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NAME
erlang - The Erlang BIFs and predefined types.
DESCRIPTION
By convention, most Built-In Functions (BIFs) and all predefined types are included in
this module. Some of the BIFs and all of the predefined types are viewed more or less as
part of the Erlang programming language and are auto-imported. Thus, it is not necessary
to specify the module name. For example, the calls atom_to_list(erlang) and
erlang:atom_to_list(erlang) are identical.
Auto-imported BIFs are listed without module prefix. BIFs listed with module prefix are
not auto-imported.
Predefined types are listed in the Predefined datatypes section of this reference manual
and in the Types and Function Specifications section of the Erlang Reference Manual.
BIFs can fail for various reasons. All BIFs fail with reason badarg if they are called
with arguments of an incorrect type. The other reasons are described in the description of
each individual BIF.
Some BIFs can be used in guard tests and are marked with "Allowed in guard tests".
DATA TYPES
Predefined datatypes
any() = any()
All possible Erlang terms. Synonym for term().
arity() = arity()
The arity of a function or type.
atom() = atom()
An Erlang atom.
binary() = <<_:_*8>>
An Erlang binary, that is, a bitstring with a size divisible by 8.
bitstring() = <<_:_*1>>
An Erlang bitstring.
boolean() = true | false
A boolean value.
byte() = 0..255
A byte of data represented by an integer.
char() = 0..1114111
An ASCII character or a unicode codepoint presented by an integer.
float() = float()
An Erlang float.
function() = function()
An Erlang fun.
identifier() = pid() | port() | reference()
An unique identifier for some entity, for example a process, port or monitor.
integer() = integer()
An Erlang integer.
iodata() = iolist() | binary()
A binary or list containing bytes and/or iodata. This datatype is used to represent
data that is meant to be output using any I/O module. For example: file:write/2 or
gen_tcp:send/2.
To convert an iodata() term to binary() you can use iolist_to_binary/2. To
transcode a string() or unicode:chardata() to iodata() you can use
unicode:characters_to_binary/1.
iolist() =
maybe_improper_list(byte() | binary() | iolist(),
binary() | [])
A list containing bytes and/or iodata. This datatype is used to represent data that
is meant to be output using any I/O module. For example: file:write/2 or
gen_tcp:send/2.
In most use cases you want to use iodata() instead of this type.
list() = list()
An Erlang list containing terms of any type.
list(ContentType) = [ContentType]
An Erlang list containing terms of the type ContentType.
map() = #{any() => any()}
An Erlang map containing any number of key and value associations.
maybe_improper_list() = maybe_improper_list(any(), any())
An Erlang list that is not guaranteed to end with a [], and where the list elements
can be of any type.
maybe_improper_list(ContentType, TerminationType) =
maybe_improper_list(ContentType, TerminationType)
An Erlang list, that is not guaranteed to end with a [], and where the list
elements are of the type ContentType.
mfa() = {module(), atom(), arity()}
A three-tuple representing a Module:Function/Arity function signature.
module() = atom()
An Erlang module represented by an atom.
neg_integer() = integer() =< -1
A negative integer.
nil() = []
The empty list().
no_return() = none()
The type used to show that a function will never return a value, that is it will
always throw an exception.
node() = atom()
An Erlang node represented by an atom.
non_neg_integer() = integer() >= 0
A non-negative integer, that is any positive integer or 0.
none() = none()
This type is used to show that a function will never return a value; that is it
will always throw an exception. In a spec, use no_return() for the sake of clarity.
nonempty_binary() = <<_:8, _:_*8>>
A binary() that contains some data.
nonempty_bitstring() = <<_:1, _:_*1>>
A bitstring() that contains some data.
nonempty_improper_list(ContentType, TerminationType) =
nonempty_improper_list(ContentType, TerminationType)
A maybe_improper_list/2 that contains some items.
nonempty_list() = [any(), ...]
A list() that contains some items.
nonempty_list(ContentType) = [ContentType, ...]
A list(ContentType) that contains some items.
nonempty_maybe_improper_list() =
nonempty_maybe_improper_list(any(), any())
A maybe_improper_list() that contains some items.
nonempty_maybe_improper_list(ContentType, TerminationType) =
nonempty_maybe_improper_list(ContentType, TerminationType)
A maybe_improper_list(ContentType, TerminationType) that contains some items.
nonempty_string() = [char(), ...]
A string() that contains some characters.
number() = integer() | float()
An Erlang number.
pid() = pid()
An Erlang process identifier.
port() = port()
An Erlang port identifier.
pos_integer() = integer() >= 1
An integer greater than zero.
reference() = reference()
An Erlang reference.
string() = [char()]
A character string represented by a list of ASCII characters or unicode codepoints.
term() = any()
All possible Erlang terms. Synonym for any().
timeout() = infinity | integer() >= 0
A timeout value that can be passed to a receive expression.
tuple() = tuple()
An Erlang tuple.
Other Datatypes
ext_binary() = binary()
A binary data object, structured according to the Erlang external term format.
ext_iovec() = iovec()
A term of type iovec(), structured according to the Erlang external term format.
iovec() = [binary()]
A list of binaries. This datatype is useful to use together with
enif_inspect_iovec.
message_queue_data() = off_heap | on_heap
See process_flag(message_queue_data, MQD).
monitor_option() =
{alias, explicit_unalias | demonitor | reply_demonitor} |
{tag, term()}
See monitor/3.
timestamp() =
{MegaSecs :: integer() >= 0,
Secs :: integer() >= 0,
MicroSecs :: integer() >= 0}
See erlang:timestamp/0.
time_unit() =
integer() >= 1 |
second | millisecond | microsecond | nanosecond | native |
perf_counter |
deprecated_time_unit()
Supported time unit representations:
PartsPerSecond :: integer() >= 1:
Time unit expressed in parts per second. That is, the time unit equals
1/PartsPerSecond second.
second:
Symbolic representation of the time unit represented by the integer 1.
millisecond:
Symbolic representation of the time unit represented by the integer 1000.
microsecond:
Symbolic representation of the time unit represented by the integer 1000_000.
nanosecond:
Symbolic representation of the time unit represented by the integer
1000_000_000.
native:
Symbolic representation of the native time unit used by the Erlang runtime
system.
The native time unit is determined at runtime system start, and remains the
same until the runtime system terminates. If a runtime system is stopped and
then started again (even on the same machine), the native time unit of the new
runtime system instance can differ from the native time unit of the old runtime
system instance.
One can get an approximation of the native time unit by calling
erlang:convert_time_unit(1, second, native). The result equals the number of
whole native time units per second. If the number of native time units per
second does not add up to a whole number, the result is rounded downwards.
Note:
The value of the native time unit gives you more or less no information about the
quality of time values. It sets a limit for the resolution and for the
precision of time values, but it gives no information about the accuracy of time
values. The resolution of the native time unit and the resolution of time values
can differ significantly.
perf_counter:
Symbolic representation of the performance counter time unit used by the Erlang
runtime system.
The perf_counter time unit behaves much in the same way as the native time
unit. That is, it can differ between runtime restarts. To get values of this
type, call os:perf_counter/0.
deprecated_time_unit():
Deprecated symbolic representations kept for backwards-compatibility.
The time_unit/0 type can be extended. To convert time values between time units,
use erlang:convert_time_unit/3.
deprecated_time_unit() =
seconds | milli_seconds | micro_seconds | nano_seconds
The time_unit() type also consist of the following deprecated symbolic time units:
seconds:
Same as second.
milli_seconds:
Same as millisecond.
micro_seconds:
Same as microsecond.
nano_seconds:
Same as nanosecond.
dist_handle()
An opaque handle identifing a distribution channel.
nif_resource()
An opaque handle identifing a NIF resource object .
spawn_opt_option() =
link | monitor |
{monitor, MonitorOpts :: [monitor_option()]} |
{priority, Level :: priority_level()} |
{fullsweep_after, Number :: integer() >= 0} |
{min_heap_size, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{min_bin_vheap_size, VSize :: integer() >= 0} |
{max_heap_size, Size :: max_heap_size()} |
{message_queue_data, MQD :: message_queue_data()}
Options for spawn_opt().
priority_level() = low | normal | high | max
Process priority level. For more info see process_flag(priority, Level)
max_heap_size() =
integer() >= 0 |
#{size => integer() >= 0,
kill => boolean(),
error_logger => boolean()}
Process max heap size configuration. For more info see process_flag(max_heap_size,
MaxHeapSize)
message_queue_data() = off_heap | on_heap
Process message queue data configuration. For more information, see
process_flag(message_queue_data, MQD)
stacktrace() =
[{module(),
atom(),
arity() | [term()],
[stacktrace_extrainfo()]} |
{function(), arity() | [term()], [stacktrace_extrainfo()]}]
stacktrace_extrainfo() =
{line, integer() >= 1} |
{file, unicode:chardata()} |
{error_info,
#{module => module(), function => atom(), cause => term()}} |
{atom(), term()}
An Erlang stacktrace as described by Errors and Error Handling section in the
Erlang Reference Manual.
EXPORTS
abs(Float) -> float()
abs(Int) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Int = integer()
Returns an integer or float that is the arithmetical absolute value of Float or
Int, for example:
> abs(-3.33).
3.33
> abs(-3).
3
Allowed in guard tests.
erlang:adler32(Data) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Data = iodata()
Computes and returns the adler32 checksum for Data.
erlang:adler32(OldAdler, Data) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
OldAdler = integer() >= 0
Data = iodata()
Continues computing the adler32 checksum by combining the previous checksum,
OldAdler, with the checksum of Data.
The following code:
X = erlang:adler32(Data1),
Y = erlang:adler32(X,Data2).
assigns the same value to Y as this:
Y = erlang:adler32([Data1,Data2]).
erlang:adler32_combine(FirstAdler, SecondAdler, SecondSize) ->
integer() >= 0
Types:
FirstAdler = SecondAdler = SecondSize = integer() >= 0
Combines two previously computed adler32 checksums. This computation requires the
size of the data object for the second checksum to be known.
The following code:
Y = erlang:adler32(Data1),
Z = erlang:adler32(Y,Data2).
assigns the same value to Z as this:
X = erlang:adler32(Data1),
Y = erlang:adler32(Data2),
Z = erlang:adler32_combine(X,Y,iolist_size(Data2)).
alias() -> Alias
alias(Opts) -> Alias
Types:
Alias = reference()
Opts = [explicit_unalias | reply]
Create an alias which can be used when sending messages to the process that created
the alias. When the alias has been deactivated, messages sent using the alias will
be dropped. An alias can be deactivated using unalias/1. Currently available
options for alias/1:
explicit_unalias:
The alias can only be deactivated via a call to unalias/1. This is also the
default behaviour if no options are passed or if alias/0 is called.
reply:
The alias will be automatically deactivated when a reply message sent via the
alias is received. The alias can also still be deactivated via a call to
unalias/1.
Example:
server() ->
receive
{request, AliasReqId, Request} ->
Result = perform_request(Request),
AliasReqId ! {reply, AliasReqId, Result}
end,
server().
client(ServerPid, Request) ->
AliasReqId = alias([reply]),
ServerPid ! {request, AliasReqId, Request},
%% Alias will be automatically deactivated if we receive a reply
%% since we used the 'reply' option...
receive
{reply, AliasReqId, Result} -> Result
after 5000 ->
unalias(AliasReqId),
%% Flush message queue in case the reply arrived
%% just before the alias was deactivated...
receive {reply, AliasReqId, Result} -> Result
after 0 -> exit(timeout)
end
end.
Note that both the server and the client in this example must be executing on at
least OTP 24 systems in order for this to work.
For more information on process aliases see the Process Aliases section of the
Erlang Reference Manual .
erlang:append_element(Tuple1, Term) -> Tuple2
Types:
Tuple1 = Tuple2 = tuple()
Term = term()
Returns a new tuple that has one element more than Tuple1, and contains the
elements in Tuple1 followed by Term as the last element. Semantically equivalent to
list_to_tuple(tuple_to_list(Tuple1) ++ [Term]), but much faster. Example:
> erlang:append_element({one, two}, three).
{one,two,three}
apply(Fun, Args) -> term()
Types:
Fun = function()
Args = [term()]
Calls a fun, passing the elements in Args as arguments.
If the number of elements in the arguments are known at compile time, the call is
better written as Fun(Arg1, Arg2, ... ArgN).
Warning:
Earlier, Fun could also be specified as {Module, Function}, equivalent to
apply(Module, Function, Args). This use is deprecated and will stop working in a
future release.
apply(Module, Function, Args) -> term()
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Returns the result of applying Function in Module to Args. The applied function
must be exported from Module. The arity of the function is the length of Args.
Example:
> apply(lists, reverse, [[a, b, c]]).
[c,b,a]
> apply(erlang, atom_to_list, ['Erlang']).
"Erlang"
If the number of arguments are known at compile time, the call is better written as
Module:Function(Arg1, Arg2, ..., ArgN).
Failure: error_handler:undefined_function/3 is called if the applied function is
not exported. The error handler can be redefined (see process_flag/2). If
error_handler is undefined, or if the user has redefined the default error_handler
so the replacement module is undefined, an error with reason undef is generated.
atom_to_binary(Atom) -> binary()
Types:
Atom = atom()
The same as atom_to_binary(Atom, utf8).
atom_to_binary(Atom, Encoding) -> binary()
Types:
Atom = atom()
Encoding = latin1 | unicode | utf8
Returns a binary corresponding to the text representation of Atom. If Encoding is
latin1, one byte exists for each character in the text representation. If Encoding
is utf8 or unicode, the characters are encoded using UTF-8 where characters may
require multiple bytes.
Note:
As from Erlang/OTP 20, atoms can contain any Unicode character and
atom_to_binary(Atom, latin1) may fail if the text representation for Atom contains
a Unicode character > 255.
Example:
> atom_to_binary('Erlang', latin1).
<<"Erlang">>
atom_to_list(Atom) -> string()
Types:
Atom = atom()
Returns a list of unicode code points corresponding to the text representation of
Atom, for example:
> atom_to_list('Erlang').
"Erlang"
> atom_to_list('你好').
[20320,22909]
See unicode(3erl) for how to convert the resulting list to different formats.
binary_part(Subject, PosLen) -> binary()
Types:
Subject = binary()
PosLen = {Start :: integer() >= 0, Length :: integer()}
Extracts the part of the binary described by PosLen.
Negative length can be used to extract bytes at the end of a binary, for example:
1> Bin = <<1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10>>.
2> binary_part(Bin,{byte_size(Bin), -5}).
<<6,7,8,9,10>>
Failure: badarg if PosLen in any way references outside the binary.
Start is zero-based, that is:
1> Bin = <<1,2,3>>
2> binary_part(Bin,{0,2}).
<<1,2>>
For details about the PosLen semantics, see binary(3erl).
Allowed in guard tests.
binary_part(Subject, Start, Length) -> binary()
Types:
Subject = binary()
Start = integer() >= 0
Length = integer()
The same as binary_part(Subject, {Start, Length}).
Allowed in guard tests.
binary_to_atom(Binary) -> atom()
Types:
Binary = binary()
The same as binary_to_atom(Binary, utf8).
binary_to_atom(Binary, Encoding) -> atom()
Types:
Binary = binary()
Encoding = latin1 | unicode | utf8
Returns the atom whose text representation is Binary. If Encoding is utf8 or
unicode, the binary must contain valid UTF-8 sequences.
Note:
As from Erlang/OTP 20, binary_to_atom(Binary, utf8) is capable of decoding any
Unicode character. Earlier versions would fail if the binary contained Unicode
characters > 255.
Note:
The number of characters that are permitted in an atom name is limited. The default
limits can be found in the efficiency guide (section Advanced).
Note:
There is configurable limit on how many atoms that can exist and atoms are not
garbage collected. Therefore, it is recommended to consider whether
binary_to_existing_atom/2 is a better option than binary_to_atom/2. The default
limits can be found in efficiency guide (section Advanced).
Examples:
> binary_to_atom(<<"Erlang">>, latin1).
'Erlang'
> binary_to_atom(<<1024/utf8>>, utf8).
binary_to_existing_atom(Binary) -> atom()
Types:
Binary = binary()
The same as binary_to_existing_atom (Binary, utf8).
binary_to_existing_atom(Binary, Encoding) -> atom()
Types:
Binary = binary()
Encoding = latin1 | unicode | utf8
As binary_to_atom/2, but the atom must exist.
The Erlang system has a configurable limit for the total number of atoms that can
exist, and atoms are not garbage collected. Therefore, it is not safe to create
many atoms from binaries that come from an untrusted source (for example, a file
fetched from the Internet), for example, using binary_to_atom/2. This function is
thus the appropriate option when the input binary comes from an untrusted source.
An atom exists in an Erlang system when included in a loaded Erlang module or when
created programmatically (for example, by binary_to_atom/2). See the next note for
an example of when an atom exists in the source code for an Erlang module but not
in the compiled version of the same module.
Failure: badarg if the atom does not exist.
Note:
Note that the compiler may optimize away atoms. For example, the compiler will
rewrite atom_to_list(some_atom) to "some_atom". If that expression is the only
mention of the atom some_atom in the containing module, the atom will not be
created when the module is loaded, and a subsequent call to
binary_to_existing_atom(<<"some_atom">>, utf8) will fail.
Note:
The number of characters that are permitted in an atom name is limited. The default
limits can be found in the efficiency guide (section Advanced).
binary_to_float(Binary) -> float()
Types:
Binary = binary()
Returns the float whose text representation is Binary, for example:
> binary_to_float(<<"2.2017764e+0">>).
2.2017764
The float string format is the same as the format for Erlang float literals except
for that underscores are not permitted.
Failure: badarg if Binary contains a bad representation of a float.
binary_to_integer(Binary) -> integer()
Types:
Binary = binary()
Returns an integer whose text representation is Binary, for example:
> binary_to_integer(<<"123">>).
123
binary_to_integer/1 accepts the same string formats as list_to_integer/1.
Failure: badarg if Binary contains a bad representation of an integer.
binary_to_integer(Binary, Base) -> integer()
Types:
Binary = binary()
Base = 2..36
Returns an integer whose text representation in base Base is Binary, for example:
> binary_to_integer(<<"3FF">>, 16).
1023
binary_to_integer/2 accepts the same string formats as list_to_integer/2.
Failure: badarg if Binary contains a bad representation of an integer.
binary_to_list(Binary) -> [byte()]
Types:
Binary = binary()
Returns a list of integers corresponding to the bytes of Binary.
binary_to_list(Binary, Start, Stop) -> [byte()]
Types:
Binary = binary()
Start = Stop = integer() >= 1
1..byte_size(Binary)
As binary_to_list/1, but returns a list of integers corresponding to the bytes from
position Start to position Stop in Binary. The positions in the binary are numbered
starting from 1.
Note:
The one-based indexing for binaries used by this function is deprecated. New code
is to use binary:bin_to_list/3 in STDLIB instead. All functions in module binary
consistently use zero-based indexing.
binary_to_term(Binary) -> term()
Types:
Binary = ext_binary()
Returns an Erlang term that is the result of decoding binary object Binary, which
must be encoded according to the Erlang external term format.
> Bin = term_to_binary(hello).
<<131,100,0,5,104,101,108,108,111>>
> hello = binary_to_term(Bin).
hello
Warning:
When decoding binaries from untrusted sources, the untrusted source may submit data
in a way to create resources, such as atoms and remote references, that cannot be
garbage collected and lead to Denial of Service attack. In such cases, consider
using binary_to_term/2 with the safe option.
See also term_to_binary/1 and binary_to_term/2.
binary_to_term(Binary, Opts) -> term() | {term(), Used}
Types:
Binary = ext_binary()
Opt = safe | used
Opts = [Opt]
Used = integer() >= 1
As binary_to_term/1, but takes these options:
safe:
Use this option when receiving binaries from an untrusted source.
When enabled, it prevents decoding data that can be used to attack the Erlang
runtime. In the event of receiving unsafe data, decoding fails with a badarg
error.
This prevents creation of new atoms directly, creation of new atoms indirectly
(as they are embedded in certain structures, such as process identifiers, refs,
and funs), and creation of new external function references. None of those
resources are garbage collected, so unchecked creation of them can exhaust
available memory.
> binary_to_term(<<131,100,0,5,"hello">>, [safe]).
** exception error: bad argument
> hello.
hello
> binary_to_term(<<131,100,0,5,"hello">>, [safe]).
hello
Warning:
The safe option ensures the data is safely processed by the Erlang runtime but it
does not guarantee the data is safe to your application. You must always validate
data from untrusted sources. If the binary is stored or transits through
untrusted sources, you should also consider cryptographically signing it.
used:
Changes the return value to {Term, Used} where Used is the number of bytes
actually read from Binary.
> Input = <<131,100,0,5,"hello","world">>.
<<131,100,0,5,104,101,108,108,111,119,111,114,108,100>>
> {Term, Used} = binary_to_term(Input, [used]).
{hello, 9}
> split_binary(Input, Used).
{<<131,100,0,5,104,101,108,108,111>>, <<"world">>}
Failure: badarg if safe is specified and unsafe data is decoded.
See also term_to_binary/1, binary_to_term/1, and list_to_existing_atom/1.
bit_size(Bitstring) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Bitstring = bitstring()
Returns an integer that is the size in bits of Bitstring, for example:
> bit_size(<<433:16,3:3>>).
19
> bit_size(<<1,2,3>>).
24
Allowed in guard tests.
bitstring_to_list(Bitstring) -> [byte() | bitstring()]
Types:
Bitstring = bitstring()
Returns a list of integers corresponding to the bytes of Bitstring. If the number
of bits in the binary is not divisible by 8, the last element of the list is a
bitstring containing the remaining 1-7 bits. Examples:
> bitstring_to_list(<<433:16>>).
[1,177]
> bitstring_to_list(<<433:16,3:3>>).
[1,177,<<3:3>>]
erlang:bump_reductions(Reductions) -> true
Types:
Reductions = integer() >= 1
This implementation-dependent function increments the reduction counter for the
calling process. In the Beam emulator, the reduction counter is normally
incremented by one for each function and BIF call. A context switch is forced when
the counter reaches the maximum number of reductions for a process (4000 reductions
in Erlang/OTP 19.2 and later).
Warning:
This BIF can be removed in a future version of the Beam machine without prior
warning. It is unlikely to be implemented in other Erlang implementations.
byte_size(Bitstring) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Bitstring = bitstring()
Returns an integer that is the number of bytes needed to contain Bitstring. That
is, if the number of bits in Bitstring is not divisible by 8, the resulting number
of bytes is rounded up. Examples:
> byte_size(<<433:16,3:3>>).
3
> byte_size(<<1,2,3>>).
3
Allowed in guard tests.
erlang:cancel_timer(TimerRef) -> Result
Types:
TimerRef = reference()
Time = integer() >= 0
Result = Time | false
Cancels a timer. The same as calling erlang:cancel_timer(TimerRef, []).
erlang:cancel_timer(TimerRef, Options) -> Result | ok
Types:
TimerRef = reference()
Async = Info = boolean()
Option = {async, Async} | {info, Info}
Options = [Option]
Time = integer() >= 0
Result = Time | false
Cancels a timer that has been created by erlang:start_timer or erlang:send_after.
TimerRef identifies the timer, and was returned by the BIF that created the timer.
Options:
{async, Async}:
Asynchronous request for cancellation. Async defaults to false, which causes
the cancellation to be performed synchronously. When Async is set to true, the
cancel operation is performed asynchronously. That is, cancel_timer() sends an
asynchronous request for cancellation to the timer service that manages the
timer, and then returns ok.
{info, Info}:
Requests information about the Result of the cancellation. Info defaults to
true, which means the Result is given. When Info is set to false, no
information about the result of the cancellation is given.
* When Async is false: if Info is true, the Result is returned by
erlang:cancel_timer(). otherwise ok is returned.
* When Async is true: if Info is true, a message on the form {cancel_timer,
TimerRef, Result} is sent to the caller of erlang:cancel_timer() when the
cancellation operation has been performed, otherwise no message is sent.
More Options may be added in the future.
If Result is an integer, it represents the time in milliseconds left until the
canceled timer would have expired.
If Result is false, a timer corresponding to TimerRef could not be found. This can
be either because the timer had expired, already had been canceled, or because
TimerRef never corresponded to a timer. Even if the timer had expired, it does not
tell you if the time-out message has arrived at its destination yet.
Note:
The timer service that manages the timer can be co-located with another scheduler
than the scheduler that the calling process is executing on. If so, communication
with the timer service takes much longer time than if it is located locally. If the
calling process is in critical path, and can do other things while waiting for the
result of this operation, or is not interested in the result of the operation, you
want to use option {async, true}. If using option {async, false}, the calling
process blocks until the operation has been performed.
See also erlang:send_after/4, erlang:start_timer/4, and erlang:read_timer/2.
ceil(Number) -> integer()
Types:
Number = number()
Returns the smallest integer not less than Number. For example:
> ceil(5.5).
6
Allowed in guard tests.
check_old_code(Module) -> boolean()
Types:
Module = module()
Returns true if Module has old code, otherwise false.
See also code(3erl).
check_process_code(Pid, Module) -> CheckResult
Types:
Pid = pid()
Module = module()
CheckResult = boolean()
The same as check_process_code(Pid, Module, []).
check_process_code(Pid, Module, OptionList) -> CheckResult | async
Types:
Pid = pid()
Module = module()
RequestId = term()
Option = {async, RequestId} | {allow_gc, boolean()}
OptionList = [Option]
CheckResult = boolean() | aborted
Checks if the node local process identified by Pid executes old code for Module.
Options:
{allow_gc, boolean()}:
Determines if garbage collection is allowed when performing the operation. If
{allow_gc, false} is passed, and a garbage collection is needed to determine
the result of the operation, the operation is aborted (see information on
CheckResult below). The default is to allow garbage collection, that is,
{allow_gc, true}.
{async, RequestId}:
The function check_process_code/3 returns the value async immediately after the
request has been sent. When the request has been processed, the process that
called this function is passed a message on the form {check_process_code,
RequestId, CheckResult}.
If Pid equals self(), and no async option has been passed, the operation is
performed at once. Otherwise a request for the operation is sent to the process
identified by Pid, and is handled when appropriate. If no async option has been
passed, the caller blocks until CheckResult is available and can be returned.
CheckResult informs about the result of the request as follows:
true:
The process identified by Pid executes old code for Module. That is, the
current call of the process executes old code for this module, or the process
has references to old code for this module, or the process contains funs that
references old code for this module.
false:
The process identified by Pid does not execute old code for Module.
aborted:
The operation was aborted, as the process needed to be garbage collected to
determine the operation result, and the operation was requested by passing
option {allow_gc, false}.
Note:
Up until ERTS version 8.*, the check process code operation checks for all types of
references to the old code. That is, direct references (e.g. return addresses on
the process stack), indirect references (funs in process context), and references
to literals in the code.
As of ERTS version 9.0, the check process code operation only checks for direct
references to the code. Indirect references via funs will be ignored. If such funs
exist and are used after a purge of the old code, an exception will be raised upon
usage (same as the case when the fun is received by the process after the purge).
Literals will be taken care of (copied) at a later stage. This behavior can as of
ERTS version 8.1 be enabled when building OTP, and will automatically be enabled if
dirty scheduler support is enabled.
See also code(3erl).
Failures:
badarg:
If Pid is not a node local process identifier.
badarg:
If Module is not an atom.
badarg:
If OptionList is an invalid list of options.
erlang:convert_time_unit(Time, FromUnit, ToUnit) -> ConvertedTime
Types:
Time = ConvertedTime = integer()
FromUnit = ToUnit = time_unit()
Converts the Time value of time unit FromUnit to the corresponding ConvertedTime
value of time unit ToUnit. The result is rounded using the floor function.
Warning:
You can lose accuracy and precision when converting between time units. To minimize
such loss, collect all data at native time unit and do the conversion on the end
result.
erlang:crc32(Data) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Data = iodata()
Computes and returns the crc32 (IEEE 802.3 style) checksum for Data.
erlang:crc32(OldCrc, Data) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
OldCrc = integer() >= 0
Data = iodata()
Continues computing the crc32 checksum by combining the previous checksum, OldCrc,
with the checksum of Data.
The following code:
X = erlang:crc32(Data1),
Y = erlang:crc32(X,Data2).
assigns the same value to Y as this:
Y = erlang:crc32([Data1,Data2]).
erlang:crc32_combine(FirstCrc, SecondCrc, SecondSize) ->
integer() >= 0
Types:
FirstCrc = SecondCrc = SecondSize = integer() >= 0
Combines two previously computed crc32 checksums. This computation requires the
size of the data object for the second checksum to be known.
The following code:
Y = erlang:crc32(Data1),
Z = erlang:crc32(Y,Data2).
assigns the same value to Z as this:
X = erlang:crc32(Data1),
Y = erlang:crc32(Data2),
Z = erlang:crc32_combine(X,Y,iolist_size(Data2)).
date() -> Date
Types:
Date = calendar:date()
Returns the current date as {Year, Month, Day}.
The time zone and Daylight Saving Time correction depend on the underlying OS. The
return value is based on the OS System Time. Example:
> date().
{1995,2,19}
erlang:decode_packet(Type, Bin, Options) ->
{ok, Packet, Rest} |
{more, Length} |
{error, Reason}
Types:
Type =
raw | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | asn1 | cdr | sunrm | fcgi | tpkt |
line | http | http_bin | httph | httph_bin
Bin = binary()
Options = [Opt]
Opt =
{packet_size, integer() >= 0} |
{line_length, integer() >= 0}
Packet = binary() | HttpPacket
Rest = binary()
Length = integer() >= 0 | undefined
Reason = term()
HttpPacket =
HttpRequest | HttpResponse | HttpHeader | http_eoh | HttpError
HttpRequest = {http_request, HttpMethod, HttpUri, HttpVersion}
HttpResponse =
{http_response, HttpVersion, integer(), HttpString}
HttpHeader =
{http_header,
integer(),
HttpField,
UnmodifiedField :: HttpString,
Value :: HttpString}
HttpError = {http_error, HttpString}
HttpMethod =
'OPTIONS' | 'GET' | 'HEAD' | 'POST' | 'PUT' | 'DELETE' |
'TRACE' | HttpString
HttpUri =
'*' |
{absoluteURI,
http | https,
Host :: HttpString,
Port :: inet:port_number() | undefined,
Path :: HttpString} |
{scheme, Scheme :: HttpString, HttpString} |
{abs_path, HttpString} |
HttpString
HttpVersion =
{Major :: integer() >= 0, Minor :: integer() >= 0}
HttpField =
'Cache-Control' | 'Connection' | 'Date' | 'Pragma' |
'Transfer-Encoding' | 'Upgrade' | 'Via' | 'Accept' |
'Accept-Charset' | 'Accept-Encoding' | 'Accept-Language' |
'Authorization' | 'From' | 'Host' | 'If-Modified-Since' |
'If-Match' | 'If-None-Match' | 'If-Range' |
'If-Unmodified-Since' | 'Max-Forwards' |
'Proxy-Authorization' | 'Range' | 'Referer' | 'User-Agent' |
'Age' | 'Location' | 'Proxy-Authenticate' | 'Public' |
'Retry-After' | 'Server' | 'Vary' | 'Warning' |
'Www-Authenticate' | 'Allow' | 'Content-Base' |
'Content-Encoding' | 'Content-Language' | 'Content-Length' |
'Content-Location' | 'Content-Md5' | 'Content-Range' |
'Content-Type' | 'Etag' | 'Expires' | 'Last-Modified' |
'Accept-Ranges' | 'Set-Cookie' | 'Set-Cookie2' |
'X-Forwarded-For' | 'Cookie' | 'Keep-Alive' |
'Proxy-Connection' | HttpString
HttpString = string() | binary()
Decodes the binary Bin according to the packet protocol specified by Type. Similar
to the packet handling done by sockets with option {packet,Type}.
If an entire packet is contained in Bin, it is returned together with the remainder
of the binary as {ok,Packet,Rest}.
If Bin does not contain the entire packet, {more,Length} is returned. Length is
either the expected total size of the packet, or undefined if the expected packet
size is unknown. decode_packet can then be called again with more data added.
If the packet does not conform to the protocol format, {error,Reason} is returned.
Types:
raw | 0:
No packet handling is done. The entire binary is returned unless it is empty.
1 | 2 | 4:
Packets consist of a header specifying the number of bytes in the packet,
followed by that number of bytes. The length of the header can be one, two, or
four bytes; the order of the bytes is big-endian. The header is stripped off
when the packet is returned.
line:
A packet is a line-terminated by a delimiter byte, default is the latin-1
newline character. The delimiter byte is included in the returned packet unless
the line was truncated according to option line_length.
asn1 | cdr | sunrm | fcgi | tpkt:
The header is not stripped off.
The meanings of the packet types are as follows:
asn1 - ASN.1 BER:
sunrm - Sun's RPC encoding:
cdr - CORBA (GIOP 1.1):
fcgi - Fast CGI:
tpkt - TPKT format [RFC1006]:
http | httph | http_bin | httph_bin:
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The packets are returned with the format
according to HttpPacket described earlier. A packet is either a request, a
response, a header, or an end of header mark. Invalid lines are returned as
HttpError.
Recognized request methods and header fields are returned as atoms. Others are
returned as strings. Strings of unrecognized header fields are formatted with
only capital letters first and after hyphen characters, for example, "Sec-
Websocket-Key". Header field names are also returned in UnmodifiedField as
strings, without any conversion or formatting.
The protocol type http is only to be used for the first line when an
HttpRequest or an HttpResponse is expected. The following calls are to use
httph to get HttpHeaders until http_eoh is returned, which marks the end of the
headers and the beginning of any following message body.
The variants http_bin and httph_bin return strings (HttpString) as binaries
instead of lists.
Options:
{packet_size, integer() >= 0}:
Sets the maximum allowed size of the packet body. If the packet header
indicates that the length of the packet is longer than the maximum allowed
length, the packet is considered invalid. Defaults to 0, which means no size
limit.
{line_length, integer() >= 0}:
For packet type line, lines longer than the indicated length are truncated.
Option line_length also applies to http* packet types as an alias for option
packet_size if packet_size itself is not set. This use is only intended for
backward compatibility.
{line_delimiter, 0 =< byte() =< 255}:
For packet type line, sets the delimiting byte. Default is the latin-1
character $\n.
Examples:
> erlang:decode_packet(1,<<3,"abcd">>,[]).
{ok,<<"abc">>,<<"d">>}
> erlang:decode_packet(1,<<5,"abcd">>,[]).
{more,6}
erlang:delete_element(Index, Tuple1) -> Tuple2
Types:
Index = integer() >= 1
1..tuple_size(Tuple1)
Tuple1 = Tuple2 = tuple()
Returns a new tuple with element at Index removed from tuple Tuple1, for example:
> erlang:delete_element(2, {one, two, three}).
{one,three}
delete_module(Module) -> true | undefined
Types:
Module = module()
Makes the current code for Module become old code and deletes all references for
this module from the export table. Returns undefined if the module does not exist,
otherwise true.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for the code server (see code(3erl)) and is not to be used
elsewhere.
Failure: badarg if there already is an old version of Module.
demonitor(MonitorRef) -> true
Types:
MonitorRef = reference()
If MonitorRef is a reference that the calling process obtained by calling
monitor/2, this monitoring is turned off. If the monitoring is already turned off,
nothing happens.
Once demonitor(MonitorRef) has returned, it is guaranteed that no {'DOWN',
MonitorRef, _, _, _} message, because of the monitor, will be placed in the caller
message queue in the future. However, a {'DOWN', MonitorRef, _, _, _} message can
have been placed in the caller message queue before the call. It is therefore
usually advisable to remove such a 'DOWN' message from the message queue after
monitoring has been stopped. demonitor(MonitorRef, [flush]) can be used instead of
demonitor(MonitorRef) if this cleanup is wanted.
Note:
Before Erlang/OTP R11B (ERTS 5.5) demonitor/1 behaved completely asynchronously,
that is, the monitor was active until the "demonitor signal" reached the monitored
entity. This had one undesirable effect. You could never know when you were
guaranteed not to receive a DOWN message because of the monitor.
The current behavior can be viewed as two combined operations: asynchronously send
a "demonitor signal" to the monitored entity and ignore any future results of the
monitor.
Failure: It is an error if MonitorRef refers to a monitoring started by another
process. Not all such cases are cheap to check. If checking is cheap, the call
fails with badarg, for example if MonitorRef is a remote reference.
demonitor(MonitorRef, OptionList) -> boolean()
Types:
MonitorRef = reference()
OptionList = [Option]
Option = flush | info
The returned value is true unless info is part of OptionList.
demonitor(MonitorRef, []) is equivalent to demonitor(MonitorRef).
Options:
flush:
Removes (one) {_, MonitorRef, _, _, _} message, if there is one, from the
caller message queue after monitoring has been stopped.
Calling demonitor(MonitorRef, [flush]) is equivalent to the following, but more
efficient:
demonitor(MonitorRef),
receive
{_, MonitorRef, _, _, _} ->
true
after 0 ->
true
end
info:
The returned value is one of the following:
true:
The monitor was found and removed. In this case, no 'DOWN' message
corresponding to this monitor has been delivered and will not be delivered.
false:
The monitor was not found and could not be removed. This probably because
someone already has placed a 'DOWN' message corresponding to this monitor in
the caller message queue.
If option info is combined with option flush, false is returned if a flush was
needed, otherwise true.
Note:
More options can be added in a future release.
Failures:
badarg:
If OptionList is not a list.
badarg:
If Option is an invalid option.
badarg:
The same failure as for demonitor/1.
disconnect_node(Node) -> boolean() | ignored
Types:
Node = node()
Forces the disconnection of a node. This appears to the node Node as if the local
node has crashed. This BIF is mainly used in the Erlang network authentication
protocols.
