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NAME
erlang - The Erlang BIFs and predefined types.
DESCRIPTION
By convention, most Built-In Functions (BIFs) and all predefined types are included in this module. Some
of the BIFs and all of the predefined types are viewed more or less as part of the Erlang programming
language and are auto-imported. Thus, it is not necessary to specify the module name. For example, the
calls atom_to_list(erlang) and erlang:atom_to_list(erlang) are identical.
Auto-imported BIFs are listed without module prefix. BIFs listed with module prefix are not auto-
imported.
Predefined types are listed in the Predefined datatypes section of this reference manual and in the Types
and Function Specifications section of the Erlang Reference Manual.
BIFs can fail for various reasons. All BIFs fail with reason badarg if they are called with arguments of
an incorrect type. The other reasons are described in the description of each individual BIF.
Some BIFs can be used in guard tests and are marked with "Allowed in guard tests".
DATA TYPES
Predefined datatypes
any() = any()
All possible Erlang terms. Synonym for term().
arity() = arity()
The arity of a function or type.
atom() = atom()
An Erlang atom.
binary() = <<_:_*8>>
An Erlang binary, that is, a bitstring with a size divisible by 8.
bitstring() = <<_:_*1>>
An Erlang bitstring.
boolean() = true | false
A boolean value.
byte() = 0..255
A byte of data represented by an integer.
char() = 0..1114111
An ASCII character or a unicode codepoint presented by an integer.
float() = float()
An Erlang float.
function() = function()
An Erlang fun.
identifier() = pid() | port() | reference()
An unique identifier for some entity, for example a process, port or monitor.
integer() = integer()
An Erlang integer.
iodata() = iolist() | binary()
A binary or list containing bytes and/or iodata. This datatype is used to represent data that is
meant to be output using any I/O module. For example: file:write/2 or gen_tcp:send/2.
To convert an iodata() term to binary() you can use iolist_to_binary/2. To transcode a string()
or unicode:chardata() to iodata() you can use unicode:characters_to_binary/1.
iolist() =
maybe_improper_list(byte() | binary() | iolist(),
binary() | [])
A list containing bytes and/or iodata. This datatype is used to represent data that is meant to be
output using any I/O module. For example: file:write/2 or gen_tcp:send/2.
In most use cases you want to use iodata() instead of this type.
list() = [any()]
An Erlang list containing terms of any type.
list(ContentType) = [ContentType]
An Erlang list containing terms of the type ContentType.
map() = #{any() => any()}
An Erlang map containing any number of key and value associations.
maybe_improper_list() = maybe_improper_list(any(), any())
An Erlang list that is not guaranteed to end with a [], and where the list elements can be of any
type.
maybe_improper_list(ContentType, TerminationType) =
maybe_improper_list(ContentType, TerminationType)
An Erlang list, that is not guaranteed to end with a [], and where the list elements are of the
type ContentType.
mfa() = {module(), atom(), arity()}
A three-tuple representing a Module:Function/Arity function signature.
module() = atom()
An Erlang module represented by an atom.
neg_integer() = integer() =< -1
A negative integer.
nil() = []
The empty list().
no_return() = none()
The type used to show that a function will never return a value, that is it will always throw an
exception.
node() = atom()
An Erlang node represented by an atom.
non_neg_integer() = integer() >= 0
A non-negative integer, that is any positive integer or 0.
none() = none()
This type is used to show that a function will never return a value; that is it will always throw
an exception. In a spec, use no_return() for the sake of clarity.
nonempty_binary() = <<_:8, _:_*8>>
A binary() that contains some data.
nonempty_bitstring() = <<_:1, _:_*1>>
A bitstring() that contains some data.
nonempty_improper_list(ContentType, TerminationType) =
nonempty_improper_list(ContentType, TerminationType)
A maybe_improper_list/2 that contains some items.
nonempty_list() = [any(), ...]
A list() that contains some items.
nonempty_list(ContentType) = [ContentType, ...]
A list(ContentType) that contains some items.
nonempty_maybe_improper_list() =
nonempty_maybe_improper_list(any(), any())
A maybe_improper_list() that contains some items.
nonempty_maybe_improper_list(ContentType, TerminationType) =
nonempty_maybe_improper_list(ContentType, TerminationType)
A maybe_improper_list(ContentType, TerminationType) that contains some items.
nonempty_string() = [char(), ...]
A string() that contains some characters.
number() = integer() | float()
An Erlang number.
pid() = pid()
An Erlang process identifier.
port() = port()
An Erlang port identifier.
pos_integer() = integer() >= 1
An integer greater than zero.
reference() = reference()
An Erlang reference.
string() = [char()]
A character string represented by a list of ASCII characters or unicode codepoints.
term() = any()
All possible Erlang terms. Synonym for any().
timeout() = infinity | integer() >= 0
A timeout value that can be passed to a receive expression.
tuple() = tuple()
An Erlang tuple.
Other Datatypes
ext_binary() = binary()
A binary data object, structured according to the Erlang external term format.
ext_iovec() = iovec()
A term of type iovec(), structured according to the Erlang external term format.
iovec() = [binary()]
A list of binaries. This datatype is useful to use together with enif_inspect_iovec.
message_queue_data() = off_heap | on_heap
See process_flag(message_queue_data, MQD).
monitor_option() =
{alias, explicit_unalias | demonitor | reply_demonitor} |
{tag, term()}
See monitor/3.
timestamp() =
{MegaSecs :: integer() >= 0,
Secs :: integer() >= 0,
MicroSecs :: integer() >= 0}
See erlang:timestamp/0.
time_unit() =
integer() >= 1 |
second | millisecond | microsecond | nanosecond | native |
perf_counter |
deprecated_time_unit()
Supported time unit representations:
PartsPerSecond :: integer() >= 1:
Time unit expressed in parts per second. That is, the time unit equals 1/PartsPerSecond
second.
second:
Symbolic representation of the time unit represented by the integer 1.
millisecond:
Symbolic representation of the time unit represented by the integer 1000.
microsecond:
Symbolic representation of the time unit represented by the integer 1000_000.
nanosecond:
Symbolic representation of the time unit represented by the integer 1000_000_000.
native:
Symbolic representation of the native time unit used by the Erlang runtime system.
The native time unit is determined at runtime system start, and remains the same until the
runtime system terminates. If a runtime system is stopped and then started again (even on the
same machine), the native time unit of the new runtime system instance can differ from the
native time unit of the old runtime system instance.
One can get an approximation of the native time unit by calling erlang:convert_time_unit(1,
second, native). The result equals the number of whole native time units per second. If the
number of native time units per second does not add up to a whole number, the result is
rounded downwards.
Note:
The value of the native time unit gives you more or less no information about the quality of
time values. It sets a limit for the resolution and for the precision of time values, but it
gives no information about the accuracy of time values. The resolution of the native time unit
and the resolution of time values can differ significantly.
perf_counter:
Symbolic representation of the performance counter time unit used by the Erlang runtime
system.
The perf_counter time unit behaves much in the same way as the native time unit. That is, it
can differ between runtime restarts. To get values of this type, call os:perf_counter/0.
deprecated_time_unit():
Deprecated symbolic representations kept for backwards-compatibility.
The time_unit/0 type can be extended. To convert time values between time units, use
erlang:convert_time_unit/3.
deprecated_time_unit() =
seconds | milli_seconds | micro_seconds | nano_seconds
The time_unit() type also consist of the following deprecated symbolic time units:
seconds:
Same as second.
milli_seconds:
Same as millisecond.
micro_seconds:
Same as microsecond.
nano_seconds:
Same as nanosecond.
dist_handle()
An opaque handle identifying a distribution channel.
nif_resource()
An opaque handle identifying a NIF resource object .
spawn_opt_option() =
link | monitor |
{monitor, MonitorOpts :: [monitor_option()]} |
{priority, Level :: priority_level()} |
{fullsweep_after, Number :: integer() >= 0} |
{min_heap_size, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{min_bin_vheap_size, VSize :: integer() >= 0} |
{max_heap_size, Size :: max_heap_size()} |
{message_queue_data, MQD :: message_queue_data()} |
{async_dist, Enabled :: boolean()}
Options for spawn_opt().
priority_level() = low | normal | high | max
Process priority level. For more info see process_flag(priority, Level)
max_heap_size() =
integer() >= 0 |
#{size => integer() >= 0,
kill => boolean(),
error_logger => boolean()}
Process max heap size configuration. For more info see process_flag(max_heap_size, MaxHeapSize)
message_queue_data() = off_heap | on_heap
Process message queue data configuration. For more information, see
process_flag(message_queue_data, MQD)
stacktrace() =
[{module(),
atom(),
arity() | [term()],
[stacktrace_extrainfo()]} |
{function(), arity() | [term()], [stacktrace_extrainfo()]}]
stacktrace_extrainfo() =
{line, integer() >= 1} |
{file, unicode:chardata()} |
{error_info,
#{module => module(), function => atom(), cause => term()}} |
{atom(), term()}
An Erlang stacktrace as described by Errors and Error Handling section in the Erlang Reference
Manual.
send_destination() =
pid() |
reference() |
port() |
(RegName :: atom()) |
{RegName :: atom(), Node :: node()}
The destination for a send operation, can be a remote or local process identifier, a (local) port,
a reference denoting a process alias, a locally registered name, or a tuple {RegName, Node} for a
registered name at another node.
EXPORTS
abs(Float) -> float()
abs(Int) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Int = integer()
Returns an integer or float that is the arithmetical absolute value of Float or Int, for example:
> abs(-3.33).
3.33
> abs(-3).
3
Allowed in guard tests.
erlang:adler32(Data) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Data = iodata()
Computes and returns the adler32 checksum for Data.
erlang:adler32(OldAdler, Data) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
OldAdler = integer() >= 0
Data = iodata()
Continues computing the adler32 checksum by combining the previous checksum, OldAdler, with the
checksum of Data.
The following code:
X = erlang:adler32(Data1),
Y = erlang:adler32(X,Data2).
assigns the same value to Y as this:
Y = erlang:adler32([Data1,Data2]).
erlang:adler32_combine(FirstAdler, SecondAdler, SecondSize) ->
integer() >= 0
Types:
FirstAdler = SecondAdler = SecondSize = integer() >= 0
Combines two previously computed adler32 checksums. This computation requires the size of the data
object for the second checksum to be known.
The following code:
Y = erlang:adler32(Data1),
Z = erlang:adler32(Y,Data2).
assigns the same value to Z as this:
X = erlang:adler32(Data1),
Y = erlang:adler32(Data2),
Z = erlang:adler32_combine(X,Y,iolist_size(Data2)).
alias() -> Alias
alias(Opts) -> Alias
Types:
Alias = reference()
Opts = [explicit_unalias | reply]
Create an alias which can be used when sending messages to the process that created the alias.
When the alias has been deactivated, messages sent using the alias will be dropped. An alias can
be deactivated using unalias/1. Currently available options for alias/1:
explicit_unalias:
The alias can only be deactivated via a call to unalias/1. This is also the default behaviour
if no options are passed or if alias/0 is called.
reply:
The alias will be automatically deactivated when a reply message sent via the alias is
received. The alias can also still be deactivated via a call to unalias/1.
Example:
server() ->
receive
{request, AliasReqId, Request} ->
Result = perform_request(Request),
AliasReqId ! {reply, AliasReqId, Result}
end,
server().
client(ServerPid, Request) ->
AliasReqId = alias([reply]),
ServerPid ! {request, AliasReqId, Request},
%% Alias will be automatically deactivated if we receive a reply
%% since we used the 'reply' option...
receive
{reply, AliasReqId, Result} -> Result
after 5000 ->
unalias(AliasReqId),
%% Flush message queue in case the reply arrived
%% just before the alias was deactivated...
receive {reply, AliasReqId, Result} -> Result
after 0 -> exit(timeout)
end
end.
Note that both the server and the client in this example must be executing on at least OTP 24
systems in order for this to work.
For more information on process aliases see the Process Aliases section of the Erlang Reference
Manual .
erlang:append_element(Tuple1, Term) -> Tuple2
Types:
Tuple1 = Tuple2 = tuple()
Term = term()
Returns a new tuple that has one element more than Tuple1, and contains the elements in Tuple1
followed by Term as the last element. Semantically equivalent to
list_to_tuple(tuple_to_list(Tuple1) ++ [Term]), but much faster. Example:
> erlang:append_element({one, two}, three).
{one,two,three}
apply(Fun, Args) -> term()
Types:
Fun = function()
Args = [term()]
Calls a fun, passing the elements in Args as arguments.
If the number of elements in the arguments are known at compile time, the call is better written
as Fun(Arg1, Arg2, ... ArgN).
Warning:
Earlier, Fun could also be specified as {Module, Function}, equivalent to apply(Module, Function,
Args). This use is deprecated and will stop working in a future release.
apply(Module, Function, Args) -> term()
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Returns the result of applying Function in Module to Args. The applied function must be exported
from Module. The arity of the function is the length of Args. Example:
> apply(lists, reverse, [[a, b, c]]).
[c,b,a]
> apply(erlang, atom_to_list, ['Erlang']).
"Erlang"
If the number of arguments are known at compile time, the call is better written as
Module:Function(Arg1, Arg2, ..., ArgN).
Failure: error_handler:undefined_function/3 is called if the applied function is not exported. The
error handler can be redefined (see process_flag/2). If error_handler is undefined, or if the user
has redefined the default error_handler so the replacement module is undefined, an error with
reason undef is generated.
atom_to_binary(Atom) -> binary()
Types:
Atom = atom()
The same as atom_to_binary(Atom, utf8).
atom_to_binary(Atom, Encoding) -> binary()
Types:
Atom = atom()
Encoding = latin1 | unicode | utf8
Returns a binary corresponding to the text representation of Atom. If Encoding is latin1, one byte
exists for each character in the text representation. If Encoding is utf8 or unicode, the
characters are encoded using UTF-8 where characters may require multiple bytes.
Note:
As from Erlang/OTP 20, atoms can contain any Unicode character and atom_to_binary(Atom, latin1)
may fail if the text representation for Atom contains a Unicode character > 255.
Example:
> atom_to_binary('Erlang', latin1).
<<"Erlang">>
atom_to_list(Atom) -> string()
Types:
Atom = atom()
Returns a list of unicode code points corresponding to the text representation of Atom, for
example:
> atom_to_list('Erlang').
"Erlang"
> atom_to_list('你好').
[20320,22909]
See unicode(3erl) for how to convert the resulting list to different formats.
binary_part(Subject, PosLen) -> binary()
Types:
Subject = binary()
PosLen = {Start :: integer() >= 0, Length :: integer()}
Extracts the part of the binary described by PosLen.
Negative length can be used to extract bytes at the end of a binary, for example:
1> Bin = <<1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10>>.
2> binary_part(Bin,{byte_size(Bin), -5}).
<<6,7,8,9,10>>
Failure: badarg if PosLen in any way references outside the binary.
Start is zero-based, that is:
1> Bin = <<1,2,3>>
2> binary_part(Bin,{0,2}).
<<1,2>>
For details about the PosLen semantics, see binary(3erl).
Allowed in guard tests.
binary_part(Subject, Start, Length) -> binary()
Types:
Subject = binary()
Start = integer() >= 0
Length = integer()
The same as binary_part(Subject, {Start, Length}).
Allowed in guard tests.
binary_to_atom(Binary) -> atom()
Types:
Binary = binary()
The same as binary_to_atom(Binary, utf8).
binary_to_atom(Binary, Encoding) -> atom()
Types:
Binary = binary()
Encoding = latin1 | unicode | utf8
Returns the atom whose text representation is Binary. If Encoding is utf8 or unicode, the binary
must contain valid UTF-8 sequences.
Note:
As from Erlang/OTP 20, binary_to_atom(Binary, utf8) is capable of decoding any Unicode character.
Earlier versions would fail if the binary contained Unicode characters > 255.
Note:
The number of characters that are permitted in an atom name is limited. The default limits can be
found in the efficiency guide (section Advanced).
Note:
There is configurable limit on how many atoms that can exist and atoms are not garbage collected.
Therefore, it is recommended to consider whether binary_to_existing_atom/2 is a better option than
binary_to_atom/2. The default limits can be found in efficiency guide (section Advanced).
Examples:
> binary_to_atom(<<"Erlang">>, latin1).
'Erlang'
> binary_to_atom(<<1024/utf8>>, utf8).
binary_to_existing_atom(Binary) -> atom()
Types:
Binary = binary()
The same as binary_to_existing_atom (Binary, utf8).
binary_to_existing_atom(Binary, Encoding) -> atom()
Types:
Binary = binary()
Encoding = latin1 | unicode | utf8
As binary_to_atom/2, but the atom must exist.
The Erlang system has a configurable limit for the total number of atoms that can exist, and
atoms are not garbage collected. Therefore, it is not safe to create many atoms from binaries that
come from an untrusted source (for example, a file fetched from the Internet), for example, using
binary_to_atom/2. This function is thus the appropriate option when the input binary comes from an
untrusted source.
An atom exists in an Erlang system when included in a loaded Erlang module or when created
programmatically (for example, by binary_to_atom/2). See the next note for an example of when an
atom exists in the source code for an Erlang module but not in the compiled version of the same
module.
Failure: badarg if the atom does not exist.
Note:
Note that the compiler may optimize away atoms. For example, the compiler will rewrite
atom_to_list(some_atom) to "some_atom". If that expression is the only mention of the atom
some_atom in the containing module, the atom will not be created when the module is loaded, and a
subsequent call to binary_to_existing_atom(<<"some_atom">>, utf8) will fail.
Note:
The number of characters that are permitted in an atom name is limited. The default limits can be
found in the efficiency guide (section Advanced).
binary_to_float(Binary) -> float()
Types:
Binary = binary()
Returns the float whose text representation is Binary, for example:
> binary_to_float(<<"2.2017764e+0">>).
2.2017764
The float string format is the same as the format for Erlang float literals except for that
underscores are not permitted.
Failure: badarg if Binary contains a bad representation of a float.
binary_to_integer(Binary) -> integer()
Types:
Binary = binary()
Returns an integer whose text representation is Binary, for example:
> binary_to_integer(<<"123">>).
123
binary_to_integer/1 accepts the same string formats as list_to_integer/1.
Failure: badarg if Binary contains a bad representation of an integer.
binary_to_integer(Binary, Base) -> integer()
Types:
Binary = binary()
Base = 2..36
Returns an integer whose text representation in base Base is Binary, for example:
> binary_to_integer(<<"3FF">>, 16).
1023
binary_to_integer/2 accepts the same string formats as list_to_integer/2.
Failure: badarg if Binary contains a bad representation of an integer.
binary_to_list(Binary) -> [byte()]
Types:
Binary = binary()
Returns a list of integers corresponding to the bytes of Binary.
binary_to_list(Binary, Start, Stop) -> [byte()]
Types:
Binary = binary()
Start = Stop = integer() >= 1
1..byte_size(Binary)
As binary_to_list/1, but returns a list of integers corresponding to the bytes from position Start
to position Stop in Binary. The positions in the binary are numbered starting from 1.
Note:
The one-based indexing for binaries used by this function is deprecated. New code is to use
binary:bin_to_list/3 in STDLIB instead. All functions in module binary consistently use zero-based
indexing.
binary_to_term(Binary) -> term()
Types:
Binary = ext_binary()
Returns an Erlang term that is the result of decoding binary object Binary, which must be encoded
according to the Erlang external term format.
> Bin = term_to_binary(hello).
<<131,100,0,5,104,101,108,108,111>>
> hello = binary_to_term(Bin).
hello
Warning:
When decoding binaries from untrusted sources, the untrusted source may submit data in a way to
create resources, such as atoms and remote references, that cannot be garbage collected and lead
to Denial of Service attack. In such cases, consider using binary_to_term/2 with the safe option.
See also term_to_binary/1 and binary_to_term/2.
binary_to_term(Binary, Opts) -> term() | {term(), Used}
Types:
Binary = ext_binary()
Opt = safe | used
Opts = [Opt]
Used = integer() >= 1
As binary_to_term/1, but takes these options:
safe:
Use this option when receiving binaries from an untrusted source.
When enabled, it prevents decoding data that can be used to attack the Erlang runtime. In the
event of receiving unsafe data, decoding fails with a badarg error.
This prevents creation of new atoms directly, creation of new atoms indirectly (as they are
embedded in certain structures, such as process identifiers, refs, and funs), and creation of
new external function references. None of those resources are garbage collected, so unchecked
creation of them can exhaust available memory.
> binary_to_term(<<131,100,0,5,"hello">>, [safe]).
** exception error: bad argument
> hello.
hello
> binary_to_term(<<131,100,0,5,"hello">>, [safe]).
hello
Warning:
The safe option ensures the data is safely processed by the Erlang runtime but it does not
guarantee the data is safe to your application. You must always validate data from untrusted
sources. If the binary is stored or transits through untrusted sources, you should also consider
cryptographically signing it.
used:
Changes the return value to {Term, Used} where Used is the number of bytes actually read from
Binary.
> Input = <<131,100,0,5,"hello","world">>.
<<131,100,0,5,104,101,108,108,111,119,111,114,108,100>>
> {Term, Used} = binary_to_term(Input, [used]).
{hello, 9}
> split_binary(Input, Used).
{<<131,100,0,5,104,101,108,108,111>>, <<"world">>}
Failure: badarg if safe is specified and unsafe data is decoded.
See also term_to_binary/1, binary_to_term/1, and list_to_existing_atom/1.
bit_size(Bitstring) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Bitstring = bitstring()
Returns an integer that is the size in bits of Bitstring, for example:
> bit_size(<<433:16,3:3>>).
19
> bit_size(<<1,2,3>>).
24
Allowed in guard tests.
bitstring_to_list(Bitstring) -> [byte() | bitstring()]
Types:
Bitstring = bitstring()
Returns a list of integers corresponding to the bytes of Bitstring. If the number of bits in the
binary is not divisible by 8, the last element of the list is a bitstring containing the remaining
1-7 bits. Examples:
> bitstring_to_list(<<433:16>>).
[1,177]
> bitstring_to_list(<<433:16,3:3>>).
[1,177,<<3:3>>]
erlang:bump_reductions(Reductions) -> true
Types:
Reductions = integer() >= 1
This implementation-dependent function increments the reduction counter for the calling process.
In the Beam emulator, the reduction counter is normally incremented by one for each function and
BIF call. A context switch is forced when the counter reaches the maximum number of reductions for
a process (4000 reductions in Erlang/OTP 19.2 and later).
Warning:
This BIF can be removed in a future version of the Beam machine without prior warning. It is
unlikely to be implemented in other Erlang implementations.
byte_size(Bitstring) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Bitstring = bitstring()
Returns an integer that is the number of bytes needed to contain Bitstring. That is, if the number
of bits in Bitstring is not divisible by 8, the resulting number of bytes is rounded up. Examples:
> byte_size(<<433:16,3:3>>).
3
> byte_size(<<1,2,3>>).
3
Allowed in guard tests.
erlang:cancel_timer(TimerRef) -> Result
Types:
TimerRef = reference()
Time = integer() >= 0
Result = Time | false
Cancels a timer. The same as calling erlang:cancel_timer(TimerRef, []).
erlang:cancel_timer(TimerRef, Options) -> Result | ok
Types:
TimerRef = reference()
Async = Info = boolean()
Option = {async, Async} | {info, Info}
Options = [Option]
Time = integer() >= 0
Result = Time | false
Cancels a timer that has been created by erlang:start_timer or erlang:send_after. TimerRef
identifies the timer, and was returned by the BIF that created the timer.
Options:
{async, Async}:
Asynchronous request for cancellation. Async defaults to false, which causes the cancellation
to be performed synchronously. When Async is set to true, the cancel operation is performed
asynchronously. That is, cancel_timer() sends an asynchronous request for cancellation to the
timer service that manages the timer, and then returns ok.
{info, Info}:
Requests information about the Result of the cancellation. Info defaults to true, which means
the Result is given. When Info is set to false, no information about the result of the
cancellation is given.
* When Async is false: if Info is true, the Result is returned by erlang:cancel_timer().
otherwise ok is returned.
* When Async is true: if Info is true, a message on the form {cancel_timer, TimerRef, Result}
is sent to the caller of erlang:cancel_timer() when the cancellation operation has been
performed, otherwise no message is sent.
More Options may be added in the future.
If Result is an integer, it represents the time in milliseconds left until the canceled timer
would have expired.
If Result is false, a timer corresponding to TimerRef could not be found. This can be either
because the timer had expired, already had been canceled, or because TimerRef never corresponded
to a timer. Even if the timer had expired, it does not tell you if the time-out message has
arrived at its destination yet.
Note:
The timer service that manages the timer can be co-located with another scheduler than the
scheduler that the calling process is executing on. If so, communication with the timer service
takes much longer time than if it is located locally. If the calling process is in critical path,
and can do other things while waiting for the result of this operation, or is not interested in
the result of the operation, you want to use option {async, true}. If using option {async, false},
the calling process blocks until the operation has been performed.
See also erlang:send_after/4, erlang:start_timer/4, and erlang:read_timer/2.
ceil(Number) -> integer()
Types:
Number = number()
Returns the smallest integer not less than Number. For example:
> ceil(5.5).
6
Allowed in guard tests.
check_old_code(Module) -> boolean()
Types:
Module = module()
Returns true if Module has old code, otherwise false.
See also code(3erl).
check_process_code(Pid, Module) -> CheckResult
Types:
Pid = pid()
Module = module()
CheckResult = boolean()
The same as check_process_code(Pid, Module, []).
check_process_code(Pid, Module, OptionList) -> CheckResult | async
Types:
Pid = pid()
Module = module()
RequestId = term()
Option = {async, RequestId} | {allow_gc, boolean()}
OptionList = [Option]
CheckResult = boolean() | aborted
Checks if the node local process identified by Pid executes old code for Module.
Options:
{allow_gc, boolean()}:
Determines if garbage collection is allowed when performing the operation. If {allow_gc,
false} is passed, and a garbage collection is needed to determine the result of the operation,
the operation is aborted (see information on CheckResult below). The default is to allow
garbage collection, that is, {allow_gc, true}.
{async, RequestId}:
The function check_process_code/3 returns the value async immediately after the request has
been sent. When the request has been processed, the process that called this function is
passed a message on the form {check_process_code, RequestId, CheckResult}.
If Pid equals self(), and no async option has been passed, the operation is performed at once.
Otherwise a request for the operation is sent to the process identified by Pid, and is handled
when appropriate. If no async option has been passed, the caller blocks until CheckResult is
available and can be returned.
CheckResult informs about the result of the request as follows:
true:
The process identified by Pid executes old code for Module. That is, the current call of the
process executes old code for this module, or the process has references to old code for this
module, or the process contains funs that references old code for this module.
false:
The process identified by Pid does not execute old code for Module.
aborted:
The operation was aborted, as the process needed to be garbage collected to determine the
operation result, and the operation was requested by passing option {allow_gc, false}.
Note:
Up until ERTS version 8.*, the check process code operation checks for all types of references to
the old code. That is, direct references (e.g. return addresses on the process stack), indirect
references (funs in process context), and references to literals in the code.
As of ERTS version 9.0, the check process code operation only checks for direct references to the
code. Indirect references via funs will be ignored. If such funs exist and are used after a purge
of the old code, an exception will be raised upon usage (same as the case when the fun is received
by the process after the purge). Literals will be taken care of (copied) at a later stage. This
behavior can as of ERTS version 8.1 be enabled when building OTP, and will automatically be
enabled if dirty scheduler support is enabled.
See also code(3erl).
Failures:
badarg:
If Pid is not a node local process identifier.
badarg:
If Module is not an atom.
badarg:
If OptionList is an invalid list of options.
erlang:convert_time_unit(Time, FromUnit, ToUnit) -> ConvertedTime
Types:
Time = ConvertedTime = integer()
FromUnit = ToUnit = time_unit()
Converts the Time value of time unit FromUnit to the corresponding ConvertedTime value of time
unit ToUnit. The result is rounded using the floor function.
Warning:
You can lose accuracy and precision when converting between time units. To minimize such loss,
collect all data at native time unit and do the conversion on the end result.
erlang:crc32(Data) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Data = iodata()
Computes and returns the crc32 (IEEE 802.3 style) checksum for Data.
erlang:crc32(OldCrc, Data) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
OldCrc = integer() >= 0
Data = iodata()
Continues computing the crc32 checksum by combining the previous checksum, OldCrc, with the
checksum of Data.
The following code:
X = erlang:crc32(Data1),
Y = erlang:crc32(X,Data2).
assigns the same value to Y as this:
Y = erlang:crc32([Data1,Data2]).
erlang:crc32_combine(FirstCrc, SecondCrc, SecondSize) ->
integer() >= 0
Types:
FirstCrc = SecondCrc = SecondSize = integer() >= 0
Combines two previously computed crc32 checksums. This computation requires the size of the data
object for the second checksum to be known.
The following code:
Y = erlang:crc32(Data1),
Z = erlang:crc32(Y,Data2).
assigns the same value to Z as this:
X = erlang:crc32(Data1),
Y = erlang:crc32(Data2),
Z = erlang:crc32_combine(X,Y,iolist_size(Data2)).
date() -> Date
Types:
Date = calendar:date()
Returns the current date as {Year, Month, Day}.
The time zone and Daylight Saving Time correction depend on the underlying OS. The return value is
based on the OS System Time. Example:
> date().
