the same).
Default value: 32,768.
vdev_file_logical_ashift (ulong)
Logical ashift for file-based devices.
Default value: 9.
vdev_file_physical_ashift (ulong)
Physical ashift for file-based devices.
Default value: 9.
zap_iterate_prefetch (int)
If this is set, when we start iterating over a ZAP object, zfs will prefetch
the entire object (all leaf blocks). However, this is limited by
dmu_prefetch_max.
Use 1 for on (default) and 0 for off.
zfetch_array_rd_sz (ulong)
If prefetching is enabled, disable prefetching for reads larger than this
size.
Default value: 1,048,576.
zfetch_max_distance (uint)
Max bytes to prefetch per stream.
Default value: 8,388,608 (8MB).
zfetch_max_idistance (uint)
Max bytes to prefetch indirects for per stream.
Default vaule: 67,108,864 (64MB).
zfetch_max_streams (uint)
Max number of streams per zfetch (prefetch streams per file).
Default value: 8.
zfetch_min_sec_reap (uint)
Min time before an active prefetch stream can be reclaimed
Default value: 2.
zfs_abd_scatter_enabled (int)
Enables ARC from using scatter/gather lists and forces all allocations to be
linear in kernel memory. Disabling can improve performance in some code paths
at the expense of fragmented kernel memory.
Default value: 1.
zfs_abd_scatter_max_order (iunt)
Maximum number of consecutive memory pages allocated in a single block for
scatter/gather lists. Default value is specified by the kernel itself.
Default value: 10 at the time of this writing.
zfs_abd_scatter_min_size (uint)
This is the minimum allocation size that will use scatter (page-based) ABD's.
Smaller allocations will use linear ABD's.
Default value: 1536 (512B and 1KB allocations will be linear).
zfs_arc_dnode_limit (ulong)
When the number of bytes consumed by dnodes in the ARC exceeds this number of
bytes, try to unpin some of it in response to demand for non-metadata. This
value acts as a ceiling to the amount of dnode metadata, and defaults to 0
which indicates that a percent which is based on zfs_arc_dnode_limit_percent
of the ARC meta buffers that may be used for dnodes.
See also zfs_arc_meta_prune which serves a similar purpose but is used when
the amount of metadata in the ARC exceeds zfs_arc_meta_limit rather than in
response to overall demand for non-metadata.
Default value: 0.
zfs_arc_dnode_limit_percent (ulong)
Percentage that can be consumed by dnodes of ARC meta buffers.
See also zfs_arc_dnode_limit which serves a similar purpose but has a higher
priority if set to nonzero value.
Default value: 10%.
zfs_arc_dnode_reduce_percent (ulong)
Percentage of ARC dnodes to try to scan in response to demand for non-metadata
when the number of bytes consumed by dnodes exceeds zfs_arc_dnode_limit.
Default value: 10% of the number of dnodes in the ARC.
zfs_arc_average_blocksize (int)
The ARC's buffer hash table is sized based on the assumption of an average
block size of zfs_arc_average_blocksize (default 8K). This works out to
roughly 1MB of hash table per 1GB of physical memory with 8-byte pointers.
For configurations with a known larger average block size this value can be
increased to reduce the memory footprint.
Default value: 8192.
zfs_arc_eviction_pct (int)
When arc_is_overflowing(), arc_get_data_impl() waits for this percent of the
requested amount of data to be evicted. For example, by default for every 2KB
that's evicted, 1KB of it may be "reused" by a new allocation. Since this is
above 100%, it ensures that progress is made towards getting arc_size under
arc_c. Since this is finite, it ensures that allocations can still happen,
even during the potentially long time that arc_size is more than arc_c.
Default value: 200.
zfs_arc_evict_batch_limit (int)
Number ARC headers to evict per sub-list before proceeding to another sub-
list. This batch-style operation prevents entire sub-lists from being evicted
at once but comes at a cost of additional unlocking and locking.
Default value: 10.
zfs_arc_grow_retry (int)
If set to a non zero value, it will replace the arc_grow_retry value with this
value. The arc_grow_retry value (default 5) is the number of seconds the ARC
will wait before trying to resume growth after a memory pressure event.
Default value: 0.
zfs_arc_lotsfree_percent (int)
Throttle I/O when free system memory drops below this percentage of total
system memory. Setting this value to 0 will disable the throttle.
Default value: 10%.
zfs_arc_max (ulong)
Max size of ARC in bytes. If set to 0 then the max size of ARC is determined
by the amount of system memory installed. For Linux, 1/2 of system memory
will be used as the limit. For FreeBSD, the larger of all system memory - 1GB
or 5/8 of system memory will be used as the limit. This value must be at
least 67108864 (64 megabytes).
This value can be changed dynamically with some caveats. It cannot be set back
to 0 while running and reducing it below the current ARC size will not cause
the ARC to shrink without memory pressure to induce shrinking.
Default value: 0.
zfs_arc_meta_adjust_restarts (ulong)
The number of restart passes to make while scanning the ARC attempting the
free buffers in order to stay below the zfs_arc_meta_limit. This value should
not need to be tuned but is available to facilitate performance analysis.
Default value: 4096.
zfs_arc_meta_limit (ulong)
The maximum allowed size in bytes that meta data buffers are allowed to
consume in the ARC. When this limit is reached meta data buffers will be
reclaimed even if the overall arc_c_max has not been reached. This value
defaults to 0 which indicates that a percent which is based on
zfs_arc_meta_limit_percent of the ARC may be used for meta data.
This value my be changed dynamically except that it cannot be set back to 0
for a specific percent of the ARC; it must be set to an explicit value.
Default value: 0.
zfs_arc_meta_limit_percent (ulong)
Percentage of ARC buffers that can be used for meta data.
See also zfs_arc_meta_limit which serves a similar purpose but has a higher
priority if set to nonzero value.
Default value: 75%.
zfs_arc_meta_min (ulong)
The minimum allowed size in bytes that meta data buffers may consume in the
ARC. This value defaults to 0 which disables a floor on the amount of the ARC
devoted meta data.
Default value: 0.
zfs_arc_meta_prune (int)
The number of dentries and inodes to be scanned looking for entries which can
be dropped. This may be required when the ARC reaches the zfs_arc_meta_limit
because dentries and inodes can pin buffers in the ARC. Increasing this value
will cause to dentry and inode caches to be pruned more aggressively. Setting
this value to 0 will disable pruning the inode and dentry caches.
Default value: 10,000.
zfs_arc_meta_strategy (int)
Define the strategy for ARC meta data buffer eviction (meta reclaim strategy).
A value of 0 (META_ONLY) will evict only the ARC meta data buffers. A value
of 1 (BALANCED) indicates that additional data buffers may be evicted if that
is required to in order to evict the required number of meta data buffers.
Default value: 1.
zfs_arc_min (ulong)
Min size of ARC in bytes. If set to 0 then arc_c_min will default to consuming
the larger of 32M or 1/32 of total system memory.
Default value: 0.
zfs_arc_min_prefetch_ms (int)
Minimum time prefetched blocks are locked in the ARC, specified in ms. A
value of 0 will default to 1000 ms.
Default value: 0.
zfs_arc_min_prescient_prefetch_ms (int)
Minimum time "prescient prefetched" blocks are locked in the ARC, specified in
ms. These blocks are meant to be prefetched fairly aggressively ahead of the
code that may use them. A value of 0 will default to 6000 ms.
Default value: 0.
zfs_max_missing_tvds (int)
Number of missing top-level vdevs which will be allowed during pool import
(only in read-only mode).
Default value: 0
zfs_max_nvlist_src_size (ulong)
Maximum size in bytes allowed to be passed as zc_nvlist_src_size for ioctls on
/dev/zfs. This prevents a user from causing the kernel to allocate an
excessive amount of memory. When the limit is exceeded, the ioctl fails with
EINVAL and a description of the error is sent to the zfs-dbgmsg log. This
parameter should not need to be touched under normal circumstances. On
FreeBSD, the default is based on the system limit on user wired memory. On
Linux, the default is 128MB.
Default value: 0 (kernel decides)
zfs_multilist_num_sublists (int)
To allow more fine-grained locking, each ARC state contains a series of lists
for both data and meta data objects. Locking is performed at the level of
these "sub-lists". This parameters controls the number of sub-lists per ARC
state, and also applies to other uses of the multilist data structure.
Default value: 4 or the number of online CPUs, whichever is greater
zfs_arc_overflow_shift (int)
The ARC size is considered to be overflowing if it exceeds the current ARC
target size (arc_c) by a threshold determined by this parameter. The
threshold is calculated as a fraction of arc_c using the formula "arc_c >>
zfs_arc_overflow_shift".