Returns true if disconnection succeeds, otherwise false. If the local node is not
alive, ignored is returned.
Note:
This function may return before nodedown messages have been delivered.
erlang:display(Term) -> true
Types:
Term = term()
Prints a text representation of Term on the standard output.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for debugging only.
erlang:dist_ctrl_get_data(DHandle) -> {Size, Data} | Data | none
Types:
Size = integer() >= 0
DHandle = dist_handle()
Data = iovec()
Get distribution channel data from the local node that is to be passed to the
remote node. The distribution channel is identified by DHandle. If no data is
available, the atom none is returned. One can request to be informed by a message
when more data is available by calling
erlang:dist_ctrl_get_data_notification(DHandle).
The returned value when there are data available depends on the value of the
get_size option configured on the distribution channel identified by DHandle. For
more information see the documentation of the get_size option for the
erlang:dist_ctrl_set_opt/3 function.
Note:
Only the process registered as distribution controller for the distribution channel
identified by DHandle is allowed to call this function.
This function is used when implementing an alternative distribution carrier using
processes as distribution controllers. DHandle is retrived via the callback
f_handshake_complete. More information can be found in the documentation of ERTS
User's Guide ➜ How to implement an Alternative Carrier for the Erlang Distribution
➜ Distribution Module.
erlang:dist_ctrl_get_opt(DHandle, Opt :: get_size) -> Value
Types:
DHandle = dist_handle()
Value = boolean()
Returns the value of the get_size option on the distribution channel identified by
DHandle. For more information see the documentation of the get_size option for the
erlang:dist_ctrl_set_opt/3 function.
Note:
Only the process registered as distribution controller for the distribution channel
identified by DHandle is allowed to call this function.
This function is used when implementing an alternative distribution carrier using
processes as distribution controllers. DHandle is retrived via the callback
f_handshake_complete. More information can be found in the documentation of ERTS
User's Guide ➜ How to implement an Alternative Carrier for the Erlang Distribution
➜ Distribution Module.
erlang:dist_ctrl_get_data_notification(DHandle) -> ok
Types:
DHandle = dist_handle()
Request notification when more data is available to fetch using
erlang:dist_ctrl_get_data(DHandle) for the distribution channel identified by
DHandle. When more data is present, the caller will be sent the message dist_data.
Once a dist_data messages has been sent, no more dist_data messages will be sent
until the dist_ctrl_get_data_notification/1 function has been called again.
Note:
Only the process registered as distribution controller for the distribution channel
identified by DHandle is allowed to call this function.
This function is used when implementing an alternative distribution carrier using
processes as distribution controllers. DHandle is retrived via the callback
f_handshake_complete. More information can be found in the documentation of ERTS
User's Guide ➜ How to implement an Alternative Carrier for the Erlang Distribution
➜ Distribution Module.
erlang:dist_ctrl_input_handler(DHandle, InputHandler) -> ok
Types:
DHandle = dist_handle()
InputHandler = pid()
Register an alternate input handler process for the distribution channel identified
by DHandle. Once this function has been called, InputHandler is the only process
allowed to call erlang:dist_ctrl_put_data(DHandle, Data) with the DHandle
identifing this distribution channel.
Note:
Only the process registered as distribution controller for the distribution channel
identified by DHandle is allowed to call this function.
This function is used when implementing an alternative distribution carrier using
processes as distribution controllers. DHandle is retrived via the callback
f_handshake_complete. More information can be found in the documentation of ERTS
User's Guide ➜ How to implement an Alternative Carrier for the Erlang Distribution
➜ Distribution Module.
erlang:dist_ctrl_put_data(DHandle, Data) -> ok
Types:
DHandle = dist_handle()
Data = iodata()
Deliver distribution channel data from a remote node to the local node.
Note:
Only the process registered as distribution controller for the distribution channel
identified by DHandle is allowed to call this function unless an alternate input
handler process has been registered using erlang:dist_ctrl_input_handler(DHandle,
InputHandler). If an alternate input handler has been registered, only the
registered input handler process is allowed to call this function.
This function is used when implementing an alternative distribution carrier using
processes as distribution controllers. DHandle is retrived via the callback
f_handshake_complete. More information can be found in the documentation of ERTS
User's Guide ➜ How to implement an Alternative Carrier for the Erlang Distribution
➜ Distribution Module.
erlang:dist_ctrl_set_opt(DHandle, Opt :: get_size, Value) ->
OldValue
Types:
DHandle = dist_handle()
Value = OldValue = boolean()
Sets the value of the get_size option on the distribution channel identified by
DHandle. This option controls the return value of calls to
erlang:dist_ctrl_get_data(DHandle) where DHandle equals DHandle used when setting
this option. When the get_size option is:
false:
and there are distribution data available, a call to
erlang:dist_ctrl_get_data(DHandle) will just return Data to pass over the
channel. This is the default value of the get_size option.
true:
and there are distribution data available, a call to
erlang:dist_ctrl_get_data(DHandle) will return Data to pass over the channel as
well as the Size of Data in bytes. This is returned as a tuple on the form
{Size, Data}.
All options are set to default when a channel is closed.
Note:
Only the process registered as distribution controller for the distribution channel
identified by DHandle is allowed to call this function.
This function is used when implementing an alternative distribution carrier using
processes as distribution controllers. DHandle is retrived via the callback
f_handshake_complete. More information can be found in the documentation of ERTS
User's Guide ➜ How to implement an Alternative Carrier for the Erlang Distribution
➜ Distribution Module.
element(N, Tuple) -> term()
Types:
N = integer() >= 1
1..tuple_size(Tuple)
Tuple = tuple()
Returns the Nth element (numbering from 1) of Tuple, for example:
> element(2, {a, b, c}).
b
Allowed in guard tests.
erase() -> [{Key, Val}]
Types:
Key = Val = term()
Returns the process dictionary and deletes it, for example:
> put(key1, {1, 2, 3}),
put(key2, [a, b, c]),
erase().
[{key1,{1,2,3}},{key2,[a,b,c]}]
erase(Key) -> Val | undefined
Types:
Key = Val = term()
Returns the value Val associated with Key and deletes it from the process
dictionary. Returns undefined if no value is associated with Key. The average time
complexity for the current implementation of this function is O(1) and the worst
case time complexity is O(N), where N is the number of items in the process
dictionary. Example:
> put(key1, {merry, lambs, are, playing}),
X = erase(key1),
{X, erase(key1)}.
{{merry,lambs,are,playing},undefined}
error(Reason) -> no_return()
Types:
Reason = term()
Raises an exception of class error with the reason Reason. As evaluating this
function causes an exception to be thrown, it has no return value.
The intent of the exception class error is to signal that an unexpected error has
happened (for example, a function is called with a parameter that has an incorrect
type). See the guide about errors and error handling for additional information.
Example:
> catch error(foobar).
{'EXIT',{foobar,[{shell,apply_fun,3,
[{file,"shell.erl"},{line,906}]},
{erl_eval,do_apply,6,[{file,"erl_eval.erl"},{line,677}]},
{erl_eval,expr,5,[{file,"erl_eval.erl"},{line,430}]},
{shell,exprs,7,[{file,"shell.erl"},{line,687}]},
{shell,eval_exprs,7,[{file,"shell.erl"},{line,642}]},
{shell,eval_loop,3,[{file,"shell.erl"},{line,627}]}]}}
error(Reason, Args) -> no_return()
Types:
Reason = term()
Args = [term()] | none
Raises an exception of class error with the reason Reason. Args is expected to be
the list of arguments for the current function or the atom none. If it is a list,
it is used to provide the arguments for the current function in the stack back-
trace. If it is none, the arity of the calling function is used in the stacktrace.
As evaluating this function causes an exception to be raised, it has no return
value.
The intent of the exception class error is to signal that an unexpected error has
happened (for example, a function is called with a parameter that has an incorrect
type). See the guide about errors and error handling for additional information.
Example:
test.erl:
-module(test).
-export([example_fun/2]).
example_fun(A1, A2) ->
erlang:error(my_error, [A1, A2]).
Erlang shell:
6> c(test).
{ok,test}
7> test:example_fun(arg1,"this is the second argument").
** exception error: my_error
in function test:example_fun/2
called as test:example_fun(arg1,"this is the second argument")
error(Reason, Args, Options) -> no_return()
Types:
Reason = term()
Args = [term()] | none
Options = [Option]
Option = {error_info, ErrorInfoMap}
ErrorInfoMap =
#{cause => term(), module => module(), function => atom()}
Raises an exception of class error with the reason Reason. Args is expected to be
the list of arguments for the current function or the atom none. If it is a list,
it is used to provide the arguments for the current function in the stack back-
trace. If it is none, the arity of the calling function is used in the stacktrace.
As evaluating this function causes an exception to be raised, it has no return
value.
If the error_info option is given, the ErrorInfoMap will be inserted into the
stacktrace. The information given in the ErrorInfoMap is to be used by error
formatters such as erl_error to provide more context around an error.
The default module of the ErrorInfoMap is the module that the call to error/3 is
made. The default function is format_error. See format_error/2 for more details on
how this Module:Function/2 is to be used
The intent of the exception class error is to signal that an unexpected error has
happened (for example, a function is called with a parameter that has an incorrect
type). See the guide about errors and error handling for additional information.
exit(Reason) -> no_return()
Types:
Reason = term()
Raises an exception of class exit with exit reason Reason. As evaluating this
function causes an exception to be raised, it has no return value.
The intent of the exception class exit is that the current process should be
stopped (for example when a message telling a process to stop is received).
This function differ from error/1,2,3 by causing an exception of a different class
and by having a reason that does not include the list of functions from the call
stack.
See the guide about errors and error handling for additional information.
Example:
> exit(foobar).
** exception exit: foobar
> catch exit(foobar).
{'EXIT',foobar}
Note:
If a process calls exit(kill) and does not catch the exception, it will terminate
with exit reason kill and also emit exit signals with exit reason kill (not killed)
to all linked processes. Such exit signals with exit reason kill can be trapped by
the linked processes. Note that this means that signals with exit reason kill
behave differently depending on how they are sent because the signal will be
untrappable if a process sends such a signal to another process with erlang:exit/2.
exit(Pid, Reason) -> true
Types:
Pid = pid() | port()
Reason = term()
Sends an exit signal with exit reason Reason to the process or port identified by
Pid.
The following behavior applies if Reason is any term, except normal or kill, and P
is the process or port identified by Pid:
* If P is not trapping exits, P exits with exit reason Reason.
* If P is trapping exits, the exit signal is transformed into a message {'EXIT',
From, Reason}, where From is the process identifier of the process that sent
the exit signal, and delivered to the message queue of P.
The following behavior applies if Reason is the term normal and Pid is the
identifier of a process P which is not the same as the process that invoked
erlang:exit(Pid, normal) (the behavior when a process sends a signal with the
normal reason to itself is described in the warning):
* If P is trapping exits, the exit signal is transformed into a message {'EXIT',
From, normal}, where From is the process identifier of the process that sent
the exit signal, and delivered to P's message queue.
* The signal has no effect if P is not trapping exits.
If Reason is the atom kill, that is, if exit(Pid, kill) is called, an untrappable
exit signal is sent to the process that is identified by Pid, which unconditionally
exits with exit reason killed. The exit reason is changed from kill to killed to
hint to linked processes that the killed process got killed by a call to exit(Pid,
kill).
Note:
The functions erlang:exit/1 and erlang:exit/2 are named similarly but provide very
different functionalities. The erlang:exit/1 function should be used when the
intent is to stop the current process while erlang:exit/2 should be used when the
intent is to send an exit signal to another process. Note also that erlang:exit/1
raises an exception that can be caught while erlang:exit/2 does not cause any
exception to be raised.
Warning:
The only scenario that has not been covered by the description above is when a
process P sends an exit signal with reason normal to itself, that is
erlang:exit(self(), normal). The behavior in this scenario is as follows:
* If P is trapping exits, the exit signal is transformed into a message {'EXIT',
From, normal}, where From is P's process identifier, and delivered to P's
message queue.
* P exits with reason normal if P is not trapping exits.
Note that the behavior described above is different from when a process sends an
exit signal with reason normal to another process. This is arguably strange but
this behavior is kept for backward compatibility reasons.
erlang:external_size(Term) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Term = term()
Calculates, without doing the encoding, the maximum byte size for a term encoded in
the Erlang external term format. The following condition applies always:
> Size1 = byte_size(term_to_binary(Term)),
> Size2 = erlang:external_size(Term),
> true = Size1 =< Size2.
true
This is equivalent to a call to:
erlang:external_size(Term, [])
erlang:external_size(Term, Options) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Term = term()
Options = [{minor_version, Version :: integer() >= 0}]
Calculates, without doing the encoding, the maximum byte size for a term encoded in
the Erlang external term format. The following condition applies always:
> Size1 = byte_size(term_to_binary(Term, Options)),
> Size2 = erlang:external_size(Term, Options),
> true = Size1 =< Size2.
true
Option {minor_version, Version} specifies how floats are encoded. For a detailed
description, see term_to_binary/2.
float(Number) -> float()
Types:
Number = number()
Returns a float by converting Number to a float, for example:
> float(55).
55.0
Allowed in guard tests.
Note:
If used on the top level in a guard, it tests whether the argument is a floating
point number; for clarity, use is_float/1 instead.
When float/1 is used in an expression in a guard, such as 'float(A) == 4.0', it
converts a number as described earlier.
float_to_binary(Float) -> binary()
Types:
Float = float()
The same as float_to_binary(Float,[{scientific,20}]).
float_to_binary(Float, Options) -> binary()
Types:
Float = float()
Options = [Option]
Option =
{decimals, Decimals :: 0..253} |
{scientific, Decimals :: 0..249} |
compact
Returns a binary corresponding to the text representation of Float using fixed
decimal point formatting. Options behaves in the same way as float_to_list/2.
Examples:
> float_to_binary(7.12, [{decimals, 4}]).
<<"7.1200">>
> float_to_binary(7.12, [{decimals, 4}, compact]).
<<"7.12">>
> float_to_binary(7.12, [{scientific, 3}]).
<<"7.120e+00">>
float_to_list(Float) -> string()
Types:
Float = float()
The same as float_to_list(Float,[{scientific,20}]).
float_to_list(Float, Options) -> string()
Types:
Float = float()
Options = [Option]
Option =
{decimals, Decimals :: 0..253} |
{scientific, Decimals :: 0..249} |
compact
Returns a string corresponding to the text representation of Float using fixed
decimal point formatting.
Available options:
* If option decimals is specified, the returned value contains at most Decimals
number of digits past the decimal point. If the number does not fit in the
internal static buffer of 256 bytes, the function throws badarg.
* If option compact is specified, the trailing zeros at the end of the list are
truncated. This option is only meaningful together with option decimals.
* If option scientific is specified, the float is formatted using scientific
notation with Decimals digits of precision.
* If Options is [], the function behaves as float_to_list/1.
Examples:
> float_to_list(7.12, [{decimals, 4}]).
"7.1200"
> float_to_list(7.12, [{decimals, 4}, compact]).
"7.12"
> float_to_list(7.12, [{scientific, 3}]).
"7.120e+00"
> float_to_list(0.1+0.2)
"3.00000000000000044409e-01"
In the last example, float_to_list(0.1+0.2) evaluates to
"3.00000000000000044409e-01". The reason for this is explained in Representation of
Floating Point Numbers.
floor(Number) -> integer()
Types:
Number = number()
Returns the largest integer not greater than Number. For example:
> floor(-10.5).
-11
Allowed in guard tests.
erlang:fun_info(Fun) -> [{Item, Info}]
Types:
Fun = function()
Item =
arity | env | index | name | module | new_index | new_uniq |
pid | type | uniq
Info = term()
Returns a list with information about the fun Fun. Each list element is a tuple.
The order of the tuples is undefined, and more tuples can be added in a future
release.
Warning:
This BIF is mainly intended for debugging, but it can sometimes be useful in
library functions that need to verify, for example, the arity of a fun.
Two types of funs have slightly different semantics:
* A fun created by fun M:F/A is called an external fun. Calling it will always
call the function F with arity A in the latest code for module M. Notice that
module M does not even need to be loaded when the fun fun M:F/A is created.
* All other funs are called local. When a local fun is called, the same version
of the code that created the fun is called (even if a newer version of the
module has been loaded).
The following elements are always present in the list for both local and external
funs:
{type, Type}:
Type is local or external.
{module, Module}:
Module (an atom) is the module name.
If Fun is a local fun, Module is the module in which the fun is defined.
If Fun is an external fun, Module is the module that the fun refers to.
{name, Name}:
Name (an atom) is a function name.
If Fun is a local fun, Name is the name of the local function that implements
the fun. (This name was generated by the compiler, and is only of informational
use. As it is a local function, it cannot be called directly.) If no code is
currently loaded for the fun, [] is returned instead of an atom.
If Fun is an external fun, Name is the name of the exported function that the
fun refers to.
{arity, Arity}:
Arity is the number of arguments that the fun is to be called with.
{env, Env}:
Env (a list) is the environment or free variables for the fun. For external
funs, the returned list is always empty.
The following elements are only present in the list if Fun is local:
{pid, Pid}:
Pid is the process identifier of the process that originally created the fun.
It might point to the init process if the Fun was statically allocated when
module was loaded (this optimisation is performed for local functions that do
not capture the environment).
{index, Index}:
Index (an integer) is an index into the module fun table.
{new_index, Index}:
Index (an integer) is an index into the module fun table.
{new_uniq, Uniq}:
Uniq (a binary) is a unique value for this fun. It is calculated from the
compiled code for the entire module.
{uniq, Uniq}:
Uniq (an integer) is a unique value for this fun. As from Erlang/OTP R15, this
integer is calculated from the compiled code for the entire module. Before
Erlang/OTP R15, this integer was based on only the body of the fun.
erlang:fun_info(Fun, Item) -> {Item, Info}
Types:
Fun = function()
Item = fun_info_item()
Info = term()
fun_info_item() =
arity | env | index | name | module | new_index | new_uniq |
pid | type | uniq
Returns information about Fun as specified by Item, in the form {Item,Info}.
For any fun, Item can be any of the atoms module, name, arity, env, or type.
For a local fun, Item can also be any of the atoms index, new_index, new_uniq,
uniq, and pid. For an external fun, the value of any of these items is always the
atom undefined.
See erlang:fun_info/1.
erlang:fun_to_list(Fun) -> String :: string()
Types:
Fun = function()
Returns String that represents the code that created Fun.
String has the following form, if Fun was created by a fun expression of the form
fun ModuleName:FuncName/Arity:
"fun ModuleName:FuncName/Arity"
The form of String when Fun is created from other types of fun expressions differs
depending on if the fun expression was executed while executing compiled code or if
the fun expression was executed while executing uncompiled code (uncompiled
escripts, the Erlang shell, and other code executed by the erl_eval module):
compiled code:
"#Fun<M.I.U>", where M, I and U correspond to the values named module, index
and uniq in the result of erlang:fun_info(Fun).
uncompiled code:
All funs created from fun expressions in uncompiled code with the same arity
are mapped to the same list by fun_to_list/1.
Note:
Generally, one can not use fun_to_list/1 to check if two funs are equal as
fun_to_list/1 does not take the fun's environment into account. See
erlang:fun_info/1 for how to get the environment of a fun.
Note:
The output of fun_to_list/1 can differ between Erlang implementations and may
change in future versions.
Examples:
-module(test).
-export([add/1, add2/0, fun_tuple/0]).
add(A) -> fun(B) -> A + B end.
add2() -> fun add/1.
fun_tuple() -> {fun() -> 1 end, fun() -> 1 end}.
> {fun test:add/1, test:add2()}.
{fun test:add/1,#Fun<test.1.107738983>}
Explanation: fun test:add/1 is upgradable but test:add2() is not upgradable.
> {test:add(1), test:add(42)}.
{#Fun<test.0.107738983>,#Fun<test.0.107738983>}
Explanation: test:add(1) and test:add(42) has the same string representation as the
environment is not taken into account.
>test:fun_tuple().
{#Fun<test.2.107738983>,#Fun<test.3.107738983>}
Explanation: The string representations differ because the funs come from different
fun experssions.
> {fun() -> 1 end, fun() -> 1 end}. >
{#Fun<erl_eval.45.97283095>,#Fun<erl_eval.45.97283095>}
Explanation: All funs created from fun expressions of this form in uncompiled code
with the same arity are mapped to the same list by fun_to_list/1.
erlang:function_exported(Module, Function, Arity) -> boolean()
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Arity = arity()
Returns true if the module Module is current and contains an exported function
Function/Arity, or if there is a BIF (a built-in function implemented in C) with
the specified name, otherwise returns false.
garbage_collect() -> true
Forces an immediate garbage collection of the executing process. The function is
not to be used unless it has been noticed (or there are good reasons to suspect)
that the spontaneous garbage collection will occur too late or not at all.
Warning:
Improper use can seriously degrade system performance.
garbage_collect(Pid) -> GCResult
Types:
Pid = pid()
GCResult = boolean()
The same as garbage_collect(Pid, []).
garbage_collect(Pid, OptionList) -> GCResult | async
Types:
Pid = pid()
RequestId = term()
Option = {async, RequestId} | {type, major | minor}
OptionList = [Option]
GCResult = boolean()
Garbage collects the node local process identified by Pid.
Option:
{async, RequestId}:
The function garbage_collect/2 returns the value async immediately after the
request has been sent. When the request has been processed, the process that
called this function is passed a message on the form {garbage_collect,
RequestId, GCResult}.
{type, 'major' | 'minor'}:
Triggers garbage collection of requested type. Default value is 'major', which
would trigger a fullsweep GC. The option 'minor' is considered a hint and may
lead to either minor or major GC run.
If Pid equals self(), and no async option has been passed, the garbage collection
is performed at once, that is, the same as calling garbage_collect/0. Otherwise a
request for garbage collection is sent to the process identified by Pid, and will
be handled when appropriate. If no async option has been passed, the caller blocks
until GCResult is available and can be returned.
GCResult informs about the result of the garbage collection request as follows:
true:
The process identified by Pid has been garbage collected.
false:
No garbage collection was performed, as the process identified by Pid
terminated before the request could be satisfied.
Notice that the same caveats apply as for garbage_collect/0.
Failures:
badarg:
If Pid is not a node local process identifier.
badarg:
If OptionList is an invalid list of options.
get() -> [{Key, Val}]
Types:
Key = Val = term()
Returns the process dictionary as a list of {Key, Val} tuples. The items in the
returned list can be in any order. Example:
> put(key1, merry),
put(key2, lambs),
put(key3, {are, playing}),
get().
[{key1,merry},{key2,lambs},{key3,{are,playing}}]
get(Key) -> Val | undefined
Types:
Key = Val = term()
Returns the value Val associated with Key in the process dictionary, or undefined
if Key does not exist. The expected time complexity for the current implementation
of this function is O(1) and the worst case time complexity is O(N), where N is the
number of items in the process dictionary. Example:
> put(key1, merry),
put(key2, lambs),
put({any, [valid, term]}, {are, playing}),
get({any, [valid, term]}).
{are,playing}
erlang:get_cookie() -> Cookie | nocookie
Types:
Cookie = atom()
Returns the magic cookie of the local node if the node is alive, otherwise the atom
nocookie.
erlang:get_cookie(Node) -> Cookie | nocookie
Types:
Node = node()
Cookie = atom()
Returns the magic cookie for node Node if the local node is alive, otherwise the
atom nocookie.
get_keys() -> [Key]
Types:
Key = term()
Returns a list of all keys present in the process dictionary. The items in the
returned list can be in any order. Example:
> put(dog, {animal,1}),
put(cow, {animal,2}),
put(lamb, {animal,3}),
get_keys().
[dog,cow,lamb]
get_keys(Val) -> [Key]
Types:
Val = Key = term()
Returns a list of keys that are associated with the value Val in the process
dictionary. The items in the returned list can be in any order. Example:
> put(mary, {1, 2}),
put(had, {1, 2}),
put(a, {1, 2}),
put(little, {1, 2}),
put(dog, {1, 3}),
put(lamb, {1, 2}),
get_keys({1, 2}).
[mary,had,a,little,lamb]
group_leader() -> pid()
Returns the process identifier of the group leader for the process evaluating the
function.
Every process is a member of some process group and all groups have a group leader.
All I/O from the group is channeled to the group leader. When a new process is
spawned, it gets the same group leader as the spawning process. Initially, at
system startup, init is both its own group leader and the group leader of all
processes.
group_leader(GroupLeader, Pid) -> true
Types:
GroupLeader = Pid = pid()
Sets the group leader of Pid to GroupLeader. Typically, this is used when a process
started from a certain shell is to have another group leader than init.
The group leader should be rarely changed in applications with a supervision tree,
because OTP assumes the group leader of their processes is their application
master.
Setting the group leader follows the signal ordering guarentees described in the
Processes Chapter in the Erlang Reference Manual .
See also group_leader/0 and OTP design principles related to starting and stopping
applications.
halt() -> no_return()
The same as halt(0, []). Example:
> halt().
os_prompt%
halt(Status) -> no_return()
Types:
Status = integer() >= 0 | abort | string()
The same as halt(Status, []). Example:
> halt(17).
os_prompt% echo $?
17
os_prompt%
halt(Status, Options) -> no_return()
Types:
Status = integer() >= 0 | abort | string()
Options = [Option]
Option = {flush, boolean()}
Status must be a non-negative integer, a string, or the atom abort. Halts the
Erlang runtime system. Has no return value. Depending on Status, the following
occurs:
integer():
The runtime system exits with integer value Status as status code to the
calling environment (OS).
Note:
On many platforms, the OS supports only status codes 0-255. A too large status
code is truncated by clearing the high bits.
string():
An Erlang crash dump is produced with Status as slogan. Then the runtime system
exits with status code 1. The string will be truncated if longer than 200
characters.
Note:
Before ERTS 9.1 (OTP-20.1) only code points in the range 0-255 was accepted in
the string. Now any unicode string is valid.
abort:
The runtime system aborts producing a core dump, if that is enabled in the OS.
For integer Status, the Erlang runtime system closes all ports and allows async
threads to finish their operations before exiting. To exit without such flushing,
use Option as {flush,false}.
For statuses string() and abort, option flush is ignored and flushing is not done.
hd(List) -> term()
Types:
List = [term(), ...]
Returns the head of List, that is, the first element, for example:
> hd([1,2,3,4,5]).
1
Allowed in guard tests.
Failure: badarg if List is the empty list [].
erlang:hibernate(Module, Function, Args) -> no_return()
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Puts the calling process into a wait state where its memory allocation has been
reduced as much as possible. This is useful if the process does not expect to
receive any messages soon.
The process is awaken when a message is sent to it, and control resumes in
Module:Function with the arguments specified by Args with the call stack emptied,
meaning that the process terminates when that function returns. Thus
erlang:hibernate/3 never returns to its caller. The resume function
Module:Function/Arity must be exported (Arity =:= length(Args)).
If the process has any message in its message queue, the process is awakened
immediately in the same way as described earlier.
In more technical terms, erlang:hibernate/3 discards the call stack for the
process, and then garbage collects the process. After this, all live data is in one
continuous heap. The heap is then shrunken to the exact same size as the live data
that it holds (even if that size is less than the minimum heap size for the
process).
If the size of the live data in the process is less than the minimum heap size, the
first garbage collection occurring after the process is awakened ensures that the
heap size is changed to a size not smaller than the minimum heap size.
Notice that emptying the call stack means that any surrounding catch is removed and
must be re-inserted after hibernation. One effect of this is that processes started
using proc_lib (also indirectly, such as gen_server processes), are to use
proc_lib:hibernate/3 instead, to ensure that the exception handler continues to
work when the process wakes up.
erlang:insert_element(Index, Tuple1, Term) -> Tuple2
Types:
Index = integer() >= 1
1..tuple_size(Tuple1) + 1
Tuple1 = Tuple2 = tuple()
Term = term()
Returns a new tuple with element Term inserted at position Index in tuple Tuple1.
All elements from position Index and upwards are pushed one step higher in the new
tuple Tuple2. Example:
> erlang:insert_element(2, {one, two, three}, new).
{one,new,two,three}
integer_to_binary(Integer) -> binary()
Types:
Integer = integer()
Returns a binary corresponding to the text representation of Integer, for example:
> integer_to_binary(77).
<<"77">>
integer_to_binary(Integer, Base) -> binary()
Types:
Integer = integer()
Base = 2..36
Returns a binary corresponding to the text representation of Integer in base Base,
for example:
> integer_to_binary(1023, 16).
<<"3FF">>
integer_to_list(Integer) -> string()
Types:
Integer = integer()
Returns a string corresponding to the text representation of Integer, for example:
> integer_to_list(77).
"77"
integer_to_list(Integer, Base) -> string()
Types:
Integer = integer()
Base = 2..36
Returns a string corresponding to the text representation of Integer in base Base,
for example:
> integer_to_list(1023, 16).
"3FF"
iolist_size(Item) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Item = iolist() | binary()
Returns an integer, that is the size in bytes, of the binary that would be the
result of iolist_to_binary(Item), for example:
> iolist_size([1,2|<<3,4>>]).
4
iolist_to_binary(IoListOrBinary) -> binary()
Types:
IoListOrBinary = iolist() | binary()
Returns a binary that is made from the integers and binaries in IoListOrBinary, for
example:
> Bin1 = <<1,2,3>>.
<<1,2,3>>
> Bin2 = <<4,5>>.
<<4,5>>
> Bin3 = <<6>>.
<<6>>
> iolist_to_binary([Bin1,1,[2,3,Bin2],4|Bin3]).
<<1,2,3,1,2,3,4,5,4,6>>
erlang:iolist_to_iovec(IoListOrBinary) -> iovec()
Types:
IoListOrBinary = iolist() | binary()
Returns an iovec that is made from the integers and binaries in IoListOrBinary.
This function is useful when you want to flatten an iolist but you do not need a
single binary. This can be useful for passing the data to nif functions such as
enif_inspect_iovec or do more efficient message passing. The advantage of using
this function over iolist_to_binary/1 is that it does not have to copy off-heap
binaries. Example:
> Bin1 = <<1,2,3>>.
<<1,2,3>>
> Bin2 = <<4,5>>.
<<4,5>>
> Bin3 = <<6>>.
<<6>>
%% If you pass small binaries and integers it works as iolist_to_binary
> erlang:iolist_to_iovec([Bin1,1,[2,3,Bin2],4|Bin3]).
[<<1,2,3,1,2,3,4,5,4,6>>]
%% If you pass larger binaries, they are split and returned in a form
%% optimized for calling the C function writev.
> erlang:iolist_to_iovec([<<1>>,<<2:8096>>,<<3:8096>>]).
[<<1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,...>>,
<<0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
...>>,
<<0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,...>>]
is_alive() -> boolean()
Returns true if the local node is alive (that is, if the node can be part of a
distributed system), otherwise false. A node is alive if it is started with:
* "erl -name LONGNAME" or,
* "erl -sname SHORTNAME".
A node can also be alive if it has got a name from a call to net_kernel:start/1 and
has not been stopped by a call to net_kernel:stop/0.
is_atom(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is an atom, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_binary(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a binary, otherwise false.
A binary always contains a complete number of bytes.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_bitstring(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a bitstring (including a binary), otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_boolean(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is the atom true or the atom false (that is, a boolean).
Otherwise returns false.
Allowed in guard tests.
erlang:is_builtin(Module, Function, Arity) -> boolean()
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Arity = arity()
This BIF is useful for builders of cross-reference tools.
Returns true if Module:Function/Arity is a BIF implemented in C, otherwise false.
is_float(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a floating point number, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_function(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a fun, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_function(Term, Arity) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Arity = arity()
Returns true if Term is a fun that can be applied with Arity number of arguments,
otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_integer(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is an integer, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_list(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a list with zero or more elements, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_map(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a map, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_map_key(Key, Map) -> boolean()
Types:
Key = term()
Map = map()
Returns true if map Map contains Key and returns false if it does not contain the
Key.
The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map is not a map.
Example:
> Map = #{"42" => value}.
#{"42" => value}
> is_map_key("42",Map).
true
> is_map_key(value,Map).
false
Allowed in guard tests.
is_number(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is an integer or a floating point number. Otherwise returns
false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_pid(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a process identifier, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_port(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a port identifier, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_process_alive(Pid) -> boolean()
Types:
Pid = pid()
Pid must refer to a process at the local node.
Returns true if the process exists and is alive, that is, is not exiting and has
not exited. Otherwise returns false.
If process P1 calls is_process_alive(P2Pid) it is guaranteed that all signals, sent
from P1 to P2 (P2 is the process with identifier P2Pid) before the call, will be
delivered to P2 before the aliveness of P2 is checked. This guarantee means that
one can use is_process_alive/1 to let a process P1 wait until a process P2, which
has got an exit signal with reason kill from P1, is killed. Example:
exit(P2Pid, kill),
% P2 might not be killed
is_process_alive(P2Pid),
% P2 is not alive (the call above always return false)
See the documentation about signals and erlang:exit/2 for more information about
signals and exit singnals.
is_record(Term, RecordTag) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
RecordTag = atom()
Returns true if Term is a tuple and its first element is RecordTag. Otherwise
returns false.
Note:
Normally the compiler treats calls to is_record/2 especially. It emits code to
verify that Term is a tuple, that its first element is RecordTag, and that the size
is correct. However, if RecordTag is not a literal atom, the BIF is_record/2 is
called instead and the size of the tuple is not verified.
Allowed in guard tests, if RecordTag is a literal atom.
is_record(Term, RecordTag, Size) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
RecordTag = atom()
Size = integer() >= 0
RecordTag must be an atom.
Returns true if Term is a tuple, its first element is RecordTag, and its size is
Size. Otherwise returns false.
Allowed in guard tests if RecordTag is a literal atom and Size is a literal
integer.
Note:
This BIF is documented for completeness. Usually is_record/2 is to be used.
is_reference(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a reference, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_tuple(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a tuple, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
length(List) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
List = [term()]
Returns the length of List, for example:
> length([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]).
9
Allowed in guard tests.
link(PidOrPort) -> true
Types:
PidOrPort = pid() | port()
Sets up and activates a link between the calling process and another process or a
port identified by PidOrPort. We will from here on call the identified process or
port linkee. If the linkee is a port, it must reside on the same node as the
caller.
If one of the participants of a link terminates, it will send an exit signal to the
other participant. The exit signal will contain the exit reason of the terminated
participant. Other cases when exit signals are triggered due to a link are when no
linkee exist (noproc exit reason) and when the connection between linked processes
on different nodes is lost or cannot be established (noconnection exit reason).
An existing link can be removed by calling unlink/1. For more information on links
and exit signals due to links, see the Processes chapter in the Erlang Reference
Manual :
* Links
* Sending Exit Signals
* Receiving Exit Signals
For historical reasons, link/1 has a strange semi-synchronous behavior when it is
"cheap" to check if the linkee exists or not, and the caller does not trap exits.
If the above is true and the linkee does not exist, link/1 will raise a noproc
error exception. The expected behavior would instead have been that link/1 returned
true, and the caller later was sent an exit signal with noproc exit reason, but
this is unfortunately not the case. The noproc exception is not to be confused
with an exit signal with exit reason noproc. Currently it is "cheap" to check if
the linkee exists when it is supposed to reside on the same node as the calling
process.
The link setup and activation is performed asynchronously. If the link already
exists, or if the caller attempts to create a link to itself, nothing is done. A
detailed description of the link protocol can be found in the Distribution Protocol
chapter of the ERTS User's Guide .
Failure:
* badarg if PidOrPort does not identify a process or a node local port.
* noproc linkee does not exist and it is "cheap" to check if it exists as
described above.
list_to_atom(String) -> atom()
Types:
String = string()
Returns the atom whose text representation is String.
As from Erlang/OTP 20, String may contain any Unicode character. Earlier versions
allowed only ISO-latin-1 characters as the implementation did not allow Unicode
characters above 255.
Note:
The number of characters that are permitted in an atom name is limited. The default
limits can be found in the efficiency guide (section Advanced).
Note:
There is configurable limit on how many atoms that can exist and atoms are not
garbage collected. Therefore, it is recommended to consider if
list_to_existing_atom/1 is a better option than list_to_atom/1. The default limits
can be found in the efficiency guide (section Advanced).
Example:
> list_to_atom("Erlang").
'Erlang'
list_to_binary(IoList) -> binary()
Types:
IoList = iolist()
Returns a binary that is made from the integers and binaries in IoList, for
example:
> Bin1 = <<1,2,3>>.
<<1,2,3>>
> Bin2 = <<4,5>>.
<<4,5>>
> Bin3 = <<6>>.
<<6>>
> list_to_binary([Bin1,1,[2,3,Bin2],4|Bin3]).
<<1,2,3,1,2,3,4,5,4,6>>
list_to_bitstring(BitstringList) -> bitstring()
Types:
BitstringList = bitstring_list()
bitstring_list() =
maybe_improper_list(byte() | bitstring() | bitstring_list(),
bitstring() | [])
Returns a bitstring that is made from the integers and bitstrings in BitstringList.
(The last tail in BitstringList is allowed to be a bitstring.) Example:
> Bin1 = <<1,2,3>>.
<<1,2,3>>
> Bin2 = <<4,5>>.
<<4,5>>
> Bin3 = <<6,7:4>>.
<<6,7:4>>
> list_to_bitstring([Bin1,1,[2,3,Bin2],4|Bin3]).
<<1,2,3,1,2,3,4,5,4,6,7:4>>
list_to_existing_atom(String) -> atom()
Types:
String = string()
Returns the atom whose text representation is String, but only if there already
exists such atom. An atom exists if it has been created by the run-time system by
either loading code or creating a term in which the atom is part.