{1995,2,19}
erlang:decode_packet(Type, Bin, Options) ->
{ok, Packet, Rest} |
{more, Length} |
{error, Reason}
Types:
Type =
raw | 0 | 1 | 2 | 4 | asn1 | cdr | sunrm | fcgi | tpkt |
line | http | http_bin | httph | httph_bin
Bin = binary()
Options = [Opt]
Opt =
{packet_size, integer() >= 0} |
{line_length, integer() >= 0}
Packet = binary() | HttpPacket
Rest = binary()
Length = integer() >= 0 | undefined
Reason = term()
HttpPacket =
HttpRequest | HttpResponse | HttpHeader | http_eoh | HttpError
HttpRequest = {http_request, HttpMethod, HttpUri, HttpVersion}
HttpResponse =
{http_response, HttpVersion, integer(), HttpString}
HttpHeader =
{http_header,
integer(),
HttpField,
UnmodifiedField :: HttpString,
Value :: HttpString}
HttpError = {http_error, HttpString}
HttpMethod =
'OPTIONS' | 'GET' | 'HEAD' | 'POST' | 'PUT' | 'DELETE' |
'TRACE' | HttpString
HttpUri =
'*' |
{absoluteURI,
http | https,
Host :: HttpString,
Port :: inet:port_number() | undefined,
Path :: HttpString} |
{scheme, Scheme :: HttpString, HttpString} |
{abs_path, HttpString} |
HttpString
HttpVersion =
{Major :: integer() >= 0, Minor :: integer() >= 0}
HttpField =
'Cache-Control' | 'Connection' | 'Date' | 'Pragma' |
'Transfer-Encoding' | 'Upgrade' | 'Via' | 'Accept' |
'Accept-Charset' | 'Accept-Encoding' | 'Accept-Language' |
'Authorization' | 'From' | 'Host' | 'If-Modified-Since' |
'If-Match' | 'If-None-Match' | 'If-Range' |
'If-Unmodified-Since' | 'Max-Forwards' |
'Proxy-Authorization' | 'Range' | 'Referer' | 'User-Agent' |
'Age' | 'Location' | 'Proxy-Authenticate' | 'Public' |
'Retry-After' | 'Server' | 'Vary' | 'Warning' |
'Www-Authenticate' | 'Allow' | 'Content-Base' |
'Content-Encoding' | 'Content-Language' | 'Content-Length' |
'Content-Location' | 'Content-Md5' | 'Content-Range' |
'Content-Type' | 'Etag' | 'Expires' | 'Last-Modified' |
'Accept-Ranges' | 'Set-Cookie' | 'Set-Cookie2' |
'X-Forwarded-For' | 'Cookie' | 'Keep-Alive' |
'Proxy-Connection' | HttpString
HttpString = string() | binary()
Decodes the binary Bin according to the packet protocol specified by Type. Similar to the packet
handling done by sockets with option {packet,Type}.
If an entire packet is contained in Bin, it is returned together with the remainder of the binary
as {ok,Packet,Rest}.
If Bin does not contain the entire packet, {more,Length} is returned. Length is either the
expected total size of the packet, or undefined if the expected packet size is unknown.
decode_packet can then be called again with more data added.
If the packet does not conform to the protocol format, {error,Reason} is returned.
Types:
raw | 0:
No packet handling is done. The entire binary is returned unless it is empty.
1 | 2 | 4:
Packets consist of a header specifying the number of bytes in the packet, followed by that
number of bytes. The length of the header can be one, two, or four bytes; the order of the
bytes is big-endian. The header is stripped off when the packet is returned.
line:
A packet is a line-terminated by a delimiter byte, default is the latin-1 newline character.
The delimiter byte is included in the returned packet unless the line was truncated according
to option line_length.
asn1 | cdr | sunrm | fcgi | tpkt:
The header is not stripped off.
The meanings of the packet types are as follows:
asn1 - ASN.1 BER:
sunrm - Sun's RPC encoding:
cdr - CORBA (GIOP 1.1):
fcgi - Fast CGI:
tpkt - TPKT format [RFC1006]:
http | httph | http_bin | httph_bin:
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The packets are returned with the format according to
HttpPacket described earlier. A packet is either a request, a response, a header, or an end of
header mark. Invalid lines are returned as HttpError.
Recognized request methods and header fields are returned as atoms. Others are returned as
strings. Strings of unrecognized header fields are formatted with only capital letters first
and after hyphen characters, for example, "Sec-Websocket-Key". Header field names are also
returned in UnmodifiedField as strings, without any conversion or formatting.
The protocol type http is only to be used for the first line when an HttpRequest or an
HttpResponse is expected. The following calls are to use httph to get HttpHeaders until
http_eoh is returned, which marks the end of the headers and the beginning of any following
message body.
The variants http_bin and httph_bin return strings (HttpString) as binaries instead of lists.
Options:
{packet_size, integer() >= 0}:
Sets the maximum allowed size of the packet body. If the packet header indicates that the
length of the packet is longer than the maximum allowed length, the packet is considered
invalid. Defaults to 0, which means no size limit.
{line_length, integer() >= 0}:
For packet type line, lines longer than the indicated length are truncated.
Option line_length also applies to http* packet types as an alias for option packet_size if
packet_size itself is not set. This use is only intended for backward compatibility.
{line_delimiter, 0 =< byte() =< 255}:
For packet type line, sets the delimiting byte. Default is the latin-1 character $\n.
Examples:
> erlang:decode_packet(1,<<3,"abcd">>,[]).
{ok,<<"abc">>,<<"d">>}
> erlang:decode_packet(1,<<5,"abcd">>,[]).
{more,6}
erlang:delete_element(Index, Tuple1) -> Tuple2
Types:
Index = integer() >= 1
1..tuple_size(Tuple1)
Tuple1 = Tuple2 = tuple()
Returns a new tuple with element at Index removed from tuple Tuple1, for example:
> erlang:delete_element(2, {one, two, three}).
{one,three}
delete_module(Module) -> true | undefined
Types:
Module = module()
Makes the current code for Module become old code and deletes all references for this module from
the export table. Returns undefined if the module does not exist, otherwise true.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for the code server (see code(3erl)) and is not to be used elsewhere.
Failure: badarg if there already is an old version of Module.
demonitor(MonitorRef) -> true
Types:
MonitorRef = reference()
If MonitorRef is a reference that the calling process obtained by calling monitor/2, this
monitoring is turned off. If the monitoring is already turned off, nothing happens.
Once demonitor(MonitorRef) has returned, it is guaranteed that no {'DOWN', MonitorRef, _, _, _}
message, because of the monitor, will be placed in the caller message queue in the future.
However, a {'DOWN', MonitorRef, _, _, _} message can have been placed in the caller message queue
before the call. It is therefore usually advisable to remove such a 'DOWN' message from the
message queue after monitoring has been stopped. demonitor(MonitorRef, [flush]) can be used
instead of demonitor(MonitorRef) if this cleanup is wanted.
Note:
Before Erlang/OTP R11B (ERTS 5.5) demonitor/1 behaved completely asynchronously, that is, the
monitor was active until the "demonitor signal" reached the monitored entity. This had one
undesirable effect. You could never know when you were guaranteed not to receive a DOWN message
because of the monitor.
The current behavior can be viewed as two combined operations: asynchronously send a "demonitor
signal" to the monitored entity and ignore any future results of the monitor.
Failure: It is an error if MonitorRef refers to a monitoring started by another process. Not all
such cases are cheap to check. If checking is cheap, the call fails with badarg, for example if
MonitorRef is a remote reference.
demonitor(MonitorRef, OptionList) -> boolean()
Types:
MonitorRef = reference()
OptionList = [Option]
Option = flush | info
The returned value is true unless info is part of OptionList.
demonitor(MonitorRef, []) is equivalent to demonitor(MonitorRef).
Options:
flush:
Removes (one) {_, MonitorRef, _, _, _} message, if there is one, from the caller message queue
after monitoring has been stopped.
Calling demonitor(MonitorRef, [flush]) is equivalent to the following, but more efficient:
demonitor(MonitorRef),
receive
{_, MonitorRef, _, _, _} ->
true
after 0 ->
true
end
info:
The returned value is one of the following:
true:
The monitor was found and removed. In this case, no 'DOWN' message corresponding to this
monitor has been delivered and will not be delivered.
false:
The monitor was not found and could not be removed. This probably because someone already
has placed a 'DOWN' message corresponding to this monitor in the caller message queue.
If option info is combined with option flush, false is returned if a flush was needed,
otherwise true.
Note:
More options can be added in a future release.
Failures:
badarg:
If OptionList is not a list.
badarg:
If Option is an invalid option.
badarg:
The same failure as for demonitor/1.
disconnect_node(Node) -> boolean() | ignored
Types:
Node = node()
Forces the disconnection of a node. This appears to the node Node as if the local node has
crashed. This BIF is mainly used in the Erlang network authentication protocols.
Returns true if disconnection succeeds, otherwise false. If the local node is not alive, ignored
is returned.
Note:
This function may return before nodedown messages have been delivered.
erlang:display(Term) -> true
Types:
Term = term()
Prints a text representation of Term on the standard output.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for debugging only. The printed representation may contain internal details
that do not match the high-level representation of the term in Erlang.
erlang:dist_ctrl_get_data(DHandle) -> {Size, Data} | Data | none
Types:
Size = integer() >= 0
DHandle = dist_handle()
Data = iovec()
Get distribution channel data from the local node that is to be passed to the remote node. The
distribution channel is identified by DHandle. If no data is available, the atom none is returned.
One can request to be informed by a message when more data is available by calling
erlang:dist_ctrl_get_data_notification(DHandle).
The returned value when there are data available depends on the value of the get_size option
configured on the distribution channel identified by DHandle. For more information see the
documentation of the get_size option for the erlang:dist_ctrl_set_opt/3 function.
Note:
Only the process registered as distribution controller for the distribution channel identified by
DHandle is allowed to call this function.
This function is used when implementing an alternative distribution carrier using processes as
distribution controllers. DHandle is retrieved via the callback f_handshake_complete. More
information can be found in the documentation of ERTS User's Guide ➜ How to implement an
Alternative Carrier for the Erlang Distribution ➜ Distribution Module.
erlang:dist_ctrl_get_opt(DHandle, Opt :: get_size) -> Value
Types:
DHandle = dist_handle()
Value = boolean()
Returns the value of the get_size option on the distribution channel identified by DHandle. For
more information see the documentation of the get_size option for the erlang:dist_ctrl_set_opt/3
function.
Note:
Only the process registered as distribution controller for the distribution channel identified by
DHandle is allowed to call this function.
This function is used when implementing an alternative distribution carrier using processes as
distribution controllers. DHandle is retrieved via the callback f_handshake_complete. More
information can be found in the documentation of ERTS User's Guide ➜ How to implement an
Alternative Carrier for the Erlang Distribution ➜ Distribution Module.
erlang:dist_ctrl_get_data_notification(DHandle) -> ok
Types:
DHandle = dist_handle()
Request notification when more data is available to fetch using erlang:dist_ctrl_get_data(DHandle)
for the distribution channel identified by DHandle. When more data is present, the caller will be
sent the message dist_data. Once a dist_data messages has been sent, no more dist_data messages
will be sent until the dist_ctrl_get_data_notification/1 function has been called again.
Note:
Only the process registered as distribution controller for the distribution channel identified by
DHandle is allowed to call this function.
This function is used when implementing an alternative distribution carrier using processes as
distribution controllers. DHandle is retrieved via the callback f_handshake_complete. More
information can be found in the documentation of ERTS User's Guide ➜ How to implement an
Alternative Carrier for the Erlang Distribution ➜ Distribution Module.
erlang:dist_ctrl_input_handler(DHandle, InputHandler) -> ok
Types:
DHandle = dist_handle()
InputHandler = pid()
Register an alternate input handler process for the distribution channel identified by DHandle.
Once this function has been called, InputHandler is the only process allowed to call
erlang:dist_ctrl_put_data(DHandle, Data) with the DHandle identifying this distribution channel.
Note:
Only the process registered as distribution controller for the distribution channel identified by
DHandle is allowed to call this function.
This function is used when implementing an alternative distribution carrier using processes as
distribution controllers. DHandle is retrieved via the callback f_handshake_complete. More
information can be found in the documentation of ERTS User's Guide ➜ How to implement an
Alternative Carrier for the Erlang Distribution ➜ Distribution Module.
erlang:dist_ctrl_put_data(DHandle, Data) -> ok
Types:
DHandle = dist_handle()
Data = iodata()
Deliver distribution channel data from a remote node to the local node.
Note:
Only the process registered as distribution controller for the distribution channel identified by
DHandle is allowed to call this function unless an alternate input handler process has been
registered using erlang:dist_ctrl_input_handler(DHandle, InputHandler). If an alternate input
handler has been registered, only the registered input handler process is allowed to call this
function.
This function is used when implementing an alternative distribution carrier using processes as
distribution controllers. DHandle is retrieved via the callback f_handshake_complete. More
information can be found in the documentation of ERTS User's Guide ➜ How to implement an
Alternative Carrier for the Erlang Distribution ➜ Distribution Module.
erlang:dist_ctrl_set_opt(DHandle, Opt :: get_size, Value) ->
OldValue
Types:
DHandle = dist_handle()
Value = OldValue = boolean()
Sets the value of the get_size option on the distribution channel identified by DHandle. This
option controls the return value of calls to erlang:dist_ctrl_get_data(DHandle) where DHandle
equals DHandle used when setting this option. When the get_size option is:
false:
and there are distribution data available, a call to erlang:dist_ctrl_get_data(DHandle) will
just return Data to pass over the channel. This is the default value of the get_size option.
true:
and there are distribution data available, a call to erlang:dist_ctrl_get_data(DHandle) will
return Data to pass over the channel as well as the Size of Data in bytes. This is returned as
a tuple on the form {Size, Data}.
All options are set to default when a channel is closed.
Note:
Only the process registered as distribution controller for the distribution channel identified by
DHandle is allowed to call this function.
This function is used when implementing an alternative distribution carrier using processes as
distribution controllers. DHandle is retrieved via the callback f_handshake_complete. More
information can be found in the documentation of ERTS User's Guide ➜ How to implement an
Alternative Carrier for the Erlang Distribution ➜ Distribution Module.
element(N, Tuple) -> term()
Types:
N = integer() >= 1
1..tuple_size(Tuple)
Tuple = tuple()
Returns the Nth element (numbering from 1) of Tuple, for example:
> element(2, {a, b, c}).
b
Allowed in guard tests.
erase() -> [{Key, Val}]
Types:
Key = Val = term()
Returns the process dictionary and deletes it, for example:
> put(key1, {1, 2, 3}),
put(key2, [a, b, c]),
erase().
[{key1,{1,2,3}},{key2,[a,b,c]}]
erase(Key) -> Val | undefined
Types:
Key = Val = term()
Returns the value Val associated with Key and deletes it from the process dictionary. Returns
undefined if no value is associated with Key. The average time complexity for the current
implementation of this function is O(1) and the worst case time complexity is O(N), where N is the
number of items in the process dictionary. Example:
> put(key1, {merry, lambs, are, playing}),
X = erase(key1),
{X, erase(key1)}.
{{merry,lambs,are,playing},undefined}
error(Reason) -> no_return()
Types:
Reason = term()
Raises an exception of class error with the reason Reason. As evaluating this function causes an
exception to be thrown, it has no return value.
The intent of the exception class error is to signal that an unexpected error has happened (for
example, a function is called with a parameter that has an incorrect type). See the guide about
errors and error handling for additional information. Example:
> catch error(foobar).
{'EXIT',{foobar,[{shell,apply_fun,3,
[{file,"shell.erl"},{line,906}]},
{erl_eval,do_apply,6,[{file,"erl_eval.erl"},{line,677}]},
{erl_eval,expr,5,[{file,"erl_eval.erl"},{line,430}]},
{shell,exprs,7,[{file,"shell.erl"},{line,687}]},
{shell,eval_exprs,7,[{file,"shell.erl"},{line,642}]},
{shell,eval_loop,3,[{file,"shell.erl"},{line,627}]}]}}
error(Reason, Args) -> no_return()
Types:
Reason = term()
Args = [term()] | none
Raises an exception of class error with the reason Reason. Args is expected to be the list of
arguments for the current function or the atom none. If it is a list, it is used to provide the
arguments for the current function in the stack back-trace. If it is none, the arity of the
calling function is used in the stacktrace. As evaluating this function causes an exception to be
raised, it has no return value.
The intent of the exception class error is to signal that an unexpected error has happened (for
example, a function is called with a parameter that has an incorrect type). See the guide about
errors and error handling for additional information. Example:
test.erl:
-module(test).
-export([example_fun/2]).
example_fun(A1, A2) ->
erlang:error(my_error, [A1, A2]).
Erlang shell:
6> c(test).
{ok,test}
7> test:example_fun(arg1,"this is the second argument").
** exception error: my_error
in function test:example_fun/2
called as test:example_fun(arg1,"this is the second argument")
error(Reason, Args, Options) -> no_return()
Types:
Reason = term()
Args = [term()] | none
Options = [Option]
Option = {error_info, ErrorInfoMap}
ErrorInfoMap =
#{cause => term(), module => module(), function => atom()}
Raises an exception of class error with the reason Reason. Args is expected to be the list of
arguments for the current function or the atom none. If it is a list, it is used to provide the
arguments for the current function in the stack back-trace. If it is none, the arity of the
calling function is used in the stacktrace. As evaluating this function causes an exception to be
raised, it has no return value.
If the error_info option is given, the ErrorInfoMap will be inserted into the stacktrace. The
information given in the ErrorInfoMap is to be used by error formatters such as erl_error to
provide more context around an error.
The default module of the ErrorInfoMap is the module that the call to error/3 is made. The default
function is format_error. See format_error/2 for more details on how this Module:Function/2 is to
be used
The intent of the exception class error is to signal that an unexpected error has happened (for
example, a function is called with a parameter that has an incorrect type). See the guide about
errors and error handling for additional information.
exit(Reason) -> no_return()
Types:
Reason = term()
Raises an exception of class exit with exit reason Reason. As evaluating this function causes an
exception to be raised, it has no return value.
The intent of the exception class exit is that the current process should be stopped (for example
when a message telling a process to stop is received).
This function differ from error/1,2,3 by causing an exception of a different class and by having a
reason that does not include the list of functions from the call stack.
See the guide about errors and error handling for additional information.
Example:
> exit(foobar).
** exception exit: foobar
> catch exit(foobar).
{'EXIT',foobar}
Note:
If a process calls exit(kill) and does not catch the exception, it will terminate with exit reason
kill and also emit exit signals with exit reason kill (not killed) to all linked processes. Such
exit signals with exit reason kill can be trapped by the linked processes. Note that this means
that signals with exit reason kill behave differently depending on how they are sent because the
signal will be untrappable if a process sends such a signal to another process with erlang:exit/2.
exit(Pid, Reason) -> true
Types:
Pid = pid() | port()
Reason = term()
Sends an exit signal with exit reason Reason to the process or port identified by Pid.
The following behavior applies if Reason is any term, except normal or kill, and P is the process
or port identified by Pid:
* If P is not trapping exits, P exits with exit reason Reason.
* If P is trapping exits, the exit signal is transformed into a message {'EXIT', From, Reason},
where From is the process identifier of the process that sent the exit signal, and delivered
to the message queue of P.
The following behavior applies if Reason is the term normal and Pid is the identifier of a process
P which is not the same as the process that invoked erlang:exit(Pid, normal) (the behavior when a
process sends a signal with the normal reason to itself is described in the warning):
* If P is trapping exits, the exit signal is transformed into a message {'EXIT', From, normal},
where From is the process identifier of the process that sent the exit signal, and delivered
to P's message queue.
* The signal has no effect if P is not trapping exits.
If Reason is the atom kill, that is, if exit(Pid, kill) is called, an untrappable exit signal is
sent to the process that is identified by Pid, which unconditionally exits with exit reason
killed. The exit reason is changed from kill to killed to hint to linked processes that the killed
process got killed by a call to exit(Pid, kill).
Note:
The functions erlang:exit/1 and erlang:exit/2 are named similarly but provide very different
functionalities. The erlang:exit/1 function should be used when the intent is to stop the current
process while erlang:exit/2 should be used when the intent is to send an exit signal to another
process. Note also that erlang:exit/1 raises an exception that can be caught while erlang:exit/2
does not cause any exception to be raised.
Warning:
The only scenario that has not been covered by the description above is when a process P sends an
exit signal with reason normal to itself, that is erlang:exit(self(), normal). The behavior in
this scenario is as follows:
* If P is trapping exits, the exit signal is transformed into a message {'EXIT', From, normal},
where From is P's process identifier, and delivered to P's message queue.
* P exits with reason normal if P is not trapping exits.
Note that the behavior described above is different from when a process sends an exit signal with
reason normal to another process. This is arguably strange but this behavior is kept for backward
compatibility reasons.
erlang:external_size(Term) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Term = term()
Calculates, without doing the encoding, the maximum byte size for a term encoded in the Erlang
external term format. The following condition applies always:
> Size1 = byte_size(term_to_binary(Term)),
> Size2 = erlang:external_size(Term),
> true = Size1 =< Size2.
true
This is equivalent to a call to:
erlang:external_size(Term, [])
erlang:external_size(Term, Options) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Term = term()
Options = [{minor_version, Version :: integer() >= 0}]
Calculates, without doing the encoding, the maximum byte size for a term encoded in the Erlang
external term format. The following condition applies always:
> Size1 = byte_size(term_to_binary(Term, Options)),
> Size2 = erlang:external_size(Term, Options),
> true = Size1 =< Size2.
true
Option {minor_version, Version} specifies how floats are encoded. For a detailed description, see
term_to_binary/2.
float(Number) -> float()
Types:
Number = number()
Returns a float by converting Number to a float, for example:
> float(55).
55.0
Allowed in guard tests.
Note:
If used on the top level in a guard, it tests whether the argument is a floating point number; for
clarity, use is_float/1 instead.
When float/1 is used in an expression in a guard, such as 'float(A) == 4.0', it converts a number
as described earlier.
float_to_binary(Float) -> binary()
Types:
Float = float()
The same as float_to_binary(Float,[{scientific,20}]).
float_to_binary(Float, Options) -> binary()
Types:
Float = float()
Options = [Option]
Option =
{decimals, Decimals :: 0..253} |
{scientific, Decimals :: 0..249} |
compact | short
Returns a binary corresponding to the text representation of Float using fixed decimal point
formatting. Options behaves in the same way as float_to_list/2. Examples:
> float_to_binary(7.12, [{decimals, 4}]).
<<"7.1200">>
> float_to_binary(7.12, [{decimals, 4}, compact]).
<<"7.12">>
> float_to_binary(7.12, [{scientific, 3}]).
<<"7.120e+00">>
> float_to_binary(7.12, [short]).
<<"7.12">>
> float_to_binary(0.1+0.2, [short]).
<<"0.30000000000000004">>
> float_to_binary(0.1+0.2)
<<"3.00000000000000044409e-01">>
float_to_list(Float) -> string()
Types:
Float = float()
The same as float_to_list(Float,[{scientific,20}]).
float_to_list(Float, Options) -> string()
Types:
Float = float()
Options = [Option]
Option =
{decimals, Decimals :: 0..253} |
{scientific, Decimals :: 0..249} |
compact | short
Returns a string corresponding to the text representation of Float using fixed decimal point
formatting.
Available options:
* If option decimals is specified, the returned value contains at most Decimals number of digits
past the decimal point. If the number does not fit in the internal static buffer of 256 bytes,
the function throws badarg.
* If option compact is specified, the trailing zeros at the end of the list are truncated. This
option is only meaningful together with option decimals.
* If option scientific is specified, the float is formatted using scientific notation with
Decimals digits of precision.
* If option short is specified, the float is formatted with the smallest number of digits that
still guarantees that F =:= list_to_float(float_to_list(F, [short])). When the float is inside
the range (-2⁵³, 2⁵³), the notation that yields the smallest number of characters is used
(scientific notation or normal decimal notation). Floats outside the range (-2⁵³, 2⁵³) are
always formatted using scientific notation to avoid confusing results when doing arithmetic
operations.
* If Options is [], the function behaves as float_to_list/1.
Examples:
> float_to_list(7.12, [{decimals, 4}]).
"7.1200"
> float_to_list(7.12, [{decimals, 4}, compact]).
"7.12"
> float_to_list(7.12, [{scientific, 3}]).
"7.120e+00"
> float_to_list(7.12, [short]).
"7.12"
> float_to_list(0.1+0.2, [short]).
"0.30000000000000004"
> float_to_list(0.1+0.2)
"3.00000000000000044409e-01"
In the last example, float_to_list(0.1+0.2) evaluates to "3.00000000000000044409e-01". The reason
for this is explained in Representation of Floating Point Numbers.
floor(Number) -> integer()
Types:
Number = number()
Returns the largest integer not greater than Number. For example:
> floor(-10.5).
-11
Allowed in guard tests.
erlang:fun_info(Fun) -> [{Item, Info}]
Types:
Fun = function()
Item =
arity | env | index | name | module | new_index | new_uniq |
pid | type | uniq
Info = term()
Returns a list with information about the fun Fun. Each list element is a tuple. The order of the
tuples is undefined, and more tuples can be added in a future release.
Warning:
This BIF is mainly intended for debugging, but it can sometimes be useful in library functions
that need to verify, for example, the arity of a fun.
Two types of funs have slightly different semantics:
* A fun created by fun M:F/A is called an external fun. Calling it will always call the function
F with arity A in the latest code for module M. Notice that module M does not even need to be
loaded when the fun fun M:F/A is created.
* All other funs are called local. When a local fun is called, the same version of the code that
created the fun is called (even if a newer version of the module has been loaded).
The following elements are always present in the list for both local and external funs:
{type, Type}:
Type is local or external.
{module, Module}:
Module (an atom) is the module name.
If Fun is a local fun, Module is the module in which the fun is defined.
If Fun is an external fun, Module is the module that the fun refers to.
{name, Name}:
Name (an atom) is a function name.
If Fun is a local fun, Name is the name of the local function that implements the fun. (This
name was generated by the compiler, and is only of informational use. As it is a local
function, it cannot be called directly.) If no code is currently loaded for the fun, [] is
returned instead of an atom.
If Fun is an external fun, Name is the name of the exported function that the fun refers to.
{arity, Arity}:
Arity is the number of arguments that the fun is to be called with.
{env, Env}:
Env (a list) is the environment or free variables for the fun. For external funs, the returned
list is always empty.
The following elements are only present in the list if Fun is local:
{pid, Pid}:
Pid is the process identifier of the process that originally created the fun.
It might point to the init process if the Fun was statically allocated when module was loaded
(this optimisation is performed for local functions that do not capture the environment).
{index, Index}:
Index (an integer) is an index into the module fun table.
{new_index, Index}:
Index (an integer) is an index into the module fun table.
{new_uniq, Uniq}:
Uniq (a binary) is a unique value for this fun. It is calculated from the compiled code for
the entire module.
{uniq, Uniq}:
Uniq (an integer) is a unique value for this fun. As from Erlang/OTP R15, this integer is
calculated from the compiled code for the entire module. Before Erlang/OTP R15, this integer
was based on only the body of the fun.
erlang:fun_info(Fun, Item) -> {Item, Info}
Types:
Fun = function()
Item = fun_info_item()
Info = term()
fun_info_item() =
arity | env | index | name | module | new_index | new_uniq |
pid | type | uniq
Returns information about Fun as specified by Item, in the form {Item,Info}.
For any fun, Item can be any of the atoms module, name, arity, env, or type.
For a local fun, Item can also be any of the atoms index, new_index, new_uniq, uniq, and pid. For
an external fun, the value of any of these items is always the atom undefined.
See erlang:fun_info/1.
erlang:fun_to_list(Fun) -> String :: string()
Types:
Fun = function()
Returns String that represents the code that created Fun.
String has the following form, if Fun was created by a fun expression of the form fun
ModuleName:FuncName/Arity:
"fun ModuleName:FuncName/Arity"
The form of String when Fun is created from other types of fun expressions differs depending on if
the fun expression was executed while executing compiled code or if the fun expression was
executed while executing uncompiled code (uncompiled escripts, the Erlang shell, and other code
executed by the erl_eval module):
compiled code:
"#Fun<M.I.U>", where M, I and U correspond to the values named module, index and uniq in the
result of erlang:fun_info(Fun).
uncompiled code:
All funs created from fun expressions in uncompiled code with the same arity are mapped to the
same list by fun_to_list/1.
Note:
Generally, one can not use fun_to_list/1 to check if two funs are equal as fun_to_list/1 does not
take the fun's environment into account. See erlang:fun_info/1 for how to get the environment of a
fun.
Note:
The output of fun_to_list/1 can differ between Erlang implementations and may change in future
versions.
Examples:
-module(test).
-export([add/1, add2/0, fun_tuple/0]).
add(A) -> fun(B) -> A + B end.
add2() -> fun add/1.
fun_tuple() -> {fun() -> 1 end, fun() -> 1 end}.
> {fun test:add/1, test:add2()}.
{fun test:add/1,#Fun<test.1.107738983>}
Explanation: fun test:add/1 is upgradable but test:add2() is not upgradable.
> {test:add(1), test:add(42)}.
{#Fun<test.0.107738983>,#Fun<test.0.107738983>}
Explanation: test:add(1) and test:add(42) has the same string representation as the environment is
not taken into account.
>test:fun_tuple().
{#Fun<test.2.107738983>,#Fun<test.3.107738983>}
Explanation: The string representations differ because the funs come from different fun
expressions.
> {fun() -> 1 end, fun() -> 1 end}. >
{#Fun<erl_eval.45.97283095>,#Fun<erl_eval.45.97283095>}
Explanation: All funs created from fun expressions of this form in uncompiled code with the same
arity are mapped to the same list by fun_to_list/1.
erlang:function_exported(Module, Function, Arity) -> boolean()
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Arity = arity()
Returns true if the module Module is current and contains an exported function Function/Arity, or
if there is a BIF (a built-in function implemented in C) with the specified name, otherwise
returns false.
garbage_collect() -> true
Forces an immediate garbage collection of the executing process. The function is not to be used
unless it has been noticed (or there are good reasons to suspect) that the spontaneous garbage
collection will occur too late or not at all.
Warning:
Improper use can seriously degrade system performance.
garbage_collect(Pid) -> GCResult
Types:
Pid = pid()
GCResult = boolean()
The same as garbage_collect(Pid, []).
garbage_collect(Pid, OptionList) -> GCResult | async
Types:
Pid = pid()
RequestId = term()
Option = {async, RequestId} | {type, major | minor}
OptionList = [Option]
GCResult = boolean()
Garbage collects the node local process identified by Pid.
Option:
{async, RequestId}:
The function garbage_collect/2 returns the value async immediately after the request has been
sent. When the request has been processed, the process that called this function is passed a
message on the form {garbage_collect, RequestId, GCResult}.
{type, 'major' | 'minor'}:
Triggers garbage collection of requested type. Default value is 'major', which would trigger a
fullsweep GC. The option 'minor' is considered a hint and may lead to either minor or major GC
run.
If Pid equals self(), and no async option has been passed, the garbage collection is performed at
once, that is, the same as calling garbage_collect/0. Otherwise a request for garbage collection
is sent to the process identified by Pid, and will be handled when appropriate. If no async option
has been passed, the caller blocks until GCResult is available and can be returned.