The default value of 8 causes the ARC to be considered to be overflowing if it
exceeds the target size by 1/256th (0.3%) of the target size.
When the ARC is overflowing, new buffer allocations are stalled until the
reclaim thread catches up and the overflow condition no longer exists.
Default value: 8.
zfs_arc_p_min_shift (int)
If set to a non zero value, this will update arc_p_min_shift (default 4) with
the new value. arc_p_min_shift is used to shift of arc_c for calculating both
min and max max arc_p
Default value: 0.
zfs_arc_p_dampener_disable (int)
Disable arc_p adapt dampener
Use 1 for yes (default) and 0 to disable.
zfs_arc_shrink_shift (int)
If set to a non zero value, this will update arc_shrink_shift (default 7) with
the new value.
Default value: 0.
zfs_arc_pc_percent (uint)
Percent of pagecache to reclaim arc to
This tunable allows ZFS arc to play more nicely with the kernel's LRU
pagecache. It can guarantee that the ARC size won't collapse under scanning
pressure on the pagecache, yet still allows arc to be reclaimed down to
zfs_arc_min if necessary. This value is specified as percent of pagecache size
(as measured by NR_FILE_PAGES) where that percent may exceed 100. This only
operates during memory pressure/reclaim.
Default value: 0% (disabled).
zfs_arc_shrinker_limit (int)
This is a limit on how many pages the ARC shrinker makes available for
eviction in response to one page allocation attempt. Note that in practice,
the kernel's shrinker can ask us to evict up to about 4x this for one
allocation attempt.
The default limit of 10,000 (in practice, 160MB per allocation attempt with 4K
pages) limits the amount of time spent attempting to reclaim ARC memory to
less than 100ms per allocation attempt, even with a small average compressed
block size of ~8KB.
The parameter can be set to 0 (zero) to disable the limit.
This parameter only applies on Linux.
Default value: 10,000.
zfs_arc_sys_free (ulong)
The target number of bytes the ARC should leave as free memory on the system.
Defaults to the larger of 1/64 of physical memory or 512K. Setting this
option to a non-zero value will override the default.
Default value: 0.
zfs_autoimport_disable (int)
Disable pool import at module load by ignoring the cache file (typically
/etc/zfs/zpool.cache).
Use 1 for yes (default) and 0 for no.
zfs_checksum_events_per_second (uint)
Rate limit checksum events to this many per second. Note that this should not
be set below the zed thresholds (currently 10 checksums over 10 sec) or else
zed may not trigger any action.
Default value: 20
zfs_commit_timeout_pct (int)
This controls the amount of time that a ZIL block (lwb) will remain "open"
when it isn't "full", and it has a thread waiting for it to be committed to
stable storage. The timeout is scaled based on a percentage of the last lwb
latency to avoid significantly impacting the latency of each individual
transaction record (itx).
Default value: 5%.
zfs_condense_indirect_commit_entry_delay_ms (int)
Vdev indirection layer (used for device removal) sleeps for this many
milliseconds during mapping generation. Intended for use with the test suite
to throttle vdev removal speed.
Default value: 0 (no throttle).
zfs_condense_indirect_obsolete_pct (int)
Minimum percent of obsolete bytes in vdev mapping required to attempt to
condense (see zfs_condense_indirect_vdevs_enable). Intended for use with the
test suite to facilitate triggering condensing as needed.
Default value: 25%.
zfs_condense_indirect_vdevs_enable (int)
Enable condensing indirect vdev mappings. When set to a non-zero value,
attempt to condense indirect vdev mappings if the mapping uses more than
zfs_condense_min_mapping_bytes bytes of memory and if the obsolete space map
object uses more than zfs_condense_max_obsolete_bytes bytes on-disk. The
condensing process is an attempt to save memory by removing obsolete mappings.
Default value: 1.
zfs_condense_max_obsolete_bytes (ulong)
Only attempt to condense indirect vdev mappings if the on-disk size of the
obsolete space map object is greater than this number of bytes (see
fBzfs_condense_indirect_vdevs_enable).
Default value: 1,073,741,824.
zfs_condense_min_mapping_bytes (ulong)
Minimum size vdev mapping to attempt to condense (see
zfs_condense_indirect_vdevs_enable).
Default value: 131,072.
zfs_dbgmsg_enable (int)
Internally ZFS keeps a small log to facilitate debugging. By default the log
is disabled, to enable it set this option to 1. The contents of the log can
be accessed by reading the /proc/spl/kstat/zfs/dbgmsg file. Writing 0 to this
proc file clears the log.
Default value: 0.
zfs_dbgmsg_maxsize (int)
The maximum size in bytes of the internal ZFS debug log.
Default value: 4M.
zfs_dbuf_state_index (int)
This feature is currently unused. It is normally used for controlling what
reporting is available under /proc/spl/kstat/zfs.
Default value: 0.
zfs_deadman_enabled (int)
When a pool sync operation takes longer than zfs_deadman_synctime_ms
milliseconds, or when an individual I/O takes longer than
zfs_deadman_ziotime_ms milliseconds, then the operation is considered to be
"hung". If zfs_deadman_enabled is set then the deadman behavior is invoked as
described by the zfs_deadman_failmode module option. By default the deadman
is enabled and configured to wait which results in "hung" I/Os only being
logged. The deadman is automatically disabled when a pool gets suspended.
Default value: 1.
zfs_deadman_failmode (charp)
Controls the failure behavior when the deadman detects a "hung" I/O. Valid
values are wait, continue, and panic.
wait - Wait for a "hung" I/O to complete. For each "hung" I/O a "deadman"
event will be posted describing that I/O.
continue - Attempt to recover from a "hung" I/O by re-dispatching it to the
I/O pipeline if possible.
panic - Panic the system. This can be used to facilitate an automatic fail-
over to a properly configured fail-over partner.
Default value: wait.
zfs_deadman_checktime_ms (int)
Check time in milliseconds. This defines the frequency at which we check for
hung I/O and potentially invoke the zfs_deadman_failmode behavior.
Default value: 60,000.
zfs_deadman_synctime_ms (ulong)
Interval in milliseconds after which the deadman is triggered and also the
interval after which a pool sync operation is considered to be "hung". Once
this limit is exceeded the deadman will be invoked every
zfs_deadman_checktime_ms milliseconds until the pool sync completes.
Default value: 600,000.
zfs_deadman_ziotime_ms (ulong)
Interval in milliseconds after which the deadman is triggered and an
individual I/O operation is considered to be "hung". As long as the I/O
remains "hung" the deadman will be invoked every zfs_deadman_checktime_ms
milliseconds until the I/O completes.
Default value: 300,000.
zfs_dedup_prefetch (int)
Enable prefetching dedup-ed blks
Use 1 for yes and 0 to disable (default).
zfs_delay_min_dirty_percent (int)
Start to delay each transaction once there is this amount of dirty data,
expressed as a percentage of zfs_dirty_data_max. This value should be >=
zfs_vdev_async_write_active_max_dirty_percent. See the section "ZFS
TRANSACTION DELAY".
Default value: 60%.
zfs_delay_scale (int)
This controls how quickly the transaction delay approaches infinity. Larger
values cause longer delays for a given amount of dirty data.
For the smoothest delay, this value should be about 1 billion divided by the
maximum number of operations per second. This will smoothly handle between
10x and 1/10th this number.
See the section "ZFS TRANSACTION DELAY".
Note: zfs_delay_scale * zfs_dirty_data_max must be < 2^64.
Default value: 500,000.
zfs_disable_ivset_guid_check (int)
Disables requirement for IVset guids to be present and match when doing a raw
receive of encrypted datasets. Intended for users whose pools were created
with OpenZFS pre-release versions and now have compatibility issues.
Default value: 0.
zfs_key_max_salt_uses (ulong)
Maximum number of uses of a single salt value before generating a new one for
encrypted datasets. The default value is also the maximum that will be
accepted.
Default value: 400,000,000.
zfs_object_mutex_size (uint)
Size of the znode hashtable used for holds.
Due to the need to hold locks on objects that may not exist yet, kernel
mutexes are not created per-object and instead a hashtable is used where
collisions will result in objects waiting when there is not actually
contention on the same object.
Default value: 64.
zfs_slow_io_events_per_second (int)
Rate limit delay and deadman zevents (which report slow I/Os) to this many per
second.
Default value: 20
zfs_unflushed_max_mem_amt (ulong)
Upper-bound limit for unflushed metadata changes to be held by the log
spacemap in memory (in bytes).