Failure: badarg if there does not already exist an atom whose text representation
is String.
Note:
Note that the compiler may optimize away atoms. For example, the compiler will
rewrite atom_to_list(some_atom) to "some_atom". If that expression is the only
mention of the atom some_atom in the containing module, the atom will not be
created when the module is loaded, and a subsequent call to
list_to_existing_atom("some_atom") will fail.
list_to_float(String) -> float()
Types:
String = string()
Returns the float whose text representation is String, for example:
> list_to_float("2.2017764e+0").
2.2017764
The float string format is the same as the format for Erlang float literals except
for that underscores are not permitted.
Failure: badarg if String contains a bad representation of a float.
list_to_integer(String) -> integer()
Types:
String = string()
Returns an integer whose text representation is String, for example:
> list_to_integer("123").
123
> list_to_integer("-123").
-123
> list_to_integer("+123234982304982309482093833234234").
123234982304982309482093833234234
String must contain at least one digit character and can have an optional prefix
consisting of a single "+" or "-" character (that is, String must match the regular
expression "^[+-]?[0-9]+$").
Failure: badarg if String contains a bad representation of an integer.
list_to_integer(String, Base) -> integer()
Types:
String = string()
Base = 2..36
Returns an integer whose text representation in base Base is String, for example:
> list_to_integer("3FF", 16).
1023
> list_to_integer("+3FF", 16).
1023
> list_to_integer("3ff", 16).
1023
> list_to_integer("3fF", 16).
1023
> list_to_integer("-3FF", 16).
-1023
For example, when Base is 16, String must match the regular expression
"^[+-]?([0-9]|[A-F]|[a-f])+$".
Failure: badarg if String contains a bad representation of an integer.
list_to_pid(String) -> pid()
Types:
String = string()
Returns a process identifier whose text representation is a String, for example:
> list_to_pid("<0.4.1>").
<0.4.1>
Failure: badarg if String contains a bad representation of a process identifier.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for debugging and is not to be used in application programs.
list_to_port(String) -> port()
Types:
String = string()
Returns a port identifier whose text representation is a String, for example:
> list_to_port("#Port<0.4>").
#Port<0.4>
Failure: badarg if String contains a bad representation of a port identifier.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for debugging and is not to be used in application programs.
list_to_ref(String) -> reference()
Types:
String = string()
Returns a reference whose text representation is a String, for example:
> list_to_ref("#Ref<0.4192537678.4073193475.71181>").
#Ref<0.4192537678.4073193475.71181>
Failure: badarg if String contains a bad representation of a reference.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for debugging and is not to be used in application programs.
list_to_tuple(List) -> tuple()
Types:
List = [term()]
Returns a tuple corresponding to List, for example
> list_to_tuple([share, ['Ericsson_B', 163]]).
{share, ['Ericsson_B', 163]}
List can contain any Erlang terms.
load_module(Module, Binary) -> {module, Module} | {error, Reason}
Types:
Module = module()
Binary = binary()
Reason = badfile | not_purged | on_load
If Binary contains the object code for module Module, this BIF loads that object
code. If the code for module Module already exists, all export references are
replaced so they point to the newly loaded code. The previously loaded code is kept
in the system as old code, as there can still be processes executing that code.
Returns either {module, Module}, or {error, Reason} if loading fails. Reason is one
of the following:
badfile:
The object code in Binary has an incorrect format or the object code contains
code for another module than Module.
not_purged:
Binary contains a module that cannot be loaded because old code for this module
already exists.
on_load:
The code in Binary contains an on_load declaration that must be executed before
Binary can become the current code. Any previous current code for Module will
remain until the on_load call has finished.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for the code server (see code(3erl)) and is not to be used
elsewhere.
erlang:load_nif(Path, LoadInfo) -> ok | Error
Types:
Path = string()
LoadInfo = term()
Error = {error, {Reason, Text :: string()}}
Reason =
load_failed | bad_lib | load | reload | upgrade | old_code
Loads and links a dynamic library containing native implemented functions (NIFs)
for a module. Path is a file path to the shareable object/dynamic library file
minus the OS-dependent file extension (.so for Unix and .dll for Windows). Notice
that on most OSs the library has to have a different name on disc when an upgrade
of the nif is done. If the name is the same, but the contents differ, the old
library may be loaded instead. For information on how to implement a NIF library,
see erl_nif(3erl).
LoadInfo can be any term. It is passed on to the library as part of the
initialization. A good practice is to include a module version number to support
future code upgrade scenarios.
The call to load_nif/2 must be made directly from the Erlang code of the module
that the NIF library belongs to. It returns either ok, or {error,{Reason,Text}} if
loading fails. Reason is one of the following atoms while Text is a human readable
string that can give more information about the failure:
load_failed:
The OS failed to load the NIF library.
bad_lib:
The library did not fulfill the requirements as a NIF library of the calling
module.
load | upgrade:
The corresponding library callback was unsuccessful.
reload:
A NIF library is already loaded for this module instance. The previously
deprecated reload feature was removed in OTP 20.
old_code:
The call to load_nif/2 was made from the old code of a module that has been
upgraded; this is not allowed.
erlang:loaded() -> [Module]
Types:
Module = module()
Returns a list of all loaded Erlang modules (current and old code), including
preloaded modules.
See also code(3erl).
erlang:localtime() -> DateTime
Types:
DateTime = calendar:datetime()
Returns the current local date and time, {{Year, Month, Day}, {Hour, Minute,
Second}}, for example:
> erlang:localtime().
{{1996,11,6},{14,45,17}}
The time zone and Daylight Saving Time correction depend on the underlying OS. The
return value is based on the OS System Time.
erlang:localtime_to_universaltime(Localtime) -> Universaltime
Types:
Localtime = Universaltime = calendar:datetime()
Converts local date and time to Universal Time Coordinated (UTC), if supported by
the underlying OS. Otherwise no conversion is done and Localtime is returned.
Example:
> erlang:localtime_to_universaltime({{1996,11,6},{14,45,17}}).
{{1996,11,6},{13,45,17}}
Failure: badarg if Localtime denotes an invalid date and time.
erlang:localtime_to_universaltime(Localtime, IsDst) ->
Universaltime
Types:
Localtime = Universaltime = calendar:datetime()
IsDst = true | false | undefined
Converts local date and time to Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) as
erlang:localtime_to_universaltime/1, but the caller decides if Daylight Saving Time
is active.
If IsDst == true, Localtime is during Daylight Saving Time, if IsDst == false it is
not. If IsDst == undefined, the underlying OS can guess, which is the same as
calling erlang:localtime_to_universaltime(Localtime).
Examples:
> erlang:localtime_to_universaltime({{1996,11,6},{14,45,17}}, true).
{{1996,11,6},{12,45,17}}
> erlang:localtime_to_universaltime({{1996,11,6},{14,45,17}}, false).
{{1996,11,6},{13,45,17}}
> erlang:localtime_to_universaltime({{1996,11,6},{14,45,17}}, undefined).
{{1996,11,6},{13,45,17}}
Failure: badarg if Localtime denotes an invalid date and time.
make_ref() -> reference()
Returns a unique reference. The reference is unique among connected nodes.
Warning:
Before OTP-23 when a node is restarted multiple times with the same node name,
references created on a newer node can be mistaken for a reference created on an
older node with the same node name.
erlang:make_tuple(Arity, InitialValue) -> tuple()
Types:
Arity = arity()
InitialValue = term()
Creates a new tuple of the specified Arity, where all elements are InitialValue,
for example:
> erlang:make_tuple(4, []).
{[],[],[],[]}
erlang:make_tuple(Arity, DefaultValue, InitList) -> tuple()
Types:
Arity = arity()
DefaultValue = term()
InitList = [{Position :: integer() >= 1, term()}]
Creates a tuple of size Arity, where each element has value DefaultValue, and then
fills in values from InitList. Each list element in InitList must be a two-tuple,
where the first element is a position in the newly created tuple and the second
element is any term. If a position occurs more than once in the list, the term
corresponding to the last occurrence is used. Example:
> erlang:make_tuple(5, [], [{2,ignored},{5,zz},{2,aa}]).
{[],aa,[],[],zz}
map_get(Key, Map) -> Value
Types:
Map = map()
Key = Value = any()
Returns value Value associated with Key if Map contains Key.
The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map is not a map, or with a
{badkey,Key} exception if no value is associated with Key.
Example:
> Key = 1337,
Map = #{42 => value_two,1337 => "value one","a" => 1},
map_get(Key,Map).
"value one"
Allowed in guard tests.
map_size(Map) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Map = map()
Returns an integer, which is the number of key-value pairs in Map, for example:
> map_size(#{a=>1, b=>2, c=>3}).
3
Allowed in guard tests.
erlang:match_spec_test(MatchAgainst, MatchSpec, Type) ->
TestResult
Types:
MatchAgainst = [term()] | tuple()
MatchSpec = term()
Type = table | trace
TestResult =
{ok, term(), [return_trace], [{error | warning, string()}]} |
{error, [{error | warning, string()}]}
Tests a match specification used in calls to ets:select/2 and
erlang:trace_pattern/3. The function tests both a match specification for
"syntactic" correctness and runs the match specification against the object. If the
match specification contains errors, the tuple {error, Errors} is returned, where
Errors is a list of natural language descriptions of what was wrong with the match
specification.
If Type is table, the object to match against is to be a tuple. The function then
returns {ok,Result,[],Warnings}, where Result is what would have been the result in
a real ets:select/2 call, or false if the match specification does not match the
object tuple.
If Type is trace, the object to match against is to be a list. The function returns
{ok, Result, Flags, Warnings}, where Result is one of the following:
* true if a trace message is to be emitted
* false if a trace message is not to be emitted
* The message term to be appended to the trace message
Flags is a list containing all the trace flags to be enabled, currently this is
only return_trace.
This is a useful debugging and test tool, especially when writing complicated match
specifications.
See also ets:test_ms/2.
max(Term1, Term2) -> Maximum
Types:
Term1 = Term2 = Maximum = term()
Returns the largest of Term1 and Term2. If the terms compare equal with the ==
operator, Term1 is returned.
The Expressions section contains descriptions of the == operator and how terms are
ordered.
Examples:
> max(1, 2).
2
> max(1.0, 1).
1.0
> max(1, 1.0).
1
> max("abc", "b").
"b"
erlang:md5(Data) -> Digest
Types:
Data = iodata()
Digest = binary()
Computes an MD5 message digest from Data, where the length of the digest is 128
bits (16 bytes). Data is a binary or a list of small integers and binaries.
For more information about MD5, see RFC 1321 - The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm.
Warning:
The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm is not considered safe for code-signing or
software-integrity purposes.
erlang:md5_final(Context) -> Digest
Types:
Context = Digest = binary()
Finishes the update of an MD5 Context and returns the computed MD5 message digest.
erlang:md5_init() -> Context
Types:
Context = binary()
Creates an MD5 context, to be used in the following calls to md5_update/2.
erlang:md5_update(Context, Data) -> NewContext
Types:
Context = binary()
Data = iodata()
NewContext = binary()
Update an MD5 Context with Data and returns a NewContext.
erlang:memory() -> [{Type, Size}]
Types:
Type = memory_type()
Size = integer() >= 0
memory_type() =
total | processes | processes_used | system | atom |
atom_used | binary | code | ets
Returns a list with information about memory dynamically allocated by the Erlang
emulator. Each list element is a tuple {Type, Size}. The first element Type is an
atom describing memory type. The second element Size is the memory size in bytes.
Memory types:
total:
The total amount of memory currently allocated. This is the same as the sum of
the memory size for processes and system.
processes:
The total amount of memory currently allocated for the Erlang processes.
processes_used:
The total amount of memory currently used by the Erlang processes. This is part
of the memory presented as processes memory.
system:
The total amount of memory currently allocated for the emulator that is not
directly related to any Erlang process. Memory presented as processes is not
included in this memory. instrument(3erl) can be used to get a more detailed
breakdown of what memory is part of this type.
atom:
The total amount of memory currently allocated for atoms. This memory is part
of the memory presented as system memory.
atom_used:
The total amount of memory currently used for atoms. This memory is part of the
memory presented as atom memory.
binary:
The total amount of memory currently allocated for binaries. This memory is
part of the memory presented as system memory.
code:
The total amount of memory currently allocated for Erlang code. This memory is
part of the memory presented as system memory.
ets:
The total amount of memory currently allocated for ETS tables. This memory is
part of the memory presented as system memory.
maximum:
The maximum total amount of memory allocated since the emulator was started.
This tuple is only present when the emulator is run with instrumentation.
For information on how to run the emulator with instrumentation, see
instrument(3erl) and/or erl(1).
Note:
The system value is not complete. Some allocated memory that is to be part of this
value is not.
When the emulator is run with instrumentation, the system value is more accurate,
but memory directly allocated for malloc (and friends) is still not part of the
system value. Direct calls to malloc are only done from OS-specific runtime
libraries and perhaps from user-implemented Erlang drivers that do not use the
memory allocation functions in the driver interface.
As the total value is the sum of processes and system, the error in system
propagates to the total value.
The different amounts of memory that are summed are not gathered atomically, which
introduces an error in the result.
The different values have the following relation to each other. Values beginning
with an uppercase letter is not part of the result.
total = processes + system
processes = processes_used + ProcessesNotUsed
system = atom + binary + code + ets + OtherSystem
atom = atom_used + AtomNotUsed
RealTotal = processes + RealSystem
RealSystem = system + MissedSystem
More tuples in the returned list can be added in a future release.
Note:
The total value is supposed to be the total amount of memory dynamically allocated
by the emulator. Shared libraries, the code of the emulator itself, and the
emulator stacks are not supposed to be included. That is, the total value is not
supposed to be equal to the total size of all pages mapped to the emulator.
Also, because of fragmentation and prereservation of memory areas, the size of the
memory segments containing the dynamically allocated memory blocks can be much
larger than the total size of the dynamically allocated memory blocks.
Note:
As from ERTS 5.6.4, erlang:memory/0 requires that all erts_alloc(3erl) allocators
are enabled (default behavior).
Failure: notsup if an erts_alloc(3erl) allocator has been disabled.
erlang:memory(Type :: memory_type()) -> integer() >= 0
erlang:memory(TypeList :: [memory_type()]) ->
[{memory_type(), integer() >= 0}]
Types:
memory_type() =
total | processes | processes_used | system | atom |
atom_used | binary | code | ets
Returns the memory size in bytes allocated for memory of type Type. The argument
can also be specified as a list of memory_type() atoms, in which case a
corresponding list of {memory_type(), Size :: integer >= 0} tuples is returned.
Note:
As from ERTS 5.6.4, erlang:memory/1 requires that all erts_alloc(3erl) allocators
are enabled (default behavior).
Failures:
badarg:
If Type is not one of the memory types listed in the description of
erlang:memory/0.
badarg:
If maximum is passed as Type and the emulator is not run in instrumented mode.
notsup:
If an erts_alloc(3erl) allocator has been disabled.
See also erlang:memory/0.
min(Term1, Term2) -> Minimum
Types:
Term1 = Term2 = Minimum = term()
Returns the smallest of Term1 and Term2. If the terms compare equal with the ==
operator, Term1 is returned.
The Expressions section contains descriptions of the == operator and how terms are
ordered.
Examples:
> min(1, 2).
1
> min(1.0, 1).
1.0
> min(1, 1.0).
1
> min("abc", "b").
"abc"
module_loaded(Module) -> boolean()
Types:
Module = module()
Returns true if the module Module is loaded, otherwise false. It does not attempt
to load the module.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for the code server (see code(3erl)) and is not to be used
elsewhere.
monitor(Type :: process, Item :: monitor_process_identifier()) ->
MonitorRef
monitor(Type :: port, Item :: monitor_port_identifier()) ->
MonitorRef
monitor(Type :: time_offset, Item :: clock_service) -> MonitorRef
Types:
MonitorRef = reference()
registered_name() = atom()
registered_process_identifier() =
registered_name() | {registered_name(), node()}
monitor_process_identifier() =
pid() | registered_process_identifier()
monitor_port_identifier() = port() | registered_name()
Sends a monitor request of type Type to the entity identified by Item. If the
monitored entity does not exist or it changes monitored state, the caller of
monitor/2 is notified by a message on the following format:
{Tag, MonitorRef, Type, Object, Info}
Note:
The monitor request is an asynchronous signal. That is, it takes time before the
signal reaches its destination.
Type can be one of the following atoms: process, port or time_offset.
A process or port monitor is triggered only once, after that it is removed from
both monitoring process and the monitored entity. Monitors are fired when the
monitored process or port terminates, does not exist at the moment of creation, or
if the connection to it is lost. If the connection to it is lost, we do not know if
it still exists. The monitoring is also turned off when demonitor/1 is called.
A process or port monitor by name resolves the RegisteredName to pid() or port()
only once at the moment of monitor instantiation, later changes to the name
registration will not affect the existing monitor.
When a process or port monitor is triggered, a 'DOWN' message is sent that has the
following pattern:
{'DOWN', MonitorRef, Type, Object, Info}
In the monitor message MonitorRef and Type are the same as described earlier, and:
Object:
The monitored entity, which triggered the event. When monitoring a process or a
local port, Object will be equal to the pid() or port() that was being
monitored. When monitoring process or port by name, Object will have format
{RegisteredName, Node} where RegisteredName is the name which has been used
with monitor/2 call and Node is local or remote node name (for ports monitored
by name, Node is always local node name).
Info:
Either the exit reason of the process, noproc (process or port did not exist at
the time of monitor creation), or noconnection (no connection to the node where
the monitored process resides).
Monitoring a process:
Creates monitor between the current process and another process identified by
Item, which can be a pid() (local or remote), an atom RegisteredName or a tuple
{RegisteredName, Node} for a registered process, located elsewhere.
Note:
Before ERTS 10.0 (OTP 21.0), monitoring a process could fail with badarg if the
monitored process resided on a primitive node (such as erl_interface or
jinterface), where remote process monitoring is not implemented.
Now, such a call to monitor will instead succeed and a monitor is created. But
the monitor will only supervise the connection. That is, a {'DOWN', _, process,
_, noconnection} is the only message that may be received, as the primitive node
have no way of reporting the status of the monitored process.
Monitoring a port:
Creates monitor between the current process and a port identified by Item,
which can be a port() (only local), an atom RegisteredName or a tuple
{RegisteredName, Node} for a registered port, located on this node. Note, that
attempt to monitor a remote port will result in badarg.
Monitoring a time_offset:
Monitors changes in time offset between Erlang monotonic time and Erlang system
time. One valid Item exists in combination with the time_offset Type, namely
the atom clock_service. Notice that the atom clock_service is not the
registered name of a process. In this case it serves as an identifier of the
runtime system internal clock service at current runtime system instance.
The monitor is triggered when the time offset is changed. This either if the
time offset value is changed, or if the offset is changed from preliminary to
final during finalization of the time offset when the single time warp mode is
used. When a change from preliminary to final time offset is made, the monitor
is triggered once regardless of whether the time offset value was changed or
not.
If the runtime system is in multi time warp mode, the time offset is changed
when the runtime system detects that the OS system time has changed. The
runtime system does, however, not detect this immediately when it occurs. A
task checking the time offset is scheduled to execute at least once a minute,
so under normal operation this is to be detected within a minute, but during
heavy load it can take longer time.
The monitor is not automatically removed after it has been triggered. That is,
repeated changes of the time offset trigger the monitor repeatedly.
When the monitor is triggered a 'CHANGE' message is sent to the monitoring
process. A 'CHANGE' message has the following pattern:
{'CHANGE', MonitorRef, Type, Item, NewTimeOffset}
where MonitorRef, Type, and Item are the same as described above, and
NewTimeOffset is the new time offset.
When the 'CHANGE' message has been received you are guaranteed not to retrieve
the old time offset when calling erlang:time_offset(). Notice that you can
observe the change of the time offset when calling erlang:time_offset() before
you get the 'CHANGE' message.
Making several calls to monitor/2 for the same Item and/or Type is not an error; it
results in as many independent monitoring instances.
The monitor functionality is expected to be extended. That is, other Types and
Items are expected to be supported in a future release.
Note:
If or when monitor/2 is extended, other possible values for Tag, Object, and Info
in the monitor message will be introduced.
monitor(Type :: process,
Item :: monitor_process_identifier(),
Opts :: [monitor_option()]) ->
MonitorRef
monitor(Type :: port,
Item :: monitor_port_identifier(),
Opts :: [monitor_option()]) ->
MonitorRef
monitor(Type :: time_offset,
Item :: clock_service,
Opts :: [monitor_option()]) ->
MonitorRef
Types:
MonitorRef = reference()
registered_name() = atom()
registered_process_identifier() =
registered_name() | {registered_name(), node()}
monitor_process_identifier() =
pid() | registered_process_identifier()
monitor_port_identifier() = port() | registered_name()
Provides an option list for modification of monitoring functionality provided by
monitor/2. The Type and Item arguments have the same meaning as when passed to
monitor/2. Currently available options:
{alias, UnaliasOpt}:
The returned monitor reference will also become an alias for the calling
process. That is, the returned reference can be used for sending messages to
the calling process. See also alias/0. The UnaliasOpt determines how the alias
should be deactivated.
explicit_unalias:
Only an explicit call to unalias/1 will deactivate the alias.
demonitor:
The alias will be automatically deactivated when the monitor is removed. This
either via an explicit call to demonitor/1 or when it is automatically
removed at the same time as a 'DOWN' message is delivered due to the monitor.
The alias can also still be deactivated via a call to unalias/1.
reply_demonitor:
The alias will be automatically deactivated when the monitor is removed (see
demonitor option above) or a reply message sent via the alias is received.
When a reply message is received via the alias the monitor will also be
automatically removed. This is useful in client/server scenarios when a
client monitors the server and will get the reply via the alias. Once the
response is received both the alias and the monitor will be automatically
removed regardless of whether the response is a reply or a 'DOWN' message.
The alias can also still be deactivated via a call to unalias/1. Note that if
the alias is removed using the unalias/1 BIF, the monitor will still be left
active.
Example:
server() ->
receive
{request, AliasReqId, Request} ->
Result = perform_request(Request),
AliasReqId ! {reply, AliasReqId, Result}
end,
server().
client(ServerPid, Request) ->
AliasMonReqId = monitor(process, ServerPid, [{alias, reply_demonitor}]),
ServerPid ! {request, AliasMonReqId, Request},
%% Alias as well as monitor will be automatically deactivated if we
%% receive a reply or a 'DOWN' message since we used 'reply_demonitor'
%% as unalias option...
receive
{reply, AliasMonReqId, Result} ->
Result;
{'DOWN', AliasMonReqId, process, ServerPid, ExitReason} ->
error(ExitReason)
end.
Note that both the server and the client in this example must be executing on
at least OTP 24 systems in order for this to work.
For more information on process aliases see the Process Aliases section of the
Erlang Reference Manual .
{tag, UserDefinedTag}:
Replace the default Tag with UserDefinedTag in the monitor message delivered
when the monitor is triggered. For example, when monitoring a process, the
'DOWN' tag in the down message will be replaced by UserDefinedTag.
An example of how the {tag, UserDefinedTag} option can be used in order to
enable the new selective receive optimization, introduced in OTP 24, when
making multiple requests to different servers:
server() ->
receive
{request, From, ReqId, Request} ->
Result = perform_request(Request),
From ! {reply, self(), ReqId, Result}
end,
server().
client(ServerPids, Request) when is_list(ServerPids) ->
ReqId = make_ref(),
lists:foreach(fun (ServerPid) ->
_ = monitor(process, ServerPid,
[{tag, {'DOWN', ReqId}}]),
ServerPid ! {request, self(), ReqId, Request}
end,
ServerPids),
receive_replies(ReqId, length(ServerPids), []).
receive_replies(_ReqId, 0, Acc) ->
Acc;
receive_replies(ReqId, N, Acc) ->
%% The compiler will detect that we match on the 'ReqId'
%% reference in all clauses, and will enable the selective
%% receive optimization which makes the receive able to
%% skip past all messages present in the message queue at
%% the time when the 'ReqId' reference was created...
Res = receive
{reply, ServerPid, ReqId, Result} ->
%% Here we typically would have deactivated the
%% monitor by a call to demonitor(Mon, [flush]) but
%% we ignore this in this example for simplicity...
{ok, ServerPid, Result};
{{'DOWN', ReqId}, _Mon, process, ServerPid, ExitReason} ->
{error, ServerPid, ExitReason}
end,
receive_replies(ReqId, N-1, [Res | Acc]).
In order for this example to work as intended, the client must be executing on
at least an OTP 24 system, but the servers may execute on older systems.
monitor_node(Node, Flag) -> true
Types:
Node = node()
Flag = boolean()
Monitor the status of the node Node. If Flag is true, monitoring is turned on. If
Flag is false, monitoring is turned off.
Making several calls to monitor_node(Node, true) for the same Node is not an error;
it results in as many independent monitoring instances.
If Node fails or does not exist, the message {nodedown, Node} is delivered to the
process. If a process has made two calls to monitor_node(Node, true) and Node
terminates, two nodedown messages are delivered to the process. If there is no
connection to Node, an attempt is made to create one. If this fails, a nodedown
message is delivered.
The delivery of the nodedown signal is not ordered with respect to other link or
monitor signals from the node that goes down. If you need a guarantee that all
signals from the remote node has been delivered before the nodedown signal is sent,
you should use net_kernel:monitor_nodes/1.
Nodes connected through hidden connections can be monitored as any other nodes.
Failure: notalive if the local node is not alive.
erlang:monitor_node(Node, Flag, Options) -> true
Types:
Node = node()
Flag = boolean()
Options = [Option]
Option = allow_passive_connect
Behaves as monitor_node/2 except that it allows an extra option to be specified,
namely allow_passive_connect. This option allows the BIF to wait the normal network
connection time-out for the monitored node to connect itself, even if it cannot be
actively connected from this node (that is, it is blocked). The state where this
can be useful can only be achieved by using the Kernel option dist_auto_connect
once. If that option is not used, option allow_passive_connect has no effect.
Note:
Option allow_passive_connect is used internally and is seldom needed in
applications where the network topology and the Kernel options in effect are known
in advance.
Failure: badarg if the local node is not alive or the option list is malformed.
erlang:monotonic_time() -> integer()
Returns the current Erlang monotonic time in native time unit. This is a
monotonically increasing time since some unspecified point in time.
Note:
This is a monotonically increasing time, but not a strictly monotonically
increasing time. That is, consecutive calls to erlang:monotonic_time/0 can produce
the same result.
Different runtime system instances will use different unspecified points in time as
base for their Erlang monotonic clocks. That is, it is pointless comparing
monotonic times from different runtime system instances. Different runtime system
instances can also place this unspecified point in time different relative runtime
system start. It can be placed in the future (time at start is a negative value),
the past (time at start is a positive value), or the runtime system start (time at
start is zero). The monotonic time at runtime system start can be retrieved by
calling erlang:system_info(start_time).
erlang:monotonic_time(Unit) -> integer()
Types:
Unit = time_unit()
Returns the current Erlang monotonic time converted into the Unit passed as
argument.
Same as calling erlang:convert_time_unit(erlang:monotonic_time(), native, Unit),
however optimized for commonly used Units.
erlang:nif_error(Reason) -> no_return()
Types:
Reason = term()
Works exactly like error/1, but Dialyzer thinks that this BIF will return an
arbitrary term. When used in a stub function for a NIF to generate an exception
when the NIF library is not loaded, Dialyzer does not generate false warnings.
erlang:nif_error(Reason, Args) -> no_return()
Types:
Reason = term()
Args = [term()]
Works exactly like error/2, but Dialyzer thinks that this BIF will return an
arbitrary term. When used in a stub function for a NIF to generate an exception
when the NIF library is not loaded, Dialyzer does not generate false warnings.
node() -> Node
Types:
Node = node()
Returns the name of the local node. If the node is not alive, nonode@nohost is
returned instead.
Allowed in guard tests.
node(Arg) -> Node
Types:
Arg = pid() | port() | reference()
Node = node()
Returns the node where Arg originates. Arg can be a process identifier, a
reference, or a port. If Arg originates from the local node and the local node is
not alive, nonode@nohost is returned.
Allowed in guard tests.
nodes() -> Nodes
Types:
Nodes = [node()]
Returns a list of all nodes connected to this node through normal connections (that
is, hidden nodes are not listed). Same as nodes(visible).
nodes(Arg) -> Nodes
Types:
Arg = NodeType | [NodeType]
NodeType = visible | hidden | connected | this | known
Nodes = [node()]
Returns a list of nodes according to the argument specified. The returned result,
when the argument is a list, is the list of nodes satisfying the disjunction(s) of
the list elements.
NodeTypes:
visible:
Nodes connected to this node through normal connections.
hidden:
Nodes connected to this node through hidden connections.
connected:
All nodes connected to this node.
this:
This node.
known:
Nodes that are known to this node. That is, connected nodes and nodes referred
to by process identifiers, port identifiers, and references located on this
node. The set of known nodes is garbage collected. Notice that this garbage
collection can be delayed. For more information, see
erlang:system_info(delayed_node_table_gc).
Some equalities: [node()] = nodes(this), nodes(connected) = nodes([visible,
hidden]), and nodes() = nodes(visible).
now() -> Timestamp
Types:
Timestamp = timestamp()
timestamp() =
{MegaSecs :: integer() >= 0,
Secs :: integer() >= 0,
MicroSecs :: integer() >= 0}
Warning:
This function is deprecated. Do not use it.
For more information, see section Time and Time Correction in the User's Guide.
Specifically, section Dos and Dont's describes what to use instead of
erlang:now/0.
Returns the tuple {MegaSecs, Secs, MicroSecs}, which is the elapsed time since
00:00 GMT, January 1, 1970 (zero hour), if provided by the underlying OS. Otherwise
some other point in time is chosen. It is also guaranteed that the following calls
to this BIF return continuously increasing values. Hence, the return value from
erlang:now/0 can be used to generate unique time stamps. If it is called in a tight
loop on a fast machine, the time of the node can become skewed.
Can only be used to check the local time of day if the time-zone information of the
underlying OS is properly configured.
open_port(PortName, PortSettings) -> port()
Types:
PortName =
{spawn, Command :: string() | binary()} |
{spawn_driver, Command :: string() | binary()} |
{spawn_executable, FileName :: file:name_all()} |
{fd, In :: integer() >= 0, Out :: integer() >= 0}
PortSettings = [Opt]
Opt =
{packet, N :: 1 | 2 | 4} |
stream |
{line, L :: integer() >= 0} |
{cd, Dir :: string() | binary()} |
{env,
Env ::
[{Name :: os:env_var_name(),
Val :: os:env_var_value() | false}]} |
{args, [string() | binary()]} |
{arg0, string() | binary()} |
exit_status | use_stdio | nouse_stdio | stderr_to_stdout |
in | out | binary | eof |
{parallelism, Boolean :: boolean()} |
hide |
{busy_limits_port,
{integer() >= 0, integer() >= 0} | disabled} |
{busy_limits_msgq,
{integer() >= 0, integer() >= 0} | disabled}
Returns a port identifier as the result of opening a new Erlang port. A port can be
seen as an external Erlang process.
The name of the executable as well as the arguments specifed in cd, env, args, and
arg0 are subject to Unicode filename translation if the system is running in
Unicode filename mode. To avoid translation or to force, for example UTF-8, supply
the executable and/or arguments as a binary in the correct encoding. For details,
see the module file(3erl), the function file:native_name_encoding/0 in Kernel, and
the Using Unicode in Erlang User's Guide.
Note:
The characters in the name (if specified as a list) can only be > 255 if the Erlang
virtual machine is started in Unicode filename translation mode. Otherwise the name
of the executable is limited to the ISO Latin-1 character set.
PortNames:
{spawn, Command}:
Starts an external program. Command is the name of the external program to be
run. Command runs outside the Erlang work space unless an Erlang driver with
the name Command is found. If found, that driver is started. A driver runs in
the Erlang work space, which means that it is linked with the Erlang runtime
system.
For external programs, PATH is searched (or an equivalent method is used to
find programs, depending on the OS). This is done by invoking the shell on
certain platforms. The first space-separated token of the command is considered
as the name of the executable (or driver). This (among other things) makes this
option unsuitable for running programs with spaces in filenames or directory
names. If spaces in executable filenames are desired, use {spawn_executable,
Command} instead.
{spawn_driver, Command}:
Works like {spawn, Command}, but demands the first (space-separated) token of
the command to be the name of a loaded driver. If no driver with that name is
loaded, a badarg error is raised.
{spawn_executable, FileName}:
Works like {spawn, FileName}, but only runs external executables. FileName in
its whole is used as the name of the executable, including any spaces. If
arguments are to be passed, the PortSettings args and arg0 can be used.
The shell is usually not invoked to start the program, it is executed directly.
PATH (or equivalent) is not searched. To find a program in PATH to execute, use
os:find_executable/1.
Only if a shell script or .bat file is executed, the appropriate command
interpreter is invoked implicitly, but there is still no command-argument
expansion or implicit PATH search.
If FileName cannot be run, an error exception is raised, with the POSIX error
code as the reason. The error reason can differ between OSs. Typically the
error enoent is raised when an attempt is made to run a program that is not
found and eacces is raised when the specified file is not executable.
{fd, In, Out}:
Allows an Erlang process to access any currently opened file descriptors used
by Erlang. The file descriptor In can be used for standard input, and the file
descriptor Out for standard output. It is only used for various servers in the
Erlang OS (shell and user). Hence, its use is limited.
PortSettings is a list of settings for the port. The valid settings are as follows:
{packet, N}:
Messages are preceded by their length, sent in N bytes, with the most
significant byte first. The valid values for N are 1, 2, and 4.
stream:
Output messages are sent without packet lengths. A user-defined protocol must
be used between the Erlang process and the external object.
{line, L}:
Messages are delivered on a per line basis. Each line (delimited by the OS-
dependent newline sequence) is delivered in a single message. The message data
format is {Flag, Line}, where Flag is eol or noeol, and Line is the data
delivered (without the newline sequence).
L specifies the maximum line length in bytes. Lines longer than this are
delivered in more than one message, with Flag set to noeol for all but the last
message. If end of file is encountered anywhere else than immediately following
a newline sequence, the last line is also delivered with Flag set to noeol.
Otherwise lines are delivered with Flag set to eol.
The {packet, N} and {line, L} settings are mutually exclusive.
{cd, Dir}:
Only valid for {spawn, Command} and {spawn_executable, FileName}. The external
program starts using Dir as its working directory. Dir must be a string.
{env, Env}:
Types:
Name = os:env_var_name()
Val = os:env_var_value() | false
Env = [{Name, Val}]
Only valid for {spawn, Command}, and {spawn_executable, FileName}. The
environment of the started process is extended using the environment
specifications in Env.
Env is to be a list of tuples {Name, Val}, where Name is the name of an
environment variable, and Val is the value it is to have in the spawned port
process. Both Name and Val must be strings. The one exception is Val being the
atom false (in analogy with os:getenv/1, which removes the environment
variable.
For information about encoding requirements, see documentation of the types for
Name and Val.
{args, [ string() | binary() ]}:
Only valid for {spawn_executable, FileName} and specifies arguments to the
executable. Each argument is specified as a separate string and (on Unix)
eventually ends up as one element each in the argument vector. On other
platforms, a similar behavior is mimicked.
The arguments are not expanded by the shell before they are supplied to the
executable. Most notably this means that file wildcard expansion does not
occur. To expand wildcards for the arguments, use filelib:wildcard/1. Notice
that even if the program is a Unix shell script, meaning that the shell
ultimately is invoked, wildcard expansion does not occur, and the script is
provided with the untouched arguments. On Windows, wildcard expansion is always
up to the program itself, therefore this is not an issue.
The executable name (also known as argv[0]) is not to be specified in this
list. The proper executable name is automatically used as argv[0], where
applicable.
If you explicitly want to set the program name in the argument vector, option
arg0 can be used.
{arg0, string() | binary()}:
Only valid for {spawn_executable, FileName} and explicitly specifies the
program name argument when running an executable. This can in some
circumstances, on some OSs, be desirable. How the program responds to this is
highly system-dependent and no specific effect is guaranteed.
exit_status:
Only valid for {spawn, Command}, where Command refers to an external program,
and for {spawn_executable, FileName}.
When the external process connected to the port exits, a message of the form
{Port,{exit_status,Status}} is sent to the connected process, where Status is
the exit status of the external process. If the program aborts on Unix, the
same convention is used as the shells do (that is, 128+signal).
If option eof is specified also, the messages eof and exit_status appear in an
unspecified order.
If the port program closes its stdout without exiting, option exit_status does
not work.
use_stdio:
Only valid for {spawn, Command} and {spawn_executable, FileName}. It allows the
standard input and output (file descriptors 0 and 1) of the spawned (Unix)
process for communication with Erlang.
nouse_stdio:
The opposite of use_stdio. It uses file descriptors 3 and 4 for communication
with Erlang.
stderr_to_stdout:
Affects ports to external programs. The executed program gets its standard
error file redirected to its standard output file. stderr_to_stdout and
nouse_stdio are mutually exclusive.
overlapped_io:
Affects ports to external programs on Windows only. The standard input and
standard output handles of the port program are, if this option is supplied,
opened with flag FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, so that the port program can (and must)
do overlapped I/O on its standard handles. This is not normally the case for
simple port programs, but an option of value for the experienced Windows
programmer. On all other platforms, this option is silently discarded.
in:
The port can only be used for input.
out:
The port can only be used for output.
binary:
All I/O from the port is binary data objects as opposed to lists of bytes.
eof:
The port is not closed at the end of the file and does not produce an exit
signal. Instead, it remains open and a {Port, eof} message is sent to the
process holding the port.
hide:
When running on Windows, suppresses creation of a new console window when
spawning the port program. (This option has no effect on other platforms.)