GCResult informs about the result of the garbage collection request as follows:
true:
The process identified by Pid has been garbage collected.
false:
No garbage collection was performed, as the process identified by Pid terminated before the
request could be satisfied.
Notice that the same caveats apply as for garbage_collect/0.
Failures:
badarg:
If Pid is not a node local process identifier.
badarg:
If OptionList is an invalid list of options.
get() -> [{Key, Val}]
Types:
Key = Val = term()
Returns the process dictionary as a list of {Key, Val} tuples. The items in the returned list can
be in any order. Example:
> put(key1, merry),
put(key2, lambs),
put(key3, {are, playing}),
get().
[{key1,merry},{key2,lambs},{key3,{are,playing}}]
get(Key) -> Val | undefined
Types:
Key = Val = term()
Returns the value Val associated with Key in the process dictionary, or undefined if Key does not
exist. The expected time complexity for the current implementation of this function is O(1) and
the worst case time complexity is O(N), where N is the number of items in the process dictionary.
Example:
> put(key1, merry),
put(key2, lambs),
put({any, [valid, term]}, {are, playing}),
get({any, [valid, term]}).
{are,playing}
erlang:get_cookie() -> Cookie | nocookie
Types:
Cookie = atom()
Returns the magic cookie of the local node if the node is alive, otherwise the atom nocookie. This
value is set by set_cookie/1.
erlang:get_cookie(Node) -> Cookie | nocookie
Types:
Node = node()
Cookie = atom()
Returns the magic cookie for node Node if the local node is alive, otherwise the atom nocookie.
This value is set by set_cookie/2.
get_keys() -> [Key]
Types:
Key = term()
Returns a list of all keys present in the process dictionary. The items in the returned list can
be in any order. Example:
> put(dog, {animal,1}),
put(cow, {animal,2}),
put(lamb, {animal,3}),
get_keys().
[dog,cow,lamb]
get_keys(Val) -> [Key]
Types:
Val = Key = term()
Returns a list of keys that are associated with the value Val in the process dictionary. The items
in the returned list can be in any order. Example:
> put(mary, {1, 2}),
put(had, {1, 2}),
put(a, {1, 2}),
put(little, {1, 2}),
put(dog, {1, 3}),
put(lamb, {1, 2}),
get_keys({1, 2}).
[mary,had,a,little,lamb]
group_leader() -> pid()
Returns the process identifier of the group leader for the process evaluating the function.
Every process is a member of some process group and all groups have a group leader. All I/O from
the group is channeled to the group leader. When a new process is spawned, it gets the same group
leader as the spawning process. Initially, at system startup, init is both its own group leader
and the group leader of all processes.
group_leader(GroupLeader, Pid) -> true
Types:
GroupLeader = Pid = pid()
Sets the group leader of Pid to GroupLeader. Typically, this is used when a process started from a
certain shell is to have another group leader than init.
The group leader should be rarely changed in applications with a supervision tree, because OTP
assumes the group leader of their processes is their application master.
Setting the group leader follows the signal ordering guarantees described in the Processes
Chapter in the Erlang Reference Manual .
See also group_leader/0 and OTP design principles related to starting and stopping applications.
halt() -> no_return()
The same as halt(0, []). Example:
> halt().
os_prompt%
halt(Status) -> no_return()
Types:
Status = integer() >= 0 | abort | string()
The same as halt(Status, []). Example:
> halt(17).
os_prompt% echo $?
17
os_prompt%
halt(Status, Options) -> no_return()
Types:
Status = integer() >= 0 | abort | string()
Options = [Option]
Option = {flush, boolean()}
Status must be a non-negative integer, a string, or the atom abort. Halts the Erlang runtime
system. Has no return value. Depending on Status, the following occurs:
integer():
The runtime system exits with integer value Status as status code to the calling environment
(OS).
Note:
On many platforms, the OS supports only status codes 0-255. A too large status code is truncated
by clearing the high bits.
string():
An Erlang crash dump is produced with Status as slogan. Then the runtime system exits with
status code 1. The string will be truncated if longer than 200 characters.
Note:
Before ERTS 9.1 (OTP-20.1) only code points in the range 0-255 was accepted in the string. Now
any unicode string is valid.
abort:
The runtime system aborts producing a core dump, if that is enabled in the OS.
For integer Status, the Erlang runtime system closes all ports and allows async threads to finish
their operations before exiting. To exit without such flushing, use Option as {flush,false}.
For statuses string() and abort, option flush is ignored and flushing is not done.
hd(List) -> term()
Types:
List = [term(), ...]
Returns the head of List, that is, the first element, for example:
> hd([1,2,3,4,5]).
1
Allowed in guard tests.
Failure: badarg if List is the empty list [].
erlang:hibernate(Module, Function, Args) -> no_return()
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Puts the calling process into a wait state where its memory allocation has been reduced as much as
possible. This is useful if the process does not expect to receive any messages soon.
The process is awaken when a message is sent to it, and control resumes in Module:Function with
the arguments specified by Args with the call stack emptied, meaning that the process terminates
when that function returns. Thus erlang:hibernate/3 never returns to its caller. The resume
function Module:Function/Arity must be exported (Arity =:= length(Args)).
If the process has any message in its message queue, the process is awakened immediately in the
same way as described earlier.
In more technical terms, erlang:hibernate/3 discards the call stack for the process, and then
garbage collects the process. After this, all live data is in one continuous heap. The heap is
then shrunken to the exact same size as the live data that it holds (even if that size is less
than the minimum heap size for the process).
If the size of the live data in the process is less than the minimum heap size, the first garbage
collection occurring after the process is awakened ensures that the heap size is changed to a size
not smaller than the minimum heap size.
Notice that emptying the call stack means that any surrounding catch is removed and must be re-
inserted after hibernation. One effect of this is that processes started using proc_lib (also
indirectly, such as gen_server processes), are to use proc_lib:hibernate/3 instead, to ensure that
the exception handler continues to work when the process wakes up.
erlang:insert_element(Index, Tuple1, Term) -> Tuple2
Types:
Index = integer() >= 1
1..tuple_size(Tuple1) + 1
Tuple1 = Tuple2 = tuple()
Term = term()
Returns a new tuple with element Term inserted at position Index in tuple Tuple1. All elements
from position Index and upwards are pushed one step higher in the new tuple Tuple2. Example:
> erlang:insert_element(2, {one, two, three}, new).
{one,new,two,three}
integer_to_binary(Integer) -> binary()
Types:
Integer = integer()
Returns a binary corresponding to the text representation of Integer, for example:
> integer_to_binary(77).
<<"77">>
integer_to_binary(Integer, Base) -> binary()
Types:
Integer = integer()
Base = 2..36
Returns a binary corresponding to the text representation of Integer in base Base, for example:
> integer_to_binary(1023, 16).
<<"3FF">>
integer_to_list(Integer) -> string()
Types:
Integer = integer()
Returns a string corresponding to the text representation of Integer, for example:
> integer_to_list(77).
"77"
integer_to_list(Integer, Base) -> string()
Types:
Integer = integer()
Base = 2..36
Returns a string corresponding to the text representation of Integer in base Base, for example:
> integer_to_list(1023, 16).
"3FF"
iolist_size(Item) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Item = iolist() | binary()
Returns an integer, that is the size in bytes, of the binary that would be the result of
iolist_to_binary(Item), for example:
> iolist_size([1,2|<<3,4>>]).
4
iolist_to_binary(IoListOrBinary) -> binary()
Types:
IoListOrBinary = iolist() | binary()
Returns a binary that is made from the integers and binaries in IoListOrBinary, for example:
> Bin1 = <<1,2,3>>.
<<1,2,3>>
> Bin2 = <<4,5>>.
<<4,5>>
> Bin3 = <<6>>.
<<6>>
> iolist_to_binary([Bin1,1,[2,3,Bin2],4|Bin3]).
<<1,2,3,1,2,3,4,5,4,6>>
erlang:iolist_to_iovec(IoListOrBinary) -> iovec()
Types:
IoListOrBinary = iolist() | binary()
Returns an iovec that is made from the integers and binaries in IoListOrBinary. This function is
useful when you want to flatten an iolist but you do not need a single binary. This can be useful
for passing the data to nif functions such as enif_inspect_iovec or do more efficient message
passing. The advantage of using this function over iolist_to_binary/1 is that it does not have to
copy off-heap binaries. Example:
> Bin1 = <<1,2,3>>.
<<1,2,3>>
> Bin2 = <<4,5>>.
<<4,5>>
> Bin3 = <<6>>.
<<6>>
%% If you pass small binaries and integers it works as iolist_to_binary
> erlang:iolist_to_iovec([Bin1,1,[2,3,Bin2],4|Bin3]).
[<<1,2,3,1,2,3,4,5,4,6>>]
%% If you pass larger binaries, they are split and returned in a form
%% optimized for calling the C function writev.
> erlang:iolist_to_iovec([<<1>>,<<2:8096>>,<<3:8096>>]).
[<<1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,...>>,
<<0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
...>>,
<<0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,...>>]
is_alive() -> boolean()
Returns true if the local node is alive (that is, if the node can be part of a distributed
system), otherwise false. A node is alive if it is started with:
* "erl -name LONGNAME" or,
* "erl -sname SHORTNAME".
A node can also be alive if it has got a name from a call to net_kernel:start/1 and has not been
stopped by a call to net_kernel:stop/0.
is_atom(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is an atom, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_binary(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a binary, otherwise false.
A binary always contains a complete number of bytes.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_bitstring(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a bitstring (including a binary), otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_boolean(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is the atom true or the atom false (that is, a boolean). Otherwise returns
false.
Allowed in guard tests.
erlang:is_builtin(Module, Function, Arity) -> boolean()
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Arity = arity()
This BIF is useful for builders of cross-reference tools.
Returns true if Module:Function/Arity is a BIF implemented in C, otherwise false.
is_float(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a floating point number, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_function(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a fun, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_function(Term, Arity) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Arity = arity()
Returns true if Term is a fun that can be applied with Arity number of arguments, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_integer(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is an integer, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_list(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a list with zero or more elements, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_map(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a map, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_map_key(Key, Map) -> boolean()
Types:
Key = term()
Map = map()
Returns true if map Map contains Key and returns false if it does not contain the Key.
The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map is not a map.
Example:
> Map = #{"42" => value}.
#{"42" => value}
> is_map_key("42",Map).
true
> is_map_key(value,Map).
false
Allowed in guard tests.
is_number(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is an integer or a floating point number. Otherwise returns false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_pid(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a process identifier, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_port(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a port identifier, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_process_alive(Pid) -> boolean()
Types:
Pid = pid()
Pid must refer to a process at the local node.
Returns true if the process exists and is alive, that is, is not exiting and has not exited.
Otherwise returns false.
If process P1 calls is_process_alive(P2Pid) it is guaranteed that all signals, sent from P1 to P2
(P2 is the process with identifier P2Pid) before the call, will be delivered to P2 before the
aliveness of P2 is checked. This guarantee means that one can use is_process_alive/1 to let a
process P1 wait until a process P2, which has got an exit signal with reason kill from P1, is
killed. Example:
exit(P2Pid, kill),
% P2 might not be killed
is_process_alive(P2Pid),
% P2 is not alive (the call above always return false)
See the documentation about signals and erlang:exit/2 for more information about signals and exit
signals.
is_record(Term, RecordTag) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
RecordTag = atom()
Returns true if Term is a tuple and its first element is RecordTag. Otherwise returns false.
Note:
Normally the compiler treats calls to is_record/2 especially. It emits code to verify that Term is
a tuple, that its first element is RecordTag, and that the size is correct. However, if RecordTag
is not a literal atom, the BIF is_record/2 is called instead and the size of the tuple is not
verified.
Allowed in guard tests, if RecordTag is a literal atom.
is_record(Term, RecordTag, Size) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
RecordTag = atom()
Size = integer() >= 0
RecordTag must be an atom.
Returns true if Term is a tuple, its first element is RecordTag, and its size is Size. Otherwise
returns false.
Allowed in guard tests if RecordTag is a literal atom and Size is a literal integer.
Note:
This BIF is documented for completeness. Usually is_record/2 is to be used.
is_reference(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a reference, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
is_tuple(Term) -> boolean()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns true if Term is a tuple, otherwise false.
Allowed in guard tests.
length(List) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
List = [term()]
Returns the length of List, for example:
> length([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]).
9
Allowed in guard tests.
link(PidOrPort) -> true
Types:
PidOrPort = pid() | port()
Sets up and activates a link between the calling process and another process or a port identified
by PidOrPort. We will from here on call the identified process or port linkee. If the linkee is a
port, it must reside on the same node as the caller.
If one of the participants of a link terminates, it will send an exit signal to the other
participant. The exit signal will contain the exit reason of the terminated participant. Other
cases when exit signals are triggered due to a link are when no linkee exist (noproc exit reason)
and when the connection between linked processes on different nodes is lost or cannot be
established (noconnection exit reason).
An existing link can be removed by calling unlink/1. For more information on links and exit
signals due to links, see the Processes chapter in the Erlang Reference Manual :
* Links
* Sending Exit Signals
* Receiving Exit Signals
For historical reasons, link/1 has a strange semi-synchronous behavior when it is "cheap" to check
if the linkee exists or not, and the caller does not trap exits. If the above is true and the
linkee does not exist, link/1 will raise a noproc error exception. The expected behavior would
instead have been that link/1 returned true, and the caller later was sent an exit signal with
noproc exit reason, but this is unfortunately not the case. The noproc exception is not to be
confused with an exit signal with exit reason noproc. Currently it is "cheap" to check if the
linkee exists when it is supposed to reside on the same node as the calling process.
The link setup and activation is performed asynchronously. If the link already exists, or if the
caller attempts to create a link to itself, nothing is done. A detailed description of the link
protocol can be found in the Distribution Protocol chapter of the ERTS User's Guide .
Failure:
* badarg if PidOrPort does not identify a process or a node local port.
* noproc linkee does not exist and it is "cheap" to check if it exists as described above.
list_to_atom(String) -> atom()
Types:
String = string()
Returns the atom whose text representation is String.
As from Erlang/OTP 20, String may contain any Unicode character. Earlier versions allowed only
ISO-latin-1 characters as the implementation did not allow Unicode characters above 255.
Note:
The number of characters that are permitted in an atom name is limited. The default limits can be
found in the efficiency guide (section Advanced).
Note:
There is configurable limit on how many atoms that can exist and atoms are not garbage collected.
Therefore, it is recommended to consider if list_to_existing_atom/1 is a better option than
list_to_atom/1. The default limits can be found in the efficiency guide (section Advanced).
Example:
> list_to_atom("Erlang").
'Erlang'
list_to_binary(IoList) -> binary()
Types:
IoList = iolist()
Returns a binary that is made from the integers and binaries in IoList, for example:
> Bin1 = <<1,2,3>>.
<<1,2,3>>
> Bin2 = <<4,5>>.
<<4,5>>
> Bin3 = <<6>>.
<<6>>
> list_to_binary([Bin1,1,[2,3,Bin2],4|Bin3]).
<<1,2,3,1,2,3,4,5,4,6>>
list_to_bitstring(BitstringList) -> bitstring()
Types:
BitstringList = bitstring_list()
bitstring_list() =
maybe_improper_list(byte() | bitstring() | bitstring_list(),
bitstring() | [])
Returns a bitstring that is made from the integers and bitstrings in BitstringList. (The last tail
in BitstringList is allowed to be a bitstring.) Example:
> Bin1 = <<1,2,3>>.
<<1,2,3>>
> Bin2 = <<4,5>>.
<<4,5>>
> Bin3 = <<6,7:4>>.
<<6,7:4>>
> list_to_bitstring([Bin1,1,[2,3,Bin2],4|Bin3]).
<<1,2,3,1,2,3,4,5,4,6,7:4>>
list_to_existing_atom(String) -> atom()
Types:
String = string()
Returns the atom whose text representation is String, but only if there already exists such atom.
An atom exists if it has been created by the run-time system by either loading code or creating a
term in which the atom is part.
Failure: badarg if there does not already exist an atom whose text representation is String.
Note:
Note that the compiler may optimize away atoms. For example, the compiler will rewrite
atom_to_list(some_atom) to "some_atom". If that expression is the only mention of the atom
some_atom in the containing module, the atom will not be created when the module is loaded, and a
subsequent call to list_to_existing_atom("some_atom") will fail.
list_to_float(String) -> float()
Types:
String = string()
Returns the float whose text representation is String, for example:
> list_to_float("2.2017764e+0").
2.2017764
The float string format is the same as the format for Erlang float literals except for that
underscores are not permitted.
Failure: badarg if String contains a bad representation of a float.
list_to_integer(String) -> integer()
Types:
String = string()
Returns an integer whose text representation is String, for example:
> list_to_integer("123").
123
> list_to_integer("-123").
-123
> list_to_integer("+123234982304982309482093833234234").
123234982304982309482093833234234
String must contain at least one digit character and can have an optional prefix consisting of a
single "+" or "-" character (that is, String must match the regular expression "^[+-]?[0-9]+$").
Failure: badarg if String contains a bad representation of an integer.
list_to_integer(String, Base) -> integer()
Types:
String = string()
Base = 2..36
Returns an integer whose text representation in base Base is String, for example:
> list_to_integer("3FF", 16).
1023
> list_to_integer("+3FF", 16).
1023
> list_to_integer("3ff", 16).
1023
> list_to_integer("3fF", 16).
1023
> list_to_integer("-3FF", 16).
-1023
For example, when Base is 16, String must match the regular expression "^[+-]?([0-9]|[A-F]|[a-
f])+$".
Failure: badarg if String contains a bad representation of an integer.
list_to_pid(String) -> pid()
Types:
String = string()
Returns a process identifier whose text representation is a String, for example:
> list_to_pid("<0.4.1>").
<0.4.1>
Failure: badarg if String contains a bad representation of a process identifier.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for debugging and is not to be used in application programs.
list_to_port(String) -> port()
Types:
String = string()
Returns a port identifier whose text representation is a String, for example:
> list_to_port("#Port<0.4>").
#Port<0.4>
Failure: badarg if String contains a bad representation of a port identifier.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for debugging and is not to be used in application programs.
list_to_ref(String) -> reference()
Types:
String = string()
Returns a reference whose text representation is a String, for example:
> list_to_ref("#Ref<0.4192537678.4073193475.71181>").
#Ref<0.4192537678.4073193475.71181>
Failure: badarg if String contains a bad representation of a reference.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for debugging and is not to be used in application programs.
list_to_tuple(List) -> tuple()
Types:
List = [term()]
Returns a tuple corresponding to List, for example
> list_to_tuple([share, ['Ericsson_B', 163]]).
{share, ['Ericsson_B', 163]}
List can contain any Erlang terms.
load_module(Module, Binary) -> {module, Module} | {error, Reason}
Types:
Module = module()
Binary = binary()
Reason =
badfile | not_purged | on_load |
{features_not_allowed, [atom()]}
If Binary contains the object code for module Module, this BIF loads that object code. If the code
for module Module already exists, all export references are replaced so they point to the newly
loaded code. The previously loaded code is kept in the system as old code, as there can still be
processes executing that code.
Returns either {module, Module}, or {error, Reason} if loading fails. Reason is one of the
following:
badfile:
The object code in Binary has an incorrect format or the object code contains code for another
module than Module.
not_purged:
Binary contains a module that cannot be loaded because old code for this module already
exists.
on_load:
The code in Binary contains an on_load declaration that must be executed before Binary can
become the current code. Any previous current code for Module will remain until the on_load
call has finished.
not_allowed:
The code in Binary has been compiled with features that are currently not enabled in the
runtime system.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for the code server (see code(3erl)) and is not to be used elsewhere.
erlang:load_nif(Path, LoadInfo) -> ok | Error
Types:
Path = string()
LoadInfo = term()
Error = {error, {Reason, Text :: string()}}
Reason =
load_failed | bad_lib | load | reload | upgrade | old_code
Loads and links a dynamic library containing native implemented functions (NIFs) for a module.
Path is a file path to the shareable object/dynamic library file minus the OS-dependent file
extension (.so for Unix and .dll for Windows). Notice that on most OSs the library has to have a
different name on disc when an upgrade of the nif is done. If the name is the same, but the
contents differ, the old library may be loaded instead. For information on how to implement a NIF
library, see erl_nif(3erl).
LoadInfo can be any term. It is passed on to the library as part of the initialization. A good
practice is to include a module version number to support future code upgrade scenarios.
The call to load_nif/2 must be made directly from the Erlang code of the module that the NIF
library belongs to. It returns either ok, or {error,{Reason,Text}} if loading fails. Reason is one
of the following atoms while Text is a human readable string that can give more information about
the failure:
load_failed:
The OS failed to load the NIF library.
bad_lib:
The library did not fulfill the requirements as a NIF library of the calling module.
load | upgrade:
The corresponding library callback was unsuccessful.
reload:
A NIF library is already loaded for this module instance. The previously deprecated reload
feature was removed in OTP 20.
old_code:
The call to load_nif/2 was made from the old code of a module that has been upgraded; this is
not allowed.
If the -nifs() attribute is used (which is recommended), all NIFs in the dynamic library much be
declared as such for load_nif/2 to succeed. On the other hand, all functions declared with the
-nifs() attribute do not have to be implemented by the dynamic library. This allows a target
independent Erlang file to contain fallback implementations for functions that may lack NIF
support depending on target OS/hardware platform.
erlang:loaded() -> [Module]
Types:
Module = module()
Returns a list of all loaded Erlang modules (current and old code), including preloaded modules.
See also code(3erl).
erlang:localtime() -> DateTime
Types:
DateTime = calendar:datetime()
Returns the current local date and time, {{Year, Month, Day}, {Hour, Minute, Second}}, for
example:
> erlang:localtime().
{{1996,11,6},{14,45,17}}
The time zone and Daylight Saving Time correction depend on the underlying OS. The return value is
based on the OS System Time.
erlang:localtime_to_universaltime(Localtime) -> Universaltime
Types:
Localtime = Universaltime = calendar:datetime()
Converts local date and time to Universal Time Coordinated (UTC), if supported by the underlying
OS. Otherwise no conversion is done and Localtime is returned. Example:
> erlang:localtime_to_universaltime({{1996,11,6},{14,45,17}}).
{{1996,11,6},{13,45,17}}
Failure: badarg if Localtime denotes an invalid date and time.
erlang:localtime_to_universaltime(Localtime, IsDst) ->
Universaltime
Types:
Localtime = Universaltime = calendar:datetime()
IsDst = true | false | undefined
Converts local date and time to Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) as
erlang:localtime_to_universaltime/1, but the caller decides if Daylight Saving Time is active.
If IsDst == true, Localtime is during Daylight Saving Time, if IsDst == false it is not. If IsDst
== undefined, the underlying OS can guess, which is the same as calling
erlang:localtime_to_universaltime(Localtime).
Examples:
> erlang:localtime_to_universaltime({{1996,11,6},{14,45,17}}, true).
{{1996,11,6},{12,45,17}}
> erlang:localtime_to_universaltime({{1996,11,6},{14,45,17}}, false).
{{1996,11,6},{13,45,17}}
> erlang:localtime_to_universaltime({{1996,11,6},{14,45,17}}, undefined).
{{1996,11,6},{13,45,17}}
Failure: badarg if Localtime denotes an invalid date and time.
make_ref() -> reference()
Returns a unique reference. The reference is unique among connected nodes.
Warning:
Before OTP-23 when a node is restarted multiple times with the same node name, references created
on a newer node can be mistaken for a reference created on an older node with the same node name.
erlang:make_tuple(Arity, InitialValue) -> tuple()
Types:
Arity = arity()
InitialValue = term()
Creates a new tuple of the specified Arity, where all elements are InitialValue, for example:
> erlang:make_tuple(4, []).
{[],[],[],[]}
erlang:make_tuple(Arity, DefaultValue, InitList) -> tuple()
Types:
Arity = arity()
DefaultValue = term()
InitList = [{Position :: integer() >= 1, term()}]
Creates a tuple of size Arity, where each element has value DefaultValue, and then fills in values
from InitList. Each list element in InitList must be a two-tuple, where the first element is a
position in the newly created tuple and the second element is any term. If a position occurs more
than once in the list, the term corresponding to the last occurrence is used. Example:
> erlang:make_tuple(5, [], [{2,ignored},{5,zz},{2,aa}]).
{[],aa,[],[],zz}
map_get(Key, Map) -> Value
Types:
Map = map()
Key = Value = any()
Returns value Value associated with Key if Map contains Key.
The call fails with a {badmap,Map} exception if Map is not a map, or with a {badkey,Key} exception
if no value is associated with Key.
Example:
> Key = 1337,
Map = #{42 => value_two,1337 => "value one","a" => 1},
map_get(Key,Map).
"value one"
Allowed in guard tests.
map_size(Map) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Map = map()
Returns an integer, which is the number of key-value pairs in Map, for example:
> map_size(#{a=>1, b=>2, c=>3}).
3
Allowed in guard tests.
erlang:match_spec_test(MatchAgainst, MatchSpec, Type) ->
TestResult
Types:
MatchAgainst = [term()] | tuple()
MatchSpec = term()
Type = table | trace
TestResult =
{ok, term(), [return_trace], [{error | warning, string()}]} |
{error, [{error | warning, string()}]}
Tests a match specification used in calls to ets:select/2 and erlang:trace_pattern/3. The function
tests both a match specification for "syntactic" correctness and runs the match specification
against the object. If the match specification contains errors, the tuple {error, Errors} is
returned, where Errors is a list of natural language descriptions of what was wrong with the match
specification.
If Type is table, the object to match against is to be a tuple. The function then returns
{ok,Result,[],Warnings}, where Result is what would have been the result in a real ets:select/2
call, or false if the match specification does not match the object tuple.
If Type is trace, the object to match against is to be a list. The function returns {ok, Result,
Flags, Warnings}, where Result is one of the following:
* true if a trace message is to be emitted
* false if a trace message is not to be emitted
* The message term to be appended to the trace message
Flags is a list containing all the trace flags to be enabled, currently this is only return_trace.
This is a useful debugging and test tool, especially when writing complicated match
specifications.
See also ets:test_ms/2.
max(Term1, Term2) -> Maximum
Types:
Term1 = Term2 = Maximum = term()
Returns the largest of Term1 and Term2. If the terms compare equal with the == operator, Term1 is
returned.
The Expressions section contains descriptions of the == operator and how terms are ordered.
Examples:
> max(1, 2).
2
> max(1.0, 1).
1.0
> max(1, 1.0).
1
> max("abc", "b").
"b"
erlang:md5(Data) -> Digest
Types:
Data = iodata()
Digest = binary()
Computes an MD5 message digest from Data, where the length of the digest is 128 bits (16 bytes).
Data is a binary or a list of small integers and binaries.
For more information about MD5, see RFC 1321 - The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm.
Warning:
The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm is not considered safe for code-signing or software-integrity
purposes.
erlang:md5_final(Context) -> Digest
Types:
Context = Digest = binary()
Finishes the update of an MD5 Context and returns the computed MD5 message digest.
erlang:md5_init() -> Context
Types:
Context = binary()
Creates an MD5 context, to be used in the following calls to md5_update/2.
erlang:md5_update(Context, Data) -> NewContext
Types:
Context = binary()
Data = iodata()
NewContext = binary()
Update an MD5 Context with Data and returns a NewContext.
erlang:memory() -> [{Type, Size}]
Types:
Type = memory_type()
Size = integer() >= 0
memory_type() =
total | processes | processes_used | system | atom |
atom_used | binary | code | ets
Returns a list with information about memory dynamically allocated by the Erlang emulator. Each
list element is a tuple {Type, Size}. The first element Type is an atom describing memory type.
The second element Size is the memory size in bytes.
Memory types:
total:
The total amount of memory currently allocated. This is the same as the sum of the memory size
for processes and system.
processes:
The total amount of memory currently allocated for the Erlang processes.
processes_used:
The total amount of memory currently used by the Erlang processes. This is part of the memory
presented as processes memory.
system:
The total amount of memory currently allocated for the emulator that is not directly related
to any Erlang process. Memory presented as processes is not included in this memory.
instrument(3erl) can be used to get a more detailed breakdown of what memory is part of this
type.
atom:
The total amount of memory currently allocated for atoms. This memory is part of the memory
presented as system memory.
atom_used:
The total amount of memory currently used for atoms. This memory is part of the memory
presented as atom memory.
binary:
The total amount of memory currently allocated for binaries. This memory is part of the memory
presented as system memory.
code:
The total amount of memory currently allocated for Erlang code. This memory is part of the
memory presented as system memory.
ets:
The total amount of memory currently allocated for ETS tables. This memory is part of the
memory presented as system memory.
maximum:
The maximum total amount of memory allocated since the emulator was started. This tuple is
only present when the emulator is run with instrumentation.
For information on how to run the emulator with instrumentation, see instrument(3erl) and/or
erl(1).
Note:
The system value is not complete. Some allocated memory that is to be part of this value is not.
When the emulator is run with instrumentation, the system value is more accurate, but memory
directly allocated for malloc (and friends) is still not part of the system value. Direct calls to
malloc are only done from OS-specific runtime libraries and perhaps from user-implemented Erlang
drivers that do not use the memory allocation functions in the driver interface.
As the total value is the sum of processes and system, the error in system propagates to the total
value.
The different amounts of memory that are summed are not gathered atomically, which introduces an
error in the result.
The different values have the following relation to each other. Values beginning with an uppercase
letter is not part of the result.
total = processes + system
processes = processes_used + ProcessesNotUsed
system = atom + binary + code + ets + OtherSystem
atom = atom_used + AtomNotUsed
RealTotal = processes + RealSystem
RealSystem = system + MissedSystem
More tuples in the returned list can be added in a future release.
Note:
The total value is supposed to be the total amount of memory dynamically allocated by the
emulator. Shared libraries, the code of the emulator itself, and the emulator stacks are not
supposed to be included. That is, the total value is not supposed to be equal to the total size of
all pages mapped to the emulator.
Also, because of fragmentation and prereservation of memory areas, the size of the memory segments
containing the dynamically allocated memory blocks can be much larger than the total size of the
dynamically allocated memory blocks.
Note:
As from ERTS 5.6.4, erlang:memory/0 requires that all erts_alloc(3erl) allocators are enabled
(default behavior).