Default value: 1,073,741,824 (1GB).
zfs_unflushed_max_mem_ppm (ulong)
Percentage of the overall system memory that ZFS allows to be used for
unflushed metadata changes by the log spacemap. (value is calculated over
1000000 for finer granularity).
Default value: 1000 (which is divided by 1000000, resulting in the limit to be
0.1% of memory)
zfs_unflushed_log_block_max (ulong)
Describes the maximum number of log spacemap blocks allowed for each pool.
The default value of 262144 means that the space in all the log spacemaps can
add up to no more than 262144 blocks (which means 32GB of logical space before
compression and ditto blocks, assuming that blocksize is 128k).
This tunable is important because it involves a trade-off between import time
after an unclean export and the frequency of flushing metaslabs. The higher
this number is, the more log blocks we allow when the pool is active which
means that we flush metaslabs less often and thus decrease the number of I/Os
for spacemap updates per TXG. At the same time though, that means that in the
event of an unclean export, there will be more log spacemap blocks for us to
read, inducing overhead in the import time of the pool. The lower the number,
the amount of flushing increases destroying log blocks quicker as they become
obsolete faster, which leaves less blocks to be read during import time after
a crash.
Each log spacemap block existing during pool import leads to approximately one
extra logical I/O issued. This is the reason why this tunable is exposed in
terms of blocks rather than space used.
Default value: 262144 (256K).
zfs_unflushed_log_block_min (ulong)
If the number of metaslabs is small and our incoming rate is high, we could
get into a situation that we are flushing all our metaslabs every TXG. Thus
we always allow at least this many log blocks.
Default value: 1000.
zfs_unflushed_log_block_pct (ulong)
Tunable used to determine the number of blocks that can be used for the
spacemap log, expressed as a percentage of the total number of metaslabs in
the pool.
Default value: 400 (read as 400% - meaning that the number of log spacemap
blocks are capped at 4 times the number of metaslabs in the pool).
zfs_unlink_suspend_progress (uint)
When enabled, files will not be asynchronously removed from the list of
pending unlinks and the space they consume will be leaked. Once this option
has been disabled and the dataset is remounted, the pending unlinks will be
processed and the freed space returned to the pool. This option is used by
the test suite to facilitate testing.
Uses 0 (default) to allow progress and 1 to pause progress.
zfs_delete_blocks (ulong)
This is the used to define a large file for the purposes of delete. Files
containing more than zfs_delete_blocks will be deleted asynchronously while
smaller files are deleted synchronously. Decreasing this value will reduce
the time spent in an unlink(2) system call at the expense of a longer delay
before the freed space is available.
Default value: 20,480.
zfs_dirty_data_max (int)
Determines the dirty space limit in bytes. Once this limit is exceeded, new
writes are halted until space frees up. This parameter takes precedence over
zfs_dirty_data_max_percent. See the section "ZFS TRANSACTION DELAY".
Default value: 10% of physical RAM, capped at zfs_dirty_data_max_max.
zfs_dirty_data_max_max (int)
Maximum allowable value of zfs_dirty_data_max, expressed in bytes. This limit
is only enforced at module load time, and will be ignored if
zfs_dirty_data_max is later changed. This parameter takes precedence over
zfs_dirty_data_max_max_percent. See the section "ZFS TRANSACTION DELAY".
Default value: 25% of physical RAM.
zfs_dirty_data_max_max_percent (int)
Maximum allowable value of zfs_dirty_data_max, expressed as a percentage of
physical RAM. This limit is only enforced at module load time, and will be
ignored if zfs_dirty_data_max is later changed. The parameter
zfs_dirty_data_max_max takes precedence over this one. See the section "ZFS
TRANSACTION DELAY".
Default value: 25%.
zfs_dirty_data_max_percent (int)
Determines the dirty space limit, expressed as a percentage of all memory.
Once this limit is exceeded, new writes are halted until space frees up. The
parameter zfs_dirty_data_max takes precedence over this one. See the section
"ZFS TRANSACTION DELAY".
Default value: 10%, subject to zfs_dirty_data_max_max.
zfs_dirty_data_sync_percent (int)
Start syncing out a transaction group if there's at least this much dirty data
as a percentage of zfs_dirty_data_max. This should be less than
zfs_vdev_async_write_active_min_dirty_percent.
Default value: 20% of zfs_dirty_data_max.
zfs_fallocate_reserve_percent (uint)
Since ZFS is a copy-on-write filesystem with snapshots, blocks cannot be
preallocated for a file in order to guarantee that later writes will not run
out of space. Instead, fallocate() space preallocation only checks that
sufficient space is currently available in the pool or the user's project
quota allocation, and then creates a sparse file of the requested size. The
requested space is multiplied by zfs_fallocate_reserve_percent to allow
additional space for indirect blocks and other internal metadata. Setting
this value to 0 disables support for fallocate(2) and returns EOPNOTSUPP for
fallocate() space preallocation again.
Default value: 110%
zfs_fletcher_4_impl (string)
Select a fletcher 4 implementation.
Supported selectors are: fastest, scalar, sse2, ssse3, avx2, avx512f,
avx512bw, and aarch64_neon. All of the selectors except fastest and scalar
require instruction set extensions to be available and will only appear if ZFS
detects that they are present at runtime. If multiple implementations of
fletcher 4 are available, the fastest will be chosen using a micro benchmark.
Selecting scalar results in the original, CPU based calculation, being used.
Selecting any option other than fastest and scalar results in vector
instructions from the respective CPU instruction set being used.
Default value: fastest.
zfs_free_bpobj_enabled (int)
Enable/disable the processing of the free_bpobj object.
Default value: 1.
zfs_async_block_max_blocks (ulong)
Maximum number of blocks freed in a single txg.
Default value: ULONG_MAX (unlimited).
zfs_max_async_dedup_frees (ulong)
Maximum number of dedup blocks freed in a single txg.
Default value: 100,000.
zfs_override_estimate_recordsize (ulong)
Record size calculation override for zfs send estimates.
Default value: 0.
zfs_vdev_async_read_max_active (int)
Maximum asynchronous read I/Os active to each device. See the section "ZFS
I/O SCHEDULER".
Default value: 3.
zfs_vdev_async_read_min_active (int)
Minimum asynchronous read I/Os active to each device. See the section "ZFS
I/O SCHEDULER".
Default value: 1.
zfs_vdev_async_write_active_max_dirty_percent (int)
When the pool has more than zfs_vdev_async_write_active_max_dirty_percent
dirty data, use zfs_vdev_async_write_max_active to limit active async writes.
If the dirty data is between min and max, the active I/O limit is linearly
interpolated. See the section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER".
Default value: 60%.
zfs_vdev_async_write_active_min_dirty_percent (int)
When the pool has less than zfs_vdev_async_write_active_min_dirty_percent
dirty data, use zfs_vdev_async_write_min_active to limit active async writes.
If the dirty data is between min and max, the active I/O limit is linearly
interpolated. See the section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER".
Default value: 30%.
zfs_vdev_async_write_max_active (int)
Maximum asynchronous write I/Os active to each device. See the section "ZFS
I/O SCHEDULER".
Default value: 10.
zfs_vdev_async_write_min_active (int)
Minimum asynchronous write I/Os active to each device. See the section "ZFS
I/O SCHEDULER".
Lower values are associated with better latency on rotational media but poorer
resilver performance. The default value of 2 was chosen as a compromise. A
value of 3 has been shown to improve resilver performance further at a cost of
further increasing latency.
Default value: 2.
zfs_vdev_initializing_max_active (int)
Maximum initializing I/Os active to each device. See the section "ZFS I/O
SCHEDULER".
Default value: 1.
zfs_vdev_initializing_min_active (int)
Minimum initializing I/Os active to each device. See the section "ZFS I/O
SCHEDULER".
Default value: 1.
zfs_vdev_max_active (int)
The maximum number of I/Os active to each device. Ideally, this will be >=
the sum of each queue's max_active. See the section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER".
Default value: 1,000.
zfs_vdev_rebuild_max_active (int)
Maximum sequential resilver I/Os active to each device. See the section "ZFS
I/O SCHEDULER".
Default value: 3.
zfs_vdev_rebuild_min_active (int)
Minimum sequential resilver I/Os active to each device. See the section "ZFS
I/O SCHEDULER".
Default value: 1.
zfs_vdev_removal_max_active (int)
Maximum removal I/Os active to each device. See the section "ZFS I/O
SCHEDULER".