{parallelism, Boolean}:
Sets scheduler hint for port parallelism. If set to true, the virtual machine
schedules port tasks; when doing so, it improves parallelism in the system. If
set to false, the virtual machine tries to perform port tasks immediately,
improving latency at the expense of parallelism. The default can be set at
system startup by passing command-line argument +spp to erl(1).
{busy_limits_port, {Low, High} | disabled}:
Sets limits that will be used for controlling the busy state of the port.
When the ports internal output queue size becomes larger than or equal to High
bytes, it enters the busy state. When it becomes less than Low bytes it leaves
the busy state. When the port is in the busy state, processes sending commands
to it will be suspended until the port leaves the busy state. Commands are in
this context either Port ! {Owner, {command, Data}} or port_command/[2,3].
The Low limit is automatically adjusted to the same as High if it is set larger
then High. Valid range of values for Low and High is [1, (1 bsl
(8*erlang:system_info(wordsize)))-2]. If the atom disabled is passed, the port
will never enter the busy state.
The defaults are Low = 4096 and High = 8192.
Note that this option is only valid when spawning an executable (port program)
by opening the spawn driver and when opening the fd driver. This option will
cause a failure with a badarg exception when opening other drivers.
{busy_limits_msgq, {Low, High} | disabled}:
Sets limits that will be used for controlling the busy state of the port
message queue.
When the ports message queue size becomes larger than or equal to High bytes it
enters the busy state. When it becomes less than Low bytes it leaves the busy
state. When the port message queue is in the busy state, processes sending
commands to it will be suspended until the port message queue leaves the busy
state. Commands are in this context either Port ! {Owner, {command, Data}} or
port_command/[2,3].
The Low limit is automatically adjusted to the same as High if it is set larger
then High. Valid range of values for Low and High is [1, (1 bsl
(8*erlang:system_info(wordsize)))-2]. If the atom disabled is passed, the port
message queue will never enter the busy state.
Note that if the driver statically has disabled the use of this feature, a
failure with a badarg exception will be raised unless this option also is set
to disable or not passed at all.
The defaults are Low = 4096 and High = 8192 unless the driver itself does
modifications of these values.
Note that the driver might fail if it also adjust these limits by itself and
you have disabled this feature.
The spawn driver (used when spawning an executable) and the fd driver do not
disable this feature and do not adjust these limits by themselves.
For more information see the documentation erl_drv_busy_msgq_limits().
Default is stream for all port types and use_stdio for spawned ports.
Failure: if the port cannot be opened, the exit reason is badarg, system_limit, or
the POSIX error code that most closely describes the error, or einval if no POSIX
code is appropriate:
badarg:
Bad input arguments to open_port.
system_limit:
All available ports in the Erlang emulator are in use.
enomem:
Not enough memory to create the port.
eagain:
No more available OS processes.
enametoolong:
Too long external command.
emfile:
No more available file descriptors (for the OS process that the Erlang emulator
runs in).
enfile:
Full file table (for the entire OS).
eacces:
Command specified in {spawn_executable, Command} does not point out an
executable file.
enoent:
FileName specified in {spawn_executable, FileName} does not point out an
existing file.
During use of a port opened using {spawn, Name}, {spawn_driver, Name}, or
{spawn_executable, Name}, errors arising when sending messages to it are reported
to the owning process using signals of the form {'EXIT', Port, PosixCode}. For the
possible values of PosixCode, see file(3erl).
The maximum number of ports that can be open at the same time can be configured by
passing command-line flag +Q to erl(1).
erlang:phash(Term, Range) -> Hash
Types:
Term = term()
Range = Hash = integer() >= 1
Range = 1..2^32, Hash = 1..Range
Warning:
This function is deprecated as erlang:phash2/2 should be used for new code. Note
that erlang:phash(X,N) is not necessary equal to erlang:phash2(X,N)
Portable hash function that gives the same hash for the same Erlang term regardless
of machine architecture and ERTS version (the BIF was introduced in ERTS 4.9.1.1).
The function returns a hash value for Term within the range 1..Range. The maximum
value for Range is 2^32.
erlang:phash2(Term) -> Hash
erlang:phash2(Term, Range) -> Hash
Types:
Term = term()
Range = integer() >= 1
1..2^32
Hash = integer() >= 0
0..Range-1
Portable hash function that gives the same hash for the same Erlang term regardless
of machine architecture and ERTS version (the BIF was introduced in ERTS 5.2). The
function returns a hash value for Term within the range 0..Range-1. The maximum
value for Range is 2^32. When without argument Range, a value in the range
0..2^27-1 is returned.
This BIF is always to be used for hashing terms. It distributes small integers
better than phash/2, and it is faster for bignums and binaries.
Notice that the range 0..Range-1 is different from the range of phash/2, which is
1..Range.
pid_to_list(Pid) -> string()
Types:
Pid = pid()
Returns a string corresponding to the text representation of Pid. Example:
> erlang:pid_to_list(self()).
"<0.85.0>"
Note:
The creation for the node is not included in the list representation of Pid. This
means that processes in different incarnations of a node with a specific name can
get the same list representation.
erlang:port_call(Port, Operation, Data) -> term()
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Operation = integer()
Data = term()
Performs a synchronous call to a port. The meaning of Operation and Data depends on
the port, that is, on the port driver. Not all port drivers support this feature.
Port is a port identifier, referring to a driver.
Operation is an integer, which is passed on to the driver.
Data is any Erlang term. This data is converted to binary term format and sent to
the port.
Returns a term from the driver. The meaning of the returned data also depends on
the port driver.
Failures:
badarg:
If Port is not an identifier of an open port, or the registered name of an
open port. If the calling process was previously linked to the closed port,
identified by Port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered
before this badarg exception occurs.
badarg:
If Operation does not fit in a 32-bit integer.
badarg:
If the port driver does not support synchronous control operations.
badarg:
If the port driver so decides for any reason (probably something wrong with
Operation or Data).
Warning:
Do not call port_call with an unknown Port identifier and expect badarg
exception. Any undefined behavior is possible (including node crash) depending on
how the port driver interprets the supplied arguments.
port_close(Port) -> true
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Closes an open port. Roughly the same as Port ! {self(), close} except for the
error behavior (see below), being synchronous, and that the port does not reply
with {Port, closed}. Any process can close a port with port_close/1, not only the
port owner (the connected process). If the calling process is linked to the port
identified by Port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered
before port_close/1 returns.
For comparison: Port ! {self(), close} only fails with badarg if Port does not
refer to a port or a process. If Port is a closed port, nothing happens. If Port is
an open port and the calling process is the port owner, the port replies with
{Port, closed} when all buffers have been flushed and the port really closes. If
the calling process is not the port owner, the port owner fails with badsig.
Notice that any process can close a port using Port ! {PortOwner, close} as if it
itself was the port owner, but the reply always goes to the port owner.
As from Erlang/OTP R16, Port ! {PortOwner, close} is truly asynchronous. Notice
that this operation has always been documented as an asynchronous operation, while
the underlying implementation has been synchronous. port_close/1 is however still
fully synchronous because of its error behavior.
Failure: badarg if Port is not an identifier of an open port, or the registered
name of an open port. If the calling process was previously linked to the closed
port, identified by Port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to be
delivered before this badarg exception occurs.
port_command(Port, Data) -> true
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Data = iodata()
Sends data to a port. Same as Port ! {PortOwner, {command, Data}} except for the
error behavior and being synchronous (see below). Any process can send data to a
port with port_command/2, not only the port owner (the connected process).
For comparison: Port ! {PortOwner, {command, Data}} only fails with badarg if Port
does not refer to a port or a process. If Port is a closed port, the data message
disappears without a sound. If Port is open and the calling process is not the port
owner, the port owner fails with badsig. The port owner fails with badsig also if
Data is an invalid I/O list.
Notice that any process can send to a port using Port ! {PortOwner, {command,
Data}} as if it itself was the port owner.
If the port is busy, the calling process is suspended until the port is not busy
any more.
As from Erlang/OTP R16, Port ! {PortOwner, {command, Data}} is truly asynchronous.
Notice that this operation has always been documented as an asynchronous operation,
while the underlying implementation has been synchronous. port_command/2 is however
still fully synchronous because of its error behavior.
Failures:
badarg:
If Port is not an identifier of an open port, or the registered name of an open
port. If the calling process was previously linked to the closed port,
identified by Port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered
before this badarg exception occurs.
badarg:
If Data is an invalid I/O list.
Warning:
Do not send data to an unknown port. Any undefined behavior is possible (including
node crash) depending on how the port driver interprets the data.
port_command(Port, Data, OptionList) -> boolean()
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Data = iodata()
Option = force | nosuspend
OptionList = [Option]
Sends data to a port. port_command(Port, Data, []) equals port_command(Port, Data).
If the port command is aborted, false is returned, otherwise true.
If the port is busy, the calling process is suspended until the port is not busy
anymore.
Options:
force:
The calling process is not suspended if the port is busy, instead the port
command is forced through. The call fails with a notsup exception if the driver
of the port does not support this. For more information, see driver flag
ERL_DRV_FLAG_SOFT_BUSY.
nosuspend:
The calling process is not suspended if the port is busy, instead the port
command is aborted and false is returned.
Note:
More options can be added in a future release.
Failures:
badarg:
If Port is not an identifier of an open port, or the registered name of an
open port. If the calling process was previously linked to the closed port,
identified by Port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered
before this badarg exception occurs.
badarg:
If Data is an invalid I/O list.
badarg:
If OptionList is an invalid option list.
notsup:
If option force has been passed, but the driver of the port does not allow
forcing through a busy port.
Warning:
Do not send data to an unknown port. Any undefined behavior is possible (including
node crash) depending on how the port driver interprets the data.
port_connect(Port, Pid) -> true
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Pid = pid()
Sets the port owner (the connected port) to Pid. Roughly the same as Port ! {Owner,
{connect, Pid}} except for the following:
* The error behavior differs, see below.
* The port does not reply with {Port,connected}.
* port_connect/1 is synchronous, see below.
* The new port owner gets linked to the port.
The old port owner stays linked to the port and must call unlink(Port) if this is
not desired. Any process can set the port owner to be any process with
port_connect/2.
For comparison: Port ! {self(), {connect, Pid}} only fails with badarg if Port does
not refer to a port or a process. If Port is a closed port, nothing happens. If
Port is an open port and the calling process is the port owner, the port replies
with {Port, connected} to the old port owner. Notice that the old port owner is
still linked to the port, while the new is not. If Port is an open port and the
calling process is not the port owner, the port owner fails with badsig. The port
owner fails with badsig also if Pid is not an existing local process identifier.
Notice that any process can set the port owner using Port ! {PortOwner, {connect,
Pid}} as if it itself was the port owner, but the reply always goes to the port
owner.
As from Erlang/OTP R16, Port ! {PortOwner, {connect, Pid}} is truly asynchronous.
Notice that this operation has always been documented as an asynchronous operation,
while the underlying implementation has been synchronous. port_connect/2 is however
still fully synchronous because of its error behavior.
Failures:
badarg:
If Port is not an identifier of an open port, or the registered name of an
open port. If the calling process was previously linked to the closed port,
identified by Port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered
before this badarg exception occurs.
badarg:
If the process identified by Pid is not an existing local process.
port_control(Port, Operation, Data) -> iodata() | binary()
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Operation = integer()
Data = iodata()
Performs a synchronous control operation on a port. The meaning of Operation and
Data depends on the port, that is, on the port driver. Not all port drivers support
this control feature.
Returns a list of integers in the range 0..255, or a binary, depending on the port
driver. The meaning of the returned data also depends on the port driver.
Failures:
badarg:
If Port is not an open port or the registered name of an open port.
badarg:
If Operation cannot fit in a 32-bit integer.
badarg:
If the port driver does not support synchronous control operations.
badarg:
If the port driver so decides for any reason (probably something wrong with
Operation or Data).
Warning:
Do not call port_control/3 with an unknown Port identifier and expect badarg
exception. Any undefined behavior is possible (including node crash) depending on
how the port driver interprets the supplied arguments.
erlang:port_info(Port) -> Result
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
ResultItem =
{registered_name, RegisteredName :: atom()} |
{id, Index :: integer() >= 0} |
{connected, Pid :: pid()} |
{links, Pids :: [pid()]} |
{name, String :: string()} |
{input, Bytes :: integer() >= 0} |
{output, Bytes :: integer() >= 0} |
{os_pid, OsPid :: integer() >= 0 | undefined}
Result = [ResultItem] | undefined
Returns a list containing tuples with information about Port, or undefined if the
port is not open. The order of the tuples is undefined, and all the tuples are not
mandatory. If the port is closed and the calling process was previously linked to
the port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before
port_info/1 returns undefined.
The result contains information about the following Items:
* registered_name (if the port has a registered name)
* id
* connected
* links
* name
* input
* output
For more information about the different Items, see port_info/2.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: connected) ->
{connected, Pid} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Pid = pid()
Pid is the process identifier of the process connected to the port.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is
closed and the calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal
from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: id) -> {id, Index} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Index = integer() >= 0
Index is the internal index of the port. This index can be used to separate ports.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is
closed and the calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal
from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: input) ->
{input, Bytes} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Bytes = integer() >= 0
Bytes is the total number of bytes read from the port.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is
closed and the calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal
from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: links) -> {links, Pids} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Pids = [pid()]
Pids is a list of the process identifiers of the processes that the port is linked
to.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is
closed and the calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal
from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: locking) ->
{locking, Locking} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Locking = false | port_level | driver_level
Locking is one of the following:
* port_level (port-specific locking)
* driver_level (driver-specific locking)
Notice that these results are highly implementation-specific and can change in a
future release.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is
closed and the calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal
from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: memory) ->
{memory, Bytes} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Bytes = integer() >= 0
Bytes is the total number of bytes allocated for this port by the runtime system.
The port itself can have allocated memory that is not included in Bytes.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is
closed and the calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal
from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: monitors) ->
{monitors, Monitors} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Monitors = [{process, pid()}]
Monitors represent processes monitored by this port.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is
closed and the calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal
from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: monitored_by) ->
{monitored_by, MonitoredBy} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
MonitoredBy = [pid()]
Returns list of pids that are monitoring given port at the moment.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is
closed and the calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal
from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: name) -> {name, Name} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Name = string()
Name is the command name set by open_port/2.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is
closed and the calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal
from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: os_pid) ->
{os_pid, OsPid} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
OsPid = integer() >= 0 | undefined
OsPid is the process identifier (or equivalent) of an OS process created with
open_port({spawn | spawn_executable, Command}, Options). If the port is not the
result of spawning an OS process, the value is undefined.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is
closed and the calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal
from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: output) ->
{output, Bytes} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Bytes = integer() >= 0
Bytes is the total number of bytes written to the port from Erlang processes using
port_command/2, port_command/3, or Port ! {Owner, {command, Data}.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is
closed and the calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal
from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: parallelism) ->
{parallelism, Boolean} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Boolean = boolean()
Boolean corresponds to the port parallelism hint used by this port. For more
information, see option parallelism of open_port/2.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: queue_size) ->
{queue_size, Bytes} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Bytes = integer() >= 0
Bytes is the total number of bytes queued by the port using the ERTS driver queue
implementation.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is
closed and the calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal
from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: registered_name) ->
{registered_name, RegisteredName} |
[] | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
RegisteredName = atom()
RegisteredName is the registered name of the port. If the port has no registered
name, [] is returned.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is
closed and the calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal
from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
port_to_list(Port) -> string()
Types:
Port = port()
Returns a string corresponding to the text representation of the port identifier
Port.
erlang:ports() -> [port()]
Returns a list of port identifiers corresponding to all the ports existing on the
local node.
Notice that an exiting port exists, but is not open.
pre_loaded() -> [module()]
Returns a list of Erlang modules that are preloaded in the run-time system. Pre-
loaded modules are Erlang modules that are needed to bootstrap the system to load
the first Erlang modules from either disk or by using erl_boot_server.
erlang:process_display(Pid, Type) -> true
Types:
Pid = pid()
Type = backtrace
Writes information about the local process Pid on standard error. The only allowed
value for the atom Type is backtrace, which shows the contents of the call stack,
including information about the call chain, with the current function printed
first. The format of the output is not further defined.
process_flag(Flag :: trap_exit, Boolean) -> OldBoolean
Types:
Boolean = OldBoolean = boolean()
When trap_exit is set to true, exit signals arriving to a process are converted to
{'EXIT', From, Reason} messages, which can be received as ordinary messages. If
trap_exit is set to false, the process exits if it receives an exit signal other
than normal and the exit signal is propagated to its linked processes. Application
processes are normally not to trap exits.
Returns the old value of the flag.
See also exit/2.
process_flag(Flag :: error_handler, Module) -> OldModule
Types:
Module = OldModule = atom()
Used by a process to redefine the error handler for undefined function calls and
undefined registered processes. Inexperienced users are not to use this flag, as
code auto-loading depends on the correct operation of the error handling module.
Returns the old value of the flag.
process_flag(Flag :: fullsweep_after, FullsweepAfter) ->
OldFullsweepAfter
Types:
FullsweepAfter = OldFullsweepAfter = integer() >= 0
Changes the maximum number of generational collections before forcing a fullsweep
for the calling process.
Returns the old value of the flag.
process_flag(Flag :: min_heap_size, MinHeapSize) -> OldMinHeapSize
Types:
MinHeapSize = OldMinHeapSize = integer() >= 0
Changes the minimum heap size for the calling process.
Returns the old value of the flag.
process_flag(Flag :: min_bin_vheap_size, MinBinVHeapSize) ->
OldMinBinVHeapSize
Types:
MinBinVHeapSize = OldMinBinVHeapSize = integer() >= 0
Changes the minimum binary virtual heap size for the calling process.
Returns the old value of the flag.
process_flag(Flag :: max_heap_size, MaxHeapSize) -> OldMaxHeapSize
Types:
MaxHeapSize = OldMaxHeapSize = max_heap_size()
max_heap_size() =
integer() >= 0 |
#{size => integer() >= 0,
kill => boolean(),
error_logger => boolean()}
This flag sets the maximum heap size for the calling process. If MaxHeapSize is an
integer, the system default values for kill and error_logger are used.
size:
The maximum size in words of the process. If set to zero, the heap size limit
is disabled. badarg is be thrown if the value is smaller than min_heap_size.
The size check is only done when a garbage collection is triggered.
size is the entire heap of the process when garbage collection is triggered.
This includes all generational heaps, the process stack, any messages that are
considered to be part of the heap, and any extra memory that the garbage
collector needs during collection.
size is the same as can be retrieved using erlang:process_info(Pid,
total_heap_size), or by adding heap_block_size, old_heap_block_size and
mbuf_size from erlang:process_info(Pid, garbage_collection_info).
kill:
When set to true, the runtime system sends an untrappable exit signal with
reason kill to the process if the maximum heap size is reached. The garbage
collection that triggered the kill is not completed, instead the process exits
as soon as possible. When set to false, no exit signal is sent to the process,
instead it continues executing.
If kill is not defined in the map, the system default will be used. The default
system default is true. It can be changed by either option +hmaxk in erl(1), or
erlang:system_flag(max_heap_size, MaxHeapSize).
error_logger:
When set to true, the runtime system logs an error event via logger, containing
details about the process when the maximum heap size is reached. One log event
is sent each time the limit is reached.
If error_logger is not defined in the map, the system default is used. The
default system default is true. It can be changed by either the option +hmaxel
int erl(1), or erlang:system_flag(max_heap_size, MaxHeapSize).
The heap size of a process is quite hard to predict, especially the amount of
memory that is used during the garbage collection. When contemplating using this
option, it is recommended to first run it in production with kill set to false and
inspect the log events to see what the normal peak sizes of the processes in the
system is and then tune the value accordingly.
process_flag(Flag :: message_queue_data, MQD) -> OldMQD
Types:
MQD = OldMQD = message_queue_data()
message_queue_data() = off_heap | on_heap
Determines how messages in the message queue are stored, as follows:
off_heap:
All messages in the message queue will be stored outside the process heap. This
implies that no messages in the message queue will be part of a garbage
collection of the process.
on_heap:
All messages in the message queue will eventually be placed on the process
heap. They can, however, be temporarily stored off the heap. This is how
messages have always been stored up until ERTS 8.0.
The default value of the message_queue_data process flag is determined by the
command-line argument +hmqd in erl(1).
If the process may potentially accumulate a large number of messages in its queue
it is recommended to set the flag value to off_heap. This is due to the fact that
the garbage collection of a process that has a large number of messages stored on
the heap can become extremely expensive and the process can consume large amounts
of memory. The performance of the actual message passing is, however, generally
better when the flag value is on_heap.
Changing the flag value causes any existing messages to be moved. The move
operation is initiated, but not necessarily completed, by the time the function
returns.
Returns the old value of the flag.
process_flag(Flag :: priority, Level) -> OldLevel
Types:
Level = OldLevel = priority_level()
priority_level() = low | normal | high | max
Sets the process priority. Level is an atom. Four priority levels exist: low,
normal, high, and max. Default is normal.
Note:
Priority level max is reserved for internal use in the Erlang runtime system, and
is not to be used by others.
Internally in each priority level, processes are scheduled in a round robin
fashion.
Execution of processes on priority normal and low are interleaved. Processes on
priority low are selected for execution less frequently than processes on priority
normal.
When runnable processes on priority high exist, no processes on priority low or
normal are selected for execution. Notice however that this does not mean that no
processes on priority low or normal can run when processes are running on priority
high. When using multiple schedulers, more processes can be running in parallel
than processes on priority high. That is, a low and a high priority process can
execute at the same time.
When runnable processes on priority max exist, no processes on priority low,
normal, or high are selected for execution. As with priority high, processes on
lower priorities can execute in parallel with processes on priority max.
Scheduling is pre-emptive. Regardless of priority, a process is pre-empted when it
has consumed more than a certain number of reductions since the last time it was
selected for execution.
Note:
Do not depend on the scheduling to remain exactly as it is today. Scheduling is
likely to be changed in a future release to use available processor cores better.
There is no automatic mechanism for avoiding priority inversion, such as priority
inheritance or priority ceilings. When using priorities, take this into account and
handle such scenarios by yourself.
Making calls from a high priority process into code that you has no control over
can cause the high priority process to wait for a process with lower priority. That
is, effectively decreasing the priority of the high priority process during the
call. Even if this is not the case with one version of the code that you have no
control over, it can be the case in a future version of it. This can, for example,
occur if a high priority process triggers code loading, as the code server runs on
priority normal.
Other priorities than normal are normally not needed. When other priorities are
used, use them with care, especially priority high. A process on priority high is
only to perform work for short periods. Busy looping for long periods in a high
priority process causes most likely problems, as important OTP servers run on
priority normal.
Returns the old value of the flag.
process_flag(Flag :: save_calls, N) -> OldN
Types:
N = OldN = 0..10000
N must be an integer in the interval 0..10000. If N > 0, call saving is made active
for the process. This means that information about the N most recent global
function calls, BIF calls, sends, and receives made by the process are saved in a
list, which can be retrieved with process_info(Pid, last_calls). A global function
call is one in which the module of the function is explicitly mentioned. Only a
fixed amount of information is saved, as follows:
* A tuple {Module, Function, Arity} for function calls
* The atoms send, 'receive', and timeout for sends and receives ('receive' when a
message is received and timeout when a receive times out)
If N = 0, call saving is disabled for the process, which is the default. Whenever
the size of the call saving list is set, its contents are reset.
Returns the old value of the flag.
process_flag(Flag :: sensitive, Boolean) -> OldBoolean
Types:
Boolean = OldBoolean = boolean()
Sets or clears flag sensitive for the current process. When a process has been
marked as sensitive by calling process_flag(sensitive, true), features in the
runtime system that can be used for examining the data or inner working of the
process are silently disabled.
Features that are disabled include (but are not limited to) the following:
* Tracing. Trace flags can still be set for the process, but no trace messages of
any kind are generated. (If flag sensitive is turned off, trace messages are
again generated if any trace flags are set.)
* Sequential tracing. The sequential trace token is propagated as usual, but no
sequential trace messages are generated.
process_info/1,2 cannot be used to read out the message queue or the process
dictionary (both are returned as empty lists).
Stack back-traces cannot be displayed for the process.
In crash dumps, the stack, messages, and the process dictionary are omitted.
If {save_calls,N} has been set for the process, no function calls are saved to the
call saving list. (The call saving list is not cleared. Also, send, receive, and
time-out events are still added to the list.)
Returns the old value of the flag.
process_flag(Pid, Flag, Value) -> OldValue
Types:
Pid = pid()
Flag = save_calls
Value = OldValue = integer() >= 0
Sets certain flags for the process Pid, in the same manner as process_flag/2.
Returns the old value of the flag. The valid values for Flag are only a subset of
those allowed in process_flag/2, namely save_calls.
Failure: badarg if Pid is not a local process.
process_info(Pid) -> Info
Types:
Pid = pid()
Info = [InfoTuple] | undefined
InfoTuple = process_info_result_item()
process_info_result_item() =
{backtrace, Bin :: binary()} |
{binary,
BinInfo ::
[{integer() >= 0,
integer() >= 0,
integer() >= 0}]} |
{catchlevel, CatchLevel :: integer() >= 0} |
{current_function,
{Module :: module(), Function :: atom(), Arity :: arity()} |
undefined} |
{current_location,
{Module :: module(),
Function :: atom(),
Arity :: arity(),
Location ::
[{file, Filename :: string()} |
{line, Line :: integer() >= 1}]}} |
{current_stacktrace, Stack :: [stack_item()]} |
{dictionary, Dictionary :: [{Key :: term(), Value :: term()}]} |
{error_handler, Module :: module()} |
{garbage_collection, GCInfo :: [{atom(), integer() >= 0}]} |
{garbage_collection_info,
GCInfo :: [{atom(), integer() >= 0}]} |
{group_leader, GroupLeader :: pid()} |
{heap_size, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{initial_call, mfa()} |
{links, PidsAndPorts :: [pid() | port()]} |
{last_calls, false | (Calls :: [mfa()])} |
{memory, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{message_queue_len, MessageQueueLen :: integer() >= 0} |
{messages, MessageQueue :: [term()]} |
{min_heap_size, MinHeapSize :: integer() >= 0} |
{min_bin_vheap_size, MinBinVHeapSize :: integer() >= 0} |
{max_heap_size, MaxHeapSize :: max_heap_size()} |
{monitored_by,
MonitoredBy :: [pid() | port() | nif_resource()]} |
{monitors,
Monitors ::
[{process | port,
Pid ::
pid() |
port() |
{RegName :: atom(), Node :: node()}}]} |
{message_queue_data, MQD :: message_queue_data()} |
{priority, Level :: priority_level()} |
{reductions, Number :: integer() >= 0} |
{registered_name, [] | (Atom :: atom())} |
{sequential_trace_token,
[] | (SequentialTraceToken :: term())} |
{stack_size, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{status,
Status ::
exiting | garbage_collecting | waiting | running |
runnable | suspended} |
{suspending,
SuspendeeList ::
[{Suspendee :: pid(),
ActiveSuspendCount :: integer() >= 0,
OutstandingSuspendCount :: integer() >= 0}]} |
{total_heap_size, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{trace, InternalTraceFlags :: integer() >= 0} |
{trap_exit, Boolean :: boolean()}
priority_level() = low | normal | high | max
stack_item() =
{Module :: module(),
Function :: atom(),
Arity :: arity() | (Args :: [term()]),
Location ::
[{file, Filename :: string()} |
{line, Line :: integer() >= 1}]}
max_heap_size() =
integer() >= 0 |
#{size => integer() >= 0,
kill => boolean(),
error_logger => boolean()}
message_queue_data() = off_heap | on_heap
Returns a list containing InfoTuples with miscellaneous information about the
process identified by Pid, or undefined if the process is not alive.
The order of the InfoTuples is undefined and all InfoTuples are not mandatory. The
InfoTuples part of the result can be changed without prior notice.
The InfoTuples with the following items are part of the result:
* current_function
* initial_call
* status
* message_queue_len
* links
* dictionary
* trap_exit
* error_handler
* priority
* group_leader
* total_heap_size
* heap_size
* stack_size
* reductions
* garbage_collection
If the process identified by Pid has a registered name, also an InfoTuple with item
registered_name is included.
For information about specific InfoTuples, see process_info/2.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for debugging only. For all other purposes, use
process_info/2.
Failure: badarg if Pid is not a local process.
process_info(Pid, Item) -> InfoTuple | [] | undefined
process_info(Pid, ItemList) -> InfoTupleList | [] | undefined
Types:
Pid = pid()
ItemList = [Item]
Item = process_info_item()
InfoTupleList = [InfoTuple]
InfoTuple = process_info_result_item()
process_info_item() =
backtrace | binary | catchlevel | current_function |
current_location | current_stacktrace | dictionary |
error_handler | garbage_collection | garbage_collection_info |
group_leader | heap_size | initial_call | links | last_calls |
memory | message_queue_len | messages | min_heap_size |
min_bin_vheap_size | monitored_by | monitors |
message_queue_data | priority | reductions | registered_name |
sequential_trace_token | stack_size | status | suspending |
total_heap_size | trace | trap_exit
process_info_result_item() =
{backtrace, Bin :: binary()} |
{binary,
BinInfo ::
[{integer() >= 0,
integer() >= 0,
integer() >= 0}]} |
{catchlevel, CatchLevel :: integer() >= 0} |
{current_function,
{Module :: module(), Function :: atom(), Arity :: arity()} |
undefined} |
{current_location,
{Module :: module(),
Function :: atom(),
Arity :: arity(),
Location ::
[{file, Filename :: string()} |
{line, Line :: integer() >= 1}]}} |
{current_stacktrace, Stack :: [stack_item()]} |
{dictionary, Dictionary :: [{Key :: term(), Value :: term()}]} |
{error_handler, Module :: module()} |
{garbage_collection, GCInfo :: [{atom(), integer() >= 0}]} |
{garbage_collection_info,
GCInfo :: [{atom(), integer() >= 0}]} |
{group_leader, GroupLeader :: pid()} |
{heap_size, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{initial_call, mfa()} |
{links, PidsAndPorts :: [pid() | port()]} |
{last_calls, false | (Calls :: [mfa()])} |
{memory, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{message_queue_len, MessageQueueLen :: integer() >= 0} |
{messages, MessageQueue :: [term()]} |
{min_heap_size, MinHeapSize :: integer() >= 0} |
{min_bin_vheap_size, MinBinVHeapSize :: integer() >= 0} |
{max_heap_size, MaxHeapSize :: max_heap_size()} |
{monitored_by,
MonitoredBy :: [pid() | port() | nif_resource()]} |
{monitors,
Monitors ::
[{process | port,
Pid ::
pid() |
port() |
{RegName :: atom(), Node :: node()}}]} |
{message_queue_data, MQD :: message_queue_data()} |
{priority, Level :: priority_level()} |
{reductions, Number :: integer() >= 0} |
{registered_name, [] | (Atom :: atom())} |
{sequential_trace_token,
[] | (SequentialTraceToken :: term())} |
{stack_size, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{status,
Status ::
exiting | garbage_collecting | waiting | running |
runnable | suspended} |
{suspending,
SuspendeeList ::
[{Suspendee :: pid(),
ActiveSuspendCount :: integer() >= 0,
OutstandingSuspendCount :: integer() >= 0}]} |
{total_heap_size, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{trace, InternalTraceFlags :: integer() >= 0} |
{trap_exit, Boolean :: boolean()}
stack_item() =
{Module :: module(),
Function :: atom(),
Arity :: arity() | (Args :: [term()]),
Location ::
[{file, Filename :: string()} |
{line, Line :: integer() >= 1}]}
priority_level() = low | normal | high | max
max_heap_size() =
integer() >= 0 |
#{size => integer() >= 0,
kill => boolean(),
error_logger => boolean()}
message_queue_data() = off_heap | on_heap
Returns information about the process identified by Pid, as specified by Item or
ItemList. Returns undefined if the process is not alive.
If the process is alive and a single Item is specified, the returned value is the
corresponding InfoTuple, unless Item =:= registered_name and the process has no
registered name. In this case, [] is returned. This strange behavior is because of
historical reasons, and is kept for backward compatibility.
If ItemList is specified, the result is InfoTupleList. The InfoTuples in
InfoTupleList are included with the corresponding Items in the same order as the
Items were included in ItemList. Valid Items can be included multiple times in
ItemList.
Getting process informations follows the signal ordering guarantees described in
the Processes Chapter in the Erlang Reference Manual .
Note:
If registered_name is part of ItemList and the process has no name registered, a
{registered_name, []}, InfoTuple will be included in the resulting InfoTupleList.
This behavior is different when a single Item =:= registered_name is specified, and
when process_info/1 is used.
Valid InfoTuples with corresponding Items:
{backtrace, Bin}:
Binary Bin contains the same information as the output from
erlang:process_display(Pid, backtrace). Use binary_to_list/1 to obtain the
string of characters from the binary.
{binary, BinInfo}:
BinInfo is a list containing miscellaneous information about binaries on the
heap of this process. This InfoTuple can be changed or removed without prior
notice. In the current implementation BinInfo is a list of tuples. The tuples
contain; BinaryId, BinarySize, BinaryRefcCount.
Depending on the value of the message_queue_data process flag the message queue
may be stored on the heap.
{catchlevel, CatchLevel}:
CatchLevel is the number of currently active catches in this process. This
InfoTuple can be changed or removed without prior notice.
{current_function, {Module, Function, Arity} | undefined}:
Module, Function, Arity is the current function call of the process. The value
undefined can be returned if the process is currently executing native compiled
code.
{current_location, {Module, Function, Arity, Location}}:
Module, Function, Arity is the current function call of the process. Location
is a list of two-tuples describing the location in the source code.
{current_stacktrace, Stack}:
Returns the current call stack back-trace (stacktrace) of the process. The
stack has the same format as in the catch part of a try. See The call-stack
back trace (stacktrace). The depth of the stacktrace is truncated according to
the backtrace_depth system flag setting.
{dictionary, Dictionary}:
Dictionary is the process dictionary.
{error_handler, Module}:
Module is the error handler module used by the process (for undefined function
calls, for example).
{garbage_collection, GCInfo}:
GCInfo is a list containing miscellaneous information about garbage collection
for this process. The content of GCInfo can be changed without prior notice.
{garbage_collection_info, GCInfo}:
GCInfo is a list containing miscellaneous detailed information about garbage
collection for this process. The content of GCInfo can be changed without prior
notice. For details about the meaning of each item, see gc_minor_start in
erlang:trace/3.
{group_leader, GroupLeader}:
GroupLeader is the group leader for the I/O of the process.
{heap_size, Size}:
Size is the size in words of the youngest heap generation of the process. This
generation includes the process stack. This information is highly
implementation-dependent, and can change if the implementation changes.
{initial_call, {Module, Function, Arity}}:
Module, Function, Arity is the initial function call with which the process was
spawned.
{links, PidsAndPorts}:
PidsAndPorts is a list of process identifiers and port identifiers, with
processes or ports to which the process has a link.
{last_calls, false|Calls}:
The value is false if call saving is not active for the process (see
process_flag/3). If call saving is active, a list is returned, in which the
last element is the most recent called.
{memory, Size}:
Size is the size in bytes of the process. This includes call stack, heap, and
internal structures.
{message_queue_len, MessageQueueLen}:
MessageQueueLen is the number of messages currently in the message queue of the
process. This is the length of the list MessageQueue returned as the
information item messages (see below).
{messages, MessageQueue}:
MessageQueue is a list of the messages to the process, which have not yet been
processed.
{min_heap_size, MinHeapSize}:
MinHeapSize is the minimum heap size for the process.
{min_bin_vheap_size, MinBinVHeapSize}:
MinBinVHeapSize is the minimum binary virtual heap size for the process.
{monitored_by, MonitoredBy}:
A list of identifiers for all the processes, ports and NIF resources, that are
monitoring the process.
{monitors, Monitors}:
A list of monitors (started by monitor/2) that are active for the process. For
a local process monitor or a remote process monitor by a process identifier,
the list consists of:
{process, Pid}:
Process is monitored by pid.
{process, {RegName, Node}}:
Local or remote process is monitored by name.
{port, PortId}:
Local port is monitored by port id.
{port, {RegName, Node}}:
Local port is monitored by name. Please note, that remote port monitors are
not supported, so Node will always be the local node name.
{message_queue_data, MQD}:
MQD is the current value of the message_queue_data process flag, which can be
either off_heap or on_heap. For more information, see the documentation of
process_flag(message_queue_data, MQD).
{priority, Level}:
Level is the current priority level for the process. For more information on
priorities, see process_flag(priority, Level).
{reductions, Number}:
Number is the number of reductions executed by the process.
{registered_name, Atom}:
Atom is the registered process name. If the process has no registered name,
this tuple is not present in the list.
{sequential_trace_token, [] | SequentialTraceToken}:
SequentialTraceToken is the sequential trace token for the process. This
InfoTuple can be changed or removed without prior notice.
{stack_size, Size}:
Size is the stack size, in words, of the process.
{status, Status}:
Status is the status of the process and is one of the following:
* exiting
* garbage_collecting
* waiting (for a message)
* running
* runnable (ready to run, but another process is running)
* suspended (suspended on a "busy" port or by the BIF
erlang:suspend_process/1,2)
{suspending, SuspendeeList}:
SuspendeeList is a list of {Suspendee, ActiveSuspendCount,
OutstandingSuspendCount} tuples. Suspendee is the process identifier of a
process that has been, or is to be, suspended by the process identified by Pid
through the BIF erlang:suspend_process/2 or erlang:suspend_process/1.