Failure: notsup if an erts_alloc(3erl) allocator has been disabled.
erlang:memory(Type :: memory_type()) -> integer() >= 0
erlang:memory(TypeList :: [memory_type()]) ->
[{memory_type(), integer() >= 0}]
Types:
memory_type() =
total | processes | processes_used | system | atom |
atom_used | binary | code | ets
Returns the memory size in bytes allocated for memory of type Type. The argument can also be
specified as a list of memory_type() atoms, in which case a corresponding list of {memory_type(),
Size :: integer >= 0} tuples is returned.
Note:
As from ERTS 5.6.4, erlang:memory/1 requires that all erts_alloc(3erl) allocators are enabled
(default behavior).
Failures:
badarg:
If Type is not one of the memory types listed in the description of erlang:memory/0.
badarg:
If maximum is passed as Type and the emulator is not run in instrumented mode.
notsup:
If an erts_alloc(3erl) allocator has been disabled.
See also erlang:memory/0.
min(Term1, Term2) -> Minimum
Types:
Term1 = Term2 = Minimum = term()
Returns the smallest of Term1 and Term2. If the terms compare equal with the == operator, Term1 is
returned.
The Expressions section contains descriptions of the == operator and how terms are ordered.
Examples:
> min(1, 2).
1
> min(1.0, 1).
1.0
> min(1, 1.0).
1
> min("abc", "b").
"abc"
module_loaded(Module) -> boolean()
Types:
Module = module()
Returns true if the module Module is loaded as current code ; otherwise, false. It does not
attempt to load the module.
monitor(Type :: process, Item :: monitor_process_identifier()) ->
MonitorRef
monitor(Type :: port, Item :: monitor_port_identifier()) ->
MonitorRef
monitor(Type :: time_offset, Item :: clock_service) -> MonitorRef
Types:
MonitorRef = reference()
registered_name() = atom()
registered_process_identifier() =
registered_name() | {registered_name(), node()}
monitor_process_identifier() =
pid() | registered_process_identifier()
monitor_port_identifier() = port() | registered_name()
Sends a monitor request of type Type to the entity identified by Item. If the monitored entity
does not exist or it changes monitored state, the caller of monitor/2 is notified by a message on
the following format:
{Tag, MonitorRef, Type, Object, Info}
Note:
The monitor request is an asynchronous signal. That is, it takes time before the signal reaches
its destination.
Type can be one of the following atoms: process, port or time_offset.
A process or port monitor is triggered only once, after that it is removed from both monitoring
process and the monitored entity. Monitors are fired when the monitored process or port
terminates, does not exist at the moment of creation, or if the connection to it is lost. If the
connection to it is lost, we do not know if it still exists. The monitoring is also turned off
when demonitor/1 is called.
A process or port monitor by name resolves the RegisteredName to pid() or port() only once at the
moment of monitor instantiation, later changes to the name registration will not affect the
existing monitor.
When a process or port monitor is triggered, a 'DOWN' message is sent that has the following
pattern:
{'DOWN', MonitorRef, Type, Object, Info}
In the monitor message MonitorRef and Type are the same as described earlier, and:
Object:
The monitored entity, which triggered the event. When monitoring a process or a local port,
Object will be equal to the pid() or port() that was being monitored. When monitoring process
or port by name, Object will have format {RegisteredName, Node} where RegisteredName is the
name which has been used with monitor/2 call and Node is local or remote node name (for ports
monitored by name, Node is always local node name).
Info:
Either the exit reason of the process, noproc (process or port did not exist at the time of
monitor creation), or noconnection (no connection to the node where the monitored process
resides).
Monitoring a process:
Creates monitor between the current process and another process identified by Item, which can
be a pid() (local or remote), an atom RegisteredName or a tuple {RegisteredName, Node} for a
registered process, located elsewhere.
Note:
Before ERTS 10.0 (OTP 21.0), monitoring a process could fail with badarg if the monitored
process resided on a primitive node (such as erl_interface or jinterface), where remote process
monitoring is not implemented.
Now, such a call to monitor will instead succeed and a monitor is created. But the monitor will
only supervise the connection. That is, a {'DOWN', _, process, _, noconnection} is the only
message that may be received, as the primitive node have no way of reporting the status of the
monitored process.
Monitoring a port:
Creates monitor between the current process and a port identified by Item, which can be a
port() (only local), an atom RegisteredName or a tuple {RegisteredName, Node} for a registered
port, located on this node. Note, that attempt to monitor a remote port will result in badarg.
Monitoring a time_offset:
Monitors changes in time offset between Erlang monotonic time and Erlang system time. One
valid Item exists in combination with the time_offset Type, namely the atom clock_service.
Notice that the atom clock_service is not the registered name of a process. In this case it
serves as an identifier of the runtime system internal clock service at current runtime system
instance.
The monitor is triggered when the time offset is changed. This either if the time offset value
is changed, or if the offset is changed from preliminary to final during finalization of the
time offset when the single time warp mode is used. When a change from preliminary to final
time offset is made, the monitor is triggered once regardless of whether the time offset value
was changed or not.
If the runtime system is in multi time warp mode, the time offset is changed when the runtime
system detects that the OS system time has changed. The runtime system does, however, not
detect this immediately when it occurs. A task checking the time offset is scheduled to
execute at least once a minute, so under normal operation this is to be detected within a
minute, but during heavy load it can take longer time.
The monitor is not automatically removed after it has been triggered. That is, repeated
changes of the time offset trigger the monitor repeatedly.
When the monitor is triggered a 'CHANGE' message is sent to the monitoring process. A 'CHANGE'
message has the following pattern:
{'CHANGE', MonitorRef, Type, Item, NewTimeOffset}
where MonitorRef, Type, and Item are the same as described above, and NewTimeOffset is the new
time offset.
When the 'CHANGE' message has been received you are guaranteed not to retrieve the old time
offset when calling erlang:time_offset(). Notice that you can observe the change of the time
offset when calling erlang:time_offset() before you get the 'CHANGE' message.
Making several calls to monitor/2 for the same Item and/or Type is not an error; it results in as
many independent monitoring instances.
The monitor functionality is expected to be extended. That is, other Types and Items are expected
to be supported in a future release.
Note:
If or when monitor/2 is extended, other possible values for Tag, Object, and Info in the monitor
message will be introduced.
monitor(Type :: process,
Item :: monitor_process_identifier(),
Opts :: [monitor_option()]) ->
MonitorRef
monitor(Type :: port,
Item :: monitor_port_identifier(),
Opts :: [monitor_option()]) ->
MonitorRef
monitor(Type :: time_offset,
Item :: clock_service,
Opts :: [monitor_option()]) ->
MonitorRef
Types:
MonitorRef = reference()
registered_name() = atom()
registered_process_identifier() =
registered_name() | {registered_name(), node()}
monitor_process_identifier() =
pid() | registered_process_identifier()
monitor_port_identifier() = port() | registered_name()
Provides an option list for modification of monitoring functionality provided by monitor/2. The
Type and Item arguments have the same meaning as when passed to monitor/2. Currently available
options:
{alias, UnaliasOpt}:
The returned monitor reference will also become an alias for the calling process. That is, the
returned reference can be used for sending messages to the calling process. See also alias/0.
The UnaliasOpt determines how the alias should be deactivated.
explicit_unalias:
Only an explicit call to unalias/1 will deactivate the alias.
demonitor:
The alias will be automatically deactivated when the monitor is removed. This either via an
explicit call to demonitor/1 or when it is automatically removed at the same time as a
'DOWN' message is delivered due to the monitor. The alias can also still be deactivated via
a call to unalias/1.
reply_demonitor:
The alias will be automatically deactivated when the monitor is removed (see demonitor
option above) or a reply message sent via the alias is received. When a reply message is
received via the alias the monitor will also be automatically removed. This is useful in
client/server scenarios when a client monitors the server and will get the reply via the
alias. Once the response is received both the alias and the monitor will be automatically
removed regardless of whether the response is a reply or a 'DOWN' message. The alias can
also still be deactivated via a call to unalias/1. Note that if the alias is removed using
the unalias/1 BIF, the monitor will still be left active.
Example:
server() ->
receive
{request, AliasReqId, Request} ->
Result = perform_request(Request),
AliasReqId ! {reply, AliasReqId, Result}
end,
server().
client(ServerPid, Request) ->
AliasMonReqId = monitor(process, ServerPid, [{alias, reply_demonitor}]),
ServerPid ! {request, AliasMonReqId, Request},
%% Alias as well as monitor will be automatically deactivated if we
%% receive a reply or a 'DOWN' message since we used 'reply_demonitor'
%% as unalias option...
receive
{reply, AliasMonReqId, Result} ->
Result;
{'DOWN', AliasMonReqId, process, ServerPid, ExitReason} ->
error(ExitReason)
end.
Note that both the server and the client in this example must be executing on at least OTP 24
systems in order for this to work.
For more information on process aliases see the Process Aliases section of the Erlang
Reference Manual .
{tag, UserDefinedTag}:
Replace the default Tag with UserDefinedTag in the monitor message delivered when the monitor
is triggered. For example, when monitoring a process, the 'DOWN' tag in the down message will
be replaced by UserDefinedTag.
An example of how the {tag, UserDefinedTag} option can be used in order to enable the new
selective receive optimization, introduced in OTP 24, when making multiple requests to
different servers:
server() ->
receive
{request, From, ReqId, Request} ->
Result = perform_request(Request),
From ! {reply, self(), ReqId, Result}
end,
server().
client(ServerPids, Request) when is_list(ServerPids) ->
ReqId = make_ref(),
lists:foreach(fun (ServerPid) ->
_ = monitor(process, ServerPid,
[{tag, {'DOWN', ReqId}}]),
ServerPid ! {request, self(), ReqId, Request}
end,
ServerPids),
receive_replies(ReqId, length(ServerPids), []).
receive_replies(_ReqId, 0, Acc) ->
Acc;
receive_replies(ReqId, N, Acc) ->
%% The compiler will detect that we match on the 'ReqId'
%% reference in all clauses, and will enable the selective
%% receive optimization which makes the receive able to
%% skip past all messages present in the message queue at
%% the time when the 'ReqId' reference was created...
Res = receive
{reply, ServerPid, ReqId, Result} ->
%% Here we typically would have deactivated the
%% monitor by a call to demonitor(Mon, [flush]) but
%% we ignore this in this example for simplicity...
{ok, ServerPid, Result};
{{'DOWN', ReqId}, _Mon, process, ServerPid, ExitReason} ->
{error, ServerPid, ExitReason}
end,
receive_replies(ReqId, N-1, [Res | Acc]).
In order for this example to work as intended, the client must be executing on at least an OTP
24 system, but the servers may execute on older systems.
monitor_node(Node, Flag) -> true
Types:
Node = node()
Flag = boolean()
Monitor the status of the node Node. If Flag is true, monitoring is turned on. If Flag is false,
monitoring is turned off.
Making several calls to monitor_node(Node, true) for the same Node is not an error; it results in
as many independent monitoring instances.
If Node fails or does not exist, the message {nodedown, Node} is delivered to the process. If a
process has made two calls to monitor_node(Node, true) and Node terminates, two nodedown messages
are delivered to the process. If there is no connection to Node, an attempt is made to create one.
If this fails, a nodedown message is delivered.
The delivery of the nodedown signal is not ordered with respect to other link or monitor signals
from the node that goes down. If you need a guarantee that all signals from the remote node has
been delivered before the nodedown signal is sent, you should use net_kernel:monitor_nodes/1.
Nodes connected through hidden connections can be monitored as any other nodes.
Failure: notalive if the local node is not alive.
erlang:monitor_node(Node, Flag, Options) -> true
Types:
Node = node()
Flag = boolean()
Options = [Option]
Option = allow_passive_connect
Behaves as monitor_node/2 except that it allows an extra option to be specified, namely
allow_passive_connect. This option allows the BIF to wait the normal network connection time-out
for the monitored node to connect itself, even if it cannot be actively connected from this node
(that is, it is blocked). The state where this can be useful can only be achieved by using the
Kernel option dist_auto_connect once. If that option is not used, option allow_passive_connect has
no effect.
Note:
Option allow_passive_connect is used internally and is seldom needed in applications where the
network topology and the Kernel options in effect are known in advance.
Failure: badarg if the local node is not alive or the option list is malformed.
erlang:monotonic_time() -> integer()
Returns the current Erlang monotonic time in native time unit. This is a monotonically increasing
time since some unspecified point in time.
Note:
This is a monotonically increasing time, but not a strictly monotonically increasing time. That
is, consecutive calls to erlang:monotonic_time/0 can produce the same result.
Different runtime system instances will use different unspecified points in time as base for their
Erlang monotonic clocks. That is, it is pointless comparing monotonic times from different runtime
system instances. Different runtime system instances can also place this unspecified point in time
different relative runtime system start. It can be placed in the future (time at start is a
negative value), the past (time at start is a positive value), or the runtime system start (time
at start is zero). The monotonic time at runtime system start can be retrieved by calling
erlang:system_info(start_time).
erlang:monotonic_time(Unit) -> integer()
Types:
Unit = time_unit()
Returns the current Erlang monotonic time converted into the Unit passed as argument.
Same as calling erlang:convert_time_unit(erlang:monotonic_time(), native, Unit), however optimized
for commonly used Units.
erlang:nif_error(Reason) -> no_return()
Types:
Reason = term()
Works exactly like error/1, but Dialyzer thinks that this BIF will return an arbitrary term. When
used in a stub function for a NIF to generate an exception when the NIF library is not loaded,
Dialyzer does not generate false warnings.
erlang:nif_error(Reason, Args) -> no_return()
Types:
Reason = term()
Args = [term()]
Works exactly like error/2, but Dialyzer thinks that this BIF will return an arbitrary term. When
used in a stub function for a NIF to generate an exception when the NIF library is not loaded,
Dialyzer does not generate false warnings.
node() -> Node
Types:
Node = node()
Returns the name of the local node. If the node is not alive, nonode@nohost is returned instead.
Allowed in guard tests.
node(Arg) -> Node
Types:
Arg = pid() | port() | reference()
Node = node()
Returns the node where Arg originates. Arg can be a process identifier, a reference, or a port. If
Arg originates from the local node and the local node is not alive, nonode@nohost is returned.
Allowed in guard tests.
nodes() -> Nodes
Types:
Nodes = [node()]
Returns a list of all nodes connected to this node through normal connections (that is, hidden
nodes are not listed). Same as nodes(visible).
nodes(Arg) -> Nodes
Types:
Arg = NodeType | [NodeType]
NodeType = visible | hidden | connected | this | known
Nodes = [node()]
Returns a list of nodes according to the argument specified. The returned result, when the
argument is a list, is the list of nodes satisfying the disjunction(s) of the list elements.
NodeTypes:
visible:
Nodes connected to this node through normal connections.
hidden:
Nodes connected to this node through hidden connections.
connected:
All nodes connected to this node.
this:
This node.
known:
Nodes that are known to this node. That is, connected nodes and nodes referred to by process
identifiers, port identifiers, and references located on this node. The set of known nodes is
garbage collected. Notice that this garbage collection can be delayed. For more information,
see erlang:system_info(delayed_node_table_gc).
Some equalities: [node()] = nodes(this), nodes(connected) = nodes([visible, hidden]), and nodes()
= nodes(visible).
nodes(Arg, InfoOpts) -> [NodeInfo]
Types:
NodeType = visible | hidden | connected | this | known
Arg = NodeType | [NodeType]
InfoOpts =
#{connection_id => boolean(), node_type => boolean()}
NodeTypeInfo = visible | hidden | this | known
ConnectionId = undefined | integer()
Info =
#{connection_id => ConnectionId, node_type => NodeTypeInfo}
NodeInfo = {node(), Info}
Returns a list of NodeInfo tuples. The first element is the node name. Nodes to be included in the
list are determined by the first argument Arg in the same way as for nodes(Arg). The second
element of NodeInfo tuples is a map containing further information about the node identified by
the first element. The information present in this map is determined by the InfoOpts map passed as
the second argument. Currently the following associations are allowed in the InfoOpts map:
connection_id => boolean():
If the value of the association equals true, the Info map in the returned result will contain
the key connection_id associated with the value ConnectionId. If ConnectionId equals
undefined, the node is not connected to the node which the caller is executing on, or is the
node which the caller is executing on. If ConnectionId is an integer, the node is currently
connected to the node which the caller is executing on.
The integer connection identifier value together with a node name identifies a specific
connection instance to the node with that node name. The connection identifier value is node
local. That is, on the other node the connection identifier will not be the same value. If a
connection is taken down and then taken up again, the connection identifier value will change
for the connection to that node. The amount of values for connection identifiers are limited,
so it is possible to see the same value for different instances, but quite unlikely. It is
undefined how the value change between two consecutive connection instances.
node_type => boolean():
If the value of the association equals true, the Info map in the returned result will contain
the key node_type associated with the value NodeTypeInfo. Currently the following node types
exist:
visible:
The node is connected to the node of the calling process through an ordinary visible
connection. That is, the node name would appear in the result returned by nodes/0.
hidden:
The node is connected to the node of the calling process through a hidden connection. That
is, the node name would not appear in the result returned by nodes/0.
this:
This is the node of the calling process.
known:
The node is not connected but known to the node of the calling process.
Example:
(a@localhost)1> nodes([this, connected], #{connection_id=>true, node_type=>true}).
[{c@localhost,#{connection_id => 13892108,node_type => hidden}},
{b@localhost,#{connection_id => 3067553,node_type => visible}},
{a@localhost,#{connection_id => undefined,node_type => this}}]
(a@localhost)2>
now() -> Timestamp
Types:
Timestamp = timestamp()
timestamp() =
{MegaSecs :: integer() >= 0,
Secs :: integer() >= 0,
MicroSecs :: integer() >= 0}
Warning:
This function is deprecated. Do not use it.
For more information, see section Time and Time Correction in the User's Guide. Specifically,
section Dos and Dont's describes what to use instead of erlang:now/0.
Returns the tuple {MegaSecs, Secs, MicroSecs}, which is the elapsed time since 00:00 GMT, January
1, 1970 (zero hour), if provided by the underlying OS. Otherwise some other point in time is
chosen. It is also guaranteed that the following calls to this BIF return continuously increasing
values. Hence, the return value from erlang:now/0 can be used to generate unique time stamps. If
it is called in a tight loop on a fast machine, the time of the node can become skewed.
Can only be used to check the local time of day if the time-zone information of the underlying OS
is properly configured.
open_port(PortName, PortSettings) -> port()
Types:
PortName =
{spawn, Command :: string() | binary()} |
{spawn_driver, Command :: string() | binary()} |
{spawn_executable, FileName :: file:name_all()} |
{fd, In :: integer() >= 0, Out :: integer() >= 0}
PortSettings = [Opt]
Opt =
{packet, N :: 1 | 2 | 4} |
stream |
{line, L :: integer() >= 0} |
{cd, Dir :: string() | binary()} |
{env,
Env ::
[{Name :: os:env_var_name(),
Val :: os:env_var_value() | false}]} |
{args, [string() | binary()]} |
{arg0, string() | binary()} |
exit_status | use_stdio | nouse_stdio | stderr_to_stdout |
in | out | binary | eof |
{parallelism, Boolean :: boolean()} |
hide |
{busy_limits_port,
{integer() >= 0, integer() >= 0} | disabled} |
{busy_limits_msgq,
{integer() >= 0, integer() >= 0} | disabled}
Returns a port identifier as the result of opening a new Erlang port. A port can be seen as an
external Erlang process.
The name of the executable as well as the arguments specified in cd, env, args, and arg0 are
subject to Unicode filename translation if the system is running in Unicode filename mode. To
avoid translation or to force, for example UTF-8, supply the executable and/or arguments as a
binary in the correct encoding. For details, see the module file(3erl), the function
file:native_name_encoding/0 in Kernel, and the Using Unicode in Erlang User's Guide.
Note:
The characters in the name (if specified as a list) can only be > 255 if the Erlang virtual
machine is started in Unicode filename translation mode. Otherwise the name of the executable is
limited to the ISO Latin-1 character set.
PortNames:
{spawn, Command}:
Starts an external program. Command is the name of the external program to be run. Command
runs outside the Erlang work space unless an Erlang driver with the name Command is found. If
found, that driver is started. A driver runs in the Erlang work space, which means that it is
linked with the Erlang runtime system.
For external programs, PATH is searched (or an equivalent method is used to find programs,
depending on the OS). This is done by invoking the shell on certain platforms. The first
space-separated token of the command is considered as the name of the executable (or driver).
This (among other things) makes this option unsuitable for running programs with spaces in
filenames or directory names. If spaces in executable filenames are desired, use
{spawn_executable, Command} instead.
{spawn_driver, Command}:
Works like {spawn, Command}, but demands the first (space-separated) token of the command to
be the name of a loaded driver. If no driver with that name is loaded, a badarg error is
raised.
{spawn_executable, FileName}:
Works like {spawn, FileName}, but only runs external executables. FileName in its whole is
used as the name of the executable, including any spaces. If arguments are to be passed, the
PortSettings args and arg0 can be used.
The shell is usually not invoked to start the program, it is executed directly. PATH (or
equivalent) is not searched. To find a program in PATH to execute, use os:find_executable/1.
Only if a shell script or .bat file is executed, the appropriate command interpreter is
invoked implicitly, but there is still no command-argument expansion or implicit PATH search.
If FileName cannot be run, an error exception is raised, with the POSIX error code as the
reason. The error reason can differ between OSs. Typically the error enoent is raised when an
attempt is made to run a program that is not found and eacces is raised when the specified
file is not executable.
{fd, In, Out}:
Allows an Erlang process to access any currently opened file descriptors used by Erlang. The
file descriptor In can be used for standard input, and the file descriptor Out for standard
output. It is only used for various servers in the Erlang OS (shell and user). Hence, its use
is limited.
PortSettings is a list of settings for the port. The valid settings are as follows:
{packet, N}:
Messages are preceded by their length, sent in N bytes, with the most significant byte first.
The valid values for N are 1, 2, and 4.
stream:
Output messages are sent without packet lengths. A user-defined protocol must be used between
the Erlang process and the external object.
{line, L}:
Messages are delivered on a per line basis. Each line (delimited by the OS-dependent newline
sequence) is delivered in a single message. The message data format is {Flag, Line}, where
Flag is eol or noeol, and Line is the data delivered (without the newline sequence).
L specifies the maximum line length in bytes. Lines longer than this are delivered in more
than one message, with Flag set to noeol for all but the last message. If end of file is
encountered anywhere else than immediately following a newline sequence, the last line is also
delivered with Flag set to noeol. Otherwise lines are delivered with Flag set to eol.
The {packet, N} and {line, L} settings are mutually exclusive.
{cd, Dir}:
Only valid for {spawn, Command} and {spawn_executable, FileName}. The external program starts
using Dir as its working directory. Dir must be a string.
{env, Env}:
Types:
Name = os:env_var_name()
Val = os:env_var_value() | false
Env = [{Name, Val}]
Only valid for {spawn, Command}, and {spawn_executable, FileName}. The environment of the
started process is extended using the environment specifications in Env.
Env is to be a list of tuples {Name, Val}, where Name is the name of an environment variable,
and Val is the value it is to have in the spawned port process. Both Name and Val must be
strings. The one exception is Val being the atom false (in analogy with os:getenv/1, which
removes the environment variable.
For information about encoding requirements, see documentation of the types for Name and Val.
{args, [ string() | binary() ]}:
Only valid for {spawn_executable, FileName} and specifies arguments to the executable. Each
argument is specified as a separate string and (on Unix) eventually ends up as one element
each in the argument vector. On other platforms, a similar behavior is mimicked.
The arguments are not expanded by the shell before they are supplied to the executable. Most
notably this means that file wildcard expansion does not occur. To expand wildcards for the
arguments, use filelib:wildcard/1. Notice that even if the program is a Unix shell script,
meaning that the shell ultimately is invoked, wildcard expansion does not occur, and the
script is provided with the untouched arguments. On Windows, wildcard expansion is always up
to the program itself, therefore this is not an issue.
The executable name (also known as argv[0]) is not to be specified in this list. The proper
executable name is automatically used as argv[0], where applicable.
If you explicitly want to set the program name in the argument vector, option arg0 can be
used.
{arg0, string() | binary()}:
Only valid for {spawn_executable, FileName} and explicitly specifies the program name argument
when running an executable. This can in some circumstances, on some OSs, be desirable. How the
program responds to this is highly system-dependent and no specific effect is guaranteed.
exit_status:
Only valid for {spawn, Command}, where Command refers to an external program, and for
{spawn_executable, FileName}.
When the external process connected to the port exits, a message of the form
{Port,{exit_status,Status}} is sent to the connected process, where Status is the exit status
of the external process. If the program aborts on Unix, the same convention is used as the
shells do (that is, 128+signal).
If option eof is specified also, the messages eof and exit_status appear in an unspecified
order.
If the port program closes its stdout without exiting, option exit_status does not work.
use_stdio:
Only valid for {spawn, Command} and {spawn_executable, FileName}. It allows the standard input
and output (file descriptors 0 and 1) of the spawned (Unix) process for communication with
Erlang.
nouse_stdio:
The opposite of use_stdio. It uses file descriptors 3 and 4 for communication with Erlang.
stderr_to_stdout:
Affects ports to external programs. The executed program gets its standard error file
redirected to its standard output file. stderr_to_stdout and nouse_stdio are mutually
exclusive.
overlapped_io:
Affects ports to external programs on Windows only. The standard input and standard output
handles of the port program are, if this option is supplied, opened with flag
FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, so that the port program can (and must) do overlapped I/O on its
standard handles. This is not normally the case for simple port programs, but an option of
value for the experienced Windows programmer. On all other platforms, this option is silently
discarded.
in:
The port can only be used for input.
out:
The port can only be used for output.
binary:
All I/O from the port is binary data objects as opposed to lists of bytes.
eof:
The port is not closed at the end of the file and does not produce an exit signal. Instead, it
remains open and a {Port, eof} message is sent to the process holding the port.
hide:
When running on Windows, suppresses creation of a new console window when spawning the port
program. (This option has no effect on other platforms.)
{parallelism, Boolean}:
Sets scheduler hint for port parallelism. If set to true, the virtual machine schedules port
tasks; when doing so, it improves parallelism in the system. If set to false, the virtual
machine tries to perform port tasks immediately, improving latency at the expense of
parallelism. The default can be set at system startup by passing command-line argument +spp to
erl(1).
{busy_limits_port, {Low, High} | disabled}:
Sets limits that will be used for controlling the busy state of the port.
When the ports internal output queue size becomes larger than or equal to High bytes, it
enters the busy state. When it becomes less than Low bytes it leaves the busy state. When the
port is in the busy state, processes sending commands to it will be suspended until the port
leaves the busy state. Commands are in this context either Port ! {Owner, {command, Data}} or
port_command/[2,3].
The Low limit is automatically adjusted to the same as High if it is set larger then High.
Valid range of values for Low and High is [1, (1 bsl (8*erlang:system_info(wordsize)))-2]. If
the atom disabled is passed, the port will never enter the busy state.
The defaults are Low = 4096 and High = 8192.
Note that this option is only valid when spawning an executable (port program) by opening the
spawn driver and when opening the fd driver. This option will cause a failure with a badarg
exception when opening other drivers.
{busy_limits_msgq, {Low, High} | disabled}:
Sets limits that will be used for controlling the busy state of the port message queue.
When the ports message queue size becomes larger than or equal to High bytes it enters the
busy state. When it becomes less than Low bytes it leaves the busy state. When the port
message queue is in the busy state, processes sending commands to it will be suspended until
the port message queue leaves the busy state. Commands are in this context either Port !
{Owner, {command, Data}} or port_command/[2,3].
The Low limit is automatically adjusted to the same as High if it is set larger then High.
Valid range of values for Low and High is [1, (1 bsl (8*erlang:system_info(wordsize)))-2]. If
the atom disabled is passed, the port message queue will never enter the busy state.
Note that if the driver statically has disabled the use of this feature, a failure with a
badarg exception will be raised unless this option also is set to disable or not passed at
all.
The defaults are Low = 4096 and High = 8192 unless the driver itself does modifications of
these values.
Note that the driver might fail if it also adjust these limits by itself and you have disabled
this feature.
The spawn driver (used when spawning an executable) and the fd driver do not disable this
feature and do not adjust these limits by themselves.
For more information see the documentation erl_drv_busy_msgq_limits().
Default is stream for all port types and use_stdio for spawned ports.
Failure: if the port cannot be opened, the exit reason is badarg, system_limit, or the POSIX error
code that most closely describes the error, or einval if no POSIX code is appropriate:
badarg:
Bad input arguments to open_port.
system_limit:
All available ports in the Erlang emulator are in use.
enomem:
Not enough memory to create the port.
eagain:
No more available OS processes.
enametoolong:
Too long external command.
emfile:
No more available file descriptors (for the OS process that the Erlang emulator runs in).
enfile:
Full file table (for the entire OS).
eacces:
Command specified in {spawn_executable, Command} does not point out an executable file.
enoent:
FileName specified in {spawn_executable, FileName} does not point out an existing file.
During use of a port opened using {spawn, Name}, {spawn_driver, Name}, or {spawn_executable,
Name}, errors arising when sending messages to it are reported to the owning process using signals
of the form {'EXIT', Port, PosixCode}. For the possible values of PosixCode, see file(3erl).
The maximum number of ports that can be open at the same time can be configured by passing
command-line flag +Q to erl(1).
erlang:phash(Term, Range) -> Hash
Types:
Term = term()
Range = Hash = integer() >= 1
Range = 1..2^32, Hash = 1..Range
Warning:
This function is deprecated as erlang:phash2/2 should be used for new code. Note that
erlang:phash(X,N) is not necessary equal to erlang:phash2(X,N)
Portable hash function that gives the same hash for the same Erlang term regardless of machine
architecture and ERTS version (the BIF was introduced in ERTS 4.9.1.1). The function returns a
hash value for Term within the range 1..Range. The maximum value for Range is 2^32.
erlang:phash2(Term) -> Hash
erlang:phash2(Term, Range) -> Hash
Types:
Term = term()
Range = integer() >= 1
1..2^32
Hash = integer() >= 0
0..Range-1
Portable hash function that gives the same hash for the same Erlang term regardless of machine
architecture and ERTS version (the BIF was introduced in ERTS 5.2). The function returns a hash
value for Term within the range 0..Range-1. The maximum value for Range is 2^32. When without
argument Range, a value in the range 0..2^27-1 is returned.