Default value: 2.
zfs_vdev_removal_min_active (int)
Minimum removal I/Os active to each device. See the section "ZFS I/O
SCHEDULER".
Default value: 1.
zfs_vdev_scrub_max_active (int)
Maximum scrub I/Os active to each device. See the section "ZFS I/O
SCHEDULER".
Default value: 2.
zfs_vdev_scrub_min_active (int)
Minimum scrub I/Os active to each device. See the section "ZFS I/O
SCHEDULER".
Default value: 1.
zfs_vdev_sync_read_max_active (int)
Maximum synchronous read I/Os active to each device. See the section "ZFS I/O
SCHEDULER".
Default value: 10.
zfs_vdev_sync_read_min_active (int)
Minimum synchronous read I/Os active to each device. See the section "ZFS I/O
SCHEDULER".
Default value: 10.
zfs_vdev_sync_write_max_active (int)
Maximum synchronous write I/Os active to each device. See the section "ZFS
I/O SCHEDULER".
Default value: 10.
zfs_vdev_sync_write_min_active (int)
Minimum synchronous write I/Os active to each device. See the section "ZFS
I/O SCHEDULER".
Default value: 10.
zfs_vdev_trim_max_active (int)
Maximum trim/discard I/Os active to each device. See the section "ZFS I/O
SCHEDULER".
Default value: 2.
zfs_vdev_trim_min_active (int)
Minimum trim/discard I/Os active to each device. See the section "ZFS I/O
SCHEDULER".
Default value: 1.
zfs_vdev_nia_delay (int)
For non-interactive I/O (scrub, resilver, removal, initialize and rebuild),
the number of concurrently-active I/O's is limited to *_min_active, unless the
vdev is "idle". When there are no interactive I/Os active (sync or async),
and zfs_vdev_nia_delay I/Os have completed since the last interactive I/O,
then the vdev is considered to be "idle", and the number of concurrently-
active non-interactive I/O's is increased to *_max_active. See the section
"ZFS I/O SCHEDULER".
Default value: 5.
zfs_vdev_nia_credit (int)
Some HDDs tend to prioritize sequential I/O so high, that concurrent random
I/O latency reaches several seconds. On some HDDs it happens even if
sequential I/Os are submitted one at a time, and so setting *_max_active to 1
does not help. To prevent non-interactive I/Os, like scrub, from monopolizing
the device no more than zfs_vdev_nia_credit I/Os can be sent while there are
outstanding incomplete interactive I/Os. This enforced wait ensures the HDD
services the interactive I/O within a reasonable amount of time. See the
section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER".
Default value: 5.
zfs_vdev_queue_depth_pct (int)
Maximum number of queued allocations per top-level vdev expressed as a
percentage of zfs_vdev_async_write_max_active which allows the system to
detect devices that are more capable of handling allocations and to allocate
more blocks to those devices. It allows for dynamic allocation distribution
when devices are imbalanced as fuller devices will tend to be slower than
empty devices.
See also zio_dva_throttle_enabled.
Default value: 1000%.
zfs_expire_snapshot (int)
Seconds to expire .zfs/snapshot
Default value: 300.
zfs_admin_snapshot (int)
Allow the creation, removal, or renaming of entries in the .zfs/snapshot
directory to cause the creation, destruction, or renaming of snapshots. When
enabled this functionality works both locally and over NFS exports which have
the 'no_root_squash' option set. This functionality is disabled by default.
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
zfs_flags (int)
Set additional debugging flags. The following flags may be bitwise-or'd
together.
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│Value Symbolic Name │
│ Description │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 1 ZFS_DEBUG_DPRINTF │
│ Enable dprintf entries in the debug log. │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 2 ZFS_DEBUG_DBUF_VERIFY * │
│ Enable extra dbuf verifications. │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 4 ZFS_DEBUG_DNODE_VERIFY * │
│ Enable extra dnode verifications. │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 8 ZFS_DEBUG_SNAPNAMES │
│ Enable snapshot name verification. │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 16 ZFS_DEBUG_MODIFY │
│ Check for illegally modified ARC buffers. │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 64 ZFS_DEBUG_ZIO_FREE │
│ Enable verification of block frees. │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 128 ZFS_DEBUG_HISTOGRAM_VERIFY │
│ Enable extra spacemap histogram verifications. │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 256 ZFS_DEBUG_METASLAB_VERIFY │
│ Verify space accounting on disk matches in-core range_trees. │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 512 ZFS_DEBUG_SET_ERROR │
│ Enable SET_ERROR and dprintf entries in the debug log. │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 1024 ZFS_DEBUG_INDIRECT_REMAP │
│ Verify split blocks created by device removal. │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 2048 ZFS_DEBUG_TRIM │
│ Verify TRIM ranges are always within the allocatable range tree. │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ 4096 ZFS_DEBUG_LOG_SPACEMAP │
│ Verify that the log summary is consistent with the spacemap log │
│ and enable zfs_dbgmsgs for metaslab loading and flushing. │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
* Requires debug build.
Default value: 0.
zfs_free_leak_on_eio (int)
If destroy encounters an EIO while reading metadata (e.g. indirect blocks),
space referenced by the missing metadata can not be freed. Normally this
causes the background destroy to become "stalled", as it is unable to make
forward progress. While in this stalled state, all remaining space to free
from the error-encountering filesystem is "temporarily leaked". Set this flag
to cause it to ignore the EIO, permanently leak the space from indirect blocks
that can not be read, and continue to free everything else that it can.
The default, "stalling" behavior is useful if the storage partially fails
(i.e. some but not all i/os fail), and then later recovers. In this case, we
will be able to continue pool operations while it is partially failed, and
when it recovers, we can continue to free the space, with no leaks. However,
note that this case is actually fairly rare.
Typically pools either (a) fail completely (but perhaps temporarily, e.g. a
top-level vdev going offline), or (b) have localized, permanent errors (e.g.
disk returns the wrong data due to bit flip or firmware bug). In case (a),
this setting does not matter because the pool will be suspended and the sync
thread will not be able to make forward progress regardless. In case (b),
because the error is permanent, the best we can do is leak the minimum amount
of space, which is what setting this flag will do. Therefore, it is
reasonable for this flag to normally be set, but we chose the more
conservative approach of not setting it, so that there is no possibility of
leaking space in the "partial temporary" failure case.
Default value: 0.
zfs_free_min_time_ms (int)
During a zfs destroy operation using feature@async_destroy a minimum of this
much time will be spent working on freeing blocks per txg.
Default value: 1,000.
zfs_obsolete_min_time_ms (int)
Similar to zfs_free_min_time_ms but for cleanup of old indirection records for
removed vdevs.
Default value: 500.
zfs_immediate_write_sz (long)
Largest data block to write to zil. Larger blocks will be treated as if the
dataset being written to had the property setting logbias=throughput.
Default value: 32,768.
zfs_initialize_value (ulong)
Pattern written to vdev free space by zpool initialize.
Default value: 16,045,690,984,833,335,022 (0xdeadbeefdeadbeee).
zfs_initialize_chunk_size (ulong)
Size of writes used by zpool initialize. This option is used by the test
suite to facilitate testing.
Default value: 1,048,576
zfs_livelist_max_entries (ulong)
The threshold size (in block pointers) at which we create a new sub-livelist.
Larger sublists are more costly from a memory perspective but the fewer
sublists there are, the lower the cost of insertion.
Default value: 500,000.
zfs_livelist_min_percent_shared (int)
If the amount of shared space between a snapshot and its clone drops below
this threshold, the clone turns off the livelist and reverts to the old
deletion method. This is in place because once a clone has been overwritten
enough livelists no long give us a benefit.
Default value: 75.
zfs_livelist_condense_new_alloc (int)
Incremented each time an extra ALLOC blkptr is added to a livelist entry while
it is being condensed. This option is used by the test suite to track race
conditions.
Default value: 0.
zfs_livelist_condense_sync_cancel (int)
Incremented each time livelist condensing is canceled while in
spa_livelist_condense_sync. This option is used by the test suite to track
race conditions.
Default value: 0.
zfs_livelist_condense_sync_pause (int)
When set, the livelist condense process pauses indefinitely before executing
the synctask - spa_livelist_condense_sync. This option is used by the test
suite to trigger race conditions.
Default value: 0.
zfs_livelist_condense_zthr_cancel (int)
Incremented each time livelist condensing is canceled while in
spa_livelist_condense_cb. This option is used by the test suite to track race
conditions.
Default value: 0.
zfs_livelist_condense_zthr_pause (int)
When set, the livelist condense process pauses indefinitely before executing
the open context condensing work in spa_livelist_condense_cb. This option is
used by the test suite to trigger race conditions.