ActiveSuspendCount is the number of times Suspendee has been suspended by Pid.
OutstandingSuspendCount is the number of not yet completed suspend requests
sent by Pid, that is:
* If ActiveSuspendCount =/= 0, Suspendee is currently in the suspended state.
* If OutstandingSuspendCount =/= 0, option asynchronous of
erlang:suspend_process/2 has been used and the suspendee has not yet been
suspended by Pid.
Notice that ActiveSuspendCount and OutstandingSuspendCount are not the total
suspend count on Suspendee, only the parts contributed by Pid.
{total_heap_size, Size}:
Size is the total size, in words, of all heap fragments of the process. This
includes the process stack and any unreceived messages that are considered to
be part of the heap.
{trace, InternalTraceFlags}:
InternalTraceFlags is an integer representing the internal trace flag for this
process. This InfoTuple can be changed or removed without prior notice.
{trap_exit, Boolean}:
Boolean is true if the process is trapping exits, otherwise false.
Notice that not all implementations support all these Items.
Failures:
badarg:
If Pid is not a local process.
badarg:
If Item is an invalid item.
processes() -> [pid()]
Returns a list of process identifiers corresponding to all the processes currently
existing on the local node.
Notice that an exiting process exists, but is not alive. That is,
is_process_alive/1 returns false for an exiting process, but its process identifier
is part of the result returned from processes/0.
Example:
> processes().
[<0.0.0>,<0.2.0>,<0.4.0>,<0.5.0>,<0.7.0>,<0.8.0>]
purge_module(Module) -> true
Types:
Module = atom()
Removes old code for Module. Before this BIF is used, check_process_code/2 is to be
called to check that no processes execute old code in the module.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for the code server (see code(3erl)) and is not to be used
elsewhere.
Note:
As from ERTS 8.0 (Erlang/OTP 19), any lingering processes that still execute the
old code is killed by this function. In earlier versions, such incorrect use could
cause much more fatal failures, like emulator crash.
Failure: badarg if there is no old code for Module.
put(Key, Val) -> term()
Types:
Key = Val = term()
Adds a new Key to the process dictionary, associated with the value Val, and
returns undefined. If Key exists, the old value is deleted and replaced by Val, and
the function returns the old value. The average time complexity for the current
implementation of this function is O(1) and the worst case time complexity is O(N),
where N is the number of items in the process dictionary. Example:
> X = put(name, walrus), Y = put(name, carpenter),
Z = get(name),
{X, Y, Z}.
{undefined,walrus,carpenter}
Note:
The values stored when put is evaluated within the scope of a catch are not
retracted if a throw is evaluated, or if an error occurs.
erlang:raise(Class, Reason, Stacktrace) -> badarg
Types:
Class = error | exit | throw
Reason = term()
Stacktrace = raise_stacktrace() | stacktrace()
raise_stacktrace() =
[{module(), atom(), arity() | [term()]} |
{function(), arity() | [term()]}]
Raises an exception of the specified class, reason, and call stack backtrace
(stacktrace).
Class is error, exit, or throw. So, if it were not for the stacktrace,
erlang:raise(Class, Reason, Stacktrace) is equivalent to erlang:Class(Reason)
(given that Class is a valid class).
Reason can be any term.
Stacktrace is a list as provided in a try-catch clause.
try
...
catch Class:Reason:Stacktrace ->
...
end
That is, a list of four-tuples {Module, Function, Arity | Args, ExtraInfo}, where
Module and Function are atoms, and the third element is an integer arity or an
argument list. The stacktrace can also contain {Fun, Args, ExtraInfo} tuples, where
Fun is a local fun and Args is an argument list.
Element ExtraInfo at the end is optional. Omitting it is equivalent to specifying
an empty list.
The stacktrace is used as the exception stacktrace for the calling process; it is
truncated to the current maximum stacktrace depth.
As evaluating this function causes the process to terminate, it has no return value
unless the arguments are invalid, in which case the function returns the error
reason badarg. If you want to be sure not to return, you can call
error(erlang:raise(Class, Reason, Stacktrace)) and hope to distinguish exceptions
later.
See the reference manual about errors and error handling for more information about
exception classes and how to catch exceptions.
erlang:read_timer(TimerRef) -> Result
Types:
TimerRef = reference()
Time = integer() >= 0
Result = Time | false
Reads the state of a timer. The same as calling erlang:read_timer(TimerRef, []).
erlang:read_timer(TimerRef, Options) -> Result | ok
Types:
TimerRef = reference()
Async = boolean()
Option = {async, Async}
Options = [Option]
Time = integer() >= 0
Result = Time | false
Reads the state of a timer that has been created by either erlang:start_timer or
erlang:send_after. TimerRef identifies the timer, and was returned by the BIF that
created the timer.
Options:
{async, Async}:
Asynchronous request for state information. Async defaults to false, which
causes the operation to be performed synchronously. In this case, the Result is
returned by erlang:read_timer. When Async is true, erlang:read_timer sends an
asynchronous request for the state information to the timer service that
manages the timer, and then returns ok. A message on the format {read_timer,
TimerRef, Result} is sent to the caller of erlang:read_timer when the operation
has been processed.
More Options can be added in the future.
If Result is an integer, it represents the time in milliseconds left until the
timer expires.
If Result is false, a timer corresponding to TimerRef could not be found. This
because the timer had expired, or been canceled, or because TimerRef never has
corresponded to a timer. Even if the timer has expired, it does not tell you
whether or not the time-out message has arrived at its destination yet.
Note:
The timer service that manages the timer can be co-located with another scheduler
than the scheduler that the calling process is executing on. If so, communication
with the timer service takes much longer time than if it is located locally. If the
calling process is in a critical path, and can do other things while waiting for
the result of this operation, you want to use option {async, true}. If using option
{async, false}, the calling process is blocked until the operation has been
performed.
See also erlang:send_after/4, erlang:start_timer/4, and erlang:cancel_timer/2.
ref_to_list(Ref) -> string()
Types:
Ref = reference()
Returns a string corresponding to the text representation of Ref.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for debugging and is not to be used in application programs.
register(RegName, PidOrPort) -> true
Types:
RegName = atom()
PidOrPort = port() | pid()
Registers the name RegName with a process identifier (pid) or a port identifier in
the name registry. RegName, which must be an atom, can be used instead of the pid
or port identifier in send operator (RegName ! Message) and most other BIFs that
take a pid or port identifies as an argument. Example:
> register(db, Pid).
true
The registered name is considered a Directly Visible Erlang Resource and is
automatically unregistered when the process terminates.
Failures:
badarg:
If PidOrPort is not an existing local process or port.
badarg:
If RegName is already in use.
badarg:
If the process or port is already registered (already has a name).
badarg:
If RegName is the atom undefined.
registered() -> [RegName]
Types:
RegName = atom()
Returns a list of names that have been registered using register/2, for example:
> registered().
[code_server, file_server, init, user, my_db]
erlang:resume_process(Suspendee) -> true
Types:
Suspendee = pid()
Decreases the suspend count on the process identified by Suspendee. Suspendee is
previously to have been suspended through erlang:suspend_process/2 or
erlang:suspend_process/1 by the process calling erlang:resume_process(Suspendee).
When the suspend count on Suspendee reaches zero, Suspendee is resumed, that is,
its state is changed from suspended into the state it had before it was suspended.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for debugging only.
Failures:
badarg:
If Suspendee is not a process identifier.
badarg:
If the process calling erlang:resume_process/1 had not previously increased
the suspend count on the process identified by Suspendee.
badarg:
If the process identified by Suspendee is not alive.
round(Number) -> integer()
Types:
Number = number()
Returns an integer by rounding Number, for example:
round(42.1).
42
round(5.5).
6
round(-5.5).
-6
round(36028797018963969.0).
36028797018963968
In the last example, round(36028797018963969.0) evaluates to 36028797018963968. The
reason for this is that the number 36028797018963969.0 cannot be represented
exactly as a float value. Instead, the float literal is represented as
36028797018963968.0, which is the closest number that can be represented exactly as
a float value. See Representation of Floating Point Numbers for additional
information.
Allowed in guard tests.
self() -> pid()
Returns the process identifier of the calling process, for example:
> self().
<0.26.0>
Allowed in guard tests.
erlang:send(Dest, Msg) -> Msg
Types:
Dest = dst()
Msg = term()
dst() =
pid() |
reference() |
port() |
(RegName :: atom()) |
{RegName :: atom(), Node :: node()}
Sends a message and returns Msg. This is the same as using the send operator: Dest
! Msg.
Dest can be a remote or local process identifier, an alias, a (local) port, a
locally registered name, or a tuple {RegName, Node} for a registered name at
another node.
The function fails with a badarg run-time error if Dest is an atom name, but this
name is not registered. This is the only case when send fails for an unreachable
destination Dest (of correct type).
erlang:send(Dest, Msg, Options) -> Res
Types:
Dest = dst()
Msg = term()
Options = [nosuspend | noconnect]
Res = ok | nosuspend | noconnect
dst() =
pid() |
reference() |
port() |
(RegName :: atom()) |
{RegName :: atom(), Node :: node()}
Either sends a message and returns ok, or does not send the message but returns
something else (see below). Otherwise the same as erlang:send/2. For more detailed
explanation and warnings, see erlang:send_nosuspend/2,3.
Options:
nosuspend:
If the sender would have to be suspended to do the send, nosuspend is returned
instead.
noconnect:
If the destination node would have to be auto-connected to do the send,
noconnect is returned instead.
Warning:
As with erlang:send_nosuspend/2,3: use with extreme care.
erlang:send_after(Time, Dest, Msg) -> TimerRef
Types:
Time = integer() >= 0
Dest = pid() | atom()
Msg = term()
TimerRef = reference()
Starts a timer. The same as calling erlang:send_after(Time, Dest, Msg, []).
erlang:send_after(Time, Dest, Msg, Options) -> TimerRef
Types:
Time = integer()
Dest = pid() | atom()
Msg = term()
Options = [Option]
Abs = boolean()
Option = {abs, Abs}
TimerRef = reference()
Starts a timer. When the timer expires, the message Msg is sent to the process
identified by Dest. Apart from the format of the time-out message, this function
works exactly as erlang:start_timer/4.
erlang:send_nosuspend(Dest, Msg) -> boolean()
Types:
Dest = dst()
Msg = term()
dst() =
pid() |
reference() |
port() |
(RegName :: atom()) |
{RegName :: atom(), Node :: node()}
The same as erlang:send(Dest, Msg, [nosuspend]), but returns true if the message
was sent and false if the message was not sent because the sender would have had to
be suspended.
This function is intended for send operations to an unreliable remote node without
ever blocking the sending (Erlang) process. If the connection to the remote node
(usually not a real Erlang node, but a node written in C or Java) is overloaded,
this function does not send the message and returns false.
The same occurs if Dest refers to a local port that is busy. For all other
destinations (allowed for the ordinary send operator '!'), this function sends the
message and returns true.
This function is only to be used in rare circumstances where a process communicates
with Erlang nodes that can disappear without any trace, causing the TCP buffers and
the drivers queue to be over-full before the node is shut down (because of tick
time-outs) by net_kernel. The normal reaction to take when this occurs is some kind
of premature shutdown of the other node.
Notice that ignoring the return value from this function would result in an
unreliable message passing, which is contradictory to the Erlang programming model.
The message is not sent if this function returns false.
In many systems, transient states of overloaded queues are normal. Although this
function returns false does not mean that the other node is guaranteed to be non-
responsive, it could be a temporary overload. Also, a return value of true does
only mean that the message can be sent on the (TCP) channel without blocking; the
message is not guaranteed to arrive at the remote node. For a disconnected non-
responsive node, the return value is true (mimics the behavior of operator !). The
expected behavior and the actions to take when the function returns false are
application- and hardware-specific.
Warning:
Use with extreme care.
erlang:send_nosuspend(Dest, Msg, Options) -> boolean()
Types:
Dest = dst()
Msg = term()
Options = [noconnect]
dst() =
pid() |
reference() |
port() |
(RegName :: atom()) |
{RegName :: atom(), Node :: node()}
The same as erlang:send(Dest, Msg, [nosuspend | Options]), but with a Boolean
return value.
This function behaves like erlang:send_nosuspend/2, but takes a third parameter, a
list of options. The only option is noconnect, which makes the function return
false if the remote node is not currently reachable by the local node. The normal
behavior is to try to connect to the node, which can stall the process during a
short period. The use of option noconnect makes it possible to be sure not to get
the slightest delay when sending to a remote process. This is especially useful
when communicating with nodes that expect to always be the connecting part (that
is, nodes written in C or Java).
Whenever the function returns false (either when a suspend would occur or when
noconnect was specified and the node was not already connected), the message is
guaranteed not to have been sent.
Warning:
Use with extreme care.
erlang:set_cookie(Cookie) -> true
Types:
Cookie = atom()
Sets the magic cookie of the local node to the atom Cookie, which is also the
cookie for all nodes that have no explicit cookie set with set_cookie/2 Cookie (see
section Distributed Erlang in the Erlang Reference Manual in System
Documentation).
Failure: function_clause if the local node is not alive.
erlang:set_cookie(Node, Cookie) -> true
Types:
Node = node()
Cookie = atom()
Sets the magic cookie for Node to the atom Cookie. If Node is the local node, the
function sets the cookie of all other nodes (that have no explicit cookie set with
this function) to Cookie (see section Distributed Erlang in the Erlang Reference
Manual in System Documentation).
Failure: function_clause if the local node is not alive.
setelement(Index, Tuple1, Value) -> Tuple2
Types:
Index = integer() >= 1
1..tuple_size(Tuple1)
Tuple1 = Tuple2 = tuple()
Value = term()
Returns a tuple that is a copy of argument Tuple1 with the element specified by
integer argument Index (the first element is the element with index 1) replaced by
argument Value, for example:
> setelement(2, {10, green, bottles}, red).
{10,red,bottles}
size(Item) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Item = tuple() | binary()
Returns the number of elements in a tuple or the number of bytes in a binary or
bitstring, for example:
> size({morni, mulle, bwange}).
3
> size(<<11, 22, 33>>).
3
For bitstrings, the number of whole bytes is returned. That is, if the number of
bits in the bitstring is not divisible by 8, the resulting number of bytes is
rounded down.
Allowed in guard tests.
See also tuple_size/1, byte_size/1, and bit_size/1.
spawn(Fun) -> pid()
Types:
Fun = function()
Returns the process identifier of a new process started by the application of Fun
to the empty list []. Otherwise works like spawn/3.
spawn(Node, Fun) -> pid()
Types:
Node = node()
Fun = function()
Returns the process identifier of a new process started by the application of Fun
to the empty list [] on Node. If Node does not exist, a useless pid is returned.
Otherwise works like spawn/3.
spawn(Module, Function, Args) -> pid()
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Returns the process identifier of a new process started by the application of
Module:Function to Args.
error_handler:undefined_function(Module, Function, Args) is evaluated by the new
process if Module:Function/Arity does not exist (where Arity is the length of
Args). The error handler can be redefined (see process_flag/2). If error_handler is
undefined, or the user has redefined the default error_handler and its replacement
is undefined, a failure with reason undef occurs.
Example:
> spawn(speed, regulator, [high_speed, thin_cut]).
<0.13.1>
spawn(Node, Module, Function, Args) -> pid()
Types:
Node = node()
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started by the application of
Module:Function to Args on Node. If Node does not exist, a useless pid is returned.
Otherwise works like spawn/3.
spawn_link(Fun) -> pid()
Types:
Fun = function()
Returns the process identifier of a new process started by the application of Fun
to the empty list []. A link is created between the calling process and the new
process, atomically. Otherwise works like spawn/3.
spawn_link(Node, Fun) -> pid()
Types:
Node = node()
Fun = function()
Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started by the application of
Fun to the empty list [] on Node. A link is created between the calling process and
the new process, atomically. If Node does not exist, a useless pid is returned and
an exit signal with reason noconnection is sent to the calling process. Otherwise
works like spawn/3.
spawn_link(Module, Function, Args) -> pid()
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Returns the process identifier of a new process started by the application of
Module:Function to Args. A link is created between the calling process and the new
process, atomically. Otherwise works like spawn/3.
spawn_link(Node, Module, Function, Args) -> pid()
Types:
Node = node()
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started by the application of
Module:Function to Args on Node. A link is created between the calling process and
the new process, atomically. If Node does not exist, a useless pid is returned and
an exit signal with reason noconnection is sent to the calling process. Otherwise
works like spawn/3.
spawn_monitor(Fun) -> {pid(), reference()}
Types:
Fun = function()
Returns the process identifier of a new process, started by the application of Fun
to the empty list [], and a reference for a monitor created to the new process.
Otherwise works like spawn/3.
spawn_monitor(Node, Fun) -> {pid(), reference()}
Types:
Node = node()
Fun = function()
Returns the process identifier of a new process, started by the application of Fun
to the empty list [] on the node Node, and a reference for a monitor created to the
new process. Otherwise works like spawn/3.
If the node identified by Node does not support distributed spawn_monitor(), the
call will fail with a notsup exception.
spawn_monitor(Module, Function, Args) -> {pid(), reference()}
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
A new process is started by the application of Module:Function to Args. The process
is monitored at the same time. Returns the process identifier and a reference for
the monitor. Otherwise works like spawn/3.
spawn_monitor(Node, Module, Function, Args) ->
{pid(), reference()}
Types:
Node = node()
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
A new process is started by the application of Module:Function to Args on the node
Node. The process is monitored at the same time. Returns the process identifier and
a reference for the monitor. Otherwise works like spawn/3.
If the node identified by Node does not support distributed spawn_monitor(), the
call will fail with a notsup exception.
spawn_opt(Fun, Options) -> pid() | {pid(), reference()}
Types:
Fun = function()
Options = [spawn_opt_option()]
priority_level() = low | normal | high | max
max_heap_size() =
integer() >= 0 |
#{size => integer() >= 0,
kill => boolean(),
error_logger => boolean()}
message_queue_data() = off_heap | on_heap
spawn_opt_option() =
link | monitor |
{monitor, MonitorOpts :: [monitor_option()]} |
{priority, Level :: priority_level()} |
{fullsweep_after, Number :: integer() >= 0} |
{min_heap_size, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{min_bin_vheap_size, VSize :: integer() >= 0} |
{max_heap_size, Size :: max_heap_size()} |
{message_queue_data, MQD :: message_queue_data()}
Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started by the application of
Fun to the empty list []. Otherwise works like spawn_opt/4.
If option monitor is specified, the newly created process is monitored, and both
the pid and reference for the monitor are returned.
spawn_opt(Node, Fun, Options) -> pid() | {pid(), reference()}
Types:
Node = node()
Fun = function()
Options =
[monitor | {monitor, [monitor_option()]} | link | OtherOption]
OtherOption = term()
Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started by the application of
Fun to the empty list [] on Node. If Node does not exist, a useless pid is
returned. Otherwise works like spawn_opt/4.
Valid options depends on what options are supported by the node identified by Node.
A description of valid Options for the local node of current OTP version can be
found in the documentation of spawn_opt/4.
spawn_opt(Module, Function, Args, Options) ->
Pid | {Pid, MonitorRef}
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Options = [spawn_opt_option()]
Pid = pid()
MonitorRef = reference()
priority_level() = low | normal | high | max
max_heap_size() =
integer() >= 0 |
#{size => integer() >= 0,
kill => boolean(),
error_logger => boolean()}
message_queue_data() = off_heap | on_heap
spawn_opt_option() =
link | monitor |
{monitor, MonitorOpts :: [monitor_option()]} |
{priority, Level :: priority_level()} |
{fullsweep_after, Number :: integer() >= 0} |
{min_heap_size, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{min_bin_vheap_size, VSize :: integer() >= 0} |
{max_heap_size, Size :: max_heap_size()} |
{message_queue_data, MQD :: message_queue_data()}
Works as spawn/3, except that an extra option list is specified when creating the
process.
If option monitor is specified, the newly created process is monitored, and both
the pid and reference for the monitor are returned.
Options:
link:
Sets a link to the parent process (like spawn_link/3 does).
monitor:
Monitors the new process (like monitor(process, Pid) does). A {Pid, MonitorRef}
tuple will be returned instead of just a Pid.
{monitor, MonitorOpts}:
Monitors the new process with options (like monitor(process, Pid, MonitorOpts)
does). A {Pid, MonitorRef} tuple will be returned instead of just a Pid.
{priority, Level}:
Sets the priority of the new process. Equivalent to executing
process_flag(priority, Level) in the start function of the new process, except
that the priority is set before the process is selected for execution for the
first time. For more information on priorities, see process_flag(priority,
Level).
{fullsweep_after, Number}:
Useful only for performance tuning. Do not use this option unless you know that
there is problem with execution times or memory consumption, and ensure that
the option improves matters.
The Erlang runtime system uses a generational garbage collection scheme, using
an "old heap" for data that has survived at least one garbage collection. When
there is no more room on the old heap, a fullsweep garbage collection is done.
Option fullsweep_after makes it possible to specify the maximum number of
generational collections before forcing a fullsweep, even if there is room on
the old heap. Setting the number to zero disables the general collection
algorithm, that is, all live data is copied at every garbage collection.
A few cases when it can be useful to change fullsweep_after:
* If binaries that are no longer used are to be thrown away as soon as
possible. (Set Number to zero.)
* A process that mostly have short-lived data is fullsweeped seldom or never,
that is, the old heap contains mostly garbage. To ensure a fullsweep
occasionally, set Number to a suitable value, such as 10 or 20.
* In embedded systems with a limited amount of RAM and no virtual memory, you
might want to preserve memory by setting Number to zero. (The value can be
set globally, see erlang:system_flag/2.)
{min_heap_size, Size}:
Useful only for performance tuning. Do not use this option unless you know that
there is problem with execution times or memory consumption, and ensure that
the option improves matters.
Gives a minimum heap size, in words. Setting this value higher than the system
default can speed up some processes because less garbage collection is done.
However, setting a too high value can waste memory and slow down the system
because of worse data locality. Therefore, use this option only for fine-tuning
an application and to measure the execution time with various Size values.
{min_bin_vheap_size, VSize}:
Useful only for performance tuning. Do not use this option unless you know that
there is problem with execution times or memory consumption, and ensure that
the option improves matters.
Gives a minimum binary virtual heap size, in words. Setting this value higher
than the system default can speed up some processes because less garbage
collection is done. However, setting a too high value can waste memory.
Therefore, use this option only for fine-tuning an application and to measure
the execution time with various VSize values.
{max_heap_size, Size}:
Sets the max_heap_size process flag. The default max_heap_size is determined by
command-line argument +hmax in erl(1). For more information, see the
documentation of process_flag(max_heap_size, Size).
{message_queue_data, MQD}:
Sets the value of the message_queue_data process flag. MQD can be either
off_heap or on_heap. The default value of the message_queue_data process flag
is determined by the command-line argument +hmqd in erl(1). For more
information, see the documentation of process_flag(message_queue_data, MQD).
spawn_opt(Node, Module, Function, Args, Options) ->
pid() | {pid(), reference()}
Types:
Node = node()
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Options =
[monitor | {monitor, [monitor_option()]} | link | OtherOption]
OtherOption = term()
Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started by the application of
Module:Function to Args on Node. If Node does not exist, a useless pid is returned.
Otherwise works like spawn_opt/4.
Valid options depends on what options are supported by the node identified by Node.
A description of valid Options for the local node of current OTP version can be
found in the documentation of spawn_opt/4.
spawn_request(Fun) -> ReqId
Types:
Fun = function()
ReqId = reference()
The same as the call spawn_request(node(),Fun,[]). That is, a spawn request on the
local node with no options.
spawn_request(Fun, Options) -> ReqId
Types:
Fun = function()
Option =
{reply_tag, ReplyTag} | {reply, Reply} | spawn_opt_option()
ReplyTag = term()
Reply = yes | no | error_only | success_only
Options = [Option]
ReqId = reference()
The same as the call spawn_request(node(),Fun,Options). That is, a spawn request on
the local node.
spawn_request(Node, Fun) -> ReqId
Types:
Node = node()
Fun = function()
ReqId = reference()
The same as the call spawn_request(Node,Fun,[]). That is, a spawn request with no
options.
spawn_request(Node, Fun, Options) -> ReqId
Types:
Node = node()
Fun = function()
Options = [Option]
Option =
monitor |
{monitor, [monitor_option()]} |
link |
{reply_tag, ReplyTag} |
{reply, Reply} |
OtherOption
ReplyTag = term()
Reply = yes | no | error_only | success_only
OtherOption = term()
ReqId = reference()
The same as spawn_request(Node,erlang,apply,[Fun,[]],Options). That is, a spawn
request using the fun Fun of arity zero as entry point.
This function will fail with a badarg exception if:
* Node is not an atom.
* Fun is not a fun of arity zero.
* Options is not a proper list of terms.
spawn_request(Module, Function, Args) -> ReqId
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
ReqId = reference()
The same as the call spawn_request(node(),Module,Function,Args,[]). That is, a
spawn request on the local node with no options.
spawn_request(Node, Module, Function, Args) -> ReqId
Types:
Node = node()
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
ReqId = reference()
The same as the call spawn_request(Node,Module,Function,Args,[]). That is, a spawn
request with no options.
spawn_request(Module, Function, Args, Options) -> ReqId
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Option =
{reply_tag, ReplyTag} | {reply, Reply} | spawn_opt_option()
ReplyTag = term()
Reply = yes | no | error_only | success_only
Options = [Option]
ReqId = reference()
The same as the call spawn_request(node(),Module,Function,Args,Options). That is, a
spawn request on the local node.
spawn_request(Node, Module, Function, Args, Options) -> ReqId
Types:
Node = node()
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Options = [Option]
Option =
monitor |
{monitor, [monitor_option()]} |
link |
{reply_tag, ReplyTag} |
{reply, Reply} |
OtherOption
ReplyTag = term()
Reply = yes | no | error_only | success_only
OtherOption = term()
ReqId = reference()
Asynchronously send a spawn request. Returns a request identifier ReqId.
If the spawn operation succeeds, a new process is created on the node identified by
Node. When a spawn operation succeeds, the caller will by default be sent a message
on the form {ReplyTag, ReqId, ok, Pid} where Pid is the process identifier of the
newly created process. Such a message is referred to as a success message below in
the text. ReplyTag is by default the atom spawn_reply unless modified by the
{reply_tag, ReplyTag} option. The new process is started by the application of
Module:Function to Args.
The spawn operation fails either if creation of a new process failed or if the
spawn operation was interrupted by a connection failure. When a spawn operation
fails, the caller will by default be sent a message on the form {ReplyTag, ReqId,
error, Reason} where Reason is the error reason. Such a message is referred to as
an error message below in the text. Currently the following spawn error Reasons
are defined, but other reasons can appear at any time without prior notice:
badopt:
An invalid Option was passed as argument. Note that different runtime systems
may support different options.
notsup:
The node identified by Node does not support spawn operations issued by
spawn_request().
noconnection:
Failure to set up a connection to the node identified by Node or the connection
to that node was lost during the spawn operation. In the case the connection
was lost, a process may or may not have been created.
system_limit:
Could not create a new process due to that some system limit was reached.
Typically the process table was full.
Valid Options:
monitor:
In the absence of spawn operation failures, atomically sets up a monitor to the
newly created process. That is, as if the calling process had called
monitor(process, Pid) where Pid is the process identifier of the newly created
process. The ReqId returned by spawn_request() is also used as monitor
reference as if it was returned from monitor(process, Pid).
The monitor will not be activated for the calling process until the spawn
operation has succeeded. The monitor can not be demonitored before the
operation has succeeded. A 'DOWN' message for the corresponding monitor is
guaranteed not to be delivered before a success message that corresponds to
the spawn operation. If the spawn operation fails, no 'DOWN' message will be
delivered.
If the connection between the nodes involved in the spawn operation is lost
during the spawn operation, the spawn operation will fail with an error reason
of noconnection. A new process may or may not have been created.
{monitor, MonitorOpts}:
In the absence of spawn operation failures, atomically sets up a monitor to the
newly created process. That is, as if the calling process had called
monitor(process, Pid, MonitorOpts) where Pid is the process identifier of the
newly created process. See the monitor option above for more information.
Note that the monitor will not be activated for the calling process until the
spawn operation has succeeded. For example, in the case that an alias is
created using the monitor option, the alias will not be active until the
monitor is activated.
link:
In absence of spawn operation failures, atomically sets up a link between the
calling process and the newly created process. That is, as if the calling
process had called link(Pid) where Pid is the process identifier of the newly
created process.
The link will not be activated for the calling process until the spawn
operation has succeeded. The link can not be removed before the operation has
succeeded. An exit signal due to the link is guaranteed not to be delivered
before a success message that corresponds to the spawn operation. If the spawn
operation fails, no exit signal due to the link will be delivered to the caller
of spawn_request().
If the connection between the nodes involved in the spawn operation is lost
during the spawn operation, the spawn operation will fail with an error reason
of noconnection. A new process may or may not have been created. If it has been
created, it will be delivered an exit signal with an exit reason of
noconnection.
{reply, Reply}:
Valid Reply values:
yes:
A spawn reply message will be sent to the caller regardless of whether the
operation succeeds or not. If the call to spawn_request() returns without
raising an exception and the reply option is set to yes, the caller is
guaranteed to be delivered either a success message or an error message .
The reply option is by default set to yes.
no:
No spawn reply message will be sent to the caller when the spawn operation
completes. This regardless of whether the operation succeeds or not.
error_only:
No spawn reply message will be sent to the caller if the spawn operation
succeeds, but an error message will be sent to the caller if the operation
fails.
success_only:
No spawn reply message will be sent to the caller if the spawn operation
fails, but a success message will be sent to the caller if the operation
succeeds.
{reply_tag, ReplyTag}:
Sets the reply tag to ReplyTag in the reply message. That is, in the success
or error message that is sent to the caller due to the spawn operation. The
default reply tag is the atom spawn_reply.
OtherOption:
Other valid options depends on what options are supported by the node
identified by Node. A description of other valid Options for the local node of
current OTP version can be found in the documentation of spawn_opt/4.
This function will fail with a badarg exception if:
* Node is not an atom.
* Module is not an atom.
* Function is not an atom.
* Args is not a proper list of terms.
* Options is not a proper list of terms.
Note that not all individual Options are checked when the spawn request is sent.
Some Options can only be checked on reception of the request. Therefore an invalid
option does not cause a badarg exception, but will cause the spawn operation to
fail with an error reason of badopt.
A spawn request can be abandoned by calling spawn_request_abandon/1.
spawn_request_abandon(ReqId :: reference()) -> boolean()
Abandon a previously issued spawn request. ReqId corresponds to a request
identifier previously returned by spawn_request() in a call from current process.
That is, only the process that has made the request can abandon the request.
A spawn request can only be successfully abandoned until the spawn request has
completed. When a spawn request has been successfully abandoned, the caller will
not be effected by future direct effects of the spawn request itself. For example,
it will not receive a spawn reply message. The request is however not withdrawn, so
a new process may or may not be created due to the request. If a new process is
created after the spawn request was abandoned, no monitors nor links will be set up
to the caller of spawn_request_abandon/1 due to the spawn request. If the spawn
request included the link option, the process created due to this request will be
sent an exit signal from its parent with the exit reason abandoned when it is
detected that the spawn operation has succeeded.
Note:
A process created due to a spawn request that has been abandoned may communicate
with its parent as any other process. It is only the direct effects on the parent
of the actual spawn request, that will be canceled by abandoning a spawn request.
Return values:
true:
The spawn request was successfully abandoned.
false:
No spawn request was abandoned. The ReqId request identifier did not correspond
to an outstanding spawn request issued by the calling process. The reason for
this is either:
* ReqId corresponds to a spawn request previoulsy made by the calling process.
The spawn operation has completed and a spawn reply has already been
delivered to the calling process unless the spawn reply was disabled in the
request.
* ReqId does not correspond to a spawn request that has been made by the
calling process.
This function fail with a badarg exception if ReqId is not a reference.
split_binary(Bin, Pos) -> {binary(), binary()}
Types:
Bin = binary()
Pos = integer() >= 0
0..byte_size(Bin)
Returns a tuple containing the binaries that are the result of splitting Bin into
two parts at position Pos. This is not a destructive operation. After the
operation, there are three binaries altogether. Example:
> B = list_to_binary("0123456789").
<<"0123456789">>
> byte_size(B).
10
> {B1, B2} = split_binary(B,3).
{<<"012">>,<<"3456789">>}
> byte_size(B1).
3
> byte_size(B2).
7
erlang:start_timer(Time, Dest, Msg) -> TimerRef
Types:
Time = integer() >= 0
Dest = pid() | atom()
Msg = term()
TimerRef = reference()
Starts a timer. The same as calling erlang:start_timer(Time, Dest, Msg, []).
erlang:start_timer(Time, Dest, Msg, Options) -> TimerRef
Types:
Time = integer()
Dest = pid() | atom()
Msg = term()
Options = [Option]
Abs = boolean()
Option = {abs, Abs}
TimerRef = reference()
Starts a timer. When the timer expires, the message {timeout, TimerRef, Msg} is
sent to the process identified by Dest.
Options:
{abs, false}:
This is the default. It means the Time value is interpreted as a time in
milliseconds relative current Erlang monotonic time.
{abs, true}:
Absolute Time value. The Time value is interpreted as an absolute Erlang
monotonic time in milliseconds.
More Options can be added in the future.
The absolute point in time, the timer is set to expire on, must be in the interval
[ erlang:convert_time_unit(erlang:system_info(start_time), native, millisecond),
erlang:convert_time_unit(erlang:system_info(end_time), native, millisecond) ]. If a
relative time is specified, the Time value is not allowed to be negative.
If Dest is a pid(), it must be a pid() of a process created on the current runtime
system instance. This process has either terminated or not. If Dest is an atom(),
it is interpreted as the name of a locally registered process. The process referred
to by the name is looked up at the time of timer expiration. No error is returned
if the name does not refer to a process.
If Dest is a pid(), the timer is automatically canceled if the process referred to
by the pid() is not alive, or if the process exits. This feature was introduced in
ERTS 5.4.11. Notice that timers are not automatically canceled when Dest is an
atom().
See also erlang:send_after/4, erlang:cancel_timer/2, and erlang:read_timer/2.
Failure: badarg if the arguments do not satisfy the requirements specified here.
statistics(Item :: active_tasks) -> [ActiveTasks]
Types:
ActiveTasks = integer() >= 0
Returns the same as statistics(active_tasks_all) with the exception that no
information about the dirty IO run queue and its associated schedulers is part of
the result. That is, only tasks that are expected to be CPU bound are part of the
result.
statistics(Item :: active_tasks_all) -> [ActiveTasks]
Types:
ActiveTasks = integer() >= 0
Returns a list where each element represents the amount of active processes and
ports on each run queue and its associated schedulers. That is, the number of
processes and ports that are ready to run, or are currently running. Values for
normal run queues and their associated schedulers are located first in the
resulting list. The first element corresponds to scheduler number 1 and so on. If
support for dirty schedulers exist, an element with the value for the dirty CPU run
queue and its associated dirty CPU schedulers follow and then as last element the
value for the the dirty IO run queue and its associated dirty IO schedulers follow.
The information is not gathered atomically. That is, the result is not necessarily
a consistent snapshot of the state, but instead quite efficiently gathered.
Note:
Each normal scheduler has one run queue that it manages. If dirty schedulers
schedulers are supported, all dirty CPU schedulers share one run queue, and all
dirty IO schedulers share one run queue. That is, we have multiple normal run
queues, one dirty CPU run queue and one dirty IO run queue. Work can not migrate
between the different types of run queues. Only work in normal run queues can
migrate to other normal run queues. This has to be taken into account when
evaluating the result.
See also statistics(total_active_tasks), statistics(run_queue_lengths),
statistics(run_queue_lengths_all), statistics(total_run_queue_lengths), and
statistics(total_run_queue_lengths_all).
statistics(Item :: context_switches) -> {ContextSwitches, 0}
Types:
ContextSwitches = integer() >= 0
Returns the total number of context switches since the system started.
statistics(Item :: exact_reductions) ->
{Total_Exact_Reductions,
Exact_Reductions_Since_Last_Call}
Types:
Total_Exact_Reductions = Exact_Reductions_Since_Last_Call = integer() >= 0
Returns the number of exact reductions.
Note:
statistics(exact_reductions) is a more expensive operation than
statistics(reductions).
statistics(Item :: garbage_collection) ->
{Number_of_GCs, Words_Reclaimed, 0}
Types:
Number_of_GCs = Words_Reclaimed = integer() >= 0
Returns information about garbage collection, for example:
> statistics(garbage_collection).
{85,23961,0}
This information can be invalid for some implementations.
statistics(Item :: io) -> {{input, Input}, {output, Output}}
Types:
Input = Output = integer() >= 0
Returns Input, which is the total number of bytes received through ports, and
Output, which is the total number of bytes output to ports.
statistics(Item :: microstate_accounting) ->
[MSAcc_Thread] | undefined
Types:
MSAcc_Thread =
#{type := MSAcc_Thread_Type,
id := MSAcc_Thread_Id,
counters := MSAcc_Counters}
MSAcc_Thread_Type =
async | aux | dirty_io_scheduler | dirty_cpu_scheduler |
poll | scheduler
MSAcc_Thread_Id = integer() >= 0
MSAcc_Counters = #{MSAcc_Thread_State => integer() >= 0}
MSAcc_Thread_State =
alloc | aux | bif | busy_wait | check_io | emulator | ets |
gc | gc_fullsweep | nif | other | port | send | sleep | timers
Microstate accounting can be used to measure how much time the Erlang runtime
system spends doing various tasks. It is designed to be as lightweight as possible,
but some overhead exists when this is enabled. Microstate accounting is meant to be
a profiling tool to help finding performance bottlenecks. To start/stop/reset
microstate accounting, use system flag microstate_accounting.
statistics(microstate_accounting) returns a list of maps representing some of the
OS threads within ERTS. Each map contains type and id fields that can be used to
identify what thread it is, and also a counters field that contains data about how
much time has been spent in the various states.