This BIF is always to be used for hashing terms. It distributes small integers better than
phash/2, and it is faster for bignums and binaries.
Notice that the range 0..Range-1 is different from the range of phash/2, which is 1..Range.
pid_to_list(Pid) -> string()
Types:
Pid = pid()
Returns a string corresponding to the text representation of Pid. Example:
> erlang:pid_to_list(self()).
"<0.85.0>"
Note:
The creation for the node is not included in the list representation of Pid. This means that
processes in different incarnations of a node with a specific name can get the same list
representation.
erlang:port_call(Port, Operation, Data) -> term()
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Operation = integer()
Data = term()
Performs a synchronous call to a port. The meaning of Operation and Data depends on the port, that
is, on the port driver. Not all port drivers support this feature.
Port is a port identifier, referring to a driver.
Operation is an integer, which is passed on to the driver.
Data is any Erlang term. This data is converted to binary term format and sent to the port.
Returns a term from the driver. The meaning of the returned data also depends on the port driver.
Failures:
badarg:
If Port is not an identifier of an open port, or the registered name of an open port. If the
calling process was previously linked to the closed port, identified by Port, the exit signal
from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before this badarg exception occurs.
badarg:
If Operation does not fit in a 32-bit integer.
badarg:
If the port driver does not support synchronous control operations.
badarg:
If the port driver so decides for any reason (probably something wrong with Operation or
Data).
Warning:
Do not call port_call with an unknown Port identifier and expect badarg exception. Any undefined
behavior is possible (including node crash) depending on how the port driver interprets the
supplied arguments.
port_close(Port) -> true
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Closes an open port. Roughly the same as Port ! {self(), close} except for the error behavior (see
below), being synchronous, and that the port does not reply with {Port, closed}. Any process can
close a port with port_close/1, not only the port owner (the connected process). If the calling
process is linked to the port identified by Port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to
be delivered before port_close/1 returns.
For comparison: Port ! {self(), close} only fails with badarg if Port does not refer to a port or
a process. If Port is a closed port, nothing happens. If Port is an open port and the calling
process is the port owner, the port replies with {Port, closed} when all buffers have been flushed
and the port really closes. If the calling process is not the port owner, the port owner fails
with badsig.
Notice that any process can close a port using Port ! {PortOwner, close} as if it itself was the
port owner, but the reply always goes to the port owner.
As from Erlang/OTP R16, Port ! {PortOwner, close} is truly asynchronous. Notice that this
operation has always been documented as an asynchronous operation, while the underlying
implementation has been synchronous. port_close/1 is however still fully synchronous because of
its error behavior.
Failure: badarg if Port is not an identifier of an open port, or the registered name of an open
port. If the calling process was previously linked to the closed port, identified by Port, the
exit signal from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before this badarg exception occurs.
port_command(Port, Data) -> true
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Data = iodata()
Sends data to a port. Same as Port ! {PortOwner, {command, Data}} except for the error behavior
and being synchronous (see below). Any process can send data to a port with port_command/2, not
only the port owner (the connected process).
For comparison: Port ! {PortOwner, {command, Data}} only fails with badarg if Port does not refer
to a port or a process. If Port is a closed port, the data message disappears without a sound. If
Port is open and the calling process is not the port owner, the port owner fails with badsig. The
port owner fails with badsig also if Data is an invalid I/O list.
Notice that any process can send to a port using Port ! {PortOwner, {command, Data}} as if it
itself was the port owner.
If the port is busy, the calling process is suspended until the port is not busy any more.
As from Erlang/OTP R16, Port ! {PortOwner, {command, Data}} is truly asynchronous. Notice that
this operation has always been documented as an asynchronous operation, while the underlying
implementation has been synchronous. port_command/2 is however still fully synchronous because of
its error behavior.
Failures:
badarg:
If Port is not an identifier of an open port, or the registered name of an open port. If the
calling process was previously linked to the closed port, identified by Port, the exit signal
from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before this badarg exception occurs.
badarg:
If Data is an invalid I/O list.
Warning:
Do not send data to an unknown port. Any undefined behavior is possible (including node crash)
depending on how the port driver interprets the data.
port_command(Port, Data, OptionList) -> boolean()
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Data = iodata()
Option = force | nosuspend
OptionList = [Option]
Sends data to a port. port_command(Port, Data, []) equals port_command(Port, Data).
If the port command is aborted, false is returned, otherwise true.
If the port is busy, the calling process is suspended until the port is not busy anymore.
Options:
force:
The calling process is not suspended if the port is busy, instead the port command is forced
through. The call fails with a notsup exception if the driver of the port does not support
this. For more information, see driver flag ERL_DRV_FLAG_SOFT_BUSY.
nosuspend:
The calling process is not suspended if the port is busy, instead the port command is aborted
and false is returned.
Note:
More options can be added in a future release.
Failures:
badarg:
If Port is not an identifier of an open port, or the registered name of an open port. If the
calling process was previously linked to the closed port, identified by Port, the exit signal
from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before this badarg exception occurs.
badarg:
If Data is an invalid I/O list.
badarg:
If OptionList is an invalid option list.
notsup:
If option force has been passed, but the driver of the port does not allow forcing through a
busy port.
Warning:
Do not send data to an unknown port. Any undefined behavior is possible (including node crash)
depending on how the port driver interprets the data.
port_connect(Port, Pid) -> true
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Pid = pid()
Sets the port owner (the connected port) to Pid. Roughly the same as Port ! {Owner, {connect,
Pid}} except for the following:
* The error behavior differs, see below.
* The port does not reply with {Port,connected}.
* port_connect/1 is synchronous, see below.
* The new port owner gets linked to the port.
The old port owner stays linked to the port and must call unlink(Port) if this is not desired. Any
process can set the port owner to be any process with port_connect/2.
For comparison: Port ! {self(), {connect, Pid}} only fails with badarg if Port does not refer to a
port or a process. If Port is a closed port, nothing happens. If Port is an open port and the
calling process is the port owner, the port replies with {Port, connected} to the old port owner.
Notice that the old port owner is still linked to the port, while the new is not. If Port is an
open port and the calling process is not the port owner, the port owner fails with badsig. The
port owner fails with badsig also if Pid is not an existing local process identifier.
Notice that any process can set the port owner using Port ! {PortOwner, {connect, Pid}} as if it
itself was the port owner, but the reply always goes to the port owner.
As from Erlang/OTP R16, Port ! {PortOwner, {connect, Pid}} is truly asynchronous. Notice that this
operation has always been documented as an asynchronous operation, while the underlying
implementation has been synchronous. port_connect/2 is however still fully synchronous because of
its error behavior.
Failures:
badarg:
If Port is not an identifier of an open port, or the registered name of an open port. If the
calling process was previously linked to the closed port, identified by Port, the exit signal
from the port is guaranteed to be delivered before this badarg exception occurs.
badarg:
If the process identified by Pid is not an existing local process.
port_control(Port, Operation, Data) -> iodata() | binary()
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Operation = integer()
Data = iodata()
Performs a synchronous control operation on a port. The meaning of Operation and Data depends on
the port, that is, on the port driver. Not all port drivers support this control feature.
Returns a list of integers in the range 0..255, or a binary, depending on the port driver. The
meaning of the returned data also depends on the port driver.
Failures:
badarg:
If Port is not an open port or the registered name of an open port.
badarg:
If Operation cannot fit in a 32-bit integer.
badarg:
If the port driver does not support synchronous control operations.
badarg:
If the port driver so decides for any reason (probably something wrong with Operation or
Data).
Warning:
Do not call port_control/3 with an unknown Port identifier and expect badarg exception. Any
undefined behavior is possible (including node crash) depending on how the port driver
interprets the supplied arguments.
erlang:port_info(Port) -> Result
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
ResultItem =
{registered_name, RegisteredName :: atom()} |
{id, Index :: integer() >= 0} |
{connected, Pid :: pid()} |
{links, Pids :: [pid()]} |
{name, String :: string()} |
{input, Bytes :: integer() >= 0} |
{output, Bytes :: integer() >= 0} |
{os_pid, OsPid :: integer() >= 0 | undefined}
Result = [ResultItem] | undefined
Returns a list containing tuples with information about Port, or undefined if the port is not
open. The order of the tuples is undefined, and all the tuples are not mandatory. If the port is
closed and the calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal from the port is
guaranteed to be delivered before port_info/1 returns undefined.
The result contains information about the following Items:
* registered_name (if the port has a registered name)
* id
* connected
* links
* name
* input
* output
For more information about the different Items, see port_info/2.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: connected) ->
{connected, Pid} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Pid = pid()
Pid is the process identifier of the process connected to the port.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is closed and the
calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to
be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: id) -> {id, Index} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Index = integer() >= 0
Index is the internal index of the port. This index can be used to separate ports.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is closed and the
calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to
be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: input) ->
{input, Bytes} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Bytes = integer() >= 0
Bytes is the total number of bytes read from the port.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is closed and the
calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to
be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: links) -> {links, Pids} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Pids = [pid()]
Pids is a list of the process identifiers of the processes that the port is linked to.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is closed and the
calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to
be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: locking) ->
{locking, Locking} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Locking = false | port_level | driver_level
Locking is one of the following:
* port_level (port-specific locking)
* driver_level (driver-specific locking)
Notice that these results are highly implementation-specific and can change in a future release.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is closed and the
calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to
be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: memory) ->
{memory, Bytes} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Bytes = integer() >= 0
Bytes is the total number of bytes allocated for this port by the runtime system. The port itself
can have allocated memory that is not included in Bytes.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is closed and the
calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to
be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: monitors) ->
{monitors, Monitors} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Monitors = [{process, pid()}]
Monitors represent processes monitored by this port.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is closed and the
calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to
be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: monitored_by) ->
{monitored_by, MonitoredBy} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
MonitoredBy = [pid()]
Returns list of pids that are monitoring given port at the moment.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is closed and the
calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to
be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: name) -> {name, Name} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Name = string()
Name is the command name set by open_port/2.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is closed and the
calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to
be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: os_pid) ->
{os_pid, OsPid} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
OsPid = integer() >= 0 | undefined
OsPid is the process identifier (or equivalent) of an OS process created with open_port({spawn |
spawn_executable, Command}, Options). If the port is not the result of spawning an OS process, the
value is undefined.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is closed and the
calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to
be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: output) ->
{output, Bytes} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Bytes = integer() >= 0
Bytes is the total number of bytes written to the port from Erlang processes using port_command/2,
port_command/3, or Port ! {Owner, {command, Data}.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is closed and the
calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to
be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: parallelism) ->
{parallelism, Boolean} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Boolean = boolean()
Boolean corresponds to the port parallelism hint used by this port. For more information, see
option parallelism of open_port/2.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: queue_size) ->
{queue_size, Bytes} | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
Bytes = integer() >= 0
Bytes is the total number of bytes queued by the port using the ERTS driver queue implementation.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is closed and the
calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to
be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
erlang:port_info(Port, Item :: registered_name) ->
{registered_name, RegisteredName} |
[] | undefined
Types:
Port = port() | atom()
RegisteredName = atom()
RegisteredName is the registered name of the port. If the port has no registered name, [] is
returned.
If the port identified by Port is not open, undefined is returned. If the port is closed and the
calling process was previously linked to the port, the exit signal from the port is guaranteed to
be delivered before port_info/2 returns undefined.
Failure: badarg if Port is not a local port identifier, or an atom.
port_to_list(Port) -> string()
Types:
Port = port()
Returns a string corresponding to the text representation of the port identifier Port.
erlang:ports() -> [port()]
Returns a list of port identifiers corresponding to all the ports existing on the local node.
Notice that an exiting port exists, but is not open.
pre_loaded() -> [module()]
Returns a list of Erlang modules that are preloaded in the run-time system. Pre-loaded modules are
Erlang modules that are needed to bootstrap the system to load the first Erlang modules from
either disk or by using erl_boot_server.
erlang:process_display(Pid, Type) -> true
Types:
Pid = pid()
Type = backtrace
Writes information about the local process Pid on standard error. The only allowed value for the
atom Type is backtrace, which shows the contents of the call stack, including information about
the call chain, with the current function printed first. The format of the output is not further
defined.
process_flag(Flag :: async_dist, Boolean) -> OldBoolean
Types:
Boolean = OldBoolean = boolean()
Enable or disable fully asynchronous distributed signaling for the calling process. When
disabled, which is the default, the process sending a distributed signal will block in the send
operation if the buffer for the distribution channel reach the distribution buffer busy limit. The
process will remain blocked until the buffer shrinks enough. This might in some cases take a
substantial amount of time. When async_dist is enabled, send operations of distributed signals
will always buffer the signal on the outgoing distribution channel and then immediately return.
That is, these send operations will never block the sending process.
Note:
Since no flow control is enforced by the runtime system when async_dist process flag is enabled,
you need to make sure that flow control for such data is implemented, or that the amount of such
data is known to always be limited. Unlimited signaling with async_dist enabled in the absence of
flow control will typically cause the sending runtime system to crash on an out of memory
condition.
Blocking due to disabled async_dist can be monitored by erlang:system_montor() using the
busy_dist_port option. Only data buffered by processes which (at the time of sending a signal)
have disabled async_dist will be counted when determining whether or not an operation should block
the caller.
The async_dist flag can also be set on a new process when spawning it using the spawn_opt() BIF
with the option {async_dist, Enable}. The default async_dist flag to use on newly spawned
processes can be set by passing the command line argument +pad <boolean> when starting the runtime
system. If the +pad <boolean> command line argument is not passed, the default value of the
async_dist flag will be false.
You can inspect the state of the async_dist process flag of a process by calling process_info(Pid,
async_dist).
Returns the old value of the async_dist flag.
process_flag(Flag :: trap_exit, Boolean) -> OldBoolean
Types:
Boolean = OldBoolean = boolean()
When trap_exit is set to true, exit signals arriving to a process are converted to {'EXIT', From,
Reason} messages, which can be received as ordinary messages. If trap_exit is set to false, the
process exits if it receives an exit signal other than normal and the exit signal is propagated to
its linked processes. Application processes are normally not to trap exits.
Returns the old value of the flag.
See also exit/2.
process_flag(Flag :: error_handler, Module) -> OldModule
Types:
Module = OldModule = atom()
Used by a process to redefine the error handler for undefined function calls and undefined
registered processes. Inexperienced users are not to use this flag, as code auto-loading depends
on the correct operation of the error handling module.
Returns the old value of the flag.
process_flag(Flag :: fullsweep_after, FullsweepAfter) ->
OldFullsweepAfter
Types:
FullsweepAfter = OldFullsweepAfter = integer() >= 0
Changes the maximum number of generational collections before forcing a fullsweep for the calling
process.
Returns the old value of the flag.
process_flag(Flag :: min_heap_size, MinHeapSize) -> OldMinHeapSize
Types:
MinHeapSize = OldMinHeapSize = integer() >= 0
Changes the minimum heap size for the calling process.
Returns the old value of the flag.
process_flag(Flag :: min_bin_vheap_size, MinBinVHeapSize) ->
OldMinBinVHeapSize
Types:
MinBinVHeapSize = OldMinBinVHeapSize = integer() >= 0
Changes the minimum binary virtual heap size for the calling process.
Returns the old value of the flag.
process_flag(Flag :: max_heap_size, MaxHeapSize) -> OldMaxHeapSize
Types:
MaxHeapSize = OldMaxHeapSize = max_heap_size()
max_heap_size() =
integer() >= 0 |
#{size => integer() >= 0,
kill => boolean(),
error_logger => boolean()}
This flag sets the maximum heap size for the calling process. If MaxHeapSize is an integer, the
system default values for kill and error_logger are used.
For details on how the heap grows, see Sizing the heap in the ERTS internal documentation.
size:
The maximum size in words of the process. If set to zero, the heap size limit is disabled.
badarg is be thrown if the value is smaller than min_heap_size. The size check is only done
when a garbage collection is triggered.
size is the entire heap of the process when garbage collection is triggered. This includes all
generational heaps, the process stack, any messages that are considered to be part of the
heap, and any extra memory that the garbage collector needs during collection.
size is the same as can be retrieved using erlang:process_info(Pid, total_heap_size), or by
adding heap_block_size, old_heap_block_size and mbuf_size from erlang:process_info(Pid,
garbage_collection_info).
kill:
When set to true, the runtime system sends an untrappable exit signal with reason kill to the
process if the maximum heap size is reached. The garbage collection that triggered the kill is
not completed, instead the process exits as soon as possible. When set to false, no exit
signal is sent to the process, instead it continues executing.
If kill is not defined in the map, the system default will be used. The default system default
is true. It can be changed by either option +hmaxk in erl(1), or
erlang:system_flag(max_heap_size, MaxHeapSize).
error_logger:
When set to true, the runtime system logs an error event via logger, containing details about
the process when the maximum heap size is reached. One log event is sent each time the limit
is reached.
If error_logger is not defined in the map, the system default is used. The default system
default is true. It can be changed by either the option +hmaxel int erl(1), or
erlang:system_flag(max_heap_size, MaxHeapSize).
The heap size of a process is quite hard to predict, especially the amount of memory that is used
during the garbage collection. When contemplating using this option, it is recommended to first
run it in production with kill set to false and inspect the log events to see what the normal peak
sizes of the processes in the system is and then tune the value accordingly.
process_flag(Flag :: message_queue_data, MQD) -> OldMQD
Types:
MQD = OldMQD = message_queue_data()
message_queue_data() = off_heap | on_heap
Determines how messages in the message queue are stored, as follows:
off_heap:
All messages in the message queue will be stored outside the process heap. This implies that
no messages in the message queue will be part of a garbage collection of the process.
on_heap:
All messages in the message queue will eventually be placed on the process heap. They can,
however, be temporarily stored off the heap. This is how messages have always been stored up
until ERTS 8.0.
The default value of the message_queue_data process flag is determined by the command-line
argument +hmqd in erl(1).
If the process may potentially accumulate a large number of messages in its queue it is
recommended to set the flag value to off_heap. This is due to the fact that the garbage collection
of a process that has a large number of messages stored on the heap can become extremely expensive
and the process can consume large amounts of memory. The performance of the actual message passing
is, however, generally better when the flag value is on_heap.
Changing the flag value causes any existing messages to be moved. The move operation is initiated,
but not necessarily completed, by the time the function returns.
Returns the old value of the flag.
process_flag(Flag :: priority, Level) -> OldLevel
Types:
Level = OldLevel = priority_level()
priority_level() = low | normal | high | max
Sets the process priority. Level is an atom. Four priority levels exist: low, normal, high, and
max. Default is normal.
Note:
Priority level max is reserved for internal use in the Erlang runtime system, and is not to be
used by others.
Internally in each priority level, processes are scheduled in a round robin fashion.
Execution of processes on priority normal and low are interleaved. Processes on priority low are
selected for execution less frequently than processes on priority normal.
When runnable processes on priority high exist, no processes on priority low or normal are
selected for execution. Notice however that this does not mean that no processes on priority low
or normal can run when processes are running on priority high. When using multiple schedulers,
more processes can be running in parallel than processes on priority high. That is, a low and a
high priority process can execute at the same time.
When runnable processes on priority max exist, no processes on priority low, normal, or high are
selected for execution. As with priority high, processes on lower priorities can execute in
parallel with processes on priority max.
Scheduling is pre-emptive. Regardless of priority, a process is pre-empted when it has consumed
more than a certain number of reductions since the last time it was selected for execution.
Note:
Do not depend on the scheduling to remain exactly as it is today. Scheduling is likely to be
changed in a future release to use available processor cores better.
There is no automatic mechanism for avoiding priority inversion, such as priority inheritance or
priority ceilings. When using priorities, take this into account and handle such scenarios by
yourself.
Making calls from a high priority process into code that you has no control over can cause the
high priority process to wait for a process with lower priority. That is, effectively decreasing
the priority of the high priority process during the call. Even if this is not the case with one
version of the code that you have no control over, it can be the case in a future version of it.
This can, for example, occur if a high priority process triggers code loading, as the code server
runs on priority normal.
Other priorities than normal are normally not needed. When other priorities are used, use them
with care, especially priority high. A process on priority high is only to perform work for short
periods. Busy looping for long periods in a high priority process causes most likely problems, as
important OTP servers run on priority normal.
Returns the old value of the flag.
process_flag(Flag :: save_calls, N) -> OldN
Types:
N = OldN = 0..10000
N must be an integer in the interval 0..10000. If N > 0, call saving is made active for the
process. This means that information about the N most recent global function calls, BIF calls,
sends, and receives made by the process are saved in a list, which can be retrieved with
process_info(Pid, last_calls). A global function call is one in which the module of the function
is explicitly mentioned. Only a fixed amount of information is saved, as follows:
* A tuple {Module, Function, Arity} for function calls
* The atoms send, 'receive', and timeout for sends and receives ('receive' when a message is
received and timeout when a receive times out)
If N = 0, call saving is disabled for the process, which is the default. Whenever the size of the
call saving list is set, its contents are reset.
Returns the old value of the flag.
process_flag(Flag :: sensitive, Boolean) -> OldBoolean
Types:
Boolean = OldBoolean = boolean()
Sets or clears flag sensitive for the current process. When a process has been marked as sensitive
by calling process_flag(sensitive, true), features in the runtime system that can be used for
examining the data or inner working of the process are silently disabled.
Features that are disabled include (but are not limited to) the following:
* Tracing. Trace flags can still be set for the process, but no trace messages of any kind are
generated. (If flag sensitive is turned off, trace messages are again generated if any trace
flags are set.)
* Sequential tracing. The sequential trace token is propagated as usual, but no sequential trace
messages are generated.
process_info/1,2 cannot be used to read out the message queue or the process dictionary (both are
returned as empty lists).
Stack back-traces cannot be displayed for the process.
In crash dumps, the stack, messages, and the process dictionary are omitted.
If {save_calls,N} has been set for the process, no function calls are saved to the call saving
list. (The call saving list is not cleared. Also, send, receive, and time-out events are still
added to the list.)
Returns the old value of the flag.
process_flag(Pid, Flag, Value) -> OldValue
Types:
Pid = pid()
Flag = save_calls
Value = OldValue = integer() >= 0
Sets certain flags for the process Pid, in the same manner as process_flag/2. Returns the old
value of the flag. The valid values for Flag are only a subset of those allowed in process_flag/2,
namely save_calls.
Failure: badarg if Pid is not a local process.
process_info(Pid) -> Info
Types:
Pid = pid()
Info = [InfoTuple] | undefined
InfoTuple = process_info_result_item()
process_info_result_item() =
{async_dist, Enabled :: boolean()} |
{backtrace, Bin :: binary()} |
{binary,
BinInfo ::
[{integer() >= 0,
integer() >= 0,
integer() >= 0}]} |
{catchlevel, CatchLevel :: integer() >= 0} |
{current_function,
{Module :: module(), Function :: atom(), Arity :: arity()} |
undefined} |
{current_location,
{Module :: module(),
Function :: atom(),
Arity :: arity(),
Location ::
[{file, Filename :: string()} |
{line, Line :: integer() >= 1}]}} |
{current_stacktrace, Stack :: [stack_item()]} |
{dictionary, Dictionary :: [{Key :: term(), Value :: term()}]} |
{error_handler, Module :: module()} |
{garbage_collection, GCInfo :: [{atom(), integer() >= 0}]} |
{garbage_collection_info,
GCInfo :: [{atom(), integer() >= 0}]} |
{group_leader, GroupLeader :: pid()} |
{heap_size, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{initial_call, mfa()} |
{links, PidsAndPorts :: [pid() | port()]} |
{last_calls, false | (Calls :: [mfa()])} |
{memory, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{message_queue_len, MessageQueueLen :: integer() >= 0} |
{messages, MessageQueue :: [term()]} |
{min_heap_size, MinHeapSize :: integer() >= 0} |
{min_bin_vheap_size, MinBinVHeapSize :: integer() >= 0} |
{max_heap_size, MaxHeapSize :: max_heap_size()} |
{monitored_by,
MonitoredBy :: [pid() | port() | nif_resource()]} |
{monitors,
Monitors ::
[{process | port,
Pid ::
pid() |
port() |
{RegName :: atom(), Node :: node()}}]} |
{message_queue_data, MQD :: message_queue_data()} |
{parent, pid() | undefined} |
{priority, Level :: priority_level()} |
{reductions, Number :: integer() >= 0} |
{registered_name, [] | (Atom :: atom())} |
{sequential_trace_token,
[] | (SequentialTraceToken :: term())} |
{stack_size, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{status,
Status ::
exiting | garbage_collecting | waiting | running |
runnable | suspended} |
{suspending,
SuspendeeList ::
[{Suspendee :: pid(),
ActiveSuspendCount :: integer() >= 0,
OutstandingSuspendCount :: integer() >= 0}]} |
{total_heap_size, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{trace, InternalTraceFlags :: integer() >= 0} |
{trap_exit, Boolean :: boolean()}
priority_level() = low | normal | high | max
stack_item() =
{Module :: module(),
Function :: atom(),
Arity :: arity() | (Args :: [term()]),
Location ::
[{file, Filename :: string()} |
{line, Line :: integer() >= 1}]}
max_heap_size() =
integer() >= 0 |
#{size => integer() >= 0,
kill => boolean(),
error_logger => boolean()}
message_queue_data() = off_heap | on_heap
Returns a list containing InfoTuples with miscellaneous information about the process identified
by Pid, or undefined if the process is not alive.
The order of the InfoTuples is undefined and all InfoTuples are not mandatory. The InfoTuples part
of the result can be changed without prior notice.
The InfoTuples with the following items are part of the result:
* current_function
* initial_call
* status
* message_queue_len
* links
* dictionary
* trap_exit
* error_handler
* priority
* group_leader
* total_heap_size
* heap_size
* stack_size
* reductions
* garbage_collection
If the process identified by Pid has a registered name, also an InfoTuple with item
registered_name is included.
For information about specific InfoTuples, see process_info/2.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for debugging only. For all other purposes, use process_info/2.
Failure: badarg if Pid is not a local process.
process_info(Pid, Item) -> InfoTuple | [] | undefined
process_info(Pid, ItemList) -> InfoTupleList | [] | undefined
Types:
Pid = pid()
ItemList = [Item]
Item = process_info_item()
InfoTupleList = [InfoTuple]
InfoTuple = process_info_result_item()
process_info_item() =
async_dist | backtrace | binary | catchlevel |
current_function | current_location | current_stacktrace |
dictionary | error_handler | garbage_collection |
garbage_collection_info | group_leader | heap_size |
initial_call | links | last_calls | memory |
message_queue_len | messages | min_heap_size |
min_bin_vheap_size | monitored_by | monitors |
message_queue_data | parent | priority | reductions |
registered_name | sequential_trace_token | stack_size |
status | suspending | total_heap_size | trace | trap_exit
process_info_result_item() =
{async_dist, Enabled :: boolean()} |
{backtrace, Bin :: binary()} |
{binary,
BinInfo ::
[{integer() >= 0,
integer() >= 0,
integer() >= 0}]} |
{catchlevel, CatchLevel :: integer() >= 0} |
{current_function,
{Module :: module(), Function :: atom(), Arity :: arity()} |
undefined} |
{current_location,
{Module :: module(),
Function :: atom(),
Arity :: arity(),
Location ::
[{file, Filename :: string()} |
{line, Line :: integer() >= 1}]}} |
{current_stacktrace, Stack :: [stack_item()]} |
{dictionary, Dictionary :: [{Key :: term(), Value :: term()}]} |
{error_handler, Module :: module()} |
{garbage_collection, GCInfo :: [{atom(), integer() >= 0}]} |
{garbage_collection_info,
GCInfo :: [{atom(), integer() >= 0}]} |
{group_leader, GroupLeader :: pid()} |
{heap_size, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{initial_call, mfa()} |
{links, PidsAndPorts :: [pid() | port()]} |
{last_calls, false | (Calls :: [mfa()])} |
{memory, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{message_queue_len, MessageQueueLen :: integer() >= 0} |
{messages, MessageQueue :: [term()]} |
{min_heap_size, MinHeapSize :: integer() >= 0} |
{min_bin_vheap_size, MinBinVHeapSize :: integer() >= 0} |
{max_heap_size, MaxHeapSize :: max_heap_size()} |
{monitored_by,
MonitoredBy :: [pid() | port() | nif_resource()]} |
{monitors,
Monitors ::
[{process | port,
Pid ::
pid() |
port() |
{RegName :: atom(), Node :: node()}}]} |
{message_queue_data, MQD :: message_queue_data()} |
{parent, pid() | undefined} |
{priority, Level :: priority_level()} |
{reductions, Number :: integer() >= 0} |
{registered_name, [] | (Atom :: atom())} |
{sequential_trace_token,
[] | (SequentialTraceToken :: term())} |
{stack_size, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{status,
Status ::
exiting | garbage_collecting | waiting | running |
runnable | suspended} |
{suspending,
SuspendeeList ::
[{Suspendee :: pid(),
ActiveSuspendCount :: integer() >= 0,
OutstandingSuspendCount :: integer() >= 0}]} |
{total_heap_size, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{trace, InternalTraceFlags :: integer() >= 0} |
{trap_exit, Boolean :: boolean()}
stack_item() =
{Module :: module(),
Function :: atom(),
Arity :: arity() | (Args :: [term()]),
Location ::
[{file, Filename :: string()} |
{line, Line :: integer() >= 1}]}
priority_level() = low | normal | high | max
max_heap_size() =
integer() >= 0 |
#{size => integer() >= 0,
kill => boolean(),
error_logger => boolean()}
message_queue_data() = off_heap | on_heap
Returns information about the process identified by Pid, as specified by Item or ItemList. Returns
undefined if the process is not alive.
If the process is alive and a single Item is specified, the returned value is the corresponding
InfoTuple, unless Item =:= registered_name and the process has no registered name. In this case,
[] is returned. This strange behavior is because of historical reasons, and is kept for backward
compatibility.
If ItemList is specified, the result is InfoTupleList. The InfoTuples in InfoTupleList are
included with the corresponding Items in the same order as the Items were included in ItemList.
Valid Items can be included multiple times in ItemList.
Getting process information follows the signal ordering guarantees described in the Processes
Chapter in the Erlang Reference Manual .