Default value: 0.
zfs_lua_max_instrlimit (ulong)
The maximum execution time limit that can be set for a ZFS channel program,
specified as a number of Lua instructions.
Default value: 100,000,000.
zfs_lua_max_memlimit (ulong)
The maximum memory limit that can be set for a ZFS channel program, specified
in bytes.
Default value: 104,857,600.
zfs_max_dataset_nesting (int)
The maximum depth of nested datasets. This value can be tuned temporarily to
fix existing datasets that exceed the predefined limit.
Default value: 50.
zfs_max_log_walking (ulong)
The number of past TXGs that the flushing algorithm of the log spacemap
feature uses to estimate incoming log blocks.
Default value: 5.
zfs_max_logsm_summary_length (ulong)
Maximum number of rows allowed in the summary of the spacemap log.
Default value: 10.
zfs_max_recordsize (int)
We currently support block sizes from 512 bytes to 16MB. The benefits of
larger blocks, and thus larger I/O, need to be weighed against the cost of
COWing a giant block to modify one byte. Additionally, very large blocks can
have an impact on i/o latency, and also potentially on the memory allocator.
Therefore, we do not allow the recordsize to be set larger than
zfs_max_recordsize (default 1MB). Larger blocks can be created by changing
this tunable, and pools with larger blocks can always be imported and used,
regardless of this setting.
Default value: 1,048,576.
zfs_allow_redacted_dataset_mount (int)
Allow datasets received with redacted send/receive to be mounted. Normally
disabled because these datasets may be missing key data.
Default value: 0.
zfs_min_metaslabs_to_flush (ulong)
Minimum number of metaslabs to flush per dirty TXG
Default value: 1.
zfs_metaslab_fragmentation_threshold (int)
Allow metaslabs to keep their active state as long as their fragmentation
percentage is less than or equal to this value. An active metaslab that
exceeds this threshold will no longer keep its active status allowing better
metaslabs to be selected.
Default value: 70.
zfs_mg_fragmentation_threshold (int)
Metaslab groups are considered eligible for allocations if their fragmentation
metric (measured as a percentage) is less than or equal to this value. If a
metaslab group exceeds this threshold then it will be skipped unless all
metaslab groups within the metaslab class have also crossed this threshold.
Default value: 95.
zfs_mg_noalloc_threshold (int)
Defines a threshold at which metaslab groups should be eligible for
allocations. The value is expressed as a percentage of free space beyond
which a metaslab group is always eligible for allocations. If a metaslab
group's free space is less than or equal to the threshold, the allocator will
avoid allocating to that group unless all groups in the pool have reached the
threshold. Once all groups have reached the threshold, all groups are allowed
to accept allocations. The default value of 0 disables the feature and causes
all metaslab groups to be eligible for allocations.
This parameter allows one to deal with pools having heavily imbalanced vdevs
such as would be the case when a new vdev has been added. Setting the
threshold to a non-zero percentage will stop allocations from being made to
vdevs that aren't filled to the specified percentage and allow lesser filled
vdevs to acquire more allocations than they otherwise would under the old
zfs_mg_alloc_failures facility.
Default value: 0.
zfs_ddt_data_is_special (int)
If enabled, ZFS will place DDT data into the special allocation class.
Default value: 1.
zfs_user_indirect_is_special (int)
If enabled, ZFS will place user data (both file and zvol) indirect blocks into
the special allocation class.
Default value: 1.
zfs_multihost_history (int)
Historical statistics for the last N multihost updates will be available in
/proc/spl/kstat/zfs/<pool>/multihost
Default value: 0.
zfs_multihost_interval (ulong)
Used to control the frequency of multihost writes which are performed when the
multihost pool property is on. This is one factor used to determine the
length of the activity check during import.
The multihost write period is zfs_multihost_interval / leaf-vdevs
milliseconds. On average a multihost write will be issued for each leaf vdev
every zfs_multihost_interval milliseconds. In practice, the observed period
can vary with the I/O load and this observed value is the delay which is
stored in the uberblock.
Default value: 1000.
zfs_multihost_import_intervals (uint)
Used to control the duration of the activity test on import. Smaller values
of zfs_multihost_import_intervals will reduce the import time but increase the
risk of failing to detect an active pool. The total activity check time is
never allowed to drop below one second.
On import the activity check waits a minimum amount of time determined by
zfs_multihost_interval * zfs_multihost_import_intervals, or the same product
computed on the host which last had the pool imported (whichever is greater).
The activity check time may be further extended if the value of mmp delay
found in the best uberblock indicates actual multihost updates happened at
longer intervals than zfs_multihost_interval. A minimum value of 100ms is
enforced.
A value of 0 is ignored and treated as if it was set to 1.
Default value: 20.
zfs_multihost_fail_intervals (uint)
Controls the behavior of the pool when multihost write failures or delays are
detected.
When zfs_multihost_fail_intervals = 0, multihost write failures or delays are
ignored. The failures will still be reported to the ZED which depending on
its configuration may take action such as suspending the pool or offlining a
device.
When zfs_multihost_fail_intervals > 0, the pool will be suspended if
zfs_multihost_fail_intervals * zfs_multihost_interval milliseconds pass
without a successful mmp write. This guarantees the activity test will see
mmp writes if the pool is imported. A value of 1 is ignored and treated as if
it was set to 2. This is necessary to prevent the pool from being suspended
due to normal, small I/O latency variations.
Default value: 10.
zfs_no_scrub_io (int)
Set for no scrub I/O. This results in scrubs not actually scrubbing data and
simply doing a metadata crawl of the pool instead.
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
zfs_no_scrub_prefetch (int)
Set to disable block prefetching for scrubs.
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
zfs_nocacheflush (int)
Disable cache flush operations on disks when writing. Setting this will cause
pool corruption on power loss if a volatile out-of-order write cache is
enabled.
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
zfs_nopwrite_enabled (int)
Enable NOP writes
Use 1 for yes (default) and 0 to disable.
zfs_dmu_offset_next_sync (int)
Enable forcing txg sync to find holes. When enabled forces ZFS to act like
prior versions when SEEK_HOLE or SEEK_DATA flags are used, which when a dnode
is dirty causes txg's to be synced so that this data can be found.
Use 1 for yes and 0 to disable (default).
zfs_pd_bytes_max (int)
The number of bytes which should be prefetched during a pool traversal (eg:
zfs send or other data crawling operations)
Default value: 52,428,800.
zfs_per_txg_dirty_frees_percent (ulong)
Tunable to control percentage of dirtied indirect blocks from frees allowed
into one TXG. After this threshold is crossed, additional frees will wait
until the next TXG. A value of zero will disable this throttle.
Default value: 5, set to 0 to disable.
zfs_prefetch_disable (int)
This tunable disables predictive prefetch. Note that it leaves "prescient"
prefetch (e.g. prefetch for zfs send) intact. Unlike predictive prefetch,
prescient prefetch never issues i/os that end up not being needed, so it can't
hurt performance.
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
zfs_qat_checksum_disable (int)
This tunable disables qat hardware acceleration for sha256 checksums. It may
be set after the zfs modules have been loaded to initialize the qat hardware
as long as support is compiled in and the qat driver is present.
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
zfs_qat_compress_disable (int)
This tunable disables qat hardware acceleration for gzip compression. It may
be set after the zfs modules have been loaded to initialize the qat hardware
as long as support is compiled in and the qat driver is present.
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
zfs_qat_encrypt_disable (int)
This tunable disables qat hardware acceleration for AES-GCM encryption. It may
be set after the zfs modules have been loaded to initialize the qat hardware
as long as support is compiled in and the qat driver is present.
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
zfs_read_chunk_size (long)
Bytes to read per chunk
Default value: 1,048,576.
zfs_read_history (int)
Historical statistics for the last N reads will be available in
/proc/spl/kstat/zfs/<pool>/reads
Default value: 0 (no data is kept).
zfs_read_history_hits (int)
Include cache hits in read history
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
zfs_rebuild_max_segment (ulong)
Maximum read segment size to issue when sequentially resilvering a top-level
vdev.
Default value: 1,048,576.
zfs_reconstruct_indirect_combinations_max (int)
If an indirect split block contains more than this many possible unique
combinations when being reconstructed, consider it too computationally
expensive to check them all. Instead, try at most
zfs_reconstruct_indirect_combinations_max randomly-selected combinations each
time the block is accessed. This allows all segment copies to participate
fairly in the reconstruction when all combinations cannot be checked and
prevents repeated use of one bad copy.