Example:
> erlang:statistics(microstate_accounting).
[#{counters => #{aux => 1899182914,
check_io => 2605863602,
emulator => 45731880463,
gc => 1512206910,
other => 5421338456,
port => 221631,
sleep => 5150294100},
id => 1,
type => scheduler}|...]
The time unit is the same as returned by os:perf_counter/0. So, to convert it to
milliseconds, you can do something like this:
lists:map(
fun(#{ counters := Cnt } = M) ->
MsCnt = maps:map(fun(_K, PerfCount) ->
erlang:convert_time_unit(PerfCount, perf_counter, 1000)
end, Cnt),
M#{ counters := MsCnt }
end, erlang:statistics(microstate_accounting)).
Notice that these values are not guaranteed to be the exact time spent in each
state. This is because of various optimisation done to keep the overhead as small
as possible.
MSAcc_Thread_Types:
scheduler:
The main execution threads that do most of the work. See erl +S for more
details.
dirty_cpu_scheduler:
The threads for long running cpu intensive work. See erl +SDcpu for more
details.
dirty_io_scheduler:
The threads for long running I/O work. See erl +SDio for more details.
async:
Async threads are used by various linked-in drivers (mainly the file drivers)
do offload non-CPU intensive work. See erl +A for more details.
aux:
Takes care of any work that is not specifically assigned to a scheduler.
poll:
Does the IO polling for the emulator. See erl +IOt for more details.
The following MSAcc_Thread_States are available. All states are exclusive, meaning
that a thread cannot be in two states at once. So, if you add the numbers of all
counters in a thread, you get the total runtime for that thread.
aux:
Time spent handling auxiliary jobs.
check_io:
Time spent checking for new I/O events.
emulator:
Time spent executing Erlang processes.
gc:
Time spent doing garbage collection. When extra states are enabled this is the
time spent doing non-fullsweep garbage collections.
other:
Time spent doing unaccounted things.
port:
Time spent executing ports.
sleep:
Time spent sleeping.
More fine-grained MSAcc_Thread_States can be added through configure (such as
./configure --with-microstate-accounting=extra). Enabling these states causes
performance degradation when microstate accounting is turned off and increases the
overhead when it is turned on.
alloc:
Time spent managing memory. Without extra states this time is spread out over
all other states.
bif:
Time spent in BIFs. Without extra states this time is part of the emulator
state.
busy_wait:
Time spent busy waiting. This is also the state where a scheduler no longer
reports that it is active when using statistics(scheduler_wall_time). So, if
you add all other states but this and sleep, and then divide that by all time
in the thread, you should get something very similar to the scheduler_wall_time
fraction. Without extra states this time is part of the other state.
ets:
Time spent executing ETS BIFs. Without extra states this time is part of the
emulator state.
gc_full:
Time spent doing fullsweep garbage collection. Without extra states this time
is part of the gc state.
nif:
Time spent in NIFs. Without extra states this time is part of the emulator
state.
send:
Time spent sending messages (processes only). Without extra states this time is
part of the emulator state.
timers:
Time spent managing timers. Without extra states this time is part of the other
state.
The utility module msacc(3erl) can be used to more easily analyse these statistics.
Returns undefined if system flag microstate_accounting is turned off.
The list of thread information is unsorted and can appear in different order
between calls.
Note:
The threads and states are subject to change without any prior notice.
statistics(Item :: reductions) ->
{Total_Reductions, Reductions_Since_Last_Call}
Types:
Total_Reductions = Reductions_Since_Last_Call = integer() >= 0
Returns information about reductions, for example:
> statistics(reductions).
{2046,11}
Note:
As from ERTS 5.5 (Erlang/OTP R11B), this value does not include reductions
performed in current time slices of currently scheduled processes. If an exact
value is wanted, use statistics(exact_reductions).
statistics(Item :: run_queue) -> integer() >= 0
Returns the total length of all normal and dirty CPU run queues. That is, queued
work that is expected to be CPU bound. The information is gathered atomically. That
is, the result is a consistent snapshot of the state, but this operation is much
more expensive compared to statistics(total_run_queue_lengths), especially when a
large amount of schedulers is used.
statistics(Item :: run_queue_lengths) -> [RunQueueLength]
Types:
RunQueueLength = integer() >= 0
Returns the same as statistics(run_queue_lengths_all) with the exception that no
information about the dirty IO run queue is part of the result. That is, only run
queues with work that is expected to be CPU bound is part of the result.
statistics(Item :: run_queue_lengths_all) -> [RunQueueLength]
Types:
RunQueueLength = integer() >= 0
Returns a list where each element represents the amount of processes and ports
ready to run for each run queue. Values for normal run queues are located first in
the resulting list. The first element corresponds to the normal run queue of
scheduler number 1 and so on. If support for dirty schedulers exist, values for the
dirty CPU run queue and the dirty IO run queue follow (in that order) at the end.
The information is not gathered atomically. That is, the result is not necessarily
a consistent snapshot of the state, but instead quite efficiently gathered.
Note:
Each normal scheduler has one run queue that it manages. If dirty schedulers
schedulers are supported, all dirty CPU schedulers share one run queue, and all
dirty IO schedulers share one run queue. That is, we have multiple normal run
queues, one dirty CPU run queue and one dirty IO run queue. Work can not migrate
between the different types of run queues. Only work in normal run queues can
migrate to other normal run queues. This has to be taken into account when
evaluating the result.
See also statistics(run_queue_lengths), statistics(total_run_queue_lengths_all),
statistics(total_run_queue_lengths), statistics(active_tasks),
statistics(active_tasks_all), and statistics(total_active_tasks),
statistics(total_active_tasks_all).
statistics(Item :: runtime) ->
{Total_Run_Time, Time_Since_Last_Call}
Types:
Total_Run_Time = Time_Since_Last_Call = integer() >= 0
Returns information about runtime, in milliseconds.
This is the sum of the runtime for all threads in the Erlang runtime system and can
therefore be greater than the wall clock time.
Warning:
This value might wrap due to limitations in the underlying functionality provided
by the operating system that is used.
Example:
> statistics(runtime).
{1690,1620}
statistics(Item :: scheduler_wall_time) ->
[{SchedulerId, ActiveTime, TotalTime}] | undefined
Types:
SchedulerId = integer() >= 1
ActiveTime = TotalTime = integer() >= 0
Returns information describing how much time normal and dirty CPU schedulers in the
system have been busy. This value is normally a better indicator of how much load
an Erlang node is under instead of looking at the CPU utilization privided by tools
such as top or sysstat. This is because scheduler_wall_time also includes time
where the scheduler is waiting for some other reasource (such as an internal mutex)
to be available but does not use the CPU. In order to better understand what a
scheduler is busy doing you can use microstate accounting.
The definition of a busy scheduler is when it is not idle and not busy waiting for
new work, that is:
* Executing process code
* Executing linked-in driver or NIF code
* Executing BIFs, or any other runtime handling
* Garbage collecting
* Handling any other memory management
Notice that a scheduler can also be busy even if the OS has scheduled out the
scheduler thread.
Note:
It is recommended to use the module scheduler instead of this function directly as
it provides an easier way to get the information that you usually want.
If enabled this function returns a list of tuples with {SchedulerId, ActiveTime,
TotalTime}, where SchedulerId is an integer ID of the scheduler, ActiveTime is the
duration the scheduler has been busy, and TotalTime is the total time duration
since scheduler_wall_time activation for the specific scheduler. The time unit
returned is undefined and can be subject to change between releases, OSs, and
system restarts. scheduler_wall_time is only to be used to calculate relative
values for scheduler utilization. The ActiveTime can never exceed TotalTime. The
list of scheduler information is unsorted and can appear in different order between
calls.
The disabled this function returns undefined.
The activation time can differ significantly between schedulers. Currently dirty
schedulers are activated at system start while normal schedulers are activated some
time after the scheduler_wall_time functionality is enabled.
Only information about schedulers that are expected to handle CPU bound work is
included in the return values from this function. If you also want information
about dirty I/O schedulers, use statistics(scheduler_wall_time_all) instead.
Normal schedulers will have scheduler identifiers in the range 1 =< SchedulerId =<
erlang:system_info(schedulers). Dirty CPU schedulers will have scheduler
identifiers in the range erlang:system_info(schedulers) < SchedulerId =<
erlang:system_info(schedulers) + erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers).
Note:
The different types of schedulers handle specific types of jobs. Every job is
assigned to a specific scheduler type. Jobs can migrate between different
schedulers of the same type, but never between schedulers of different types. This
fact has to be taken under consideration when evaluating the result returned.
You can use scheduler_wall_time to calculate scheduler utilization. First you take
a sample of the values returned by erlang:statistics(scheduler_wall_time).
> erlang:system_flag(scheduler_wall_time, true).
false
> Ts0 = lists:sort(erlang:statistics(scheduler_wall_time)), ok.
ok
Some time later the user takes another snapshot and calculates scheduler
utilization per scheduler, for example:
> Ts1 = lists:sort(erlang:statistics(scheduler_wall_time)), ok.
ok
> lists:map(fun({{I, A0, T0}, {I, A1, T1}}) -> {I, (A1 - A0)/(T1 - T0)} end, lists:zip(Ts0,Ts1)).
[{1,0.9743474730177548},
{2,0.9744843782751444},
{3,0.9995902361669045},
{4,0.9738012596572161},
{5,0.9717956667018103},
{6,0.9739235846420741},
{7,0.973237033077876},
{8,0.9741297293248656}]
Using the same snapshots to calculate a total scheduler utilization:
> {A, T} = lists:foldl(fun({{_, A0, T0}, {_, A1, T1}}, {Ai,Ti}) -> {Ai + (A1 - A0), Ti + (T1 - T0)} end, {0, 0}, lists:zip(Ts0,Ts1)), TotalSchedulerUtilization = A/T.
0.9769136803764825
Total scheduler utilization will equal 1.0 when all schedulers have been active all
the time between the two measurements.
Another (probably more) useful value is to calculate total scheduler utilization
weighted against maximum amount of available CPU time:
> WeightedSchedulerUtilization = (TotalSchedulerUtilization * (erlang:system_info(schedulers) + erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers))) / erlang:system_info(logical_processors_available).
0.9769136803764825
This weighted scheduler utilization will reach 1.0 when schedulers are active the
same amount of time as maximum available CPU time. If more schedulers exist than
available logical processors, this value may be greater than 1.0.
As of ERTS version 9.0, the Erlang runtime system will as default have more
schedulers than logical processors. This due to the dirty schedulers.
Note:
scheduler_wall_time is by default disabled. To enable it, use
erlang:system_flag(scheduler_wall_time, true).
statistics(Item :: scheduler_wall_time_all) ->
[{SchedulerId, ActiveTime, TotalTime}] | undefined
Types:
SchedulerId = integer() >= 1
ActiveTime = TotalTime = integer() >= 0
The same as statistics(scheduler_wall_time), except that it also include
information about all dirty I/O schedulers.
Dirty IO schedulers will have scheduler identifiers in the range
erlang:system_info(schedulers) + erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers) <
SchedulerId =< erlang:system_info(schedulers) +
erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers) + erlang:system_info(dirty_io_schedulers).
Note:
Note that work executing on dirty I/O schedulers are expected to mainly wait for
I/O. That is, when you get high scheduler utilization on dirty I/O schedulers, CPU
utilization is not expected to be high due to this work.
statistics(Item :: total_active_tasks) -> ActiveTasks
Types:
ActiveTasks = integer() >= 0
The same as calling lists:sum(statistics(active_tasks)), but more efficient.
statistics(Item :: total_active_tasks_all) -> ActiveTasks
Types:
ActiveTasks = integer() >= 0
The same as calling lists:sum(statistics(active_tasks_all)), but more efficient.
statistics(Item :: total_run_queue_lengths) ->
TotalRunQueueLengths
Types:
TotalRunQueueLengths = integer() >= 0
The same as calling lists:sum(statistics(run_queue_lengths)), but more efficient.
statistics(Item :: total_run_queue_lengths_all) ->
TotalRunQueueLengths
Types:
TotalRunQueueLengths = integer() >= 0
The same as calling lists:sum(statistics(run_queue_lengths_all)), but more
efficient.
statistics(Item :: wall_clock) ->
{Total_Wallclock_Time,
Wallclock_Time_Since_Last_Call}
Types:
Total_Wallclock_Time = Wallclock_Time_Since_Last_Call = integer() >= 0
Returns information about wall clock. wall_clock can be used in the same manner as
runtime, except that real time is measured as opposed to runtime or CPU time.
erlang:suspend_process(Suspendee) -> true
Types:
Suspendee = pid()
Suspends the process identified by Suspendee. The same as calling
erlang:suspend_process(Suspendee, []).
Warning:
This BIF is intended for debugging only.
erlang:suspend_process(Suspendee, OptList) -> boolean()
Types:
Suspendee = pid()
OptList = [Opt]
Opt = unless_suspending | asynchronous | {asynchronous, term()}
Increases the suspend count on the process identified by Suspendee and puts it in
the suspended state if it is not already in that state. A suspended process is not
scheduled for execution until the process has been resumed.
A process can be suspended by multiple processes and can be suspended multiple
times by a single process. A suspended process does not leave the suspended state
until its suspend count reaches zero. The suspend count of Suspendee is decreased
when erlang:resume_process(Suspendee) is called by the same process that called
erlang:suspend_process(Suspendee). All increased suspend counts on other processes
acquired by a process are automatically decreased when the process terminates.
Options (Opts):
asynchronous:
A suspend request is sent to the process identified by Suspendee. Suspendee
eventually suspends unless it is resumed before it could suspend. The caller of
erlang:suspend_process/2 returns immediately, regardless of whether Suspendee
has suspended yet or not. The point in time when Suspendee suspends cannot be
deduced from other events in the system. It is only guaranteed that Suspendee
eventually suspends (unless it is resumed). If no asynchronous options has been
passed, the caller of erlang:suspend_process/2 is blocked until Suspendee has
suspended.
{asynchronous, ReplyTag}:
A suspend request is sent to the process identified by Suspendee. When the
suspend request has been processed, a reply message is sent to the caller of
this function. The reply is on the form {ReplyTag, State} where State is
either:
exited:
Suspendee has exited.
suspended:
Suspendee is now suspended.
not_suspended:
Suspendee is not suspended. This can only happen when the process that issued
this request, have called resume_process(Suspendee) before getting the reply.
Appart from the reply message, the {asynchronous, ReplyTag} option behaves
exactly the same as the asynchronous option without reply tag.
unless_suspending:
The process identified by Suspendee is suspended unless the calling process
already is suspending Suspendee. If unless_suspending is combined with option
asynchronous, a suspend request is sent unless the calling process already is
suspending Suspendee or if a suspend request already has been sent and is in
transit. If the calling process already is suspending Suspendee, or if combined
with option asynchronous and a send request already is in transit, false is
returned and the suspend count on Suspendee remains unchanged.
If the suspend count on the process identified by Suspendee is increased, true is
returned, otherwise false.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for debugging only.
Warning:
You can easily create deadlocks if processes suspends each other (directly or in
circles). In ERTS versions prior to ERTS version 10.0, the runtime system prevented
such deadlocks, but this prevention has now been removed due to performance
reasons.
Failures:
badarg:
If Suspendee is not a process identifier.
badarg:
If the process identified by Suspendee is the same process as the process
calling erlang:suspend_process/2.
badarg:
If the process identified by Suspendee is not alive.
badarg:
If the process identified by Suspendee resides on another node.
badarg:
If OptList is not a proper list of valid Opts.
system_limit:
If the process identified by Suspendee has been suspended more times by the
calling process than can be represented by the currently used internal data
structures. The system limit is greater than 2,000,000,000 suspends and will
never be lower.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: backtrace_depth, Depth) -> OldDepth
Types:
Depth = OldDepth = integer() >= 0
Sets the maximum depth of call stack back-traces in the exit reason element of
'EXIT' tuples. The flag also limits the stacktrace depth returned by process_info
item current_stacktrace.
Returns the old value of the flag.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: cpu_topology, CpuTopology) ->
OldCpuTopology
Types:
CpuTopology = OldCpuTopology = cpu_topology()
cpu_topology() = [LevelEntry :: level_entry()] | undefined
level_entry() =
{LevelTag :: level_tag(), SubLevel :: sub_level()} |
{LevelTag :: level_tag(),
InfoList :: info_list(),
SubLevel :: sub_level()}
level_tag() = core | node | processor | thread
sub_level() =
[LevelEntry :: level_entry()] |
(LogicalCpuId :: {logical, integer() >= 0})
info_list() = []
Warning:
This argument is deprecated. Instead of using this argument, use command-line
argument +sct in erl(1).
When this argument is removed, a final CPU topology to use is determined at
emulator boot time.
Sets the user-defined CpuTopology. The user-defined CPU topology overrides any
automatically detected CPU topology. By passing undefined as CpuTopology, the
system reverts to the CPU topology automatically detected. The returned value
equals the value returned from erlang:system_info(cpu_topology) before the change
was made.
Returns the old value of the flag.
The CPU topology is used when binding schedulers to logical processors. If
schedulers are already bound when the CPU topology is changed, the schedulers are
sent a request to rebind according to the new CPU topology.
The user-defined CPU topology can also be set by passing command-line argument +sct
to erl(1).
For information on type CpuTopology and more, see erlang:system_info(cpu_topology)
as well as command-line flags +sct and +sbt in erl(1).
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: dirty_cpu_schedulers_online,
DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline) ->
OldDirtyCPUSchedulersOnline
Types:
DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline = OldDirtyCPUSchedulersOnline = integer() >= 1
Sets the number of dirty CPU schedulers online. Range is 1 <=
DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline <= N, where N is the smallest of the return values of
erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers) and erlang:system_info(schedulers_online).
Returns the old value of the flag.
The number of dirty CPU schedulers online can change if the number of schedulers
online changes. For example, if 12 schedulers and 6 dirty CPU schedulers are
online, and system_flag/2 is used to set the number of schedulers online to 6, then
the number of dirty CPU schedulers online is automatically decreased by half as
well, down to 3. Similarly, the number of dirty CPU schedulers online increases
proportionally to increases in the number of schedulers online.
For more information, see erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers) and
erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online).
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: erts_alloc, Value :: {Alloc, F, V}) ->
ok | notsup
Types:
Alloc = F = atom()
V = integer()
Sets system flags for erts_alloc(3erl). Alloc is the allocator to affect, for
example binary_alloc. F is the flag to change and V is the new value.
Only a subset of all erts_alloc flags can be changed at run time. This subset is
currently only the flag sbct.
Returns ok if the flag was set or notsup if not supported by erts_alloc.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: fullsweep_after, Number) -> OldNumber
Types:
Number = OldNumber = integer() >= 0
Sets system flag fullsweep_after. Number is a non-negative integer indicating how
many times generational garbage collections can be done without forcing a fullsweep
collection. The value applies to new processes, while processes already running are
not affected.
Returns the old value of the flag.
In low-memory systems (especially without virtual memory), setting the value to 0
can help to conserve memory.
This value can also be set through (OS) environment variable ERL_FULLSWEEP_AFTER.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: microstate_accounting, Action) ->
OldState
Types:
Action = true | false | reset
OldState = true | false
Turns on/off microstate accounting measurements. When passing reset, all counters
are reset to 0.
For more information see statistics(microstate_accounting).
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: min_heap_size, MinHeapSize) ->
OldMinHeapSize
Types:
MinHeapSize = OldMinHeapSize = integer() >= 0
Sets the default minimum heap size for processes. The size is specified in words.
The new min_heap_size effects only processes spawned after the change of
min_heap_size has been made. min_heap_size can be set for individual processes by
using spawn_opt/4 or process_flag/2.
Returns the old value of the flag.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: min_bin_vheap_size, MinBinVHeapSize) ->
OldMinBinVHeapSize
Types:
MinBinVHeapSize = OldMinBinVHeapSize = integer() >= 0
Sets the default minimum binary virtual heap size for processes. The size is
specified in words. The new min_bin_vhheap_size effects only processes spawned
after the change of min_bin_vheap_size has been made. min_bin_vheap_size can be set
for individual processes by using spawn_opt/2,3,4 or process_flag/2.
Returns the old value of the flag.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: max_heap_size, MaxHeapSize) ->
OldMaxHeapSize
Types:
MaxHeapSize = OldMaxHeapSize = max_heap_size()
max_heap_size() =
integer() >= 0 |
#{size => integer() >= 0,
kill => boolean(),
error_logger => boolean()}
Sets the default maximum heap size settings for processes. The size is specified in
words. The new max_heap_size effects only processes spawned efter the change has
been made. max_heap_size can be set for individual processes using spawn_opt/2,3,4
or process_flag/2.
Returns the old value of the flag.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: multi_scheduling, BlockState) ->
OldBlockState
Types:
BlockState = block | unblock | block_normal | unblock_normal
OldBlockState = blocked | disabled | enabled
If multi-scheduling is enabled, more than one scheduler thread is used by the
emulator. Multi-scheduling can be blocked in two different ways. Either all
schedulers but one is blocked, or all normal schedulers but one is blocked. When
only normal schedulers are blocked, dirty schedulers are free to continue to
schedule processes.
If BlockState =:= block, multi-scheduling is blocked. That is, one and only one
scheduler thread will execute. If BlockState =:= unblock and no one else blocks
multi-scheduling, and this process has blocked only once, multi-scheduling is
unblocked.
If BlockState =:= block_normal, normal multi-scheduling is blocked. That is, only
one normal scheduler thread will execute, but multiple dirty schedulers can
execute. If BlockState =:= unblock_normal and no one else blocks normal multi-
scheduling, and this process has blocked only once, normal multi-scheduling is
unblocked.
One process can block multi-scheduling and normal multi-scheduling multiple times.
If a process has blocked multiple times, it must unblock exactly as many times as
it has blocked before it has released its multi-scheduling block. If a process that
has blocked multi-scheduling or normal multi-scheduling exits, it automatically
releases its blocking of multi-scheduling and normal multi-scheduling.
The return values are disabled, blocked, blocked_normal, or enabled. The returned
value describes the state just after the call to
erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, BlockState) has been made. For information
about the return values, see erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling).
Note:
Blocking of multi-scheduling and normal multi-scheduling is normally not needed. If
you feel that you need to use these features, consider it a few more times again.
Blocking multi-scheduling is only to be used as a last resort, as it is most likely
a very inefficient way to solve the problem.
See also erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling),
erlang:system_info(normal_multi_scheduling_blockers),
erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling_blockers), and erlang:system_info(schedulers).
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: outstanding_system_requests_limit,
NewLimit) ->
OldLimit
Types:
NewLimit = OldLimit = 1..134217727
Sets a limit on the amount of outstanding requests made by a system process
orchestrating system wide changes. Currently there are two such processes:
The Code Purger:
The code purger orchestrates checking of references to old code before old code
is removed from the system.
The Literal Area Collector:
The literal area collector orchestrates copying of references from old literal
areas before removal of such areas from the system.
Each of these processes are allowed to have as many outstanding requests as this
limit is set to. By default this limit is set to twice the amount of schedulers on
the system. This will ensure that schedulers will have enough work scheduled to
perform these operations as quickly as possible at the same time as other work will
be interleaved with this work. Currently used limit can be checked by calling
erlang:system_info(outstanding_system_requests_limit).
This limit can also be set by passing the command line argument +zosrl <Limit> to
erl.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: scheduler_bind_type, How) ->
OldBindType
Types:
How = scheduler_bind_type() | default_bind
OldBindType = scheduler_bind_type()
scheduler_bind_type() =
no_node_processor_spread | no_node_thread_spread | no_spread |
processor_spread | spread | thread_spread |
thread_no_node_processor_spread | unbound
Warning:
This argument is deprecated. Instead of using this argument, use command-line
argument +sbt in erl(1). When this argument is removed, a final scheduler bind type
to use is determined at emulator boot time.
Controls if and how schedulers are bound to logical processors.
When erlang:system_flag(scheduler_bind_type, How) is called, an asynchronous signal
is sent to all schedulers online, causing them to try to bind or unbind as
requested.
Note:
If a scheduler fails to bind, this is often silently ignored, as it is not always
possible to verify valid logical processor identifiers. If an error is reported, an
error event is logged. To verify that the schedulers have bound as requested, call
erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings).
Schedulers can be bound on newer Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD, and Windows systems, but
more systems will be supported in future releases.
In order for the runtime system to be able to bind schedulers, the CPU topology
must be known. If the runtime system fails to detect the CPU topology
automatically, it can be defined. For more information on how to define the CPU
topology, see command-line flag +sct in erl(1).
The runtime system does by default not bind schedulers to logical processors.
Note:
If the Erlang runtime system is the only OS process binding threads to logical
processors, this improves the performance of the runtime system. However, if other
OS processes (for example, another Erlang runtime system) also bind threads to
logical processors, there can be a performance penalty instead. Sometimes this
performance penalty can be severe. If so, it is recommended to not bind the
schedulers.
Schedulers can be bound in different ways. Argument How determines how schedulers
are bound and can be any of the following:
unbound:
Same as command-line argument +sbt u in erl(1).
no_spread:
Same as command-line argument +sbt ns in erl(1).
thread_spread:
Same as command-line argument +sbt ts in erl(1).
processor_spread:
Same as command-line argument +sbt ps in erl(1).
spread:
Same as command-line argument +sbt s in erl(1).
no_node_thread_spread:
Same as command-line argument +sbt nnts in erl(1).
no_node_processor_spread:
Same as command-line argument +sbt nnps in erl(1).
thread_no_node_processor_spread:
Same as command-line argument +sbt tnnps in erl(1).
default_bind:
Same as command-line argument +sbt db in erl(1).
The returned value equals How before flag scheduler_bind_type was changed.
Failures:
notsup:
If binding of schedulers is not supported.
badarg:
If How is not one of the documented alternatives.
badarg:
If CPU topology information is unavailable.
The scheduler bind type can also be set by passing command-line argument +sbt to
erl(1).
For more information, see erlang:system_info(scheduler_bind_type),
erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings), as well as command-line flags +sbt and +sct
in erl(1).
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: scheduler_wall_time, Boolean) ->
OldBoolean
Types:
Boolean = OldBoolean = boolean()
Try enable or disable scheduler wall time measurements by passing Boolean as either
true or false.
For more information about how to use scheduler wall time measurements, see
statistics(scheduler_wall_time).
Scheduler wall time measurements has a node global state. It is either enabled for
all processes on the node or disabled for all processes. Each process has a logical
counter initialized as zero. A call with Boolean as true will increase that counter
one step for the calling process. A call with false will decrease it one step
unless it already is zero. The node global state for scheduler_wall_time will be
enabled as long as there is at least one process alive with a counter value larger
than zero. When a process terminates, its counter will also disappear. To ensure
scheduler_wall_time is kept enabled, the process that enabled it must therefore be
kept alive.
Returns the old value of the node global state, true if scheduler wall time
measurements were enabled, false if it were disabled.
Scheduler wall time measurements do consume some cpu overhead and should not be
left turned on unless used.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: schedulers_online, SchedulersOnline) ->
OldSchedulersOnline
Types:
SchedulersOnline = OldSchedulersOnline = integer() >= 1
Sets the number of schedulers online. Range is 1 <= SchedulersOnline <=
erlang:system_info(schedulers).
Returns the old value of the flag.
If the emulator was built with support for dirty schedulers, changing the number
of schedulers online can also change the number of dirty CPU schedulers online. For
example, if 12 schedulers and 6 dirty CPU schedulers are online, and system_flag/2
is used to set the number of schedulers online to 6, then the number of dirty CPU
schedulers online is automatically decreased by half as well, down to 3. Similarly,
the number of dirty CPU schedulers online increases proportionally to increases in
the number of schedulers online.
For more information, see erlang:system_info(schedulers) and
erlang:system_info(schedulers_online).
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: system_logger, Logger) -> PrevLogger
Types:
Logger = PrevLogger = logger | undefined | pid()
Sets the process that will receive the logging messages generated by ERTS. If set
to undefined, all logging messages generated by ERTS will be dropped. The messages
will be in the format:
{log,Level,Format,ArgList,Metadata} where
Level = atom(),
Format = string(),
ArgList = list(term()),
Metadata = #{ pid => pid(),
group_leader => pid(),
time := logger:timestamp(),
error_logger := #{ emulator := true, tag := atom() }
If the system_logger process dies, this flag will be reset to logger.
The default is the process named logger.
Returns the old value of the flag.
Note:
This function is designed to be used by the KERNEL logger. Be careful if you change
it to something else as log messages may be lost. If you want to intercept emulator
log messages, do it by adding a specialized handler to the KERNEL logger.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: trace_control_word, TCW) -> OldTCW
Types:
TCW = OldTCW = integer() >= 0
Sets the value of the node trace control word to TCW, which is to be an unsigned
integer. For more information, see function set_tcw in section "Match
Specifications in Erlang" in the User's Guide.
Returns the old value of the flag.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: time_offset, Value :: finalize) ->
OldState
Types:
OldState = preliminary | final | volatile
Finalizes the time offset when single time warp mode is used. If another time warp
mode is used, the time offset state is left unchanged.
Returns the old state identifier, that is:
* If preliminary is returned, finalization was performed and the time offset is
now final.
* If final is returned, the time offset was already in the final state. This
either because another erlang:system_flag(time_offset, finalize) call or
because no time warp mode is used.
* If volatile is returned, the time offset cannot be finalized because multi-time
warp mode is used.
erlang:system_info(Item :: update_cpu_info) -> changed | unchanged
Returns information about the current system. The documentation of this function is
broken into the following sections in order to make it easier to navigate.
Memory Allocation:
allocated_areas, allocator, alloc_util_allocators, allocator_sizes
CPU Topology:
cpu_topology, logical_processors, update_cpu_info
Process Information:
fullsweep_after, garbage_collection, heap_sizes, heap_type, max_heap_size,
message_queue_data, min_heap_size, min_bin_vheap_size, procs
System Limits:
atom_count, atom_limit, ets_count, ets_limit, port_count, port_limit,
process_count, process_limit
System Time:
end_time, os_monotonic_time_source, os_system_time_source, start_time,
time_correction, time_offset, time_warp_mode, tolerant_timeofday
Scheduler Information:
dirty_cpu_schedulers, dirty_cpu_schedulers_online, dirty_io_schedulers,
multi_scheduling, multi_scheduling_blockers, normal_multi_scheduling_blockers,
scheduler_bind_type, scheduler_bindings, scheduler_id, schedulers, smp_support,
threads, thread_pool_size
Distribution Information:
creation, delayed_node_table_gc, dist, dist_buf_busy_limit, dist_ctrl
System Information:
c_compiler_used, check_io, compat_rel, debug_compiled, driver_version,
dynamic_trace, dynamic_trace_probes, emu_flavor, emu_type, info, kernel_poll,
loaded, machine, modified_timing_level, nif_version, otp_release,
outstanding_system_requests_limit, port_parallelism, system_architecture,
system_logger, system_version, trace_control_word, version, wordsize
erlang:system_info(Item :: allocated_areas) -> [tuple()]
erlang:system_info(Item :: allocator) ->
{Allocator, Version, Features, Settings}
erlang:system_info(Item :: {allocator, Alloc}) -> [term()]
erlang:system_info(Item :: alloc_util_allocators) -> [Alloc]
erlang:system_info(Item :: {allocator_sizes, Alloc}) -> [term()]
Types:
Allocator = undefined | glibc
Version = [integer() >= 0]
Features = [atom()]
Settings =
[{Subsystem :: atom(),
[{Parameter :: atom(), Value :: term()}]}]
Alloc = atom()
Returns various information about the memory allocators of the current system
(emulator) as specified by Item:
allocated_areas:
Returns a list of tuples with information about miscellaneous allocated memory
areas.
Each tuple contains an atom describing the type of memory as first element and
the amount of allocated memory in bytes as second element. When information
about allocated and used memory is present, also a third element is present,
containing the amount of used memory in bytes.
erlang:system_info(allocated_areas) is intended for debugging, and the content
is highly implementation-dependent. The content of the results therefore
changes when needed without prior notice.
Notice that the sum of these values is not the total amount of memory allocated
by the emulator. Some values are part of other values, and some memory areas
are not part of the result. For information about the total amount of memory
allocated by the emulator, see erlang:memory/0,1.
allocator:
Returns {Allocator, Version, Features, Settings, where:
* Allocator corresponds to the malloc() implementation used. If Allocator
equals undefined, the malloc() implementation used cannot be identified.
glibc can be identified.
* Version is a list of integers (but not a string) representing the version of
the malloc() implementation used.
* Features is a list of atoms representing the allocation features used.
* Settings is a list of subsystems, their configurable parameters, and used
values. Settings can differ between different combinations of platforms,
allocators, and allocation features. Memory sizes are given in bytes.
See also "System Flags Effecting erts_alloc" in erts_alloc(3erl).
{allocator, Alloc}:
Returns information about the specified allocator. As from ERTS 5.6.1, the
return value is a list of {instance, InstanceNo, InstanceInfo} tuples, where
InstanceInfo contains information about a specific instance of the allocator.
If Alloc is not a recognized allocator, undefined is returned. If Alloc is
disabled, false is returned.
Notice that the information returned is highly implementation-dependent and can
be changed or removed at any time without prior notice. It was initially
intended as a tool when developing new allocators, but as it can be of interest
for others it has been briefly documented.
The recognized allocators are listed in erts_alloc(3erl). Information about
super carriers can be obtained from ERTS 8.0 with {allocator, erts_mmap} or
from ERTS 5.10.4; the returned list when calling with {allocator, mseg_alloc}
also includes an {erts_mmap, _} tuple as one element in the list.
After reading the erts_alloc(3erl) documentation, the returned information more
or less speaks for itself, but it can be worth explaining some things. Call
counts are presented by two values, the first value is giga calls, and the
second value is calls. mbcs and sbcs denote multi-block carriers, and single-
block carriers, respectively. Sizes are presented in bytes. When a size is not
presented, it is the amount of something. Sizes and amounts are often presented
by three values:
* The first is the current value.
* The second is the maximum value since the last call to
erlang:system_info({allocator, Alloc}).
* The third is the maximum value since the emulator was started.
If only one value is present, it is the current value. fix_alloc memory block
types are presented by two values. The first value is the memory pool size and
the second value is the used memory size.
alloc_util_allocators:
Returns a list of the names of all allocators using the ERTS internal
alloc_util framework as atoms. For more information, see section The alloc_util
framework in erts_alloc(3erl).
{allocator_sizes, Alloc}:
Returns various size information for the specified allocator. The information
returned is a subset of the information returned by
erlang:system_info({allocator, Alloc}).
erlang:system_info(Item :: cpu_topology) -> CpuTopology
erlang:system_info(Item ::
{cpu_topology, defined | detected | used}) ->
CpuTopology
erlang:system_info(Item ::
logical_processors |
logical_processors_available |
logical_processors_online) ->
unknown | integer() >= 1
erlang:system_info(Item :: trace_control_word) ->
integer() >= 0
Types:
cpu_topology() = [LevelEntry :: level_entry()] | undefined
All LevelEntrys of a list must contain the same LevelTag, except on the top
level where both node and processorLevelTags can coexist.
level_entry() =
{LevelTag :: level_tag(), SubLevel :: sub_level()} |
{LevelTag :: level_tag(),
InfoList :: info_list(),
SubLevel :: sub_level()}
{LevelTag, SubLevel} == {LevelTag, [], SubLevel}
level_tag() = core | node | processor | thread
More LevelTags can be introduced in a future release.
sub_level() =
[LevelEntry :: level_entry()] |
(LogicalCpuId :: {logical, integer() >= 0})
info_list() = []
The info_list() can be extended in a future release.
Returns various information about the CPU topology of the current system (emulator)
as specified by Item:
cpu_topology:
Returns the CpuTopology currently used by the emulator. The CPU topology is
used when binding schedulers to logical processors. The CPU topology used is
the user-defined CPU topology, if such exists, otherwise the automatically
detected CPU topology, if such exists. If no CPU topology exists, undefined is
returned.
node refers to Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) nodes. thread refers to
hardware threads (for example, Intel hyper-threads).
A level in term CpuTopology can be omitted if only one entry exists and
InfoList is empty.
thread can only be a sublevel to core. core can be a sublevel to processor or
node. processor can be on the top level or a sublevel to node. node can be on
the top level or a sublevel to processor. That is, NUMA nodes can be processor
internal or processor external. A CPU topology can consist of a mix of
processor internal and external NUMA nodes, as long as each logical CPU belongs
to one NUMA node. Cache hierarchy is not part of the CpuTopology type, but will
be in a future release. Other things can also make it into the CPU topology in
a future release. So, expect the CpuTopology type to change.
{cpu_topology, defined}:
Returns the user-defined CpuTopology. For more information, see command-line
flag +sct in erl(1) and argument cpu_topology.
{cpu_topology, detected}:
Returns the automatically detected CpuTopologyy. The emulator detects the CPU
topology on some newer Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD, and Windows systems. On Windows
system with more than 32 logical processors, the CPU topology is not detected.
For more information, see argument cpu_topology.