Note:
If registered_name is part of ItemList and the process has no name registered, a {registered_name,
[]}, InfoTuple will be included in the resulting InfoTupleList. This behavior is different when a
single Item =:= registered_name is specified, and when process_info/1 is used.
Valid InfoTuples with corresponding Items:
{async_dist, Enabled}:
Since: OTP 25.3
Current value of the async_dist process flag.
{backtrace, Bin}:
Binary Bin contains the same information as the output from erlang:process_display(Pid,
backtrace). Use binary_to_list/1 to obtain the string of characters from the binary.
{binary, BinInfo}:
BinInfo is a list containing miscellaneous information about binaries on the heap of this
process. This InfoTuple can be changed or removed without prior notice. In the current
implementation BinInfo is a list of tuples. The tuples contain; BinaryId, BinarySize,
BinaryRefcCount.
Depending on the value of the message_queue_data process flag the message queue may be stored
on the heap.
{catchlevel, CatchLevel}:
CatchLevel is the number of currently active catches in this process. This InfoTuple can be
changed or removed without prior notice.
{current_function, {Module, Function, Arity} | undefined}:
Module, Function, Arity is the current function call of the process. The value undefined can
be returned if the process is currently executing native compiled code.
{current_location, {Module, Function, Arity, Location}}:
Module, Function, Arity is the current function call of the process. Location is a list of
two-tuples describing the location in the source code.
{current_stacktrace, Stack}:
Returns the current call stack back-trace (stacktrace) of the process. The stack has the same
format as in the catch part of a try. See The call-stack back trace (stacktrace). The depth of
the stacktrace is truncated according to the backtrace_depth system flag setting.
{dictionary, Dictionary}:
Dictionary is the process dictionary.
{error_handler, Module}:
Module is the error handler module used by the process (for undefined function calls, for
example).
{garbage_collection, GCInfo}:
GCInfo is a list containing miscellaneous information about garbage collection for this
process. The content of GCInfo can be changed without prior notice.
{garbage_collection_info, GCInfo}:
GCInfo is a list containing miscellaneous detailed information about garbage collection for
this process. The content of GCInfo can be changed without prior notice. For details about the
meaning of each item, see gc_minor_start in erlang:trace/3.
{group_leader, GroupLeader}:
GroupLeader is the group leader for the I/O of the process.
{heap_size, Size}:
Size is the size in words of the youngest heap generation of the process. This generation
includes the process stack. This information is highly implementation-dependent, and can
change if the implementation changes.
{initial_call, {Module, Function, Arity}}:
Module, Function, Arity is the initial function call with which the process was spawned.
{links, PidsAndPorts}:
PidsAndPorts is a list of process identifiers and port identifiers, with processes or ports to
which the process has a link.
{last_calls, false|Calls}:
The value is false if call saving is not active for the process (see process_flag/3). If call
saving is active, a list is returned, in which the last element is the most recent called.
{memory, Size}:
Size is the size in bytes of the process. This includes call stack, heap, and internal
structures.
{message_queue_len, MessageQueueLen}:
MessageQueueLen is the number of messages currently in the message queue of the process. This
is the length of the list MessageQueue returned as the information item messages (see below).
{messages, MessageQueue}:
MessageQueue is a list of the messages to the process, which have not yet been processed.
{min_heap_size, MinHeapSize}:
MinHeapSize is the minimum heap size for the process.
{min_bin_vheap_size, MinBinVHeapSize}:
MinBinVHeapSize is the minimum binary virtual heap size for the process.
{monitored_by, MonitoredBy}:
A list of identifiers for all the processes, ports and NIF resources, that are monitoring the
process.
{monitors, Monitors}:
A list of monitors (started by monitor/2) that are active for the process. For a local process
monitor or a remote process monitor by a process identifier, the list consists of:
{process, Pid}:
Process is monitored by pid.
{process, {RegName, Node}}:
Local or remote process is monitored by name.
{port, PortId}:
Local port is monitored by port id.
{port, {RegName, Node}}:
Local port is monitored by name. Please note, that remote port monitors are not supported,
so Node will always be the local node name.
{message_queue_data, MQD}:
MQD is the current value of the message_queue_data process flag, which can be either off_heap
or on_heap. For more information, see the documentation of process_flag(message_queue_data,
MQD).
{parent, Pid}:
Pid is the identifier of the parent process, the one that spawned current process. When the
process does not have a parent undefined is returned. Only the initial process (init) on a
node lacks a parent, though.
{priority, Level}:
Level is the current priority level for the process. For more information on priorities, see
process_flag(priority, Level).
{reductions, Number}:
Number is the number of reductions executed by the process.
{registered_name, Atom}:
Atom is the registered process name. If the process has no registered name, this tuple is not
present in the list.
{sequential_trace_token, [] | SequentialTraceToken}:
SequentialTraceToken is the sequential trace token for the process. This InfoTuple can be
changed or removed without prior notice.
{stack_size, Size}:
Size is the stack size, in words, of the process.
{status, Status}:
Status is the status of the process and is one of the following:
* exiting
* garbage_collecting
* waiting (for a message)
* running
* runnable (ready to run, but another process is running)
* suspended (suspended on a "busy" port or by the BIF erlang:suspend_process/1,2)
{suspending, SuspendeeList}:
SuspendeeList is a list of {Suspendee, ActiveSuspendCount, OutstandingSuspendCount} tuples.
Suspendee is the process identifier of a process that has been, or is to be, suspended by the
process identified by Pid through the BIF erlang:suspend_process/2 or
erlang:suspend_process/1.
ActiveSuspendCount is the number of times Suspendee has been suspended by Pid.
OutstandingSuspendCount is the number of not yet completed suspend requests sent by Pid, that
is:
* If ActiveSuspendCount =/= 0, Suspendee is currently in the suspended state.
* If OutstandingSuspendCount =/= 0, option asynchronous of erlang:suspend_process/2 has been
used and the suspendee has not yet been suspended by Pid.
Notice that ActiveSuspendCount and OutstandingSuspendCount are not the total suspend count on
Suspendee, only the parts contributed by Pid.
{total_heap_size, Size}:
Size is the total size, in words, of all heap fragments of the process. This includes the
process stack and any unreceived messages that are considered to be part of the heap.
{trace, InternalTraceFlags}:
InternalTraceFlags is an integer representing the internal trace flag for this process. This
InfoTuple can be changed or removed without prior notice.
{trap_exit, Boolean}:
Boolean is true if the process is trapping exits, otherwise false.
Notice that not all implementations support all these Items.
Failures:
badarg:
If Pid is not a local process.
badarg:
If Item is an invalid item.
processes() -> [pid()]
Returns a list of process identifiers corresponding to all the processes currently existing on the
local node.
Notice that an exiting process exists, but is not alive. That is, is_process_alive/1 returns false
for an exiting process, but its process identifier is part of the result returned from
processes/0.
Example:
> processes().
[<0.0.0>,<0.2.0>,<0.4.0>,<0.5.0>,<0.7.0>,<0.8.0>]
purge_module(Module) -> true
Types:
Module = atom()
Removes old code for Module. Before this BIF is used, check_process_code/2 is to be called to
check that no processes execute old code in the module.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for the code server (see code(3erl)) and is not to be used elsewhere.
Note:
As from ERTS 8.0 (Erlang/OTP 19), any lingering processes that still execute the old code is
killed by this function. In earlier versions, such incorrect use could cause much more fatal
failures, like emulator crash.
Failure: badarg if there is no old code for Module.
put(Key, Val) -> term()
Types:
Key = Val = term()
Adds a new Key to the process dictionary, associated with the value Val, and returns undefined. If
Key exists, the old value is deleted and replaced by Val, and the function returns the old value.
The average time complexity for the current implementation of this function is O(1) and the worst
case time complexity is O(N), where N is the number of items in the process dictionary. Example:
> X = put(name, walrus), Y = put(name, carpenter),
Z = get(name),
{X, Y, Z}.
{undefined,walrus,carpenter}
Note:
The values stored when put is evaluated within the scope of a catch are not retracted if a throw
is evaluated, or if an error occurs.
erlang:raise(Class, Reason, Stacktrace) -> badarg
Types:
Class = error | exit | throw
Reason = term()
Stacktrace = raise_stacktrace() | stacktrace()
raise_stacktrace() =
[{module(), atom(), arity() | [term()]} |
{function(), arity() | [term()]}]
Raises an exception of the specified class, reason, and call stack backtrace (stacktrace).
Class is error, exit, or throw. So, if it were not for the stacktrace, erlang:raise(Class, Reason,
Stacktrace) is equivalent to erlang:Class(Reason) (given that Class is a valid class).
Reason can be any term.
Stacktrace is a list as provided in a try-catch clause.
try
...
catch Class:Reason:Stacktrace ->
...
end
That is, a list of four-tuples {Module, Function, Arity | Args, ExtraInfo}, where Module and
Function are atoms, and the third element is an integer arity or an argument list. The stacktrace
can also contain {Fun, Args, ExtraInfo} tuples, where Fun is a local fun and Args is an argument
list.
Element ExtraInfo at the end is optional. Omitting it is equivalent to specifying an empty list.
The stacktrace is used as the exception stacktrace for the calling process; it is truncated to the
current maximum stacktrace depth.
As evaluating this function causes the process to terminate, it has no return value unless the
arguments are invalid, in which case the function returns the error reason badarg. If you want to
be sure not to return, you can call error(erlang:raise(Class, Reason, Stacktrace)) and hope to
distinguish exceptions later.
See the reference manual about errors and error handling for more information about exception
classes and how to catch exceptions.
erlang:read_timer(TimerRef) -> Result
Types:
TimerRef = reference()
Time = integer() >= 0
Result = Time | false
Reads the state of a timer. The same as calling erlang:read_timer(TimerRef, []).
erlang:read_timer(TimerRef, Options) -> Result | ok
Types:
TimerRef = reference()
Async = boolean()
Option = {async, Async}
Options = [Option]
Time = integer() >= 0
Result = Time | false
Reads the state of a timer that has been created by either erlang:start_timer or
erlang:send_after. TimerRef identifies the timer, and was returned by the BIF that created the
timer.
Options:
{async, Async}:
Asynchronous request for state information. Async defaults to false, which causes the
operation to be performed synchronously. In this case, the Result is returned by
erlang:read_timer. When Async is true, erlang:read_timer sends an asynchronous request for the
state information to the timer service that manages the timer, and then returns ok. A message
on the format {read_timer, TimerRef, Result} is sent to the caller of erlang:read_timer when
the operation has been processed.
More Options can be added in the future.
If Result is an integer, it represents the time in milliseconds left until the timer expires.
If Result is false, a timer corresponding to TimerRef could not be found. This because the timer
had expired, or been canceled, or because TimerRef never has corresponded to a timer. Even if the
timer has expired, it does not tell you whether or not the time-out message has arrived at its
destination yet.
Note:
The timer service that manages the timer can be co-located with another scheduler than the
scheduler that the calling process is executing on. If so, communication with the timer service
takes much longer time than if it is located locally. If the calling process is in a critical
path, and can do other things while waiting for the result of this operation, you want to use
option {async, true}. If using option {async, false}, the calling process is blocked until the
operation has been performed.
See also erlang:send_after/4, erlang:start_timer/4, and erlang:cancel_timer/2.
ref_to_list(Ref) -> string()
Types:
Ref = reference()
Returns a string corresponding to the text representation of Ref.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for debugging and is not to be used in application programs.
register(RegName, PidOrPort) -> true
Types:
RegName = atom()
PidOrPort = port() | pid()
Registers the name RegName with a process identifier (pid) or a port identifier in the name
registry. RegName, which must be an atom, can be used instead of the pid or port identifier in
send operator (RegName ! Message) and most other BIFs that take a pid or port identifies as an
argument. Example:
> register(db, Pid).
true
The registered name is considered a Directly Visible Erlang Resource and is automatically
unregistered when the process terminates.
Failures:
badarg:
If PidOrPort is not an existing local process or port.
badarg:
If RegName is already in use.
badarg:
If the process or port is already registered (already has a name).
badarg:
If RegName is the atom undefined.
registered() -> [RegName]
Types:
RegName = atom()
Returns a list of names that have been registered using register/2, for example:
> registered().
[code_server, file_server, init, user, my_db]
erlang:resume_process(Suspendee) -> true
Types:
Suspendee = pid()
Decreases the suspend count on the process identified by Suspendee. Suspendee is previously to
have been suspended through erlang:suspend_process/2 or erlang:suspend_process/1 by the process
calling erlang:resume_process(Suspendee). When the suspend count on Suspendee reaches zero,
Suspendee is resumed, that is, its state is changed from suspended into the state it had before it
was suspended.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for debugging only.
Failures:
badarg:
If Suspendee is not a process identifier.
badarg:
If the process calling erlang:resume_process/1 had not previously increased the suspend count
on the process identified by Suspendee.
badarg:
If the process identified by Suspendee is not alive.
round(Number) -> integer()
Types:
Number = number()
Returns an integer by rounding Number, for example:
round(42.1).
42
round(5.5).
6
round(-5.5).
-6
round(36028797018963969.0).
36028797018963968
In the last example, round(36028797018963969.0) evaluates to 36028797018963968. The reason for
this is that the number 36028797018963969.0 cannot be represented exactly as a float value.
Instead, the float literal is represented as 36028797018963968.0, which is the closest number that
can be represented exactly as a float value. See Representation of Floating Point Numbers for
additional information.
Allowed in guard tests.
self() -> pid()
Returns the process identifier of the calling process, for example:
> self().
<0.26.0>
Allowed in guard tests.
erlang:send(Dest, Msg) -> Msg
Types:
Dest = send_destination()
Msg = term()
Sends a message and returns Msg. This is the same as using the send operator: Dest ! Msg.
Dest can be a remote or local process identifier, an alias, a (local) port, a locally registered
name, or a tuple {RegName, Node} for a registered name at another node.
The function fails with a badarg run-time error if Dest is an atom name, but this name is not
registered. This is the only case when send fails for an unreachable destination Dest (of correct
type).
erlang:send(Dest, Msg, Options) -> Res
Types:
Dest = send_destination()
Msg = term()
Options = [nosuspend | noconnect]
Res = ok | nosuspend | noconnect
Either sends a message and returns ok, or does not send the message but returns something else
(see below). Otherwise the same as erlang:send/2. For more detailed explanation and warnings, see
erlang:send_nosuspend/2,3.
Options:
nosuspend:
If the sender would have to be suspended to do the send, nosuspend is returned instead.
noconnect:
If the destination node would have to be auto-connected to do the send, noconnect is returned
instead.
Warning:
As with erlang:send_nosuspend/2,3: use with extreme care.
erlang:send_after(Time, Dest, Msg) -> TimerRef
Types:
Time = integer() >= 0
Dest = pid() | atom()
Msg = term()
TimerRef = reference()
Starts a timer. The same as calling erlang:send_after(Time, Dest, Msg, []).
erlang:send_after(Time, Dest, Msg, Options) -> TimerRef
Types:
Time = integer()
Dest = pid() | atom()
Msg = term()
Options = [Option]
Abs = boolean()
Option = {abs, Abs}
TimerRef = reference()
Starts a timer. When the timer expires, the message Msg is sent to the process identified by Dest.
Apart from the format of the time-out message, this function works exactly as
erlang:start_timer/4.
erlang:send_nosuspend(Dest, Msg) -> boolean()
Types:
Dest = send_destination()
Msg = term()
The same as erlang:send(Dest, Msg, [nosuspend]), but returns true if the message was sent and
false if the message was not sent because the sender would have had to be suspended.
This function is intended for send operations to an unreliable remote node without ever blocking
the sending (Erlang) process. If the connection to the remote node (usually not a real Erlang
node, but a node written in C or Java) is overloaded, this function does not send the message and
returns false.
The same occurs if Dest refers to a local port that is busy. For all other destinations (allowed
for the ordinary send operator '!'), this function sends the message and returns true.
This function is only to be used in rare circumstances where a process communicates with Erlang
nodes that can disappear without any trace, causing the TCP buffers and the drivers queue to be
over-full before the node is shut down (because of tick time-outs) by net_kernel. The normal
reaction to take when this occurs is some kind of premature shutdown of the other node.
Notice that ignoring the return value from this function would result in an unreliable message
passing, which is contradictory to the Erlang programming model. The message is not sent if this
function returns false.
In many systems, transient states of overloaded queues are normal. Although this function returns
false does not mean that the other node is guaranteed to be non-responsive, it could be a
temporary overload. Also, a return value of true does only mean that the message can be sent on
the (TCP) channel without blocking; the message is not guaranteed to arrive at the remote node.
For a disconnected non-responsive node, the return value is true (mimics the behavior of operator
!). The expected behavior and the actions to take when the function returns false are application-
and hardware-specific.
Warning:
Use with extreme care.
erlang:send_nosuspend(Dest, Msg, Options) -> boolean()
Types:
Dest = send_destination()
Msg = term()
Options = [noconnect]
The same as erlang:send(Dest, Msg, [nosuspend | Options]), but with a Boolean return value.
This function behaves like erlang:send_nosuspend/2, but takes a third parameter, a list of
options. The only option is noconnect, which makes the function return false if the remote node is
not currently reachable by the local node. The normal behavior is to try to connect to the node,
which can stall the process during a short period. The use of option noconnect makes it possible
to be sure not to get the slightest delay when sending to a remote process. This is especially
useful when communicating with nodes that expect to always be the connecting part (that is, nodes
written in C or Java).
Whenever the function returns false (either when a suspend would occur or when noconnect was
specified and the node was not already connected), the message is guaranteed not to have been
sent.
Warning:
Use with extreme care.
erlang:set_cookie(Cookie) -> true
Types:
Cookie = atom()
Sets the magic cookie of the local node to the atom Cookie, which is also the cookie for all nodes
that have no explicit cookie set with set_cookie/2 Cookie (see section Distributed Erlang in the
Erlang Reference Manual in System Documentation).
You can get this value using get_cookie/0.
Failure: function_clause if the local node is not alive.
erlang:set_cookie(Node, Cookie) -> true
Types:
Node = node()
Cookie = atom()
Sets the magic cookie for Node to the atom Cookie. If Node is the local node, the function sets
the cookie of all other nodes (that have no explicit cookie set with this function) to Cookie (see
section Distributed Erlang in the Erlang Reference Manual in System Documentation).
You can get this value using get_cookie/1.
Failure: function_clause if the local node is not alive.
setelement(Index, Tuple1, Value) -> Tuple2
Types:
Index = integer() >= 1
1..tuple_size(Tuple1)
Tuple1 = Tuple2 = tuple()
Value = term()
Returns a tuple that is a copy of argument Tuple1 with the element specified by integer argument
Index (the first element is the element with index 1) replaced by argument Value, for example:
> setelement(2, {10, green, bottles}, red).
{10,red,bottles}
size(Item) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Item = tuple() | binary()
Returns the number of elements in a tuple or the number of bytes in a binary or bitstring, for
example:
> size({morni, mulle, bwange}).
3
> size(<<11, 22, 33>>).
3
For bitstrings, the number of whole bytes is returned. That is, if the number of bits in the
bitstring is not divisible by 8, the resulting number of bytes is rounded down.
Allowed in guard tests.
See also tuple_size/1, byte_size/1, and bit_size/1.
spawn(Fun) -> pid()
Types:
Fun = function()
Returns the process identifier of a new process started by the application of Fun to the empty
list []. Otherwise works like spawn/3.
spawn(Node, Fun) -> pid()
Types:
Node = node()
Fun = function()
Returns the process identifier of a new process started by the application of Fun to the empty
list [] on Node. If Node does not exist, a useless pid is returned. Otherwise works like spawn/3.
spawn(Module, Function, Args) -> pid()
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Returns the process identifier of a new process started by the application of Module:Function to
Args.
error_handler:undefined_function(Module, Function, Args) is evaluated by the new process if
Module:Function/Arity does not exist (where Arity is the length of Args). The error handler can be
redefined (see process_flag/2). If error_handler is undefined, or the user has redefined the
default error_handler and its replacement is undefined, a failure with reason undef occurs.
Example:
> spawn(speed, regulator, [high_speed, thin_cut]).
<0.13.1>
spawn(Node, Module, Function, Args) -> pid()
Types:
Node = node()
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started by the application of
Module:Function to Args on Node. If Node does not exist, a useless pid is returned. Otherwise
works like spawn/3.
spawn_link(Fun) -> pid()
Types:
Fun = function()
Returns the process identifier of a new process started by the application of Fun to the empty
list []. A link is created between the calling process and the new process, atomically. Otherwise
works like spawn/3.
spawn_link(Node, Fun) -> pid()
Types:
Node = node()
Fun = function()
Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started by the application of Fun to the
empty list [] on Node. A link is created between the calling process and the new process,
atomically. If Node does not exist, a useless pid is returned and an exit signal with reason
noconnection is sent to the calling process. Otherwise works like spawn/3.
spawn_link(Module, Function, Args) -> pid()
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Returns the process identifier of a new process started by the application of Module:Function to
Args. A link is created between the calling process and the new process, atomically. Otherwise
works like spawn/3.
spawn_link(Node, Module, Function, Args) -> pid()
Types:
Node = node()
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started by the application of
Module:Function to Args on Node. A link is created between the calling process and the new
process, atomically. If Node does not exist, a useless pid is returned and an exit signal with
reason noconnection is sent to the calling process. Otherwise works like spawn/3.
spawn_monitor(Fun) -> {pid(), reference()}
Types:
Fun = function()
Returns the process identifier of a new process, started by the application of Fun to the empty
list [], and a reference for a monitor created to the new process. Otherwise works like spawn/3.
spawn_monitor(Node, Fun) -> {pid(), reference()}
Types:
Node = node()
Fun = function()
Returns the process identifier of a new process, started by the application of Fun to the empty
list [] on the node Node, and a reference for a monitor created to the new process. Otherwise
works like spawn/3.
If the node identified by Node does not support distributed spawn_monitor(), the call will fail
with a notsup exception.
spawn_monitor(Module, Function, Args) -> {pid(), reference()}
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
A new process is started by the application of Module:Function to Args. The process is monitored
at the same time. Returns the process identifier and a reference for the monitor. Otherwise works
like spawn/3.
spawn_monitor(Node, Module, Function, Args) ->
{pid(), reference()}
Types:
Node = node()
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
A new process is started by the application of Module:Function to Args on the node Node. The
process is monitored at the same time. Returns the process identifier and a reference for the
monitor. Otherwise works like spawn/3.
If the node identified by Node does not support distributed spawn_monitor(), the call will fail
with a notsup exception.
spawn_opt(Fun, Options) -> pid() | {pid(), reference()}
Types:
Fun = function()
Options = [spawn_opt_option()]
priority_level() = low | normal | high | max
max_heap_size() =
integer() >= 0 |
#{size => integer() >= 0,
kill => boolean(),
error_logger => boolean()}
message_queue_data() = off_heap | on_heap
spawn_opt_option() =
link | monitor |
{monitor, MonitorOpts :: [monitor_option()]} |
{priority, Level :: priority_level()} |
{fullsweep_after, Number :: integer() >= 0} |
{min_heap_size, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{min_bin_vheap_size, VSize :: integer() >= 0} |
{max_heap_size, Size :: max_heap_size()} |
{message_queue_data, MQD :: message_queue_data()} |
{async_dist, Enabled :: boolean()}
Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started by the application of Fun to the
empty list []. Otherwise works like spawn_opt/4.
If option monitor is specified, the newly created process is monitored, and both the pid and
reference for the monitor are returned.
spawn_opt(Node, Fun, Options) -> pid() | {pid(), reference()}
Types:
Node = node()
Fun = function()
Options =
[monitor | {monitor, [monitor_option()]} | link | OtherOption]
OtherOption = term()
Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started by the application of Fun to the
empty list [] on Node. If Node does not exist, a useless pid is returned. Otherwise works like
spawn_opt/4.
Valid options depends on what options are supported by the node identified by Node. A description
of valid Options for the local node of current OTP version can be found in the documentation of
spawn_opt/4.
spawn_opt(Module, Function, Args, Options) ->
Pid | {Pid, MonitorRef}
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Options = [spawn_opt_option()]
Pid = pid()
MonitorRef = reference()
priority_level() = low | normal | high | max
max_heap_size() =
integer() >= 0 |
#{size => integer() >= 0,
kill => boolean(),
error_logger => boolean()}
message_queue_data() = off_heap | on_heap
spawn_opt_option() =
link | monitor |
{monitor, MonitorOpts :: [monitor_option()]} |
{priority, Level :: priority_level()} |
{fullsweep_after, Number :: integer() >= 0} |
{min_heap_size, Size :: integer() >= 0} |
{min_bin_vheap_size, VSize :: integer() >= 0} |
{max_heap_size, Size :: max_heap_size()} |
{message_queue_data, MQD :: message_queue_data()} |
{async_dist, Enabled :: boolean()}
Works as spawn/3, except that an extra option list is specified when creating the process.
If option monitor is specified, the newly created process is monitored, and both the pid and
reference for the monitor are returned.
Options:
link:
Sets a link to the parent process (like spawn_link/3 does).
monitor:
Monitors the new process (like monitor(process, Pid) does). A {Pid, MonitorRef} tuple will be
returned instead of just a Pid.
{monitor, MonitorOpts}:
Monitors the new process with options (like monitor(process, Pid, MonitorOpts) does). A {Pid,
MonitorRef} tuple will be returned instead of just a Pid.
{priority, Level}:
Sets the priority of the new process. Equivalent to executing process_flag(priority, Level) in
the start function of the new process, except that the priority is set before the process is
selected for execution for the first time. For more information on priorities, see
process_flag(priority, Level).
{fullsweep_after, Number}:
Useful only for performance tuning. Do not use this option unless you know that there is
problem with execution times or memory consumption, and ensure that the option improves
matters.
The Erlang runtime system uses a generational garbage collection scheme, using an "old heap"
for data that has survived at least one garbage collection. When there is no more room on the
old heap, a fullsweep garbage collection is done.
Option fullsweep_after makes it possible to specify the maximum number of generational
collections before forcing a fullsweep, even if there is room on the old heap. Setting the
number to zero disables the general collection algorithm, that is, all live data is copied at
every garbage collection.
A few cases when it can be useful to change fullsweep_after:
* If binaries that are no longer used are to be thrown away as soon as possible. (Set Number
to zero.)
* A process that mostly have short-lived data is fullsweeped seldom or never, that is, the old
heap contains mostly garbage. To ensure a fullsweep occasionally, set Number to a suitable
value, such as 10 or 20.
* In embedded systems with a limited amount of RAM and no virtual memory, you might want to
preserve memory by setting Number to zero. (The value can be set globally, see
erlang:system_flag/2.)
{min_heap_size, Size}:
Useful only for performance tuning. Do not use this option unless you know that there is
problem with execution times or memory consumption, and ensure that the option improves
matters.
Gives a minimum heap size, in words. Setting this value higher than the system default can
speed up some processes because less garbage collection is done. However, setting a too high
value can waste memory and slow down the system because of worse data locality. Therefore, use
this option only for fine-tuning an application and to measure the execution time with various
Size values.
{min_bin_vheap_size, VSize}:
Useful only for performance tuning. Do not use this option unless you know that there is
problem with execution times or memory consumption, and ensure that the option improves
matters.
Gives a minimum binary virtual heap size, in words. Setting this value higher than the system
default can speed up some processes because less garbage collection is done. However, setting
a too high value can waste memory. Therefore, use this option only for fine-tuning an
application and to measure the execution time with various VSize values.
{max_heap_size, Size}:
Sets the max_heap_size process flag. The default max_heap_size is determined by command-line
argument +hmax in erl(1). For more information, see the documentation of
process_flag(max_heap_size, Size).
{message_queue_data, MQD}:
Sets the value of the message_queue_data process flag. MQD can be either off_heap or on_heap.
The default value of the message_queue_data process flag is determined by the command-line
argument +hmqd in erl(1). For more information, see the documentation of
process_flag(message_queue_data, MQD).
{async_dist, Enabled}:
Since: OTP 25.3
Set the async_dist process flag of the spawned process. This option will override the default
value set by the command line argument +pad <boolean>.
spawn_opt(Node, Module, Function, Args, Options) ->
pid() | {pid(), reference()}
Types:
Node = node()
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Options =
[monitor | {monitor, [monitor_option()]} | link | OtherOption]
OtherOption = term()
Returns the process identifier (pid) of a new process started by the application of
Module:Function to Args on Node. If Node does not exist, a useless pid is returned. Otherwise
works like spawn_opt/4.
Valid options depends on what options are supported by the node identified by Node. A description
of valid Options for the local node of current OTP version can be found in the documentation of
spawn_opt/4.
spawn_request(Fun) -> ReqId
Types:
Fun = function()
ReqId = reference()
The same as the call spawn_request(node(),Fun,[]). That is, a spawn request on the local node with
no options.
spawn_request(Fun, Options) -> ReqId
Types:
Fun = function()
Option =
{reply_tag, ReplyTag} | {reply, Reply} | spawn_opt_option()
ReplyTag = term()
Reply = yes | no | error_only | success_only
Options = [Option]
ReqId = reference()
The same as the call spawn_request(node(),Fun,Options). That is, a spawn request on the local
node.
spawn_request(Node, Fun) -> ReqId
Types:
Node = node()
Fun = function()
ReqId = reference()
The same as the call spawn_request(Node,Fun,[]). That is, a spawn request with no options.
spawn_request(Node, Fun, Options) -> ReqId
Types:
Node = node()
Fun = function()
Options = [Option]
Option =
monitor |
{monitor, [monitor_option()]} |
link |
{reply_tag, ReplyTag} |
{reply, Reply} |
OtherOption
ReplyTag = term()
Reply = yes | no | error_only | success_only
OtherOption = term()
ReqId = reference()
The same as spawn_request(Node,erlang,apply,[Fun,[]],Options). That is, a spawn request using the
fun Fun of arity zero as entry point.
This function will fail with a badarg exception if:
* Node is not an atom.
* Fun is not a fun of arity zero.