Default value: 4096.
zfs_recover (int)
Set to attempt to recover from fatal errors. This should only be used as a
last resort, as it typically results in leaked space, or worse.
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
zfs_removal_ignore_errors (int)
Ignore hard IO errors during device removal. When set, if a device encounters
a hard IO error during the removal process the removal will not be cancelled.
This can result in a normally recoverable block becoming permanently damaged
and is not recommended. This should only be used as a last resort when the
pool cannot be returned to a healthy state prior to removing the device.
Default value: 0.
zfs_removal_suspend_progress (int)
This is used by the test suite so that it can ensure that certain actions
happen while in the middle of a removal.
Default value: 0.
zfs_remove_max_segment (int)
The largest contiguous segment that we will attempt to allocate when removing
a device. This can be no larger than 16MB. If there is a performance problem
with attempting to allocate large blocks, consider decreasing this.
Default value: 16,777,216 (16MB).
zfs_resilver_disable_defer (int)
Disables the resilver_defer feature, causing an operation that would start a
resilver to restart one in progress immediately.
Default value: 0 (feature enabled).
zfs_resilver_min_time_ms (int)
Resilvers are processed by the sync thread. While resilvering it will spend at
least this much time working on a resilver between txg flushes.
Default value: 3,000.
zfs_scan_ignore_errors (int)
If set to a nonzero value, remove the DTL (dirty time list) upon completion of
a pool scan (scrub) even if there were unrepairable errors. It is intended to
be used during pool repair or recovery to stop resilvering when the pool is
next imported.
Default value: 0.
zfs_scrub_min_time_ms (int)
Scrubs are processed by the sync thread. While scrubbing it will spend at
least this much time working on a scrub between txg flushes.
Default value: 1,000.
zfs_scan_checkpoint_intval (int)
To preserve progress across reboots the sequential scan algorithm periodically
needs to stop metadata scanning and issue all the verifications I/Os to disk.
The frequency of this flushing is determined by the zfs_scan_checkpoint_intval
tunable.
Default value: 7200 seconds (every 2 hours).
zfs_scan_fill_weight (int)
This tunable affects how scrub and resilver I/O segments are ordered. A higher
number indicates that we care more about how filled in a segment is, while a
lower number indicates we care more about the size of the extent without
considering the gaps within a segment. This value is only tunable upon module
insertion. Changing the value afterwards will have no affect on scrub or
resilver performance.
Default value: 3.
zfs_scan_issue_strategy (int)
Determines the order that data will be verified while scrubbing or
resilvering. If set to 1, data will be verified as sequentially as possible,
given the amount of memory reserved for scrubbing (see zfs_scan_mem_lim_fact).
This may improve scrub performance if the pool's data is very fragmented. If
set to 2, the largest mostly-contiguous chunk of found data will be verified
first. By deferring scrubbing of small segments, we may later find adjacent
data to coalesce and increase the segment size. If set to 0, zfs will use
strategy 1 during normal verification and strategy 2 while taking a
checkpoint.
Default value: 0.
zfs_scan_legacy (int)
A value of 0 indicates that scrubs and resilvers will gather metadata in
memory before issuing sequential I/O. A value of 1 indicates that the legacy
algorithm will be used where I/O is initiated as soon as it is discovered.
Changing this value to 0 will not affect scrubs or resilvers that are already
in progress.
Default value: 0.
zfs_scan_max_ext_gap (int)
Indicates the largest gap in bytes between scrub / resilver I/Os that will
still be considered sequential for sorting purposes. Changing this value will
not affect scrubs or resilvers that are already in progress.
Default value: 2097152 (2 MB).
zfs_scan_mem_lim_fact (int)
Maximum fraction of RAM used for I/O sorting by sequential scan algorithm.
This tunable determines the hard limit for I/O sorting memory usage. When the
hard limit is reached we stop scanning metadata and start issuing data
verification I/O. This is done until we get below the soft limit.
Default value: 20 which is 5% of RAM (1/20).
zfs_scan_mem_lim_soft_fact (int)
The fraction of the hard limit used to determined the soft limit for I/O
sorting by the sequential scan algorithm. When we cross this limit from below
no action is taken. When we cross this limit from above it is because we are
issuing verification I/O. In this case (unless the metadata scan is done) we
stop issuing verification I/O and start scanning metadata again until we get
to the hard limit.
Default value: 20 which is 5% of the hard limit (1/20).
zfs_scan_strict_mem_lim (int)
Enforces tight memory limits on pool scans when a sequential scan is in
progress. When disabled the memory limit may be exceeded by fast disks.
Default value: 0.
zfs_scan_suspend_progress (int)
Freezes a scrub/resilver in progress without actually pausing it. Intended for
testing/debugging.
Default value: 0.
zfs_scan_vdev_limit (int)
Maximum amount of data that can be concurrently issued at once for scrubs and
resilvers per leaf device, given in bytes.
Default value: 41943040.
zfs_send_corrupt_data (int)
Allow sending of corrupt data (ignore read/checksum errors when sending data)
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
zfs_send_unmodified_spill_blocks (int)
Include unmodified spill blocks in the send stream. Under certain
circumstances previous versions of ZFS could incorrectly remove the spill
block from an existing object. Including unmodified copies of the spill
blocks creates a backwards compatible stream which will recreate a spill block
if it was incorrectly removed.
Use 1 for yes (default) and 0 for no.
zfs_send_no_prefetch_queue_ff (int)
The fill fraction of the zfs send internal queues. The fill fraction controls
the timing with which internal threads are woken up.
Default value: 20.
zfs_send_no_prefetch_queue_length (int)
The maximum number of bytes allowed in zfs send's internal queues.
Default value: 1,048,576.
zfs_send_queue_ff (int)
The fill fraction of the zfs send prefetch queue. The fill fraction controls
the timing with which internal threads are woken up.
Default value: 20.
zfs_send_queue_length (int)
The maximum number of bytes allowed that will be prefetched by zfs send. This
value must be at least twice the maximum block size in use.
Default value: 16,777,216.
zfs_recv_queue_ff (int)
The fill fraction of the zfs receive queue. The fill fraction controls the
timing with which internal threads are woken up.
Default value: 20.
zfs_recv_queue_length (int)
The maximum number of bytes allowed in the zfs receive queue. This value must
be at least twice the maximum block size in use.
Default value: 16,777,216.
zfs_recv_write_batch_size (int)
The maximum amount of data (in bytes) that zfs receive will write in one DMU
transaction. This is the uncompressed size, even when receiving a compressed
send stream. This setting will not reduce the write size below a single
block. Capped at a maximum of 32MB
Default value: 1MB.
zfs_override_estimate_recordsize (ulong)
Setting this variable overrides the default logic for estimating block sizes
when doing a zfs send. The default heuristic is that the average block size
will be the current recordsize. Override this value if most data in your
dataset is not of that size and you require accurate zfs send size estimates.
Default value: 0.
zfs_sync_pass_deferred_free (int)
Flushing of data to disk is done in passes. Defer frees starting in this pass
Default value: 2.
zfs_spa_discard_memory_limit (int)
Maximum memory used for prefetching a checkpoint's space map on each vdev
while discarding the checkpoint.
Default value: 16,777,216.
zfs_special_class_metadata_reserve_pct (int)
Only allow small data blocks to be allocated on the special and dedup vdev
types when the available free space percentage on these vdevs exceeds this
value. This ensures reserved space is available for pool meta data as the
special vdevs approach capacity.
Default value: 25.
zfs_sync_pass_dont_compress (int)
Starting in this sync pass, we disable compression (including of metadata).
With the default setting, in practice, we don't have this many sync passes, so
this has no effect.
The original intent was that disabling compression would help the sync passes
to converge. However, in practice disabling compression increases the average
number of sync passes, because when we turn compression off, a lot of block's
size will change and thus we have to re-allocate (not overwrite) them. It also
increases the number of 128KB allocations (e.g. for indirect blocks and
spacemaps) because these will not be compressed. The 128K allocations are
especially detrimental to performance on highly fragmented systems, which may
have very few free segments of this size, and may need to load new metaslabs
to satisfy 128K allocations.
Default value: 8.
zfs_sync_pass_rewrite (int)
Rewrite new block pointers starting in this pass
Default value: 2.
zfs_sync_taskq_batch_pct (int)
This controls the number of threads used by the dp_sync_taskq. The default
value of 75% will create a maximum of one thread per cpu.
Default value: 75%.
zfs_trim_extent_bytes_max (uint)
Maximum size of TRIM command. Ranges larger than this will be split in to
chunks no larger than zfs_trim_extent_bytes_max bytes before being issued to
the device.