{cpu_topology, used}:
Returns CpuTopology used by the emulator. For more information, see argument
cpu_topology.
logical_processors:
Returns the detected number of logical processors configured in the system. The
return value is either an integer, or the atom unknown if the emulator cannot
detect the configured logical processors.
logical_processors_available:
Returns the detected number of logical processors available to the Erlang
runtime system. The return value is either an integer, or the atom unknown if
the emulator cannot detect the available logical processors. The number of
available logical processors is less than or equal to the number of logical
processors online.
logical_processors_online:
Returns the detected number of logical processors online on the system. The
return value is either an integer, or the atom unknown if the emulator cannot
detect logical processors online. The number of logical processors online is
less than or equal to the number of logical processors configured.
cpu_quota:
Returns the detected CPU quota the emulator is limited by. The return value is
an integer saying how many processors' worth of runtime we get (between 1 and
the number of logical processors), or the atom unknown if the emulator cannot
detect a quota.
update_cpu_info:
The runtime system rereads the CPU information available and updates its
internally stored information about the detected CPU topology and the number of
logical processors configured, online, available, and cpu quota.
If the CPU information has changed since the last time it was read, the atom
changed is returned, otherwise the atom unchanged. If the CPU information has
changed, you probably want to adjust the number of schedulers online. You
typically want to have as many schedulers online as logical processors
available.
erlang:system_info(Item :: fullsweep_after) ->
{fullsweep_after, integer() >= 0}
erlang:system_info(Item :: garbage_collection) ->
[{atom(), integer()}]
erlang:system_info(Item :: heap_sizes) -> [integer() >= 0]
erlang:system_info(Item :: heap_type) -> private
erlang:system_info(Item :: max_heap_size) ->
{max_heap_size,
MaxHeapSize :: max_heap_size()}
erlang:system_info(Item :: message_queue_data) ->
message_queue_data()
erlang:system_info(Item :: min_heap_size) ->
{min_heap_size,
MinHeapSize :: integer() >= 1}
erlang:system_info(Item :: min_bin_vheap_size) ->
{min_bin_vheap_size,
MinBinVHeapSize :: integer() >= 1}
erlang:system_info(Item :: process_limit) -> integer() >= 1
Types:
message_queue_data() = off_heap | on_heap
max_heap_size() =
integer() >= 0 |
#{size => integer() >= 0,
kill => boolean(),
error_logger => boolean()}
Returns information about the default process heap settings:
fullsweep_after:
Returns {fullsweep_after, integer() >= 0}, which is the fullsweep_after garbage
collection setting used by default. For more information, see
garbage_collection described below.
garbage_collection:
Returns a list describing the default garbage collection settings. A process
spawned on the local node by a spawn or spawn_link uses these garbage
collection settings. The default settings can be changed by using
erlang:system_flag/2. spawn_opt/2,3,4 can spawn a process that does not use the
default settings.
heap_sizes:
Returns a list of integers representing valid heap sizes in words. All Erlang
heaps are sized from sizes in this list.
heap_type:
Returns the heap type used by the current emulator. One heap type exists:
private:
Each process has a heap reserved for its use and no references between heaps
of different processes are allowed. Messages passed between processes are
copied between heaps.
max_heap_size:
Returns {max_heap_size, MaxHeapSize}, where MaxHeapSize is the current system-
wide maximum heap size settings for spawned processes. This setting can be set
using the command-line flags +hmax, +hmaxk and +hmaxel in erl(1). It can also
be changed at runtime using erlang:system_flag(max_heap_size, MaxHeapSize). For
more details about the max_heap_size process flag, see
process_flag(max_heap_size, MaxHeapSize).
message_queue_data:
Returns the default value of the message_queue_data process flag, which can be
either off_heap or on_heap. The default value is set by the command-line
argument +hmqd in erl(1). For more information, see the documentation of
process_flag(message_queue_data, MQD).
min_heap_size:
Returns {min_heap_size, MinHeapSize}, where MinHeapSize is the current system-
wide minimum heap size for spawned processes.
min_bin_vheap_size:
Returns {min_bin_vheap_size, MinBinVHeapSize}, where MinBinVHeapSize is the
current system-wide minimum binary virtual heap size for spawned processes.
procs:
Returns a binary containing a string of process and port information formatted
as in Erlang crash dumps. For more information, see section How to interpret
the Erlang crash dumps in the User's Guide.
erlang:system_info(Item :: atom_count) -> integer() >= 1
erlang:system_info(Item :: atom_limit) -> integer() >= 1
erlang:system_info(Item :: ets_count) -> integer() >= 1
erlang:system_info(Item :: ets_limit) -> integer() >= 1
erlang:system_info(Item :: port_parallelism) -> boolean()
erlang:system_info(Item :: port_count) -> integer() >= 0
erlang:system_info(Item :: port_limit) -> integer() >= 1
erlang:system_info(Item :: process_count) -> integer() >= 1
Returns information about the current system (emulator) limits as specified by
Item:
atom_count:
Returns the number of atoms currently existing at the local node. The value is
given as an integer.
atom_limit:
Returns the maximum number of atoms allowed. This limit can be increased at
startup by passing command-line flag +t to erl(1).
ets_count:
Returns the number of ETS tables currently existing at the local node.
ets_limit:
Returns the limit for number of ETS tables. This limit is partially obsolete
and number of tables are only limited by available memory.
port_count:
Returns the number of ports currently existing at the local node. The value is
given as an integer. This is the same value as returned by
length(erlang:ports()), but more efficient.
port_limit:
Returns the maximum number of simultaneously existing ports at the local node
as an integer. This limit can be configured at startup by using command-line
flag +Q in erl(1).
process_count:
Returns the number of processes currently existing at the local node. The value
is given as an integer. This is the same value as returned by
length(processes()), but more efficient.
process_limit:
Returns the maximum number of simultaneously existing processes at the local
node. The value is given as an integer. This limit can be configured at startup
by using command-line flag +P in erl(1).
erlang:system_info(Item :: end_time) -> integer() >= 0
erlang:system_info(Item :: os_monotonic_time_source) ->
[{atom(), term()}]
erlang:system_info(Item :: os_system_time_source) ->
[{atom(), term()}]
erlang:system_info(Item :: smp_support) -> boolean()
erlang:system_info(Item :: thread_pool_size) -> integer() >= 0
erlang:system_info(Item :: time_correction) -> true | false
erlang:system_info(Item :: time_offset) ->
preliminary | final | volatile
erlang:system_info(Item :: time_warp_mode) ->
no_time_warp | single_time_warp |
multi_time_warp
Returns information about the current system (emulator) time as specified by Item:
end_time:
The last Erlang monotonic time in native time unit that can be represented
internally in the current Erlang runtime system instance. The time between the
start time and the end time is at least a quarter of a millennium.
os_monotonic_time_source:
Returns a list containing information about the source of OS monotonic time
that is used by the runtime system.
If [] is returned, no OS monotonic time is available. The list contains two-
tuples with Keys as first element, and Values as second element. The order of
these tuples is undefined. The following tuples can be part of the list, but
more tuples can be introduced in the future:
{function, Function}:
Function is the name of the function used. This tuple always exists if OS
monotonic time is available to the runtime system.
{clock_id, ClockId}:
This tuple only exists if Function can be used with different clocks. ClockId
corresponds to the clock identifier used when calling Function.
{resolution, OsMonotonicTimeResolution}:
Highest possible resolution of current OS monotonic time source as parts per
second. If no resolution information can be retrieved from the OS,
OsMonotonicTimeResolution is set to the resolution of the time unit of
Functions return value. That is, the actual resolution can be lower than
OsMonotonicTimeResolution. Notice that the resolution does not say anything
about the accuracy or whether the precision aligns with the resolution. You
do, however, know that the precision is not better than
OsMonotonicTimeResolution.
{extended, Extended}:
Extended equals yes if the range of time values has been extended; otherwise
Extended equals no. The range must be extended if Function returns values
that wrap fast. This typically is the case when the return value is a 32-bit
value.
{parallel, Parallel}:
Parallel equals yes if Function is called in parallel from multiple threads.
If it is not called in parallel, because calls must be serialized, Parallel
equals no.
{time, OsMonotonicTime}:
OsMonotonicTime equals current OS monotonic time in native time unit.
os_system_time_source:
Returns a list containing information about the source of OS system time that
is used by the runtime system.
The list contains two-tuples with Keys as first element, and Values as second
element. The order of these tuples is undefined. The following tuples can be
part of the list, but more tuples can be introduced in the future:
{function, Function}:
Function is the name of the funcion used.
{clock_id, ClockId}:
Exists only if Function can be used with different clocks. ClockId
corresponds to the clock identifier used when calling Function.
{resolution, OsSystemTimeResolution}:
Highest possible resolution of current OS system time source as parts per
second. If no resolution information can be retrieved from the OS,
OsSystemTimeResolution is set to the resolution of the time unit of Functions
return value. That is, the actual resolution can be lower than
OsSystemTimeResolution. Notice that the resolution does not say anything
about the accuracy or whether the precision do align with the resolution.
You do, however, know that the precision is not better than
OsSystemTimeResolution.
{parallel, Parallel}:
Parallel equals yes if Function is called in parallel from multiple threads.
If it is not called in parallel, because calls needs to be serialized,
Parallel equals no.
{time, OsSystemTime}:
OsSystemTime equals current OS system time in native time unit.
start_time:
The Erlang monotonic time in native time unit at the time when current Erlang
runtime system instance started.
See also erlang:system_info(end_time).
time_correction:
Returns a boolean value indicating whether time correction is enabled or not.
time_offset:
Returns the state of the time offset:
preliminary:
The time offset is preliminary, and will be changed and finalized later. The
preliminary time offset is used during the preliminary phase of the single
time warp mode.
final:
The time offset is final. This either because no time warp mode is used, or
because the time offset have been finalized when single time warp mode is
used.
volatile:
The time offset is volatile. That is, it can change at any time. This is
because multi-time warp mode is used.
time_warp_mode:
Returns a value identifying the time warp mode that is used:
no_time_warp:
The no time warp mode is used.
single_time_warp:
The single time warp mode is used.
multi_time_warp:
The multi-time warp mode is used.
tolerant_timeofday:
Returns whether a pre ERTS 7.0 backwards compatible compensation for sudden
changes of system time is enabled or disabled. Such compensation is enabled
when the time offset is final, and time correction is enabled.
erlang:system_info(Item :: dirty_cpu_schedulers) ->
integer() >= 0
erlang:system_info(Item :: dirty_cpu_schedulers_online) ->
integer() >= 0
erlang:system_info(Item :: dirty_io_schedulers) ->
integer() >= 0
erlang:system_info(Item :: multi_scheduling) ->
disabled | blocked | blocked_normal |
enabled
erlang:system_info(Item :: multi_scheduling_blockers) ->
[Pid :: pid()]
erlang:system_info(Item :: normal_multi_scheduling_blockers) ->
[Pid :: pid()]
erlang:system_info(Item :: procs) -> binary()
erlang:system_info(Item :: scheduler_bind_type) ->
spread | processor_spread | thread_spread |
thread_no_node_processor_spread |
no_node_processor_spread |
no_node_thread_spread | no_spread | unbound
erlang:system_info(Item :: scheduler_bindings) -> tuple()
erlang:system_info(Item :: scheduler_id) ->
SchedulerId :: integer() >= 1
erlang:system_info(Item :: schedulers | schedulers_online) ->
integer() >= 1
erlang:system_info(Item :: system_version) -> string()
erlang:system_info(Item :: threads) -> boolean()
Returns information about schedulers, scheduling and threads in the current system
as specified by Item:
dirty_cpu_schedulers:
Returns the number of dirty CPU scheduler threads used by the emulator. Dirty
CPU schedulers execute CPU-bound native functions, such as NIFs, linked-in
driver code, and BIFs that cannot be managed cleanly by the normal emulator
schedulers.
The number of dirty CPU scheduler threads is determined at emulator boot time
and cannot be changed after that. However, the number of dirty CPU scheduler
threads online can be changed at any time. The number of dirty CPU schedulers
can be set at startup by passing command-line flag +SDcpu or +SDPcpu in erl(1).
See also erlang:system_flag(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online,
DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline), erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online),
erlang:system_info(dirty_io_schedulers), erlang:system_info(schedulers),
erlang:system_info(schedulers_online), and
erlang:system_flag(schedulers_online, SchedulersOnline).
dirty_cpu_schedulers_online:
Returns the number of dirty CPU schedulers online. The return value satisfies 1
<= DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline <= N, where N is the smallest of the return values
of erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers) and
erlang:system_info(schedulers_online).
The number of dirty CPU schedulers online can be set at startup by passing
command-line flag +SDcpu in erl(1).
For more information, see erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers),
erlang:system_info(dirty_io_schedulers), erlang:system_info(schedulers_online),
and erlang:system_flag(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online, DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline).
dirty_io_schedulers:
Returns the number of dirty I/O schedulers as an integer. Dirty I/O schedulers
execute I/O-bound native functions, such as NIFs and linked-in driver code,
which cannot be managed cleanly by the normal emulator schedulers.
This value can be set at startup by passing command-line argument +SDio in
erl(1).
For more information, see erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers),
erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online), and
erlang:system_flag(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online, DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline).
multi_scheduling:
Returns one of the following:
disabled:
The emulator has been started with only one scheduler thread.
blocked:
The emulator has more than one scheduler thread, but all scheduler threads
except one are blocked. That is, only one scheduler thread schedules Erlang
processes and executes Erlang code.
blocked_normal:
The emulator has more than one scheduler thread, but all normal scheduler
threads except one are blocked. Notice that dirty schedulers are not blocked,
and can schedule Erlang processes and execute native code.
enabled:
The emulator has more than one scheduler thread, and no scheduler threads are
blocked. That is, all available scheduler threads schedule Erlang processes
and execute Erlang code.
See also erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, BlockState),
erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling_blockers),
erlang:system_info(normal_multi_scheduling_blockers), and
erlang:system_info(schedulers).
multi_scheduling_blockers:
Returns a list of Pids when multi-scheduling is blocked, otherwise the empty
list is returned. The Pids in the list represent all the processes currently
blocking multi-scheduling. A Pid occurs only once in the list, even if the
corresponding process has blocked multiple times.
See also erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, BlockState),
erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling),
erlang:system_info(normal_multi_scheduling_blockers), and
erlang:system_info(schedulers).
normal_multi_scheduling_blockers:
Returns a list of Pids when normal multi-scheduling is blocked (that is, all
normal schedulers but one is blocked), otherwise the empty list is returned.
The Pids in the list represent all the processes currently blocking normal
multi-scheduling. A Pid occurs only once in the list, even if the corresponding
process has blocked multiple times.
See also erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, BlockState),
erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling),
erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling_blockers), and
erlang:system_info(schedulers).
scheduler_bind_type:
Returns information about how the user has requested schedulers to be bound or
not bound.
Notice that although a user has requested schedulers to be bound, they can
silently have failed to bind. To inspect the scheduler bindings, call
erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings).
For more information, see command-line argument +sbt in erl(1) and
erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings).
scheduler_bindings:
Returns information about the currently used scheduler bindings.
A tuple of a size equal to erlang:system_info(schedulers) is returned. The
tuple elements are integers or the atom unbound. Logical processor identifiers
are represented as integers. The Nth element of the tuple equals the current
binding for the scheduler with the scheduler identifier equal to N. For
example, if the schedulers are bound, element(erlang:system_info(scheduler_id),
erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings)) returns the identifier of the logical
processor that the calling process is executing on.
Notice that only schedulers online can be bound to logical processors.
For more information, see command-line argument +sbt in erl(1) and
erlang:system_info(schedulers_online).
scheduler_id:
Returns the scheduler ID (SchedulerId) of the scheduler thread that the calling
process is executing on. SchedulerId is a positive integer, where 1 <=
SchedulerId <= erlang:system_info(schedulers).
See also erlang:system_info(schedulers).
schedulers:
Returns the number of scheduler threads used by the emulator. Scheduler threads
online schedules Erlang processes and Erlang ports, and execute Erlang code and
Erlang linked-in driver code.
The number of scheduler threads is determined at emulator boot time and cannot
be changed later. However, the number of schedulers online can be changed at
any time.
See also erlang:system_flag(schedulers_online, SchedulersOnline),
erlang:system_info(schedulers_online), erlang:system_info(scheduler_id),
erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, BlockState),
erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling),
erlang:system_info(normal_multi_scheduling_blockers) and
erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling_blockers).
schedulers_online:
Returns the number of schedulers online. The scheduler identifiers of
schedulers online satisfy the relationship 1 <= SchedulerId <=
erlang:system_info(schedulers_online).
For more information, see erlang:system_info(schedulers) and
erlang:system_flag(schedulers_online, SchedulersOnline).
smp_support:
Returns true.
threads:
Returns true.
thread_pool_size:
Returns the number of async threads in the async thread pool used for
asynchronous driver calls (erl_driver:driver_async()). The value is given as an
integer.
erlang:system_info(Item :: creation) -> integer()
erlang:system_info(Item :: delayed_node_table_gc) ->
infinity | integer() >= 0
erlang:system_info(Item :: dist) -> binary()
erlang:system_info(Item :: dist_buf_busy_limit) ->
integer() >= 0
erlang:system_info(Item :: dist_ctrl) ->
{Node :: node(),
ControllingEntity :: port() | pid()}
Returns information about Erlang Distribution in the current system as specified by
Item:
creation:
Returns the creation of the local node as an integer. The creation is changed
when a node is restarted. The creation of a node is stored in process
identifiers, port identifiers, and references. This makes it (to some extent)
possible to distinguish between identifiers from different incarnations of a
node. The valid creations are integers in the range 1..3, but this will
probably change in a future release. If the node is not alive, 0 is returned.
delayed_node_table_gc:
Returns the amount of time in seconds garbage collection of an entry in a node
table is delayed. This limit can be set on startup by passing command-line flag
+zdntgc to erl(1). For more information, see the documentation of the command-
line flag.
dist:
Returns a binary containing a string of distribution information formatted as
in Erlang crash dumps. For more information, see section How to interpret the
Erlang crash dumps in the User's Guide.
dist_buf_busy_limit:
Returns the value of the distribution buffer busy limit in bytes. This limit
can be set at startup by passing command-line flag +zdbbl to erl(1).
dist_ctrl:
Returns a list of tuples {Node, ControllingEntity}, one entry for each
connected remote node. Node is the node name and ControllingEntity is the port
or process identifier responsible for the communication to that node. More
specifically, ControllingEntity for nodes connected through TCP/IP (the normal
case) is the socket used in communication with the specific node.
erlang:system_info(Item :: c_compiler_used) -> {atom(), term()}
erlang:system_info(Item :: check_io) -> [term()]
erlang:system_info(Item :: compat_rel) -> integer()
erlang:system_info(Item :: debug_compiled) -> boolean()
erlang:system_info(Item :: driver_version) -> string()
erlang:system_info(Item :: dynamic_trace) ->
none | dtrace | systemtap
erlang:system_info(Item :: dynamic_trace_probes) -> boolean()
erlang:system_info(Item :: emu_flavor) -> emu | jit
erlang:system_info(Item :: emu_type) ->
opt | debug | gcov | valgrind | gprof |
lcnt | frmptr
erlang:system_info(Item :: info) -> binary()
erlang:system_info(Item :: kernel_poll) -> boolean()
erlang:system_info(Item :: loaded) -> binary()
erlang:system_info(Item :: machine) -> string()
erlang:system_info(Item :: modified_timing_level) ->
integer() | undefined
erlang:system_info(Item :: nif_version) -> string()
erlang:system_info(Item :: otp_release) -> string()
erlang:system_info(Item :: outstanding_system_requests_limit) ->
1..134217727
erlang:system_info(Item :: port_parallelism) -> boolean()
erlang:system_info(Item :: system_architecture) -> string()
erlang:system_info(Item :: system_logger) ->
logger | undefined | pid()
erlang:system_info(Item :: system_version) -> string()
erlang:system_info(Item :: trace_control_word) ->
integer() >= 0
erlang:system_info(Item :: version) -> string()
erlang:system_info(Item ::
wordsize |
{wordsize, internal} |
{wordsize, external}) ->
4 | 8
Returns various information about the current system (emulator) as specified by
Item:
build_type:
Deprecated, use emu_type instead
c_compiler_used:
Returns a two-tuple describing the C compiler used when compiling the runtime
system. The first element is an atom describing the name of the compiler, or
undefined if unknown. The second element is a term describing the version of
the compiler, or undefined if unknown.
check_io:
Returns a list containing miscellaneous information about the emulators
internal I/O checking. Notice that the content of the returned list can vary
between platforms and over time. It is only guaranteed that a list is returned.
compat_rel:
Returns the compatibility mode of the local node as an integer. The integer
returned represents the Erlang/OTP release that the current emulator has been
set to be backward compatible with. The compatibility mode can be configured at
startup by using command-line flag +R in erl(1).
debug_compiled:
Returns true if the emulator has been debug-compiled, otherwise false.
driver_version:
Returns a string containing the Erlang driver version used by the runtime
system. It has the form "<major ver>.<minor ver>".
dynamic_trace:
Returns an atom describing the dynamic trace framework compiled into the
virtual machine. It can be dtrace, systemtap, or none. For a commercial or
standard build, it is always none. The other return values indicate a custom
configuration (for example, ./configure --with-dynamic-trace=dtrace). For more
information about dynamic tracing, see dyntrace(3erl) manual page and the
README.dtrace/README.systemtap files in the Erlang source code top directory.
dynamic_trace_probes:
Returns a boolean() indicating if dynamic trace probes (dtrace or systemtap)
are built into the emulator. This can only be true if the virtual machine was
built for dynamic tracing (that is, system_info(dynamic_trace) returns dtrace
or systemtap).
emu_flavor:
Returns an atom describing the flavor of the runtime system. This will be
either emu or jit. Possible return values can be added or removed at any time
without prior notice.
emu_type:
Returns an atom describing the build type of the runtime system. This is
normally the atom opt for optimized. Other possible return values are debug,
gcov, valgrind, gprof, and lcnt. Possible return values can be added or removed
at any time without prior notice.
info:
Returns a binary containing a string of miscellaneous system information
formatted as in Erlang crash dumps. For more information, see section How to
interpret the Erlang crash dumps in the User's Guide.
kernel_poll:
Returns true if the emulator uses some kind of kernel-poll implementation,
otherwise false.
loaded:
Returns a binary containing a string of loaded module information formatted as
in Erlang crash dumps. For more information, see section How to interpret the
Erlang crash dumps in the User's Guide.
machine:
Returns a string containing the Erlang machine name.
modified_timing_level:
Returns the modified timing-level (an integer) if modified timing is enabled,
otherwise undefined. For more information about modified timing, see command-
line flag +T in erl(1)
nif_version:
Returns a string containing the version of the Erlang NIF interface used by the
runtime system. It is on the form "<major ver>.<minor ver>".
otp_release:
Returns a string containing the OTP release number of the OTP release that the
currently executing ERTS application is part of.
As from Erlang/OTP 17, the OTP release number corresponds to the major OTP
version number. No erlang:system_info() argument gives the exact OTP version.
This is because the exact OTP version in the general case is difficult to
determine. For more information, see the description of versions in System
principles in System Documentation.
outstanding_system_requests_limit:
Returns the limit on the amount of outstanding requests made by a system
process orchestrating system wide changes. See
erlang:system_flag(outstanding_system_requests_limit, Limit) for more
information.
port_parallelism:
Returns the default port parallelism scheduling hint used. For more
information, see command-line argument +spp in erl(1).
system_architecture:
Returns a string containing the processor and OS architecture the emulator is
built for.
system_logger:
Returns the current system_logger as set by erlang:system_flag(system_logger,
_).
system_version:
Returns a string containing version number and some important properties, such
as the number of schedulers.
trace_control_word:
Returns the value of the node trace control word. For more information, see
function get_tcw in section Match Specifications in Erlang in the User's
Guide.
version:
Returns a string containing the version number of the emulator.
wordsize:
Same as {wordsize, internal}.
{wordsize, internal}:
Returns the size of Erlang term words in bytes as an integer, that is, 4 is
returned on a 32-bit architecture, and 8 is returned on a 64-bit architecture.
{wordsize, external}:
Returns the true word size of the emulator, that is, the size of a pointer. The
value is given in bytes as an integer. On a pure 32-bit architecture, 4 is
returned. On a 64-bit architecture, 8 is returned.
erlang:system_monitor() -> MonSettings
Types:
MonSettings = undefined | {MonitorPid, Options}
MonitorPid = pid()
Options = [system_monitor_option()]
system_monitor_option() =
busy_port | busy_dist_port |
{long_gc, integer() >= 0} |
{long_schedule, integer() >= 0} |
{large_heap, integer() >= 0}
Returns the current system monitoring settings set by erlang:system_monitor/2 as
{MonitorPid, Options}, or undefined if no settings exist. The order of the options
can be different from the one that was set.
erlang:system_monitor(Arg) -> MonSettings
Types:
Arg = MonSettings = undefined | {MonitorPid, Options}
MonitorPid = pid()
Options = [system_monitor_option()]
system_monitor_option() =
busy_port | busy_dist_port |
{long_gc, integer() >= 0} |
{long_schedule, integer() >= 0} |
{large_heap, integer() >= 0}
When called with argument undefined, all system performance monitoring settings are
cleared.
Calling the function with {MonitorPid, Options} as argument is the same as calling
erlang:system_monitor(MonitorPid, Options).
Returns the previous system monitor settings just like erlang:system_monitor/0.
erlang:system_monitor(MonitorPid, Options) -> MonSettings
Types:
MonitorPid = pid()
Options = [system_monitor_option()]
MonSettings = undefined | {OldMonitorPid, OldOptions}
OldMonitorPid = pid()
OldOptions = [system_monitor_option()]
system_monitor_option() =
busy_port | busy_dist_port |
{long_gc, integer() >= 0} |
{long_schedule, integer() >= 0} |
{large_heap, integer() >= 0}
Sets the system performance monitoring options. MonitorPid is a local process
identifier (pid) receiving system monitor messages. The second argument is a list
of monitoring options:
{long_gc, Time}:
If a garbage collection in the system takes at least Time wall clock
milliseconds, a message {monitor, GcPid, long_gc, Info} is sent to MonitorPid.
GcPid is the pid that was garbage collected. Info is a list of two-element
tuples describing the result of the garbage collection.
One of the tuples is {timeout, GcTime}, where GcTime is the time for the
garbage collection in milliseconds. The other tuples are tagged with heap_size,
heap_block_size, stack_size, mbuf_size, old_heap_size, and old_heap_block_size.
These tuples are explained in the description of trace message gc_minor_start
(see erlang:trace/3). New tuples can be added, and the order of the tuples in
the Info list can be changed at any time without prior notice.
{long_schedule, Time}:
If a process or port in the system runs uninterrupted for at least Time wall
clock milliseconds, a message {monitor, PidOrPort, long_schedule, Info} is sent
to MonitorPid. PidOrPort is the process or port that was running. Info is a
list of two-element tuples describing the event.
If a pid(), the tuples {timeout, Millis}, {in, Location}, and {out, Location}
are present, where Location is either an MFA ({Module, Function, Arity})
describing the function where the process was scheduled in/out, or the atom
undefined.
If a port(), the tuples {timeout, Millis} and {port_op,Op} are present. Op is
one of proc_sig, timeout, input, output, event, or dist_cmd, depending on which
driver callback was executing.
proc_sig is an internal operation and is never to appear, while the others
represent the corresponding driver callbacks timeout, ready_input,
ready_output, event, and outputv (when the port is used by distribution). Value
Millis in tuple timeout informs about the uninterrupted execution time of the
process or port, which always is equal to or higher than the Time value
supplied when starting the trace. New tuples can be added to the Info list in a
future release. The order of the tuples in the list can be changed at any time
without prior notice.
This can be used to detect problems with NIFs or drivers that take too long to
execute. 1 ms is considered a good maximum time for a driver callback or a NIF.
However, a time-sharing system is usually to consider everything < 100 ms as
"possible" and fairly "normal". However, longer schedule times can indicate
swapping or a misbehaving NIF/driver. Misbehaving NIFs and drivers can cause
bad resource utilization and bad overall system performance.
{large_heap, Size}:
If a garbage collection in the system results in the allocated size of a heap
being at least Size words, a message {monitor, GcPid, large_heap, Info} is sent
to MonitorPid. GcPid and Info are the same as for long_gc earlier, except that
the tuple tagged with timeout is not present.
The monitor message is sent if the sum of the sizes of all memory blocks
allocated for all heap generations after a garbage collection is equal to or
higher than Size.
When a process is killed by max_heap_size, it is killed before the garbage
collection is complete and thus no large heap message is sent.
busy_port:
If a process in the system gets suspended because it sends to a busy port, a
message {monitor, SusPid, busy_port, Port} is sent to MonitorPid. SusPid is the
pid that got suspended when sending to Port.
busy_dist_port:
If a process in the system gets suspended because it sends to a process on a
remote node whose inter-node communication was handled by a busy port, a
message {monitor, SusPid, busy_dist_port, Port} is sent to MonitorPid. SusPid
is the pid that got suspended when sending through the inter-node communication
port Port.
Returns the previous system monitor settings just like erlang:system_monitor/0.
The arguments to system_monitor/2 specifies how all system monitoring on the node
should be done, not how it should be changed. This means only one process at a time
(MonitorPid) can be the receiver of system monitor messages. Also, the way to clear
a specific monitor option is to not include it in the list Options. All system
monitoring will, however, be cleared if the process identified by MonitorPid
terminates.
There are no special option values (like zero) to clear an option. Some of the
options have a unspecified minimum value. Lower values will be adjusted to the
minimum value. For example, it is currently not possible to monitor all garbage
collections with {long_gc, 0}.
Note:
If a monitoring process gets so large that it itself starts to cause system monitor
messages when garbage collecting, the messages enlarge the process message queue
and probably make the problem worse.
Keep the monitoring process neat and do not set the system monitor limits too
tight.
Failures:
badarg:
If MonitorPid does not exist.
badarg:
If MonitorPid is not a local process.
erlang:system_profile() -> ProfilerSettings
Types:
ProfilerSettings = undefined | {ProfilerPid, Options}
ProfilerPid = pid() | port()
Options = [system_profile_option()]
system_profile_option() =
exclusive | runnable_ports | runnable_procs | scheduler |
timestamp | monotonic_timestamp | strict_monotonic_timestamp
Returns the current system profiling settings set by erlang:system_profile/2 as
{ProfilerPid, Options}, or undefined if there are no settings. The order of the
options can be different from the one that was set.
erlang:system_profile(ProfilerPid, Options) -> ProfilerSettings
Types:
ProfilerPid = pid() | port() | undefined
Options = [system_profile_option()]
ProfilerSettings =
undefined | {pid() | port(), [system_profile_option()]}
system_profile_option() =
exclusive | runnable_ports | runnable_procs | scheduler |
timestamp | monotonic_timestamp | strict_monotonic_timestamp
Sets system profiler options. ProfilerPid is a local process identifier (pid) or
port receiving profiling messages. The receiver is excluded from all profiling. The
second argument is a list of profiling options:
exclusive:
If a synchronous call to a port from a process is done, the calling process is
considered not runnable during the call runtime to the port. The calling
process is notified as inactive, and later active when the port callback
returns.
monotonic_timestamp:
Time stamps in profile messages use Erlang monotonic time. The time stamp (Ts)
has the same format and value as produced by erlang:monotonic_time(nanosecond).
runnable_procs:
If a process is put into or removed from the run queue, a message, {profile,
Pid, State, Mfa, Ts}, is sent to ProfilerPid. Running processes that are
reinserted into the run queue after having been pre-empted do not trigger this
message.
runnable_ports:
If a port is put into or removed from the run queue, a message, {profile, Port,
State, 0, Ts}, is sent to ProfilerPid.
scheduler:
If a scheduler is put to sleep or awoken, a message, {profile, scheduler, Id,
State, NoScheds, Ts}, is sent to ProfilerPid.
strict_monotonic_timestamp:
Time stamps in profile messages consist of Erlang monotonic time and a
monotonically increasing integer. The time stamp (Ts) has the same format and
value as produced by {erlang:monotonic_time(nanosecond),
erlang:unique_integer([monotonic])}.
timestamp:
Time stamps in profile messages include a time stamp (Ts) that has the same
form as returned by erlang:now(). This is also the default if no time stamp
flag is specified. If cpu_timestamp has been enabled through erlang:trace/3,
this also effects the time stamp produced in profiling messages when flag
timestamp is enabled.
Note:
erlang:system_profile behavior can change in a future release.
erlang:system_time() -> integer()
Returns current Erlang system time in native time unit.
Calling erlang:system_time() is equivalent to erlang:monotonic_time() +
erlang:time_offset().
Note:
This time is not a monotonically increasing time in the general case. For more
information, see the documentation of time warp modes in the User's Guide.
erlang:system_time(Unit) -> integer()
Types:
Unit = time_unit()
Returns current Erlang system time converted into the Unit passed as argument.
Calling erlang:system_time(Unit) is equivalent to
erlang:convert_time_unit(erlang:system_time(), native, Unit).
Note:
This time is not a monotonically increasing time in the general case. For more
information, see the documentation of time warp modes in the User's Guide.
term_to_binary(Term) -> ext_binary()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns a binary data object that is the result of encoding Term according to the
Erlang external term format.
This can be used for various purposes, for example, writing a term to a file in an
efficient way, or sending an Erlang term to some type of communications channel not
supported by distributed Erlang.
> Bin = term_to_binary(hello).
<<131,100,0,5,104,101,108,108,111>>
> hello = binary_to_term(Bin).
hello
See also binary_to_term/1.
Note:
There is no guarantee that this function will return the same encoded
representation for the same term.
term_to_binary(Term, Options) -> ext_binary()
Types:
Term = term()
Options =
[compressed |
{compressed, Level :: 0..9} |
deterministic |
{minor_version, Version :: 0..2}]
Returns a binary data object that is the result of encoding Term according to the
Erlang external term format.
If option compressed is provided, the external term format is compressed. The
compressed format is automatically recognized by binary_to_term/1 as from
Erlang/OTP R7B.
A compression level can be specified by giving option {compressed, Level}. Level is
an integer with range 0..9, where:
* 0 - No compression is done (it is the same as giving no compressed option).
* 1 - Takes least time but may not compress as well as the higher levels.
* 6 - Default level when option compressed is provided.
* 9 - Takes most time and tries to produce a smaller result. Notice "tries" in
the preceding sentence; depending on the input term, level 9 compression either
does or does not produce a smaller result than level 1 compression.
Option {minor_version, Version} can be used to control some encoding details. This
option was introduced in Erlang/OTP R11B-4. The valid values for Version are:
0:
Floats are encoded using a textual representation. This option is useful to
ensure that releases before Erlang/OTP R11B-4 can decode resulting binary.
This version encode atoms that can be represented by a latin1 string using
latin1 encoding while only atoms that cannot be represented by latin1 are
encoded using utf8.
1:
This is as of Erlang/OTP 17.0 the default. It forces any floats in the term to
be encoded in a more space-efficient and exact way (namely in the 64-bit IEEE
format, rather than converted to a textual representation). As from Erlang/OTP
R11B-4, binary_to_term/1 can decode this representation.
This version encode atoms that can be represented by a latin1 string using
latin1 encoding while only atoms that cannot be represented by latin1 are
encoded using utf8.
2:
Drops usage of the latin1 atom encoding and unconditionally use utf8 encoding
for all atoms. Erlang/OTP systems as of R16B can decode this representation.
Note:
In Erlang/OTP 26, the default minor_version is planned to change from 1 to 2. See
Upcoming Potential Incompatibilities .
Option deterministic (introduced in OTP 24.1) can be used to ensure that within the
same major release of Erlang/OTP, the same encoded representation is returned for
the same term. There is still no guarantee that the encoded representation remains
the same between major releases of Erlang/OTP.
See also binary_to_term/1.
term_to_iovec(Term) -> ext_iovec()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns the encoding of Term according to the Erlang external term format as
ext_iovec().
This function produce the same encoding as term_to_binary/1, but with another
return type. The call iolist_to_binary(term_to_iovec(Term)) will produce exactly
the same result as the call term_to_binary(Term).
term_to_iovec() is a pure optimization of the functionality term_to_binary()
provide. term_to_iovec() can for example refer directly to off heap binaries
instead of copying the binary data into the result.
See also term_to_binary/1.
term_to_iovec(Term, Options) -> ext_iovec()
Types:
Term = term()
Options =
[compressed |
{compressed, Level :: 0..9} |
deterministic |
{minor_version, Version :: 0..2}]
Returns the encoding of Term according to the Erlang external term format as
ext_iovec().
This function produce the same encoding as term_to_binary/2, but with another
return type. The call iolist_to_binary(term_to_iovec(Term, Opts)) will produce
exactly the same result as term_to_binary(Term, Opts).
Currently recognised options are all options recognised by term_to_binary/2.
term_to_iovec() is a pure optimization of the functionality term_to_binary()
provide. term_to_iovec() can for example refer directly to off heap binaries
instead of copying the binary data into the result.
See also term_to_binary/2.
throw(Any) -> no_return()
Types:
Any = term()
Raises an exception of class throw. Intended to be used to do non-local returns
from functions.
If evaluated within a catch expression, the catch expression returns value Any.
Example:
> catch throw({hello, there}).
{hello,there}
If evaluated within a try-block of a try expression, the value Any can be caught
within the catch block. Example:
try
throw({my_exception, "Something happened"})
catch
throw:{my_exception, Desc} ->
io:format(standard_error, "Error: ~s~n", [Desc])
end
Failure: nocatch if not caught by an exception handler.
See the guide about errors and error handling for additional information.
time() -> Time
Types:
Time = calendar:time()
Returns the current time as {Hour, Minute, Second}.
The time zone and Daylight Saving Time correction depend on the underlying OS. The
return value is based on the OS System Time. Example:
> time().