* Options is not a proper list of terms.
spawn_request(Module, Function, Args) -> ReqId
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
ReqId = reference()
The same as the call spawn_request(node(),Module,Function,Args,[]). That is, a spawn request on
the local node with no options.
spawn_request(Node, Module, Function, Args) -> ReqId
Types:
Node = node()
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
ReqId = reference()
The same as the call spawn_request(Node,Module,Function,Args,[]). That is, a spawn request with no
options.
spawn_request(Module, Function, Args, Options) -> ReqId
Types:
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Option =
{reply_tag, ReplyTag} | {reply, Reply} | spawn_opt_option()
ReplyTag = term()
Reply = yes | no | error_only | success_only
Options = [Option]
ReqId = reference()
The same as the call spawn_request(node(),Module,Function,Args,Options). That is, a spawn request
on the local node.
spawn_request(Node, Module, Function, Args, Options) -> ReqId
Types:
Node = node()
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Args = [term()]
Options = [Option]
Option =
monitor |
{monitor, [monitor_option()]} |
link |
{reply_tag, ReplyTag} |
{reply, Reply} |
OtherOption
ReplyTag = term()
Reply = yes | no | error_only | success_only
OtherOption = term()
ReqId = reference()
Asynchronously send a spawn request. Returns a request identifier ReqId.
If the spawn operation succeeds, a new process is created on the node identified by Node. When a
spawn operation succeeds, the caller will by default be sent a message on the form {ReplyTag,
ReqId, ok, Pid} where Pid is the process identifier of the newly created process. Such a message
is referred to as a success message below in the text. ReplyTag is by default the atom
spawn_reply unless modified by the {reply_tag, ReplyTag} option. The new process is started by the
application of Module:Function to Args.
The spawn operation fails either if creation of a new process failed or if the spawn operation was
interrupted by a connection failure. When a spawn operation fails, the caller will by default be
sent a message on the form {ReplyTag, ReqId, error, Reason} where Reason is the error reason. Such
a message is referred to as an error message below in the text. Currently the following spawn
error Reasons are defined, but other reasons can appear at any time without prior notice:
badopt:
An invalid Option was passed as argument. Note that different runtime systems may support
different options.
notsup:
The node identified by Node does not support spawn operations issued by spawn_request().
noconnection:
Failure to set up a connection to the node identified by Node or the connection to that node
was lost during the spawn operation. In the case the connection was lost, a process may or may
not have been created.
system_limit:
Could not create a new process due to that some system limit was reached. Typically the
process table was full.
Valid Options:
monitor:
In the absence of spawn operation failures, atomically sets up a monitor to the newly created
process. That is, as if the calling process had called monitor(process, Pid) where Pid is the
process identifier of the newly created process. The ReqId returned by spawn_request() is also
used as monitor reference as if it was returned from monitor(process, Pid).
The monitor will not be activated for the calling process until the spawn operation has
succeeded. The monitor can not be demonitored before the operation has succeeded. A 'DOWN'
message for the corresponding monitor is guaranteed not to be delivered before a success
message that corresponds to the spawn operation. If the spawn operation fails, no 'DOWN'
message will be delivered.
If the connection between the nodes involved in the spawn operation is lost during the spawn
operation, the spawn operation will fail with an error reason of noconnection. A new process
may or may not have been created.
{monitor, MonitorOpts}:
In the absence of spawn operation failures, atomically sets up a monitor to the newly created
process. That is, as if the calling process had called monitor(process, Pid, MonitorOpts)
where Pid is the process identifier of the newly created process. See the monitor option above
for more information.
Note that the monitor will not be activated for the calling process until the spawn operation
has succeeded. For example, in the case that an alias is created using the monitor option, the
alias will not be active until the monitor is activated.
link:
In absence of spawn operation failures, atomically sets up a link between the calling process
and the newly created process. That is, as if the calling process had called link(Pid) where
Pid is the process identifier of the newly created process.
The link will not be activated for the calling process until the spawn operation has
succeeded. The link can not be removed before the operation has succeeded. An exit signal due
to the link is guaranteed not to be delivered before a success message that corresponds to
the spawn operation. If the spawn operation fails, no exit signal due to the link will be
delivered to the caller of spawn_request().
If the connection between the nodes involved in the spawn operation is lost during the spawn
operation, the spawn operation will fail with an error reason of noconnection. A new process
may or may not have been created. If it has been created, it will be delivered an exit signal
with an exit reason of noconnection.
{reply, Reply}:
Valid Reply values:
yes:
A spawn reply message will be sent to the caller regardless of whether the operation
succeeds or not. If the call to spawn_request() returns without raising an exception and the
reply option is set to yes, the caller is guaranteed to be delivered either a success
message or an error message . The reply option is by default set to yes.
no:
No spawn reply message will be sent to the caller when the spawn operation completes. This
regardless of whether the operation succeeds or not.
error_only:
No spawn reply message will be sent to the caller if the spawn operation succeeds, but an
error message will be sent to the caller if the operation fails.
success_only:
No spawn reply message will be sent to the caller if the spawn operation fails, but a
success message will be sent to the caller if the operation succeeds.
{reply_tag, ReplyTag}:
Sets the reply tag to ReplyTag in the reply message. That is, in the success or error
message that is sent to the caller due to the spawn operation. The default reply tag is the
atom spawn_reply.
OtherOption:
Other valid options depends on what options are supported by the node identified by Node. A
description of other valid Options for the local node of current OTP version can be found in
the documentation of spawn_opt/4.
If a spawn reply message is delivered, it is guaranteed to be delivered before any other signals
from the newly spawned process are delivered to the process issuing the spawn request.
This function will fail with a badarg exception if:
* Node is not an atom.
* Module is not an atom.
* Function is not an atom.
* Args is not a proper list of terms.
* Options is not a proper list of terms.
Note that not all individual Options are checked when the spawn request is sent. Some Options can
only be checked on reception of the request. Therefore an invalid option does not cause a badarg
exception, but will cause the spawn operation to fail with an error reason of badopt.
A spawn request can be abandoned by calling spawn_request_abandon/1.
spawn_request_abandon(ReqId :: reference()) -> boolean()
Abandon a previously issued spawn request. ReqId corresponds to a request identifier previously
returned by spawn_request() in a call from current process. That is, only the process that has
made the request can abandon the request.
A spawn request can only be successfully abandoned until the spawn request has completed. When a
spawn request has been successfully abandoned, the caller will not be effected by future direct
effects of the spawn request itself. For example, it will not receive a spawn reply message. The
request is however not withdrawn, so a new process may or may not be created due to the request.
If a new process is created after the spawn request was abandoned, no monitors nor links will be
set up to the caller of spawn_request_abandon/1 due to the spawn request. If the spawn request
included the link option, the process created due to this request will be sent an exit signal from
its parent with the exit reason abandoned when it is detected that the spawn operation has
succeeded.
Note:
A process created due to a spawn request that has been abandoned may communicate with its parent
as any other process. It is only the direct effects on the parent of the actual spawn request,
that will be canceled by abandoning a spawn request.
Return values:
true:
The spawn request was successfully abandoned.
false:
No spawn request was abandoned. The ReqId request identifier did not correspond to an
outstanding spawn request issued by the calling process. The reason for this is either:
* ReqId corresponds to a spawn request previoulsy made by the calling process. The spawn
operation has completed and a spawn reply has already been delivered to the calling process
unless the spawn reply was disabled in the request.
* ReqId does not correspond to a spawn request that has been made by the calling process.
This function fail with a badarg exception if ReqId is not a reference.
split_binary(Bin, Pos) -> {binary(), binary()}
Types:
Bin = binary()
Pos = integer() >= 0
0..byte_size(Bin)
Returns a tuple containing the binaries that are the result of splitting Bin into two parts at
position Pos. This is not a destructive operation. After the operation, there are three binaries
altogether. Example:
> B = list_to_binary("0123456789").
<<"0123456789">>
> byte_size(B).
10
> {B1, B2} = split_binary(B,3).
{<<"012">>,<<"3456789">>}
> byte_size(B1).
3
> byte_size(B2).
7
erlang:start_timer(Time, Dest, Msg) -> TimerRef
Types:
Time = integer() >= 0
Dest = pid() | atom()
Msg = term()
TimerRef = reference()
Starts a timer. The same as calling erlang:start_timer(Time, Dest, Msg, []).
erlang:start_timer(Time, Dest, Msg, Options) -> TimerRef
Types:
Time = integer()
Dest = pid() | atom()
Msg = term()
Options = [Option]
Abs = boolean()
Option = {abs, Abs}
TimerRef = reference()
Starts a timer. When the timer expires, the message {timeout, TimerRef, Msg} is sent to the
process identified by Dest.
Options:
{abs, false}:
This is the default. It means the Time value is interpreted as a time in milliseconds relative
current Erlang monotonic time.
{abs, true}:
Absolute Time value. The Time value is interpreted as an absolute Erlang monotonic time in
milliseconds.
More Options can be added in the future.
The absolute point in time, the timer is set to expire on, must be in the interval [
erlang:convert_time_unit(erlang:system_info(start_time), native, millisecond),
erlang:convert_time_unit(erlang:system_info(end_time), native, millisecond) ]. If a relative time
is specified, the Time value is not allowed to be negative.
If Dest is a pid(), it must be a pid() of a process created on the current runtime system
instance. This process has either terminated or not. If Dest is an atom(), it is interpreted as
the name of a locally registered process. The process referred to by the name is looked up at the
time of timer expiration. No error is returned if the name does not refer to a process.
If Dest is a pid(), the timer is automatically canceled if the process referred to by the pid() is
not alive, or if the process exits. This feature was introduced in ERTS 5.4.11. Notice that timers
are not automatically canceled when Dest is an atom().
See also erlang:send_after/4, erlang:cancel_timer/2, and erlang:read_timer/2.
Failure: badarg if the arguments do not satisfy the requirements specified here.
statistics(Item :: active_tasks) -> [ActiveTasks]
Types:
ActiveTasks = integer() >= 0
Returns the same as statistics(active_tasks_all) with the exception that no information about the
dirty IO run queue and its associated schedulers is part of the result. That is, only tasks that
are expected to be CPU bound are part of the result.
statistics(Item :: active_tasks_all) -> [ActiveTasks]
Types:
ActiveTasks = integer() >= 0
Returns a list where each element represents the amount of active processes and ports on each run
queue and its associated schedulers. That is, the number of processes and ports that are ready to
run, or are currently running. Values for normal run queues and their associated schedulers are
located first in the resulting list. The first element corresponds to scheduler number 1 and so
on. If support for dirty schedulers exist, an element with the value for the dirty CPU run queue
and its associated dirty CPU schedulers follow and then as last element the value for the the
dirty IO run queue and its associated dirty IO schedulers follow. The information is not gathered
atomically. That is, the result is not necessarily a consistent snapshot of the state, but instead
quite efficiently gathered.
Note:
Each normal scheduler has one run queue that it manages. If dirty schedulers schedulers are
supported, all dirty CPU schedulers share one run queue, and all dirty IO schedulers share one run
queue. That is, we have multiple normal run queues, one dirty CPU run queue and one dirty IO run
queue. Work can not migrate between the different types of run queues. Only work in normal run
queues can migrate to other normal run queues. This has to be taken into account when evaluating
the result.
See also statistics(total_active_tasks), statistics(run_queue_lengths),
statistics(run_queue_lengths_all), statistics(total_run_queue_lengths), and
statistics(total_run_queue_lengths_all).
statistics(Item :: context_switches) -> {ContextSwitches, 0}
Types:
ContextSwitches = integer() >= 0
Returns the total number of context switches since the system started.
statistics(Item :: exact_reductions) ->
{Total_Exact_Reductions,
Exact_Reductions_Since_Last_Call}
Types:
Total_Exact_Reductions = Exact_Reductions_Since_Last_Call = integer() >= 0
Returns the number of exact reductions.
Note:
statistics(exact_reductions) is a more expensive operation than statistics(reductions).
statistics(Item :: garbage_collection) ->
{Number_of_GCs, Words_Reclaimed, 0}
Types:
Number_of_GCs = Words_Reclaimed = integer() >= 0
Returns information about garbage collection, for example:
> statistics(garbage_collection).
{85,23961,0}
This information can be invalid for some implementations.
statistics(Item :: io) -> {{input, Input}, {output, Output}}
Types:
Input = Output = integer() >= 0
Returns Input, which is the total number of bytes received through ports, and Output, which is the
total number of bytes output to ports.
statistics(Item :: microstate_accounting) ->
[MSAcc_Thread] | undefined
Types:
MSAcc_Thread =
#{type := MSAcc_Thread_Type,
id := MSAcc_Thread_Id,
counters := MSAcc_Counters}
MSAcc_Thread_Type =
async | aux | dirty_io_scheduler | dirty_cpu_scheduler |
poll | scheduler
MSAcc_Thread_Id = integer() >= 0
MSAcc_Counters = #{MSAcc_Thread_State => integer() >= 0}
MSAcc_Thread_State =
alloc | aux | bif | busy_wait | check_io | emulator | ets |
gc | gc_fullsweep | nif | other | port | send | sleep | timers
Microstate accounting can be used to measure how much time the Erlang runtime system spends doing
various tasks. It is designed to be as lightweight as possible, but some overhead exists when this
is enabled. Microstate accounting is meant to be a profiling tool to help finding performance
bottlenecks. To start/stop/reset microstate accounting, use system flag microstate_accounting.
statistics(microstate_accounting) returns a list of maps representing some of the OS threads
within ERTS. Each map contains type and id fields that can be used to identify what thread it is,
and also a counters field that contains data about how much time has been spent in the various
states.
Example:
> erlang:statistics(microstate_accounting).
[#{counters => #{aux => 1899182914,
check_io => 2605863602,
emulator => 45731880463,
gc => 1512206910,
other => 5421338456,
port => 221631,
sleep => 5150294100},
id => 1,
type => scheduler}|...]
The time unit is the same as returned by os:perf_counter/0. So, to convert it to milliseconds, you
can do something like this:
lists:map(
fun(#{ counters := Cnt } = M) ->
MsCnt = maps:map(fun(_K, PerfCount) ->
erlang:convert_time_unit(PerfCount, perf_counter, 1000)
end, Cnt),
M#{ counters := MsCnt }
end, erlang:statistics(microstate_accounting)).
Notice that these values are not guaranteed to be the exact time spent in each state. This is
because of various optimisation done to keep the overhead as small as possible.
MSAcc_Thread_Types:
scheduler:
The main execution threads that do most of the work. See erl +S for more details.
dirty_cpu_scheduler:
The threads for long running cpu intensive work. See erl +SDcpu for more details.
dirty_io_scheduler:
The threads for long running I/O work. See erl +SDio for more details.
async:
Async threads are used by various linked-in drivers (mainly the file drivers) do offload non-
CPU intensive work. See erl +A for more details.
aux:
Takes care of any work that is not specifically assigned to a scheduler.
poll:
Does the IO polling for the emulator. See erl +IOt for more details.
The following MSAcc_Thread_States are available. All states are exclusive, meaning that a thread
cannot be in two states at once. So, if you add the numbers of all counters in a thread, you get
the total runtime for that thread.
aux:
Time spent handling auxiliary jobs.
check_io:
Time spent checking for new I/O events.
emulator:
Time spent executing Erlang processes.
gc:
Time spent doing garbage collection. When extra states are enabled this is the time spent
doing non-fullsweep garbage collections.
other:
Time spent doing unaccounted things.
port:
Time spent executing ports.
sleep:
Time spent sleeping.
More fine-grained MSAcc_Thread_States can be added through configure (such as ./configure --with-
microstate-accounting=extra). Enabling these states causes performance degradation when microstate
accounting is turned off and increases the overhead when it is turned on.
alloc:
Time spent managing memory. Without extra states this time is spread out over all other
states.
bif:
Time spent in BIFs. Without extra states this time is part of the emulator state.
busy_wait:
Time spent busy waiting. This is also the state where a scheduler no longer reports that it is
active when using statistics(scheduler_wall_time). So, if you add all other states but this
and sleep, and then divide that by all time in the thread, you should get something very
similar to the scheduler_wall_time fraction. Without extra states this time is part of the
other state.
ets:
Time spent executing ETS BIFs. Without extra states this time is part of the emulator state.
gc_full:
Time spent doing fullsweep garbage collection. Without extra states this time is part of the
gc state.
nif:
Time spent in NIFs. Without extra states this time is part of the emulator state.
send:
Time spent sending messages (processes only). Without extra states this time is part of the
emulator state.
timers:
Time spent managing timers. Without extra states this time is part of the other state.
The utility module msacc(3erl) can be used to more easily analyse these statistics.
Returns undefined if system flag microstate_accounting is turned off.
The list of thread information is unsorted and can appear in different order between calls.
Note:
The threads and states are subject to change without any prior notice.
statistics(Item :: reductions) ->
{Total_Reductions, Reductions_Since_Last_Call}
Types:
Total_Reductions = Reductions_Since_Last_Call = integer() >= 0
Returns information about reductions, for example:
> statistics(reductions).
{2046,11}
Note:
As from ERTS 5.5 (Erlang/OTP R11B), this value does not include reductions performed in current
time slices of currently scheduled processes. If an exact value is wanted, use
statistics(exact_reductions).
statistics(Item :: run_queue) -> integer() >= 0
Returns the total length of all normal and dirty CPU run queues. That is, queued work that is
expected to be CPU bound. The information is gathered atomically. That is, the result is a
consistent snapshot of the state, but this operation is much more expensive compared to
statistics(total_run_queue_lengths), especially when a large amount of schedulers is used.
statistics(Item :: run_queue_lengths) -> [RunQueueLength]
Types:
RunQueueLength = integer() >= 0
Returns the same as statistics(run_queue_lengths_all) with the exception that no information about
the dirty IO run queue is part of the result. That is, only run queues with work that is expected
to be CPU bound is part of the result.
statistics(Item :: run_queue_lengths_all) -> [RunQueueLength]
Types:
RunQueueLength = integer() >= 0
Returns a list where each element represents the amount of processes and ports ready to run for
each run queue. Values for normal run queues are located first in the resulting list. The first
element corresponds to the normal run queue of scheduler number 1 and so on. If support for dirty
schedulers exist, values for the dirty CPU run queue and the dirty IO run queue follow (in that
order) at the end. The information is not gathered atomically. That is, the result is not
necessarily a consistent snapshot of the state, but instead quite efficiently gathered.
Note:
Each normal scheduler has one run queue that it manages. If dirty schedulers schedulers are
supported, all dirty CPU schedulers share one run queue, and all dirty IO schedulers share one run
queue. That is, we have multiple normal run queues, one dirty CPU run queue and one dirty IO run
queue. Work can not migrate between the different types of run queues. Only work in normal run
queues can migrate to other normal run queues. This has to be taken into account when evaluating
the result.
See also statistics(run_queue_lengths), statistics(total_run_queue_lengths_all),
statistics(total_run_queue_lengths), statistics(active_tasks), statistics(active_tasks_all), and
statistics(total_active_tasks), statistics(total_active_tasks_all).
statistics(Item :: runtime) ->
{Total_Run_Time, Time_Since_Last_Call}
Types:
Total_Run_Time = Time_Since_Last_Call = integer() >= 0
Returns information about runtime, in milliseconds.
This is the sum of the runtime for all threads in the Erlang runtime system and can therefore be
greater than the wall clock time.
Warning:
This value might wrap due to limitations in the underlying functionality provided by the operating
system that is used.
Example:
> statistics(runtime).
{1690,1620}
statistics(Item :: scheduler_wall_time) ->
[{SchedulerId, ActiveTime, TotalTime}] | undefined
Types:
SchedulerId = integer() >= 1
ActiveTime = TotalTime = integer() >= 0
Returns information describing how much time normal and dirty CPU schedulers in the system have
been busy. This value is normally a better indicator of how much load an Erlang node is under
instead of looking at the CPU utilization provided by tools such as top or sysstat. This is
because scheduler_wall_time also includes time where the scheduler is waiting for some other
reasource (such as an internal mutex) to be available but does not use the CPU. In order to better
understand what a scheduler is busy doing you can use microstate accounting.
The definition of a busy scheduler is when it is not idle and not busy waiting for new work, that
is:
* Executing process code
* Executing linked-in driver or NIF code
* Executing BIFs, or any other runtime handling
* Garbage collecting
* Handling any other memory management
Notice that a scheduler can also be busy even if the OS has scheduled out the scheduler thread.
Note:
It is recommended to use the module scheduler instead of this function directly as it provides an
easier way to get the information that you usually want.
If enabled this function returns a list of tuples with {SchedulerId, ActiveTime, TotalTime}, where
SchedulerId is an integer ID of the scheduler, ActiveTime is the duration the scheduler has been
busy, and TotalTime is the total time duration since scheduler_wall_time activation for the
specific scheduler. The time unit returned is undefined and can be subject to change between
releases, OSs, and system restarts. scheduler_wall_time is only to be used to calculate relative
values for scheduler utilization. The ActiveTime can never exceed TotalTime. The list of scheduler
information is unsorted and can appear in different order between calls.
The disabled this function returns undefined.
The activation time can differ significantly between schedulers. Currently dirty schedulers are
activated at system start while normal schedulers are activated some time after the
scheduler_wall_time functionality is enabled.
Only information about schedulers that are expected to handle CPU bound work is included in the
return values from this function. If you also want information about dirty I/O schedulers, use
statistics(scheduler_wall_time_all) instead.
Normal schedulers will have scheduler identifiers in the range 1 =< SchedulerId =<
erlang:system_info(schedulers). Dirty CPU schedulers will have scheduler identifiers in the range
erlang:system_info(schedulers) < SchedulerId =< erlang:system_info(schedulers) +
erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers).
Note:
The different types of schedulers handle specific types of jobs. Every job is assigned to a
specific scheduler type. Jobs can migrate between different schedulers of the same type, but never
between schedulers of different types. This fact has to be taken under consideration when
evaluating the result returned.
You can use scheduler_wall_time to calculate scheduler utilization. First you take a sample of the
values returned by erlang:statistics(scheduler_wall_time).
> erlang:system_flag(scheduler_wall_time, true).
false
> Ts0 = lists:sort(erlang:statistics(scheduler_wall_time)), ok.
ok
Some time later the user takes another snapshot and calculates scheduler utilization per
scheduler, for example:
> Ts1 = lists:sort(erlang:statistics(scheduler_wall_time)), ok.
ok
> lists:map(fun({{I, A0, T0}, {I, A1, T1}}) -> {I, (A1 - A0)/(T1 - T0)} end, lists:zip(Ts0,Ts1)).
[{1,0.9743474730177548},
{2,0.9744843782751444},
{3,0.9995902361669045},
{4,0.9738012596572161},
{5,0.9717956667018103},
{6,0.9739235846420741},
{7,0.973237033077876},
{8,0.9741297293248656}]
Using the same snapshots to calculate a total scheduler utilization:
> {A, T} = lists:foldl(fun({{_, A0, T0}, {_, A1, T1}}, {Ai,Ti}) -> {Ai + (A1 - A0), Ti + (T1 - T0)} end, {0, 0}, lists:zip(Ts0,Ts1)), TotalSchedulerUtilization = A/T.
0.9769136803764825
Total scheduler utilization will equal 1.0 when all schedulers have been active all the time
between the two measurements.
Another (probably more) useful value is to calculate total scheduler utilization weighted against
maximum amount of available CPU time:
> WeightedSchedulerUtilization = (TotalSchedulerUtilization * (erlang:system_info(schedulers) + erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers))) / erlang:system_info(logical_processors_available).
0.9769136803764825
This weighted scheduler utilization will reach 1.0 when schedulers are active the same amount of
time as maximum available CPU time. If more schedulers exist than available logical processors,
this value may be greater than 1.0.
As of ERTS version 9.0, the Erlang runtime system will as default have more schedulers than
logical processors. This due to the dirty schedulers.
Note:
scheduler_wall_time is by default disabled. To enable it, use
erlang:system_flag(scheduler_wall_time, true).
statistics(Item :: scheduler_wall_time_all) ->
[{SchedulerId, ActiveTime, TotalTime}] | undefined
Types:
SchedulerId = integer() >= 1
ActiveTime = TotalTime = integer() >= 0
The same as statistics(scheduler_wall_time), except that it also include information about all
dirty I/O schedulers.
Dirty IO schedulers will have scheduler identifiers in the range erlang:system_info(schedulers) +
erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers) < SchedulerId =< erlang:system_info(schedulers) +
erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers) + erlang:system_info(dirty_io_schedulers).
Note:
Note that work executing on dirty I/O schedulers are expected to mainly wait for I/O. That is,
when you get high scheduler utilization on dirty I/O schedulers, CPU utilization is not expected
to be high due to this work.
statistics(Item :: total_active_tasks) -> ActiveTasks
Types:
ActiveTasks = integer() >= 0
The same as calling lists:sum(statistics(active_tasks)), but more efficient.
statistics(Item :: total_active_tasks_all) -> ActiveTasks
Types:
ActiveTasks = integer() >= 0
The same as calling lists:sum(statistics(active_tasks_all)), but more efficient.
statistics(Item :: total_run_queue_lengths) ->
TotalRunQueueLengths
Types:
TotalRunQueueLengths = integer() >= 0
The same as calling lists:sum(statistics(run_queue_lengths)), but more efficient.
statistics(Item :: total_run_queue_lengths_all) ->
TotalRunQueueLengths
Types:
TotalRunQueueLengths = integer() >= 0
The same as calling lists:sum(statistics(run_queue_lengths_all)), but more efficient.
statistics(Item :: wall_clock) ->
{Total_Wallclock_Time,
Wallclock_Time_Since_Last_Call}
Types:
Total_Wallclock_Time = Wallclock_Time_Since_Last_Call = integer() >= 0
Returns information about wall clock. wall_clock can be used in the same manner as runtime, except
that real time is measured as opposed to runtime or CPU time.
erlang:suspend_process(Suspendee) -> true
Types:
Suspendee = pid()
Suspends the process identified by Suspendee. The same as calling
erlang:suspend_process(Suspendee, []).
Warning:
This BIF is intended for debugging only.
erlang:suspend_process(Suspendee, OptList) -> boolean()
Types:
Suspendee = pid()
OptList = [Opt]
Opt = unless_suspending | asynchronous | {asynchronous, term()}
Increases the suspend count on the process identified by Suspendee and puts it in the suspended
state if it is not already in that state. A suspended process is not scheduled for execution until
the process has been resumed.
A process can be suspended by multiple processes and can be suspended multiple times by a single
process. A suspended process does not leave the suspended state until its suspend count reaches
zero. The suspend count of Suspendee is decreased when erlang:resume_process(Suspendee) is called
by the same process that called erlang:suspend_process(Suspendee). All increased suspend counts on
other processes acquired by a process are automatically decreased when the process terminates.
Options (Opts):
asynchronous:
A suspend request is sent to the process identified by Suspendee. Suspendee eventually
suspends unless it is resumed before it could suspend. The caller of erlang:suspend_process/2
returns immediately, regardless of whether Suspendee has suspended yet or not. The point in
time when Suspendee suspends cannot be deduced from other events in the system. It is only
guaranteed that Suspendee eventually suspends (unless it is resumed). If no asynchronous
options has been passed, the caller of erlang:suspend_process/2 is blocked until Suspendee has
suspended.
{asynchronous, ReplyTag}:
A suspend request is sent to the process identified by Suspendee. When the suspend request has
been processed, a reply message is sent to the caller of this function. The reply is on the
form {ReplyTag, State} where State is either:
exited:
Suspendee has exited.
suspended:
Suspendee is now suspended.
not_suspended:
Suspendee is not suspended. This can only happen when the process that issued this request,
have called resume_process(Suspendee) before getting the reply.
Apart from the reply message, the {asynchronous, ReplyTag} option behaves exactly the same as
the asynchronous option without reply tag.
unless_suspending:
The process identified by Suspendee is suspended unless the calling process already is
suspending Suspendee. If unless_suspending is combined with option asynchronous, a suspend
request is sent unless the calling process already is suspending Suspendee or if a suspend
request already has been sent and is in transit. If the calling process already is suspending
Suspendee, or if combined with option asynchronous and a send request already is in transit,
false is returned and the suspend count on Suspendee remains unchanged.
If the suspend count on the process identified by Suspendee is increased, true is returned,
otherwise false.
Warning:
This BIF is intended for debugging only.
Warning:
You can easily create deadlocks if processes suspends each other (directly or in circles). In ERTS
versions prior to ERTS version 10.0, the runtime system prevented such deadlocks, but this
prevention has now been removed due to performance reasons.
Failures:
badarg:
If Suspendee is not a process identifier.
badarg:
If the process identified by Suspendee is the same process as the process calling
erlang:suspend_process/2.
badarg:
If the process identified by Suspendee is not alive.
badarg:
If the process identified by Suspendee resides on another node.
badarg:
If OptList is not a proper list of valid Opts.
system_limit:
If the process identified by Suspendee has been suspended more times by the calling process
than can be represented by the currently used internal data structures. The system limit is
greater than 2,000,000,000 suspends and will never be lower.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: backtrace_depth, Depth) -> OldDepth
Types:
Depth = OldDepth = integer() >= 0
Sets the maximum depth of call stack back-traces in the exit reason element of 'EXIT' tuples. The
flag also limits the stacktrace depth returned by process_info item current_stacktrace.
Returns the old value of the flag.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: cpu_topology, CpuTopology) ->
OldCpuTopology
Types:
CpuTopology = OldCpuTopology = cpu_topology()
cpu_topology() = [LevelEntry :: level_entry()] | undefined
level_entry() =
{LevelTag :: level_tag(), SubLevel :: sub_level()} |
{LevelTag :: level_tag(),
InfoList :: info_list(),
SubLevel :: sub_level()}
level_tag() = core | node | processor | thread
sub_level() =
[LevelEntry :: level_entry()] |
(LogicalCpuId :: {logical, integer() >= 0})
info_list() = []
Warning:
This argument is deprecated. Instead of using this argument, use command-line argument +sct in
erl(1).
When this argument is removed, a final CPU topology to use is determined at emulator boot time.
Sets the user-defined CpuTopology. The user-defined CPU topology overrides any automatically
detected CPU topology. By passing undefined as CpuTopology, the system reverts to the CPU topology
automatically detected. The returned value equals the value returned from
erlang:system_info(cpu_topology) before the change was made.
Returns the old value of the flag.
The CPU topology is used when binding schedulers to logical processors. If schedulers are already
bound when the CPU topology is changed, the schedulers are sent a request to rebind according to
the new CPU topology.
The user-defined CPU topology can also be set by passing command-line argument +sct to erl(1).
For information on type CpuTopology and more, see erlang:system_info(cpu_topology) as well as
command-line flags +sct and +sbt in erl(1).