Default value: 134,217,728.
zfs_trim_extent_bytes_min (uint)
Minimum size of TRIM commands. TRIM ranges smaller than this will be skipped
unless they're part of a larger range which was broken in to chunks. This is
done because it's common for these small TRIMs to negatively impact overall
performance. This value can be set to 0 to TRIM all unallocated space.
Default value: 32,768.
zfs_trim_metaslab_skip (uint)
Skip uninitialized metaslabs during the TRIM process. This option is useful
for pools constructed from large thinly-provisioned devices where TRIM
operations are slow. As a pool ages an increasing fraction of the pools
metaslabs will be initialized progressively degrading the usefulness of this
option. This setting is stored when starting a manual TRIM and will persist
for the duration of the requested TRIM.
Default value: 0.
zfs_trim_queue_limit (uint)
Maximum number of queued TRIMs outstanding per leaf vdev. The number of
concurrent TRIM commands issued to the device is controlled by the
zfs_vdev_trim_min_active and zfs_vdev_trim_max_active module options.
Default value: 10.
zfs_trim_txg_batch (uint)
The number of transaction groups worth of frees which should be aggregated
before TRIM operations are issued to the device. This setting represents a
trade-off between issuing larger, more efficient TRIM operations and the delay
before the recently trimmed space is available for use by the device.
Increasing this value will allow frees to be aggregated for a longer time.
This will result is larger TRIM operations and potentially increased memory
usage. Decreasing this value will have the opposite effect. The default
value of 32 was determined to be a reasonable compromise.
Default value: 32.
zfs_txg_history (int)
Historical statistics for the last N txgs will be available in
/proc/spl/kstat/zfs/<pool>/txgs
Default value: 0.
zfs_txg_timeout (int)
Flush dirty data to disk at least every N seconds (maximum txg duration)
Default value: 5.
zfs_vdev_aggregate_trim (int)
Allow TRIM I/Os to be aggregated. This is normally not helpful because the
extents to be trimmed will have been already been aggregated by the metaslab.
This option is provided for debugging and performance analysis.
Default value: 0.
zfs_vdev_aggregation_limit (int)
Max vdev I/O aggregation size
Default value: 1,048,576.
zfs_vdev_aggregation_limit_non_rotating (int)
Max vdev I/O aggregation size for non-rotating media
Default value: 131,072.
zfs_vdev_cache_bshift (int)
Shift size to inflate reads too
Default value: 16 (effectively 65536).
zfs_vdev_cache_max (int)
Inflate reads smaller than this value to meet the zfs_vdev_cache_bshift size
(default 64k).
Default value: 16384.
zfs_vdev_cache_size (int)
Total size of the per-disk cache in bytes.
Currently this feature is disabled as it has been found to not be helpful for
performance and in some cases harmful.
Default value: 0.
zfs_vdev_mirror_rotating_inc (int)
A number by which the balancing algorithm increments the load calculation for
the purpose of selecting the least busy mirror member when an I/O immediately
follows its predecessor on rotational vdevs for the purpose of making
decisions based on load.
Default value: 0.
zfs_vdev_mirror_rotating_seek_inc (int)
A number by which the balancing algorithm increments the load calculation for
the purpose of selecting the least busy mirror member when an I/O lacks
locality as defined by the zfs_vdev_mirror_rotating_seek_offset. I/Os within
this that are not immediately following the previous I/O are incremented by
half.
Default value: 5.
zfs_vdev_mirror_rotating_seek_offset (int)
The maximum distance for the last queued I/O in which the balancing algorithm
considers an I/O to have locality. See the section "ZFS I/O SCHEDULER".
Default value: 1048576.
zfs_vdev_mirror_non_rotating_inc (int)
A number by which the balancing algorithm increments the load calculation for
the purpose of selecting the least busy mirror member on non-rotational vdevs
when I/Os do not immediately follow one another.
Default value: 0.
zfs_vdev_mirror_non_rotating_seek_inc (int)
A number by which the balancing algorithm increments the load calculation for
the purpose of selecting the least busy mirror member when an I/O lacks
locality as defined by the zfs_vdev_mirror_rotating_seek_offset. I/Os within
this that are not immediately following the previous I/O are incremented by
half.
Default value: 1.
zfs_vdev_read_gap_limit (int)
Aggregate read I/O operations if the gap on-disk between them is within this
threshold.
Default value: 32,768.
zfs_vdev_write_gap_limit (int)
Aggregate write I/O over gap
Default value: 4,096.
zfs_vdev_raidz_impl (string)
Parameter for selecting raidz parity implementation to use.
Options marked (always) below may be selected on module load as they are
supported on all systems. The remaining options may only be set after the
module is loaded, as they are available only if the implementations are
compiled in and supported on the running system.
Once the module is loaded, the content of
/sys/module/zfs/parameters/zfs_vdev_raidz_impl will show available options
with the currently selected one enclosed in []. Possible options are:
fastest - (always) implementation selected using built-in benchmark
original - (always) original raidz implementation
scalar - (always) scalar raidz implementation
sse2 - implementation using SSE2 instruction set (64bit x86 only)
ssse3 - implementation using SSSE3 instruction set (64bit x86 only)
avx2 - implementation using AVX2 instruction set (64bit x86 only)
avx512f - implementation using AVX512F instruction set (64bit x86 only)
avx512bw - implementation using AVX512F & AVX512BW instruction sets (64bit
x86 only)
aarch64_neon - implementation using NEON (Aarch64/64 bit ARMv8 only)
aarch64_neonx2 - implementation using NEON with more unrolling (Aarch64/64
bit ARMv8 only)
powerpc_altivec - implementation using Altivec (PowerPC only)
Default value: fastest.
zfs_vdev_scheduler (charp)
DEPRECATED: This option exists for compatibility with older user
configurations. It does nothing except print a warning to the kernel log if
set.
zfs_zevent_cols (int)
When zevents are logged to the console use this as the word wrap width.
Default value: 80.
zfs_zevent_console (int)
Log events to the console
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
zfs_zevent_len_max (int)
Max event queue length. Events in the queue can be viewed with the zpool
events command.
Default value: 512.
zfs_zevent_retain_max (int)
Maximum recent zevent records to retain for duplicate checking. Setting this
value to zero disables duplicate detection.
Default value: 2000.
zfs_zevent_retain_expire_secs (int)
Lifespan for a recent ereport that was retained for duplicate checking.
Default value: 900.
zfs_zil_clean_taskq_maxalloc (int)
The maximum number of taskq entries that are allowed to be cached. When this
limit is exceeded transaction records (itxs) will be cleaned synchronously.
Default value: 1048576.
zfs_zil_clean_taskq_minalloc (int)
The number of taskq entries that are pre-populated when the taskq is first
created and are immediately available for use.
Default value: 1024.
zfs_zil_clean_taskq_nthr_pct (int)
This controls the number of threads used by the dp_zil_clean_taskq. The
default value of 100% will create a maximum of one thread per cpu.
Default value: 100%.
zil_maxblocksize (int)
This sets the maximum block size used by the ZIL. On very fragmented pools,
lowering this (typically to 36KB) can improve performance.
Default value: 131072 (128KB).
zil_nocacheflush (int)
Disable the cache flush commands that are normally sent to the disk(s) by the
ZIL after an LWB write has completed. Setting this will cause ZIL corruption
on power loss if a volatile out-of-order write cache is enabled.
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
zil_replay_disable (int)
Disable intent logging replay. Can be disabled for recovery from corrupted ZIL
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
zil_slog_bulk (ulong)
Limit SLOG write size per commit executed with synchronous priority. Any
writes above that will be executed with lower (asynchronous) priority to limit
potential SLOG device abuse by single active ZIL writer.
Default value: 786,432.
zio_deadman_log_all (int)
If non-zero, the zio deadman will produce debugging messages (see
zfs_dbgmsg_enable) for all zios, rather than only for leaf zios possessing a
vdev. This is meant to be used by developers to gain diagnostic information
for hang conditions which don't involve a mutex or other locking primitive;
typically conditions in which a thread in the zio pipeline is looping
indefinitely.
Default value: 0.
zio_decompress_fail_fraction (int)
If non-zero, this value represents the denominator of the probability that zfs
should induce a decompression failure. For instance, for a 5% decompression
failure rate, this value should be set to 20.
Default value: 0.
zio_slow_io_ms (int)
When an I/O operation takes more than zio_slow_io_ms milliseconds to complete
is marked as a slow I/O. Each slow I/O causes a delay zevent. Slow I/O
counters can be seen with "zpool status -s".