{9,42,44}
erlang:time_offset() -> integer()
Returns the current time offset between Erlang monotonic time and Erlang system
time in native time unit. Current time offset added to an Erlang monotonic time
gives corresponding Erlang system time.
The time offset may or may not change during operation depending on the time warp
mode used.
Note:
A change in time offset can be observed at slightly different points in time by
different processes.
If the runtime system is in multi-time warp mode, the time offset is changed when
the runtime system detects that the OS system time has changed. The runtime system
will, however, not detect this immediately when it occurs. A task checking the time
offset is scheduled to execute at least once a minute; so, under normal operation
this is to be detected within a minute, but during heavy load it can take longer
time.
erlang:time_offset(Unit) -> integer()
Types:
Unit = time_unit()
Returns the current time offset between Erlang monotonic time and Erlang system
time converted into the Unit passed as argument.
Same as calling erlang:convert_time_unit(erlang:time_offset(), native, Unit)
however optimized for commonly used Units.
erlang:timestamp() -> Timestamp
Types:
Timestamp = timestamp()
timestamp() =
{MegaSecs :: integer() >= 0,
Secs :: integer() >= 0,
MicroSecs :: integer() >= 0}
Returns current Erlang system time on the format {MegaSecs, Secs, MicroSecs}. This
format is the same as os:timestamp/0 and the deprecated erlang:now/0 use. The
reason for the existence of erlang:timestamp() is purely to simplify use for
existing code that assumes this time stamp format. Current Erlang system time can
more efficiently be retrieved in the time unit of your choice using
erlang:system_time/1.
The erlang:timestamp() BIF is equivalent to:
timestamp() ->
ErlangSystemTime = erlang:system_time(microsecond),
MegaSecs = ErlangSystemTime div 1000_000_000_000,
Secs = ErlangSystemTime div 1000_000 - MegaSecs*1000_000,
MicroSecs = ErlangSystemTime rem 1000_000,
{MegaSecs, Secs, MicroSecs}.
It, however, uses a native implementation that does not build garbage on the heap
and with slightly better performance.
Note:
This time is not a monotonically increasing time in the general case. For more
information, see the documentation of time warp modes in the User's Guide.
tl(List) -> term()
Types:
List = nonempty_maybe_improper_list()
Returns the tail of List, that is, the list minus the first element, for example:
> tl([geesties, guilies, beasties]).
[guilies, beasties]
> tl([geesties]).
[]
> tl([geesties, guilies, beasties | improper_end]).
[guilies, beasties | improper_end]
> tl([geesties | improper_end]).
improper_end
Allowed in guard tests.
Failure: badarg if List is the empty list [].
erlang:trace(PidPortSpec, How, FlagList) -> integer()
Types:
PidPortSpec =
pid() |
port() |
all | processes | ports | existing | existing_processes |
existing_ports | new | new_processes | new_ports
How = boolean()
FlagList = [trace_flag()]
trace_flag() =
all | send | 'receive' | procs | ports | call | arity |
return_to | silent | running | exiting | running_procs |
running_ports | garbage_collection | timestamp |
cpu_timestamp | monotonic_timestamp |
strict_monotonic_timestamp | set_on_spawn |
set_on_first_spawn | set_on_link | set_on_first_link |
{tracer, pid() | port()} |
{tracer, module(), term()}
Turns on (if How == true) or off (if How == false) the trace flags in FlagList for
the process or processes represented by PidPortSpec.
PidPortSpec is either a process identifier (pid) for a local process, a port
identifier, or one of the following atoms:
all:
All currently existing processes and ports and all that will be created in the
future.
processes:
All currently existing processes and all that will be created in the future.
ports:
All currently existing ports and all that will be created in the future.
existing:
All currently existing processes and ports.
existing_processes:
All currently existing processes.
existing_ports:
All currently existing ports.
new:
All processes and ports that will be created in the future.
new_processes:
All processes that will be created in the future.
new_ports:
All ports that will be created in the future.
FlagList can contain any number of the following flags (the "message tags" refers
to the list of trace messages):
all:
Sets all trace flags except tracer and cpu_timestamp, which are in their nature
different than the others.
send:
Traces sending of messages.
Message tags: send and send_to_non_existing_process.
'receive':
Traces receiving of messages.
Message tags: 'receive'.
call:
Traces certain function calls. Specify which function calls to trace by calling
erlang:trace_pattern/3.
Message tags: call and return_from.
silent:
Used with the call trace flag. The call, return_from, and return_to trace
messages are inhibited if this flag is set, but they are executed as normal if
there are match specifications.
Silent mode is inhibited by executing erlang:trace(_, false, [silent|_]), or by
a match specification executing the function {silent, false}.
The silent trace flag facilitates setting up a trace on many or even all
processes in the system. The trace can then be activated and deactivated using
the match specification function {silent,Bool}, giving a high degree of control
of which functions with which arguments that trigger the trace.
Message tags: call, return_from, and return_to. Or rather, the absence of.
return_to:
Used with the call trace flag. Traces the return from a traced function back to
its caller. Only works for functions traced with option local to
erlang:trace_pattern/3.
The semantics is that a trace message is sent when a call traced function
returns, that is, when a chain of tail recursive calls ends. Only one trace
message is sent per chain of tail recursive calls, so the properties of tail
recursiveness for function calls are kept while tracing with this flag. Using
call and return_to trace together makes it possible to know exactly in which
function a process executes at any time.
To get trace messages containing return values from functions, use the
{return_trace} match specification action instead.
Message tags: return_to.
procs:
Traces process-related events.
Message tags: spawn, spawned, exit, register, unregister, link, unlink,
getting_linked, and getting_unlinked.
ports:
Traces port-related events.
Message tags: open, closed, register, unregister, getting_linked, and
getting_unlinked.
running:
Traces scheduling of processes.
Message tags: in and out.
exiting:
Traces scheduling of exiting processes.
Message tags: in_exiting, out_exiting, and out_exited.
running_procs:
Traces scheduling of processes just like running. However, this option also
includes schedule events when the process executes within the context of a port
without being scheduled out itself.
Message tags: in and out.
running_ports:
Traces scheduling of ports.
Message tags: in and out.
garbage_collection:
Traces garbage collections of processes.
Message tags: gc_minor_start, gc_max_heap_size, and gc_minor_end.
timestamp:
Includes a time stamp in all trace messages. The time stamp (Ts) has the same
form as returned by erlang:now().
cpu_timestamp:
A global trace flag for the Erlang node that makes all trace time stamps using
flag timestamp to be in CPU time, not wall clock time. That is, cpu_timestamp
is not be used if monotonic_timestamp or strict_monotonic_timestamp is enabled.
Only allowed with PidPortSpec==all. If the host machine OS does not support
high-resolution CPU time measurements, trace/3 exits with badarg. Notice that
most OS do not synchronize this value across cores, so be prepared that time
can seem to go backwards when using this option.
monotonic_timestamp:
Includes an Erlang monotonic time time stamp in all trace messages. The time
stamp (Ts) has the same format and value as produced by
erlang:monotonic_time(nanosecond). This flag overrides flag cpu_timestamp.
strict_monotonic_timestamp:
Includes an time stamp consisting of Erlang monotonic time and a monotonically
increasing integer in all trace messages. The time stamp (Ts) has the same
format and value as produced by { erlang:monotonic_time(nanosecond),
erlang:unique_integer([monotonic])}. This flag overrides flag cpu_timestamp.
arity:
Used with the call trace flag. {M, F, Arity} is specified instead of {M, F,
Args} in call trace messages.
set_on_spawn:
Makes any process created by a traced process inherit its trace flags,
including flag set_on_spawn.
set_on_first_spawn:
Makes the first process created by a traced process inherit its trace flags,
excluding flag set_on_first_spawn.
set_on_link:
Makes any process linked by a traced process inherit its trace flags, including
flag set_on_link.
set_on_first_link:
Makes the first process linked to by a traced process inherit its trace flags,
excluding flag set_on_first_link.
{tracer, Tracer}:
Specifies where to send the trace messages. Tracer must be the process
identifier of a local process or the port identifier of a local port.
{tracer, TracerModule, TracerState}:
Specifies that a tracer module is to be called instead of sending a trace
message. The tracer module can then ignore or change the trace message. For
more details on how to write a tracer module, see erl_tracer(3erl).
If no tracer is specified, the calling process receives all the trace messages.
The effect of combining set_on_first_link with set_on_link is the same as
set_on_first_link alone. Likewise for set_on_spawn and set_on_first_spawn.
The tracing process receives the trace messages described in the following list.
Pid is the process identifier of the traced process in which the traced event has
occurred. The third tuple element is the message tag.
If flag timestamp, strict_monotonic_timestamp, or monotonic_timestamp is specified,
the first tuple element is trace_ts instead, and the time stamp is added as an
extra element last in the message tuple. If multiple time stamp flags are passed,
timestamp has precedence over strict_monotonic_timestamp, which in turn has
precedence over monotonic_timestamp. All time stamp flags are remembered, so if two
are passed and the one with highest precedence later is disabled, the other one
becomes active.
If a match specification (applicable only for call, send and 'receive' tracing)
contains a {message} action function with a non-boolean value, that value is added
as an extra element to the message tuple either in the last position or before the
timestamp (if it is present).
Trace messages:
{trace, PidPort, send, Msg, To}:
When PidPort sends message Msg to process To.
{trace, PidPort, send_to_non_existing_process, Msg, To}:
When PidPort sends message Msg to the non-existing process To.
{trace, PidPort, 'receive', Msg}:
When PidPort receives message Msg. If Msg is set to time-out, a receive
statement can have timed out, or the process received a message with the
payload timeout.
{trace, Pid, call, {M, F, Args}}:
When Pid calls a traced function. The return values of calls are never
supplied, only the call and its arguments.
Trace flag arity can be used to change the contents of this message, so that
Arity is specified instead of Args.
{trace, Pid, return_to, {M, F, Arity}}:
When Pid returns to the specified function. This trace message is sent if both
the flags call and return_to are set, and the function is set to be traced on
local function calls. The message is only sent when returning from a chain of
tail recursive function calls, where at least one call generated a call trace
message (that is, the functions match specification matched, and {message,
false} was not an action).
{trace, Pid, return_from, {M, F, Arity}, ReturnValue}:
When Pid returns from the specified function. This trace message is sent if
flag call is set, and the function has a match specification with a
return_trace or exception_trace action.
{trace, Pid, exception_from, {M, F, Arity}, {Class, Value}}:
When Pid exits from the specified function because of an exception. This trace
message is sent if flag call is set, and the function has a match specification
with an exception_trace action.
{trace, Pid, spawn, Pid2, {M, F, Args}}:
When Pid spawns a new process Pid2 with the specified function call as entry
point.
Args is supposed to be the argument list, but can be any term if the spawn is
erroneous.
{trace, Pid, spawned, Pid2, {M, F, Args}}:
When Pid is spawned by process Pid2 with the specified function call as entry
point.
Args is supposed to be the argument list, but can be any term if the spawn is
erroneous.
{trace, Pid, exit, Reason}:
When Pid exits with reason Reason.
{trace, PidPort, register, RegName}:
When PidPort gets the name RegName registered.
{trace, PidPort, unregister, RegName}:
When PidPort gets the name RegName unregistered. This is done automatically
when a registered process or port exits.
{trace, Pid, link, Pid2}:
When Pid links to a process Pid2.
{trace, Pid, unlink, Pid2}:
When Pid removes the link from a process Pid2.
{trace, PidPort, getting_linked, Pid2}:
When PidPort gets linked to a process Pid2.
{trace, PidPort, getting_unlinked, Pid2}:
When PidPort gets unlinked from a process Pid2.
{trace, Port, open, Pid, Driver}:
When Pid opens a new port Port with the running Driver.
Driver is the name of the driver as an atom.
{trace, Port, closed, Reason}:
When Port closes with Reason.
{trace, Pid, in | in_exiting, {M, F, Arity} | 0}:
When Pid is scheduled to run. The process runs in function {M, F, Arity}. On
some rare occasions, the current function cannot be determined, then the last
element is 0.
{trace, Pid, out | out_exiting | out_exited, {M, F, Arity} | 0}:
When Pid is scheduled out. The process was running in function {M, F, Arity}.
On some rare occasions, the current function cannot be determined, then the
last element is 0.
{trace, Port, in, Command | 0}:
When Port is scheduled to run. Command is the first thing the port will
execute, it can however run several commands before being scheduled out. On
some rare occasions, the current function cannot be determined, then the last
element is 0.
The possible commands are call, close, command, connect, control, flush, info,
link, open, and unlink.
{trace, Port, out, Command | 0}:
When Port is scheduled out. The last command run was Command. On some rare
occasions, the current function cannot be determined, then the last element is
0. Command can contain the same commands as in
{trace, Pid, gc_minor_start, Info}:
Sent when a young garbage collection is about to be started. Info is a list of
two-element tuples, where the first element is a key, and the second is the
value. Do not depend on any order of the tuples. The following keys are
defined:
heap_size:
The size of the used part of the heap.
heap_block_size:
The size of the memory block used for storing the heap and the stack.
old_heap_size:
The size of the used part of the old heap.
old_heap_block_size:
The size of the memory block used for storing the old heap.
stack_size:
The size of the stack.
recent_size:
The size of the data that survived the previous garbage collection.
mbuf_size:
The combined size of message buffers associated with the process.
bin_vheap_size:
The total size of unique off-heap binaries referenced from the process heap.
bin_vheap_block_size:
The total size of binaries allowed in the virtual heap in the process before
doing a garbage collection.
bin_old_vheap_size:
The total size of unique off-heap binaries referenced from the process old
heap.
bin_old_vheap_block_size:
The total size of binaries allowed in the virtual old heap in the process
before doing a garbage collection.
wordsize:
For the gc_minor_start event it is the size of the need that triggered the
GC. For the corresponding gc_minor_end event it is the size of reclaimed
memory = start heap_size - end heap_size.
All sizes are in words.
{trace, Pid, gc_max_heap_size, Info}:
Sent when the max_heap_size is reached during garbage collection. Info contains
the same kind of list as in message gc_start, but the sizes reflect the sizes
that triggered max_heap_size to be reached.
{trace, Pid, gc_minor_end, Info}:
Sent when young garbage collection is finished. Info contains the same kind of
list as in message gc_minor_start, but the sizes reflect the new sizes after
garbage collection.
{trace, Pid, gc_major_start, Info}:
Sent when fullsweep garbage collection is about to be started. Info contains
the same kind of list as in message gc_minor_start.
{trace, Pid, gc_major_end, Info}:
Sent when fullsweep garbage collection is finished. Info contains the same kind
of list as in message gc_minor_start, but the sizes reflect the new sizes after
a fullsweep garbage collection.
If the tracing process/port dies or the tracer module returns remove, the flags are
silently removed.
Each process can only be traced by one tracer. Therefore, attempts to trace an
already traced process fail.
Returns a number indicating the number of processes that matched PidPortSpec. If
PidPortSpec is a process identifier, the return value is 1. If PidPortSpec is all
or existing, the return value is the number of processes running. If PidPortSpec is
new, the return value is 0.
Failure: badarg if the specified arguments are not supported. For example,
cpu_timestamp is not supported on all platforms.
erlang:trace_delivered(Tracee) -> Ref
Types:
Tracee = pid() | all
Ref = reference()
The delivery of trace messages (generated by erlang:trace/3, seq_trace(3erl), or
erlang:system_profile/2) is dislocated on the time-line compared to other events in
the system. If you know that Tracee has passed some specific point in its
execution, and you want to know when at least all trace messages corresponding to
events up to this point have reached the tracer, use
erlang:trace_delivered(Tracee).
When it is guaranteed that all trace messages are delivered to the tracer up to the
point that Tracee reached at the time of the call to
erlang:trace_delivered(Tracee), then a {trace_delivered, Tracee, Ref} message is
sent to the caller of erlang:trace_delivered(Tracee) .
Notice that message trace_delivered does not imply that trace messages have been
delivered. Instead it implies that all trace messages that are to be delivered have
been delivered. It is not an error if Tracee is not, and has not been traced by
someone, but if this is the case, no trace messages have been delivered when the
trace_delivered message arrives.
Notice that Tracee must refer to a process currently or previously existing on the
same node as the caller of erlang:trace_delivered(Tracee) resides on. The special
Tracee atom all denotes all processes that currently are traced in the node.
When used together with a Tracer Module, any message sent in the trace callback is
guaranteed to have reached its recipient before the trace_delivered message is
sent.
Example: Process A is Tracee, port B is tracer, and process C is the port owner of
B. C wants to close B when A exits. To ensure that the trace is not truncated, C
can call erlang:trace_delivered(A) when A exits, and wait for message
{trace_delivered, A, Ref} before closing B.
Failure: badarg if Tracee does not refer to a process (dead or alive) on the same
node as the caller of erlang:trace_delivered(Tracee) resides on.
erlang:trace_info(PidPortFuncEvent, Item) -> Res
Types:
PidPortFuncEvent =
pid() |
port() |
new | new_processes | new_ports |
{Module, Function, Arity} |
on_load | send | 'receive'
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Arity = arity()
Item =
flags | tracer | traced | match_spec | meta |
meta_match_spec | call_count | call_time | all
Res = trace_info_return()
trace_info_return() =
undefined |
{flags, [trace_info_flag()]} |
{tracer, pid() | port() | []} |
{tracer, module(), term()} |
trace_info_item_result() |
{all, [trace_info_item_result()] | false | undefined}
trace_info_item_result() =
{traced, global | local | false | undefined} |
{match_spec, trace_match_spec() | false | undefined} |
{meta, pid() | port() | false | undefined | []} |
{meta, module(), term()} |
{meta_match_spec, trace_match_spec() | false | undefined} |
{call_count, integer() >= 0 | boolean() | undefined} |
{call_time,
[{pid(),
integer() >= 0,
integer() >= 0,
integer() >= 0}] |
boolean() |
undefined}
trace_info_flag() =
send | 'receive' | set_on_spawn | call | return_to | procs |
set_on_first_spawn | set_on_link | running |
garbage_collection | timestamp | monotonic_timestamp |
strict_monotonic_timestamp | arity
trace_match_spec() =
[{[term()] | '_' | match_variable(), [term()], [term()]}]
match_variable() = atom()
Approximation of '$1' | '$2' | '$3' | ...
Returns trace information about a port, process, function, or event.
To get information about a port or process, PidPortFuncEvent is to be a process
identifier (pid), port identifier, or one of the atoms new, new_processes, or
new_ports. The atom new or new_processes means that the default trace state for
processes to be created is returned. The atom new_ports means that the default
trace state for ports to be created is returned.
Valid Items for ports and processes:
flags:
Returns a list of atoms indicating what kind of traces is enabled for the
process. The list is empty if no traces are enabled, and one or more of the
followings atoms if traces are enabled: send, 'receive', set_on_spawn, call,
return_to, procs, ports, set_on_first_spawn, set_on_link, running,
running_procs, running_ports, silent, exiting, monotonic_timestamp,
strict_monotonic_timestamp, garbage_collection, timestamp, and arity. The order
is arbitrary.
tracer:
Returns the identifier for process, port, or a tuple containing the tracer
module and tracer state tracing this process. If this process is not traced,
the return value is [].
To get information about a function, PidPortFuncEvent is to be the three-element
tuple {Module, Function, Arity} or the atom on_load. No wildcards are allowed.
Returns undefined if the function does not exist, or false if the function is not
traced. If PidPortFuncEvent is on_load, the information returned refers to the
default value for code that will be loaded.
Valid Items for functions:
traced:
Returns global if this function is traced on global function calls, local if
this function is traced on local function calls (that is, local and global
function calls), and false if local or global function calls are not traced.
match_spec:
Returns the match specification for this function, if it has one. If the
function is locally or globally traced but has no match specification defined,
the returned value is [].
meta:
Returns the meta-trace tracer process, port, or trace module for this function,
if it has one. If the function is not meta-traced, the returned value is false.
If the function is meta-traced but has once detected that the tracer process is
invalid, the returned value is [].
meta_match_spec:
Returns the meta-trace match specification for this function, if it has one. If
the function is meta-traced but has no match specification defined, the
returned value is [].
call_count:
Returns the call count value for this function or true for the pseudo function
on_load if call count tracing is active. Otherwise false is returned.
See also erlang:trace_pattern/3.
call_time:
Returns the call time values for this function or true for the pseudo function
on_load if call time tracing is active. Otherwise false is returned. The call
time values returned, [{Pid, Count, S, Us}], is a list of each process that
executed the function and its specific counters.
See also erlang:trace_pattern/3.
all:
Returns a list containing the {Item, Value} tuples for all other items, or
returns false if no tracing is active for this function.
To get information about an event, PidPortFuncEvent is to be one of the atoms send
or 'receive'.
One valid Item for events exists:
match_spec:
Returns the match specification for this event, if it has one, or true if no
match specification has been set.
The return value is {Item, Value}, where Value is the requested information as
described earlier. If a pid for a dead process was specified, or the name of a non-
existing function, Value is undefined.
erlang:trace_pattern(MFA, MatchSpec) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
MFA = trace_pattern_mfa() | send | 'receive'
MatchSpec =
(MatchSpecList :: trace_match_spec()) |
boolean() |
restart | pause
trace_pattern_mfa() = {atom(), atom(), arity() | '_'} | on_load
trace_match_spec() =
[{[term()] | '_' | match_variable(), [term()], [term()]}]
match_variable() = atom()
Approximation of '$1' | '$2' | '$3' | ...
The same as erlang:trace_pattern(Event, MatchSpec, []), retained for backward
compatibility.
erlang:trace_pattern(MFA :: send, MatchSpec, FlagList :: []) ->
integer() >= 0
Types:
MatchSpec = (MatchSpecList :: trace_match_spec()) | boolean()
trace_match_spec() =
[{[term()] | '_' | match_variable(), [term()], [term()]}]
match_variable() = atom()
Approximation of '$1' | '$2' | '$3' | ...
Sets trace pattern for message sending. Must be combined with erlang:trace/3 to set
the send trace flag for one or more processes. By default all messages sent from
send traced processes are traced. To limit traced send events based on the message
content, the sender and/or the receiver, use erlang:trace_pattern/3.
Argument MatchSpec can take the following forms:
MatchSpecList:
A list of match specifications. The matching is done on the list [Receiver,
Msg]. Receiver is the process or port identity of the receiver and Msg is the
message term. The pid of the sending process can be accessed with the guard
function self/0. An empty list is the same as true. For more information, see
section Match Specifications in Erlang in the User's Guide.
true:
Enables tracing for all sent messages (from send traced processes). Any match
specification is removed. This is the default.
false:
Disables tracing for all sent messages. Any match specification is removed.
Argument FlagList must be [] for send tracing.
The return value is always 1.
Examples:
Only trace messages to a specific process Pid:
> erlang:trace_pattern(send, [{[Pid, '_'],[],[]}], []).
1
Only trace messages matching {reply, _}:
> erlang:trace_pattern(send, [{['_', {reply,'_'}],[],[]}], []).
1
Only trace messages sent to the sender itself:
> erlang:trace_pattern(send, [{['$1', '_'],[{'=:=','$1',{self}}],[]}], []).
1
Only trace messages sent to other nodes:
> erlang:trace_pattern(send, [{['$1', '_'],[{'=/=',{node,'$1'},{node}}],[]}], []).
1
Note:
A match specification for send trace can use all guard and body functions except
caller.
Fails by raising an error exception with an error reason of:
badarg:
If an argument is invalid.
system_limit:
If a match specification passed as argument has excessive nesting which causes
scheduler stack exhaustion for the scheduler that the calling process is
executing on. Scheduler stack size can be configured when starting the runtime
system.
erlang:trace_pattern(MFA :: 'receive', MatchSpec, FlagList :: []) ->
integer() >= 0
Types:
MatchSpec = (MatchSpecList :: trace_match_spec()) | boolean()
trace_match_spec() =
[{[term()] | '_' | match_variable(), [term()], [term()]}]
match_variable() = atom()
Approximation of '$1' | '$2' | '$3' | ...
Sets trace pattern for message receiving. Must be combined with erlang:trace/3 to
set the 'receive' trace flag for one or more processes. By default all messages
received by 'receive' traced processes are traced. To limit traced receive events
based on the message content, the sender and/or the receiver, use
erlang:trace_pattern/3.
Argument MatchSpec can take the following forms:
MatchSpecList:
A list of match specifications. The matching is done on the list [Node, Sender,
Msg]. Node is the node name of the sender. Sender is the process or port
identity of the sender, or the atom undefined if the sender is not known (which
can be the case for remote senders). Msg is the message term. The pid of the
receiving process can be accessed with the guard function self/0. An empty list
is the same as true. For more information, see section Match Specifications in
Erlang in the User's Guide.
true:
Enables tracing for all received messages (to 'receive' traced processes). Any
match specification is removed. This is the default.
false:
Disables tracing for all received messages. Any match specification is removed.
Argument FlagList must be [] for receive tracing.
The return value is always 1.
Examples:
Only trace messages from a specific process Pid:
> erlang:trace_pattern('receive', [{['_',Pid, '_'],[],[]}], []).
1
Only trace messages matching {reply, _}:
> erlang:trace_pattern('receive', [{['_','_', {reply,'_'}],[],[]}], []).
1
Only trace messages from other nodes:
> erlang:trace_pattern('receive', [{['$1', '_', '_'],[{'=/=','$1',{node}}],[]}], []).
1
Note:
A match specification for 'receive' trace can use all guard and body functions
except caller, is_seq_trace, get_seq_token, set_seq_token, enable_trace,
disable_trace, trace, silent, and process_dump.
Fails by raising an error exception with an error reason of:
badarg:
If an argument is invalid.
system_limit:
If a match specification passed as argument has excessive nesting which causes
scheduler stack exhaustion for the scheduler that the calling process is
executing on. Scheduler stack size can be configured when starting the runtime
system.
erlang:trace_pattern(MFA, MatchSpec, FlagList) ->
integer() >= 0
Types:
MFA = trace_pattern_mfa()
MatchSpec =
(MatchSpecList :: trace_match_spec()) |
boolean() |
restart | pause
FlagList = [trace_pattern_flag()]
trace_pattern_mfa() = {atom(), atom(), arity() | '_'} | on_load
trace_match_spec() =
[{[term()] | '_' | match_variable(), [term()], [term()]}]
trace_pattern_flag() =
global | local | meta |
{meta, Pid :: pid()} |
{meta, TracerModule :: module(), TracerState :: term()} |
call_count | call_time
match_variable() = atom()
Approximation of '$1' | '$2' | '$3' | ...
Enables or disables call tracing for one or more functions. Must be combined with
erlang:trace/3 to set the call trace flag for one or more processes.
Conceptually, call tracing works as follows. Inside the Erlang virtual machine, a
set of processes and a set of functions are to be traced. If a traced process calls
a traced function, the trace action is taken. Otherwise, nothing happens.
To add or remove one or more processes to the set of traced processes, use
erlang:trace/3.
To add or remove functions to the set of traced functions, use
erlang:trace_pattern/3.
The BIF erlang:trace_pattern/3 can also add match specifications to a function. A
match specification comprises a pattern that the function arguments must match, a
guard expression that must evaluate to true, and an action to be performed. The
default action is to send a trace message. If the pattern does not match or the
guard fails, the action is not executed.
Argument MFA is to be a tuple, such as {Module, Function, Arity}, or the atom
on_load (described below). It can be the module, function, and arity for a function
(or a BIF in any module). The atom '_' can be used as a wildcard in any of the
following ways:
{Module,Function,'_'}:
All functions of any arity named Function in module Module.
{Module,'_','_'}:
All functions in module Module.
{'_','_','_'}:
All functions in all loaded modules.
Other combinations, such as {Module,'_',Arity}, are not allowed. Local functions
match wildcards only if option local is in FlagList.
If argument MFA is the atom on_load, the match specification and flag list are used
on all modules that are newly loaded.
Argument MatchSpec can take the following forms:
false:
Disables tracing for the matching functions. Any match specification is
removed.
true:
Enables tracing for the matching functions. Any match specification is removed.
MatchSpecList:
A list of match specifications. An empty list is equivalent to true. For a
description of match specifications, see section Match Specifications in
Erlang in the User's Guide.
restart:
For the FlagList options call_count and call_time: restarts the existing
counters. The behavior is undefined for other FlagList options.
pause:
For the FlagList options call_count and call_time: pauses the existing
counters. The behavior is undefined for other FlagList options.
Parameter FlagList is a list of options. The following are the valid options:
global:
Turns on or off call tracing for global function calls (that is, calls
specifying the module explicitly). Only exported functions match and only
global calls generate trace messages. This is the default.
local:
Turns on or off call tracing for all types of function calls. Trace messages
are sent whenever any of the specified functions are called, regardless of how
they are called. If flag return_to is set for the process, a return_to message
is also sent when this function returns to its caller.
meta | {meta, Pid} | {meta, TracerModule, TracerState}:
Turns on or off meta-tracing for all types of function calls. Trace messages
are sent to the tracer whenever any of the specified functions are called. If
no tracer is specified, self() is used as a default tracer process.
Meta-tracing traces all processes and does not care about the process trace
flags set by erlang:trace/3, the trace flags are instead fixed to [call,
timestamp].
The match specification function {return_trace} works with meta-trace and sends
its trace message to the same tracer.
call_count:
Starts (MatchSpec == true) or stops (MatchSpec == false) call count tracing for
all types of function calls. For every function, a counter is incremented when
the function is called, in any process. No process trace flags need to be
activated.
If call count tracing is started while already running, the count is restarted
from zero. To pause running counters, use MatchSpec == pause. Paused and
running counters can be restarted from zero with MatchSpec == restart.
To read the counter value, use erlang:trace_info/2.
call_time:
Starts (MatchSpec == true) or stops (MatchSpec == false) call time tracing for
all types of function calls. For every function, a counter is incremented when
the function is called. Time spent in the function is accumulated in two other
counters, seconds and microseconds. The counters are stored for each call
traced process.
If call time tracing is started while already running, the count and time
restart from zero. To pause running counters, use MatchSpec == pause. Paused
and running counters can be restarted from zero with MatchSpec == restart.
To read the counter value, use erlang:trace_info/2.
The options global and local are mutually exclusive, and global is the default (if
no options are specified). The options call_count and meta perform a kind of local
tracing, and cannot be combined with global. A function can be globally or locally
traced. If global tracing is specified for a set of functions, then local, meta,
call time, and call count tracing for the matching set of local functions is
disabled, and conversely.
When disabling trace, the option must match the type of trace set on the function.
That is, local tracing must be disabled with option local and global tracing with
option global (or no option), and so on.
Part of a match specification list cannot be changed directly. If a function has a
match specification, it can be replaced with a new one. To change an existing match
specification, use the BIF erlang:trace_info/2 to retrieve the existing match
specification.
Returns the number of functions matching argument MFA. This is zero if none
matched.
Fails by raising an error exception with an error reason of:
badarg:
If an argument is invalid.
system_limit:
If a match specification passed as argument has excessive nesting which causes
scheduler stack exhaustion for the scheduler that the calling process is
executing on. Scheduler stack size can be configured when starting the runtime
system.
trunc(Number) -> integer()
Types:
Number = number()
Truncates the decimals of Number, for example:
> trunc(5.7).
5
> trunc(-5.7).
-5
> trunc(5).
5
> trunc(36028797018963969.0).
36028797018963968
In the last example, trunc(36028797018963969.0) evaluates to 36028797018963968. The
reason for this is that the number 36028797018963969.0 cannot be represented
exactly as a float value. Instead, the float literal is represented as
36028797018963968.0, which is the closest number that can be represented exactly as
a float value. See Representation of Floating Point Numbers for additional
information.
Allowed in guard tests.
tuple_size(Tuple) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Tuple = tuple()
Returns an integer that is the number of elements in Tuple, for example:
> tuple_size({morni, mulle, bwange}).
3
Allowed in guard tests.
tuple_to_list(Tuple) -> [term()]
Types:
Tuple = tuple()
Returns a list corresponding to Tuple. Tuple can contain any Erlang terms. Example:
> tuple_to_list({share, {'Ericsson_B', 163}}).
[share,{'Ericsson_B',163}]
unalias(Alias) -> boolean()
Types:
Alias = reference()
Deactivate the alias Alias previously created by the calling process. An alias can
for example be created via alias/0, or monitor/3. unalias/1 will always deactivate
the alias regardless of options used when creating the alias.
Returns true if Alias was a currently active alias for current processes;
otherwise, false.
For more information on process aliases see the Process Aliases section of the
Erlang Reference Manual .
erlang:unique_integer() -> integer()
Generates and returns an integer unique on current runtime system instance. The
same as calling erlang:unique_integer([]).
erlang:unique_integer(ModifierList) -> integer()
Types:
ModifierList = [Modifier]
Modifier = positive | monotonic
Generates and returns an integer unique on current runtime system instance. The
integer is unique in the sense that this BIF, using the same set of modifiers, does
not return the same integer more than once on the current runtime system instance.
Each integer value can of course be constructed by other means.
By default, when [] is passed as ModifierList, both negative and positive integers
can be returned. This to use the range of integers that do not need heap memory
allocation as much as possible. By default the returned integers are also only
guaranteed to be unique, that is, any returned integer can be smaller or larger
than previously returned integers.
Modifiers:
positive:
Returns only positive integers.
Notice that by passing the positive modifier you will get heap allocated
integers (bignums) quicker.
monotonic:
Returns strictly monotonically increasing integers corresponding to creation
time. That is, the integer returned is always larger than previously returned
integers on the current runtime system instance.
These values can be used to determine order between events on the runtime
system instance. That is, if both X = erlang:unique_integer([monotonic]) and Y
= erlang:unique_integer([monotonic]) are executed by different processes (or
the same process) on the same runtime system instance and X < Y, we know that X
was created before Y.
Warning:
Strictly monotonically increasing values are inherently quite expensive to
generate and scales poorly. This is because the values need to be synchronized
between CPU cores. That is, do not pass the monotonic modifier unless you really
need strictly monotonically increasing values.
All valid Modifiers can be combined. Repeated (valid) Modifiers in the ModifierList
are ignored.
Note:
The set of integers returned by erlang:unique_integer/1 using different sets of
Modifiers will overlap. For example, by calling unique_integer([monotonic]), and
unique_integer([positive, monotonic]) repeatedly, you will eventually see some
integers that are returned by both calls.
Failures:
badarg:
if ModifierList is not a proper list.
badarg:
if Modifier is not a valid modifier.
erlang:universaltime() -> DateTime
Types:
DateTime = calendar:datetime()
Returns the current date and time according to Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) in
the form {{Year, Month, Day}, {Hour, Minute, Second}} if supported by the
underlying OS. Otherwise erlang:universaltime() is equivalent to
erlang:localtime(). The return value is based on the OS System Time. Example:
> erlang:universaltime().
{{1996,11,6},{14,18,43}}
erlang:universaltime_to_localtime(Universaltime) -> Localtime
Types:
Localtime = Universaltime = calendar:datetime()
Converts Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) date and time to local date and time in
the form {{Year, Month, Day}, {Hour, Minute, Second}} if supported by the
underlying OS. Otherwise no conversion is done, and Universaltime is returned.
Example:
> erlang:universaltime_to_localtime({{1996,11,6},{14,18,43}}).
{{1996,11,7},{15,18,43}}
Failure: badarg if Universaltime denotes an invalid date and time.
unlink(Id) -> true
Types:
Id = pid() | port()
Removes a link between the calling process and another process or a port identified
by Id. We will from here on call the identified process or port unlinkee.
A link can be set up using the link/1 BIF. For more information on links and exit
signals due to links, see the Processes chapter in the Erlang Reference Manual :
* Links
* Sending Exit Signals
* Receiving Exit Signals
Once unlink(Id) has returned, it is guaranteed that the link between the caller and
the unlinkee has no effect on the caller in the future (unless the link is setup
again). Note that if the caller is trapping exits, an {'EXIT', Id, ExitReason}
message due to the link may have been placed in the message queue of the caller
before the unlink(Id) call completed. Also note that the {'EXIT', Id, ExitReason}
message may be the result of the link, but may also be the result of the unlikee
sending the caller an exit signal by calling the exit/2 BIF. Therefore, it may or
may not be appropriate to clean up the message queue after a call to unlink(Id) as
follows, when trapping exits:
unlink(Id),
receive
{'EXIT', Id, _} ->
true
after 0 ->
true
end
The link removal is performed asynchronously. If such a link does not exist,
nothing is done. A detailed description of the link protocol can be found in the
Distribution Protocol chapter of the ERTS User's Guide .
Failure: badarg if Id does not identify a process or a node local port.
unregister(RegName) -> true
Types:
RegName = atom()
Removes the registered name RegName associated with a process identifier or a port
identifier from the name registry. For example:
> unregister(db).
true
Keep in mind that you can still receive signals associated with the registered name
after it has been unregistered as the sender may have looked up the name before
sending to it.
Users are advised not to unregister system processes.
Failure: badarg if RegName is not a registered name.
whereis(RegName) -> pid() | port() | undefined
Types:
RegName = atom()
Returns the process identifier or port identifier with the registered name RegName
from the name registry. Returns undefined if the name is not registered. Example:
> whereis(db).
<0.43.0>
erlang:yield() -> true
Tries to give other processes with the same or higher priority (if any) a chance to
execute before returning. There is no guarantee that any other process runs between
the invocation and return of erlang:yield/0.
See the documentation for receive-after expressions for how to make the current
process sleep for a specific number of milliseconds.
Warning:
There is seldom or never any need to use this BIF. Using this BIF without a
thorough grasp of how the scheduler works can cause performance degradation. The
current implementation of this function puts the current process last in the
current scheduler's queue for processes of the same priority as the current
process.