Default value: 30,000.
zio_dva_throttle_enabled (int)
Throttle block allocations in the I/O pipeline. This allows for dynamic
allocation distribution when devices are imbalanced. When enabled, the
maximum number of pending allocations per top-level vdev is limited by
zfs_vdev_queue_depth_pct.
Default value: 1.
zio_requeue_io_start_cut_in_line (int)
Prioritize requeued I/O
Default value: 0.
zio_taskq_batch_pct (uint)
Percentage of online CPUs (or CPU cores, etc) which will run a worker thread
for I/O. These workers are responsible for I/O work such as compression and
checksum calculations. Fractional number of CPUs will be rounded down.
The default value of 75 was chosen to avoid using all CPUs which can result in
latency issues and inconsistent application performance, especially when high
compression is enabled.
Default value: 75.
zvol_inhibit_dev (uint)
Do not create zvol device nodes. This may slightly improve startup time on
systems with a very large number of zvols.
Use 1 for yes and 0 for no (default).
zvol_major (uint)
Major number for zvol block devices
Default value: 230.
zvol_max_discard_blocks (ulong)
Discard (aka TRIM) operations done on zvols will be done in batches of this
many blocks, where block size is determined by the volblocksize property of a
zvol.
Default value: 16,384.
zvol_prefetch_bytes (uint)
When adding a zvol to the system prefetch zvol_prefetch_bytes from the start
and end of the volume. Prefetching these regions of the volume is desirable
because they are likely to be accessed immediately by blkid(8) or by the
kernel scanning for a partition table.
Default value: 131,072.
zvol_request_sync (uint)
When processing I/O requests for a zvol submit them synchronously. This
effectively limits the queue depth to 1 for each I/O submitter. When set to 0
requests are handled asynchronously by a thread pool. The number of requests
which can be handled concurrently is controller by zvol_threads.
Default value: 0.
zvol_threads (uint)
Max number of threads which can handle zvol I/O requests concurrently.
Default value: 32.
zvol_volmode (uint)
Defines zvol block devices behaviour when volmode is set to default. Valid
values are 1 (full), 2 (dev) and 3 (none).
Default value: 1.
ZFS I/O SCHEDULER
ZFS issues I/O operations to leaf vdevs to satisfy and complete I/Os. The I/O scheduler
determines when and in what order those operations are issued. The I/O scheduler divides
operations into five I/O classes prioritized in the following order: sync read, sync
write, async read, async write, and scrub/resilver. Each queue defines the minimum and
maximum number of concurrent operations that may be issued to the device. In addition,
the device has an aggregate maximum, zfs_vdev_max_active. Note that the sum of the per-
queue minimums must not exceed the aggregate maximum. If the sum of the per-queue
maximums exceeds the aggregate maximum, then the number of active I/Os may reach
zfs_vdev_max_active, in which case no further I/Os will be issued regardless of whether
all per-queue minimums have been met.
For many physical devices, throughput increases with the number of concurrent operations,
but latency typically suffers. Further, physical devices typically have a limit at which
more concurrent operations have no effect on throughput or can actually cause it to
decrease.
The scheduler selects the next operation to issue by first looking for an I/O class whose
minimum has not been satisfied. Once all are satisfied and the aggregate maximum has not
been hit, the scheduler looks for classes whose maximum has not been satisfied. Iteration
through the I/O classes is done in the order specified above. No further operations are
issued if the aggregate maximum number of concurrent operations has been hit or if there
are no operations queued for an I/O class that has not hit its maximum. Every time an I/O
is queued or an operation completes, the I/O scheduler looks for new operations to issue.
In general, smaller max_active's will lead to lower latency of synchronous operations.
Larger max_active's may lead to higher overall throughput, depending on underlying
storage.
The ratio of the queues' max_actives determines the balance of performance between reads,
writes, and scrubs. E.g., increasing zfs_vdev_scrub_max_active will cause the scrub or
resilver to complete more quickly, but reads and writes to have higher latency and lower
throughput.
All I/O classes have a fixed maximum number of outstanding operations except for the async
write class. Asynchronous writes represent the data that is committed to stable storage
during the syncing stage for transaction groups. Transaction groups enter the syncing
state periodically so the number of queued async writes will quickly burst up and then
bleed down to zero. Rather than servicing them as quickly as possible, the I/O scheduler
changes the maximum number of active async write I/Os according to the amount of dirty
data in the pool. Since both throughput and latency typically increase with the number of
concurrent operations issued to physical devices, reducing the burstiness in the number of
concurrent operations also stabilizes the response time of operations from other -- and in
particular synchronous -- queues. In broad strokes, the I/O scheduler will issue more
concurrent operations from the async write queue as there's more dirty data in the pool.
Async Writes
The number of concurrent operations issued for the async write I/O class follows a piece-
wise linear function defined by a few adjustable points.
| o---------| <-- zfs_vdev_async_write_max_active
^ | /^ |
| | / | |
active | / | |
I/O | / | |
count | / | |
| / | |
|-------o | | <-- zfs_vdev_async_write_min_active
0|_______^______|_________|
0% | | 100% of zfs_dirty_data_max
| |
| `-- zfs_vdev_async_write_active_max_dirty_percent
`--------- zfs_vdev_async_write_active_min_dirty_percent
Until the amount of dirty data exceeds a minimum percentage of the dirty data allowed in
the pool, the I/O scheduler will limit the number of concurrent operations to the minimum.
As that threshold is crossed, the number of concurrent operations issued increases
linearly to the maximum at the specified maximum percentage of the dirty data allowed in
the pool.
Ideally, the amount of dirty data on a busy pool will stay in the sloped part of the
function between zfs_vdev_async_write_active_min_dirty_percent and
zfs_vdev_async_write_active_max_dirty_percent. If it exceeds the maximum percentage, this
indicates that the rate of incoming data is greater than the rate that the backend storage
can handle. In this case, we must further throttle incoming writes, as described in the
next section.
ZFS TRANSACTION DELAY
We delay transactions when we've determined that the backend storage isn't able to
accommodate the rate of incoming writes.
If there is already a transaction waiting, we delay relative to when that transaction will
finish waiting. This way the calculated delay time is independent of the number of
threads concurrently executing transactions.
If we are the only waiter, wait relative to when the transaction started, rather than the
current time. This credits the transaction for "time already served", e.g. reading
indirect blocks.
The minimum time for a transaction to take is calculated as:
min_time = zfs_delay_scale * (dirty - min) / (max - dirty)
min_time is then capped at 100 milliseconds.
The delay has two degrees of freedom that can be adjusted via tunables. The percentage of
dirty data at which we start to delay is defined by zfs_delay_min_dirty_percent. This
should typically be at or above zfs_vdev_async_write_active_max_dirty_percent so that we
only start to delay after writing at full speed has failed to keep up with the incoming
write rate. The scale of the curve is defined by zfs_delay_scale. Roughly speaking, this
variable determines the amount of delay at the midpoint of the curve.
delay
10ms +-------------------------------------------------------------*+
| *|
9ms + *+
| *|
8ms + *+
| * |
7ms + * +
| * |
6ms + * +
| * |
5ms + * +
| * |
4ms + * +
| * |
3ms + * +
| * |
2ms + (midpoint) * +
| | ** |
1ms + v *** +
| zfs_delay_scale ----------> ******** |
0 +-------------------------------------*********----------------+
0% <- zfs_dirty_data_max -> 100%
Note that since the delay is added to the outstanding time remaining on the most recent
transaction, the delay is effectively the inverse of IOPS. Here the midpoint of 500us
translates to 2000 IOPS. The shape of the curve was chosen such that small changes in the
amount of accumulated dirty data in the first 3/4 of the curve yield relatively small
differences in the amount of delay.
The effects can be easier to understand when the amount of delay is represented on a log
scale:
delay
100ms +-------------------------------------------------------------++
+ +
| |
+ *+
10ms + *+
+ ** +
| (midpoint) ** |
+ | ** +
1ms + v **** +
+ zfs_delay_scale ----------> ***** +
| **** |
+ **** +
100us + ** +
+ * +
| * |
+ * +
10us + * +
+ +
| |
+ +
+--------------------------------------------------------------+
0% <- zfs_dirty_data_max -> 100%
Note here that only as the amount of dirty data approaches its limit does the delay start
to increase rapidly. The goal of a properly tuned system should be to keep the amount of
dirty data out of that range by first ensuring that the appropriate limits are set for the
I/O scheduler to reach optimal throughput on the backend storage, and then by changing the
value of zfs_delay_scale to increase the steepness of the curve.