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: dirty_cpu_schedulers_online,
DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline) ->
OldDirtyCPUSchedulersOnline
Types:
DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline = OldDirtyCPUSchedulersOnline = integer() >= 1
Sets the number of dirty CPU schedulers online. Range is 1 <= DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline <= N, where
N is the smallest of the return values of erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers) and
erlang:system_info(schedulers_online).
Returns the old value of the flag.
The number of dirty CPU schedulers online can change if the number of schedulers online changes.
For example, if 12 schedulers and 6 dirty CPU schedulers are online, and system_flag/2 is used to
set the number of schedulers online to 6, then the number of dirty CPU schedulers online is
automatically decreased by half as well, down to 3. Similarly, the number of dirty CPU schedulers
online increases proportionally to increases in the number of schedulers online.
For more information, see erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers) and
erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online).
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: erts_alloc, Value :: {Alloc, F, V}) ->
ok | notsup
Types:
Alloc = F = atom()
V = integer()
Sets system flags for erts_alloc(3erl). Alloc is the allocator to affect, for example
binary_alloc. F is the flag to change and V is the new value.
Only a subset of all erts_alloc flags can be changed at run time. This subset is currently only
the flag sbct.
Returns ok if the flag was set or notsup if not supported by erts_alloc.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: fullsweep_after, Number) -> OldNumber
Types:
Number = OldNumber = integer() >= 0
Sets system flag fullsweep_after. Number is a non-negative integer indicating how many times
generational garbage collections can be done without forcing a fullsweep collection. The value
applies to new processes, while processes already running are not affected.
Returns the old value of the flag.
In low-memory systems (especially without virtual memory), setting the value to 0 can help to
conserve memory.
This value can also be set through (OS) environment variable ERL_FULLSWEEP_AFTER.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: microstate_accounting, Action) ->
OldState
Types:
Action = true | false | reset
OldState = true | false
Turns on/off microstate accounting measurements. When passing reset, all counters are reset to 0.
For more information see statistics(microstate_accounting).
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: min_heap_size, MinHeapSize) ->
OldMinHeapSize
Types:
MinHeapSize = OldMinHeapSize = integer() >= 0
Sets the default minimum heap size for processes. The size is specified in words. The new
min_heap_size effects only processes spawned after the change of min_heap_size has been made.
min_heap_size can be set for individual processes by using spawn_opt/4 or process_flag/2.
Returns the old value of the flag.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: min_bin_vheap_size, MinBinVHeapSize) ->
OldMinBinVHeapSize
Types:
MinBinVHeapSize = OldMinBinVHeapSize = integer() >= 0
Sets the default minimum binary virtual heap size for processes. The size is specified in words.
The new min_bin_vhheap_size effects only processes spawned after the change of min_bin_vheap_size
has been made. min_bin_vheap_size can be set for individual processes by using spawn_opt/2,3,4 or
process_flag/2.
Returns the old value of the flag.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: max_heap_size, MaxHeapSize) ->
OldMaxHeapSize
Types:
MaxHeapSize = OldMaxHeapSize = max_heap_size()
max_heap_size() =
integer() >= 0 |
#{size => integer() >= 0,
kill => boolean(),
error_logger => boolean()}
Sets the default maximum heap size settings for processes. The size is specified in words. The new
max_heap_size effects only processes spawned efter the change has been made. max_heap_size can be
set for individual processes using spawn_opt/2,3,4 or process_flag/2.
Returns the old value of the flag.
For details on how the heap grows, see Sizing the heap in the ERTS internal documentation.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: multi_scheduling, BlockState) ->
OldBlockState
Types:
BlockState = block | unblock | block_normal | unblock_normal
OldBlockState = blocked | disabled | enabled
If multi-scheduling is enabled, more than one scheduler thread is used by the emulator. Multi-
scheduling can be blocked in two different ways. Either all schedulers but one is blocked, or all
normal schedulers but one is blocked. When only normal schedulers are blocked, dirty schedulers
are free to continue to schedule processes.
If BlockState =:= block, multi-scheduling is blocked. That is, one and only one scheduler thread
will execute. If BlockState =:= unblock and no one else blocks multi-scheduling, and this process
has blocked only once, multi-scheduling is unblocked.
If BlockState =:= block_normal, normal multi-scheduling is blocked. That is, only one normal
scheduler thread will execute, but multiple dirty schedulers can execute. If BlockState =:=
unblock_normal and no one else blocks normal multi-scheduling, and this process has blocked only
once, normal multi-scheduling is unblocked.
One process can block multi-scheduling and normal multi-scheduling multiple times. If a process
has blocked multiple times, it must unblock exactly as many times as it has blocked before it has
released its multi-scheduling block. If a process that has blocked multi-scheduling or normal
multi-scheduling exits, it automatically releases its blocking of multi-scheduling and normal
multi-scheduling.
The return values are disabled, blocked, blocked_normal, or enabled. The returned value describes
the state just after the call to erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, BlockState) has been made.
For information about the return values, see erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling).
Note:
Blocking of multi-scheduling and normal multi-scheduling is normally not needed. If you feel that
you need to use these features, consider it a few more times again. Blocking multi-scheduling is
only to be used as a last resort, as it is most likely a very inefficient way to solve the
problem.
See also erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling),
erlang:system_info(normal_multi_scheduling_blockers),
erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling_blockers), and erlang:system_info(schedulers).
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: outstanding_system_requests_limit,
NewLimit) ->
OldLimit
Types:
NewLimit = OldLimit = 1..134217727
Sets a limit on the amount of outstanding requests made by a system process orchestrating system
wide changes. Currently there are two such processes:
The Code Purger:
The code purger orchestrates checking of references to old code before old code is removed
from the system.
The Literal Area Collector:
The literal area collector orchestrates copying of references from old literal areas before
removal of such areas from the system.
Each of these processes are allowed to have as many outstanding requests as this limit is set to.
By default this limit is set to twice the amount of schedulers on the system. This will ensure
that schedulers will have enough work scheduled to perform these operations as quickly as possible
at the same time as other work will be interleaved with this work. Currently used limit can be
checked by calling erlang:system_info(outstanding_system_requests_limit).
This limit can also be set by passing the command line argument +zosrl <Limit> to erl.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: scheduler_bind_type, How) ->
OldBindType
Types:
How = scheduler_bind_type() | default_bind
OldBindType = scheduler_bind_type()
scheduler_bind_type() =
no_node_processor_spread | no_node_thread_spread | no_spread |
processor_spread | spread | thread_spread |
thread_no_node_processor_spread | unbound
Warning:
This argument is deprecated. Instead of using this argument, use command-line argument +sbt in
erl(1). When this argument is removed, a final scheduler bind type to use is determined at
emulator boot time.
Controls if and how schedulers are bound to logical processors.
When erlang:system_flag(scheduler_bind_type, How) is called, an asynchronous signal is sent to all
schedulers online, causing them to try to bind or unbind as requested.
Note:
If a scheduler fails to bind, this is often silently ignored, as it is not always possible to
verify valid logical processor identifiers. If an error is reported, an error event is logged. To
verify that the schedulers have bound as requested, call erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings).
Schedulers can be bound on newer Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD, and Windows systems, but more systems
will be supported in future releases.
In order for the runtime system to be able to bind schedulers, the CPU topology must be known. If
the runtime system fails to detect the CPU topology automatically, it can be defined. For more
information on how to define the CPU topology, see command-line flag +sct in erl(1).
The runtime system does by default not bind schedulers to logical processors.
Note:
If the Erlang runtime system is the only OS process binding threads to logical processors, this
improves the performance of the runtime system. However, if other OS processes (for example,
another Erlang runtime system) also bind threads to logical processors, there can be a performance
penalty instead. Sometimes this performance penalty can be severe. If so, it is recommended to not
bind the schedulers.
Schedulers can be bound in different ways. Argument How determines how schedulers are bound and
can be any of the following:
unbound:
Same as command-line argument +sbt u in erl(1).
no_spread:
Same as command-line argument +sbt ns in erl(1).
thread_spread:
Same as command-line argument +sbt ts in erl(1).
processor_spread:
Same as command-line argument +sbt ps in erl(1).
spread:
Same as command-line argument +sbt s in erl(1).
no_node_thread_spread:
Same as command-line argument +sbt nnts in erl(1).
no_node_processor_spread:
Same as command-line argument +sbt nnps in erl(1).
thread_no_node_processor_spread:
Same as command-line argument +sbt tnnps in erl(1).
default_bind:
Same as command-line argument +sbt db in erl(1).
The returned value equals How before flag scheduler_bind_type was changed.
Failures:
notsup:
If binding of schedulers is not supported.
badarg:
If How is not one of the documented alternatives.
badarg:
If CPU topology information is unavailable.
The scheduler bind type can also be set by passing command-line argument +sbt to erl(1).
For more information, see erlang:system_info(scheduler_bind_type),
erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings), as well as command-line flags +sbt and +sct in erl(1).
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: scheduler_wall_time, Boolean) ->
OldBoolean
Types:
Boolean = OldBoolean = boolean()
Try enable or disable scheduler wall time measurements by passing Boolean as either true or false.
For more information about how to use scheduler wall time measurements, see
statistics(scheduler_wall_time).
Scheduler wall time measurements has a node global state. It is either enabled for all processes
on the node or disabled for all processes. Each process has a logical counter initialized as zero.
A call with Boolean as true will increase that counter one step for the calling process. A call
with false will decrease it one step unless it already is zero. The node global state for
scheduler_wall_time will be enabled as long as there is at least one process alive with a counter
value larger than zero. When a process terminates, its counter will also disappear. To ensure
scheduler_wall_time is kept enabled, the process that enabled it must therefore be kept alive.
Returns the old value of the node global state, true if scheduler wall time measurements were
enabled, false if it were disabled.
Scheduler wall time measurements do consume some cpu overhead and should not be left turned on
unless used.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: schedulers_online, SchedulersOnline) ->
OldSchedulersOnline
Types:
SchedulersOnline = OldSchedulersOnline = integer() >= 1
Sets the number of schedulers online. Range is 1 <= SchedulersOnline <=
erlang:system_info(schedulers).
Returns the old value of the flag.
If the emulator was built with support for dirty schedulers, changing the number of schedulers
online can also change the number of dirty CPU schedulers online. For example, if 12 schedulers
and 6 dirty CPU schedulers are online, and system_flag/2 is used to set the number of schedulers
online to 6, then the number of dirty CPU schedulers online is automatically decreased by half as
well, down to 3. Similarly, the number of dirty CPU schedulers online increases proportionally to
increases in the number of schedulers online.
For more information, see erlang:system_info(schedulers) and
erlang:system_info(schedulers_online).
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: system_logger, Logger) -> PrevLogger
Types:
Logger = PrevLogger = logger | undefined | pid()
Sets the process that will receive the logging messages generated by ERTS. If set to undefined,
all logging messages generated by ERTS will be dropped. The messages will be in the format:
{log,Level,Format,ArgList,Metadata} where
Level = atom(),
Format = string(),
ArgList = list(term()),
Metadata = #{ pid => pid(),
group_leader => pid(),
time := logger:timestamp(),
error_logger := #{ emulator := true, tag := atom() }
If the system_logger process dies, this flag will be reset to logger.
The default is the process named logger.
Returns the old value of the flag.
Note:
This function is designed to be used by the KERNEL logger. Be careful if you change it to
something else as log messages may be lost. If you want to intercept emulator log messages, do it
by adding a specialized handler to the KERNEL logger.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: trace_control_word, TCW) -> OldTCW
Types:
TCW = OldTCW = integer() >= 0
Sets the value of the node trace control word to TCW, which is to be an unsigned integer. For more
information, see function set_tcw in section "Match Specifications in Erlang" in the User's Guide.
Returns the old value of the flag.
erlang:system_flag(Flag :: time_offset, Value :: finalize) ->
OldState
Types:
OldState = preliminary | final | volatile
Finalizes the time offset when single time warp mode is used. If another time warp mode is used,
the time offset state is left unchanged.
Returns the old state identifier, that is:
* If preliminary is returned, finalization was performed and the time offset is now final.
* If final is returned, the time offset was already in the final state. This either because
another erlang:system_flag(time_offset, finalize) call or because no time warp mode is used.
* If volatile is returned, the time offset cannot be finalized because multi-time warp mode is
used.
erlang:system_info(Item :: update_cpu_info) -> changed | unchanged
Returns information about the current system. The documentation of this function is broken into
the following sections in order to make it easier to navigate.
Memory Allocation:
allocated_areas, allocator, alloc_util_allocators, allocator_sizes
CPU Topology:
cpu_topology, logical_processors, update_cpu_info
Process Information:
fullsweep_after, garbage_collection, heap_sizes, heap_type, max_heap_size, message_queue_data,
min_heap_size, min_bin_vheap_size, procs
System Limits:
atom_count, atom_limit, ets_count, ets_limit, port_count, port_limit, process_count,
process_limit
System Time:
end_time, os_monotonic_time_source, os_system_time_source, start_time, time_correction,
time_offset, time_warp_mode, tolerant_timeofday
Scheduler Information:
dirty_cpu_schedulers, dirty_cpu_schedulers_online, dirty_io_schedulers, multi_scheduling,
multi_scheduling_blockers, normal_multi_scheduling_blockers, scheduler_bind_type,
scheduler_bindings, scheduler_id, schedulers, smp_support, threads, thread_pool_size
Distribution Information:
creation, delayed_node_table_gc, dist, dist_buf_busy_limit, dist_ctrl
System Information:
c_compiler_used, check_io, compat_rel, debug_compiled, driver_version, dynamic_trace,
dynamic_trace_probes, emu_flavor, emu_type, info, kernel_poll, loaded, machine,
modified_timing_level, nif_version, otp_release, outstanding_system_requests_limit,
port_parallelism, system_architecture, system_logger, system_version, trace_control_word,
version, wordsize
erlang:system_info(Item :: allocated_areas) -> [tuple()]
erlang:system_info(Item :: allocator) ->
{Allocator, Version, Features, Settings}
erlang:system_info(Item :: {allocator, Alloc}) -> [term()]
erlang:system_info(Item :: alloc_util_allocators) -> [Alloc]
erlang:system_info(Item :: {allocator_sizes, Alloc}) -> [term()]
Types:
Allocator = undefined | glibc
Version = [integer() >= 0]
Features = [atom()]
Settings =
[{Subsystem :: atom(),
[{Parameter :: atom(), Value :: term()}]}]
Alloc = atom()
Returns various information about the memory allocators of the current system (emulator) as
specified by Item:
allocated_areas:
Returns a list of tuples with information about miscellaneous allocated memory areas.
Each tuple contains an atom describing the type of memory as first element and the amount of
allocated memory in bytes as second element. When information about allocated and used memory
is present, also a third element is present, containing the amount of used memory in bytes.
erlang:system_info(allocated_areas) is intended for debugging, and the content is highly
implementation-dependent. The content of the results therefore changes when needed without
prior notice.
Notice that the sum of these values is not the total amount of memory allocated by the
emulator. Some values are part of other values, and some memory areas are not part of the
result. For information about the total amount of memory allocated by the emulator, see
erlang:memory/0,1.
allocator:
Returns {Allocator, Version, Features, Settings, where:
* Allocator corresponds to the malloc() implementation used. If Allocator equals undefined,
the malloc() implementation used cannot be identified. glibc can be identified.
* Version is a list of integers (but not a string) representing the version of the malloc()
implementation used.
* Features is a list of atoms representing the allocation features used.
* Settings is a list of subsystems, their configurable parameters, and used values. Settings
can differ between different combinations of platforms, allocators, and allocation features.
Memory sizes are given in bytes.
See also "System Flags Effecting erts_alloc" in erts_alloc(3erl).
{allocator, Alloc}:
Returns information about the specified allocator. As from ERTS 5.6.1, the return value is a
list of {instance, InstanceNo, InstanceInfo} tuples, where InstanceInfo contains information
about a specific instance of the allocator. If Alloc is not a recognized allocator, undefined
is returned. If Alloc is disabled, false is returned.
Notice that the information returned is highly implementation-dependent and can be changed or
removed at any time without prior notice. It was initially intended as a tool when developing
new allocators, but as it can be of interest for others it has been briefly documented.
The recognized allocators are listed in erts_alloc(3erl). Information about super carriers can
be obtained from ERTS 8.0 with {allocator, erts_mmap} or from ERTS 5.10.4; the returned list
when calling with {allocator, mseg_alloc} also includes an {erts_mmap, _} tuple as one element
in the list.
After reading the erts_alloc(3erl) documentation, the returned information more or less speaks
for itself, but it can be worth explaining some things. Call counts are presented by two
values, the first value is giga calls, and the second value is calls. mbcs and sbcs denote
multi-block carriers, and single-block carriers, respectively. Sizes are presented in bytes.
When a size is not presented, it is the amount of something. Sizes and amounts are often
presented by three values:
* The first is the current value.
* The second is the maximum value since the last call to erlang:system_info({allocator,
Alloc}).
* The third is the maximum value since the emulator was started.
If only one value is present, it is the current value. fix_alloc memory block types are
presented by two values. The first value is the memory pool size and the second value is the
used memory size.
alloc_util_allocators:
Returns a list of the names of all allocators using the ERTS internal alloc_util framework as
atoms. For more information, see section The alloc_util framework in erts_alloc(3erl).
{allocator_sizes, Alloc}:
Returns various size information for the specified allocator. The information returned is a
subset of the information returned by erlang:system_info({allocator, Alloc}).
erlang:system_info(Item :: cpu_topology) -> CpuTopology
erlang:system_info(Item ::
{cpu_topology, defined | detected | used}) ->
CpuTopology
erlang:system_info(Item ::
logical_processors |
logical_processors_available |
logical_processors_online) ->
unknown | integer() >= 1
erlang:system_info(Item :: trace_control_word) ->
integer() >= 0
Types:
cpu_topology() = [LevelEntry :: level_entry()] | undefined
All LevelEntrys of a list must contain the same LevelTag, except on the top level where both
node and processorLevelTags can coexist.
level_entry() =
{LevelTag :: level_tag(), SubLevel :: sub_level()} |
{LevelTag :: level_tag(),
InfoList :: info_list(),
SubLevel :: sub_level()}
{LevelTag, SubLevel} == {LevelTag, [], SubLevel}
level_tag() = core | node | processor | thread
More LevelTags can be introduced in a future release.
sub_level() =
[LevelEntry :: level_entry()] |
(LogicalCpuId :: {logical, integer() >= 0})
info_list() = []
The info_list() can be extended in a future release.
Returns various information about the CPU topology of the current system (emulator) as specified
by Item:
cpu_topology:
Returns the CpuTopology currently used by the emulator. The CPU topology is used when binding
schedulers to logical processors. The CPU topology used is the user-defined CPU topology, if
such exists, otherwise the automatically detected CPU topology, if such exists. If no CPU
topology exists, undefined is returned.
node refers to Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA) nodes. thread refers to hardware threads (for
example, Intel hyper-threads).
A level in term CpuTopology can be omitted if only one entry exists and InfoList is empty.
thread can only be a sublevel to core. core can be a sublevel to processor or node. processor
can be on the top level or a sublevel to node. node can be on the top level or a sublevel to
processor. That is, NUMA nodes can be processor internal or processor external. A CPU topology
can consist of a mix of processor internal and external NUMA nodes, as long as each logical
CPU belongs to one NUMA node. Cache hierarchy is not part of the CpuTopology type, but will be
in a future release. Other things can also make it into the CPU topology in a future release.
So, expect the CpuTopology type to change.
{cpu_topology, defined}:
Returns the user-defined CpuTopology. For more information, see command-line flag +sct in
erl(1) and argument cpu_topology.
{cpu_topology, detected}:
Returns the automatically detected CpuTopologyy. The emulator detects the CPU topology on some
newer Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD, and Windows systems. On Windows system with more than 32
logical processors, the CPU topology is not detected.
For more information, see argument cpu_topology.
{cpu_topology, used}:
Returns CpuTopology used by the emulator. For more information, see argument cpu_topology.
logical_processors:
Returns the detected number of logical processors configured in the system. The return value
is either an integer, or the atom unknown if the emulator cannot detect the configured logical
processors.
logical_processors_available:
Returns the detected number of logical processors available to the Erlang runtime system. The
return value is either an integer, or the atom unknown if the emulator cannot detect the
available logical processors. The number of available logical processors is less than or equal
to the number of logical processors online.
logical_processors_online:
Returns the detected number of logical processors online on the system. The return value is
either an integer, or the atom unknown if the emulator cannot detect logical processors
online. The number of logical processors online is less than or equal to the number of logical
processors configured.
cpu_quota:
Returns the detected CPU quota the emulator is limited by. The return value is an integer
saying how many processors' worth of runtime we get (between 1 and the number of logical
processors), or the atom unknown if the emulator cannot detect a quota.
update_cpu_info:
The runtime system rereads the CPU information available and updates its internally stored
information about the detected CPU topology and the number of logical processors configured,
online, available, and cpu quota.
If the CPU information has changed since the last time it was read, the atom changed is
returned, otherwise the atom unchanged. If the CPU information has changed, you probably want
to adjust the number of schedulers online. You typically want to have as many schedulers
online as logical processors available.
erlang:system_info(Item :: fullsweep_after) ->
{fullsweep_after, integer() >= 0}
erlang:system_info(Item :: garbage_collection) ->
[{atom(), integer()}]
erlang:system_info(Item :: heap_sizes) -> [integer() >= 0]
erlang:system_info(Item :: heap_type) -> private
erlang:system_info(Item :: max_heap_size) ->
{max_heap_size,
MaxHeapSize :: max_heap_size()}
erlang:system_info(Item :: message_queue_data) ->
message_queue_data()
erlang:system_info(Item :: min_heap_size) ->
{min_heap_size,
MinHeapSize :: integer() >= 1}
erlang:system_info(Item :: min_bin_vheap_size) ->
{min_bin_vheap_size,
MinBinVHeapSize :: integer() >= 1}
erlang:system_info(Item :: process_limit) -> integer() >= 1
Types:
message_queue_data() = off_heap | on_heap
max_heap_size() =
integer() >= 0 |
#{size => integer() >= 0,
kill => boolean(),
error_logger => boolean()}
Returns information about the default process heap settings:
fullsweep_after:
Returns {fullsweep_after, integer() >= 0}, which is the fullsweep_after garbage collection
setting used by default. For more information, see garbage_collection described below.
garbage_collection:
Returns a list describing the default garbage collection settings. A process spawned on the
local node by a spawn or spawn_link uses these garbage collection settings. The default
settings can be changed by using erlang:system_flag/2. spawn_opt/2,3,4 can spawn a process
that does not use the default settings.
heap_sizes:
Returns a list of integers representing valid heap sizes in words. All Erlang heaps are sized
from sizes in this list.
heap_type:
Returns the heap type used by the current emulator. One heap type exists:
private:
Each process has a heap reserved for its use and no references between heaps of different
processes are allowed. Messages passed between processes are copied between heaps.
max_heap_size:
Returns {max_heap_size, MaxHeapSize}, where MaxHeapSize is the current system-wide maximum
heap size settings for spawned processes. This setting can be set using the command-line flags
+hmax, +hmaxk and +hmaxel in erl(1). It can also be changed at runtime using
erlang:system_flag(max_heap_size, MaxHeapSize). For more details about the max_heap_size
process flag, see process_flag(max_heap_size, MaxHeapSize).
message_queue_data:
Returns the default value of the message_queue_data process flag, which can be either off_heap
or on_heap. The default value is set by the command-line argument +hmqd in erl(1). For more
information, see the documentation of process_flag(message_queue_data, MQD).
min_heap_size:
Returns {min_heap_size, MinHeapSize}, where MinHeapSize is the current system-wide minimum
heap size for spawned processes.
min_bin_vheap_size:
Returns {min_bin_vheap_size, MinBinVHeapSize}, where MinBinVHeapSize is the current system-
wide minimum binary virtual heap size for spawned processes.
procs:
Returns a binary containing a string of process and port information formatted as in Erlang
crash dumps. For more information, see section How to interpret the Erlang crash dumps in the
User's Guide.
erlang:system_info(Item :: atom_count) -> integer() >= 1
erlang:system_info(Item :: atom_limit) -> integer() >= 1
erlang:system_info(Item :: ets_count) -> integer() >= 1
erlang:system_info(Item :: ets_limit) -> integer() >= 1
erlang:system_info(Item :: port_parallelism) -> boolean()
erlang:system_info(Item :: port_count) -> integer() >= 0
erlang:system_info(Item :: port_limit) -> integer() >= 1
erlang:system_info(Item :: process_count) -> integer() >= 1
Returns information about the current system (emulator) limits as specified by Item:
atom_count:
Returns the number of atoms currently existing at the local node. The value is given as an
integer.
atom_limit:
Returns the maximum number of atoms allowed. This limit can be increased at startup by passing
command-line flag +t to erl(1).
ets_count:
Returns the number of ETS tables currently existing at the local node.
ets_limit:
Returns the limit for number of ETS tables. This limit is partially obsolete and number of
tables are only limited by available memory.
port_count:
Returns the number of ports currently existing at the local node. The value is given as an
integer. This is the same value as returned by length(erlang:ports()), but more efficient.
port_limit:
Returns the maximum number of simultaneously existing ports at the local node as an integer.
This limit can be configured at startup by using command-line flag +Q in erl(1).
process_count:
Returns the number of processes currently existing at the local node. The value is given as an
integer. This is the same value as returned by length(processes()), but more efficient.
process_limit:
Returns the maximum number of simultaneously existing processes at the local node. The value
is given as an integer. This limit can be configured at startup by using command-line flag +P
in erl(1).
erlang:system_info(Item :: end_time) -> integer() >= 0
erlang:system_info(Item :: os_monotonic_time_source) ->
[{atom(), term()}]
erlang:system_info(Item :: os_system_time_source) ->
[{atom(), term()}]
erlang:system_info(Item :: smp_support) -> boolean()
erlang:system_info(Item :: thread_pool_size) -> integer() >= 0
erlang:system_info(Item :: time_correction) -> true | false
erlang:system_info(Item :: time_offset) ->
preliminary | final | volatile
erlang:system_info(Item :: time_warp_mode) ->
no_time_warp | single_time_warp |
multi_time_warp
Returns information about the current system (emulator) time as specified by Item:
end_time:
The last Erlang monotonic time in native time unit that can be represented internally in the
current Erlang runtime system instance. The time between the start time and the end time is at
least a quarter of a millennium.
os_monotonic_time_source:
Returns a list containing information about the source of OS monotonic time that is used by
the runtime system.
If [] is returned, no OS monotonic time is available. The list contains two-tuples with Keys
as first element, and Values as second element. The order of these tuples is undefined. The
following tuples can be part of the list, but more tuples can be introduced in the future:
{function, Function}:
Function is the name of the function used. This tuple always exists if OS monotonic time is
available to the runtime system.
{clock_id, ClockId}:
This tuple only exists if Function can be used with different clocks. ClockId corresponds to
the clock identifier used when calling Function.
{resolution, OsMonotonicTimeResolution}:
Highest possible resolution of current OS monotonic time source as parts per second. If no
resolution information can be retrieved from the OS, OsMonotonicTimeResolution is set to the
resolution of the time unit of Functions return value. That is, the actual resolution can be
lower than OsMonotonicTimeResolution. Notice that the resolution does not say anything about
the accuracy or whether the precision aligns with the resolution. You do, however, know
that the precision is not better than OsMonotonicTimeResolution.
{used_resolution, UsedOsMonotonicTimeResolution}:
The OS monotonic time resolution used by the runtime system. This is very often the same as
OsMonotonicTimeResolution. However, on some systems the resolution has to be reduced in
order to reliably produce monotonic timestamps. An example of this is when
QueryPerformanceCounter() is used as OS monotonic time source on Windows. If such a
reduction of the resolution has been done, UsedOsMonotonicTimeResolution will be smaller
than OsMonotonicTimeResolution.
{extended, Extended}:
Extended equals yes if the range of time values has been extended; otherwise Extended equals
no. The range must be extended if Function returns values that wrap fast. This typically is
the case when the return value is a 32-bit value.
{parallel, Parallel}:
Parallel equals yes if Function is called in parallel from multiple threads. If it is not
called in parallel, because calls must be serialized, Parallel equals no.
{time, OsMonotonicTime}:
OsMonotonicTime equals current OS monotonic time in native time unit.
os_system_time_source:
Returns a list containing information about the source of OS system time that is used by the
runtime system.
The list contains two-tuples with Keys as first element, and Values as second element. The
order of these tuples is undefined. The following tuples can be part of the list, but more
tuples can be introduced in the future:
{function, Function}:
Function is the name of the function used.
{clock_id, ClockId}:
Exists only if Function can be used with different clocks. ClockId corresponds to the clock
identifier used when calling Function.
{resolution, OsSystemTimeResolution}:
Highest possible resolution of current OS system time source as parts per second. If no
resolution information can be retrieved from the OS, OsSystemTimeResolution is set to the
resolution of the time unit of Functions return value. That is, the actual resolution can be
lower than OsSystemTimeResolution. Notice that the resolution does not say anything about
the accuracy or whether the precision do align with the resolution. You do, however, know
that the precision is not better than OsSystemTimeResolution.
{parallel, Parallel}:
Parallel equals yes if Function is called in parallel from multiple threads. If it is not
called in parallel, because calls needs to be serialized, Parallel equals no.
{time, OsSystemTime}:
OsSystemTime equals current OS system time in native time unit.
start_time:
The Erlang monotonic time in native time unit at the time when current Erlang runtime system
instance started.
See also erlang:system_info(end_time).
time_correction:
Returns a boolean value indicating whether time correction is enabled or not.
time_offset:
Returns the state of the time offset:
preliminary:
The time offset is preliminary, and will be changed and finalized later. The preliminary
time offset is used during the preliminary phase of the single time warp mode.
final:
The time offset is final. This either because no time warp mode is used, or because the
time offset have been finalized when single time warp mode is used.
volatile:
The time offset is volatile. That is, it can change at any time. This is because multi-time
warp mode is used.
time_warp_mode:
Returns a value identifying the time warp mode that is used:
no_time_warp:
The no time warp mode is used.
single_time_warp:
The single time warp mode is used.
multi_time_warp:
The multi-time warp mode is used.
tolerant_timeofday:
Returns whether a pre ERTS 7.0 backwards compatible compensation for sudden changes of system
time is enabled or disabled. Such compensation is enabled when the time offset is final, and
time correction is enabled.
erlang:system_info(Item :: dirty_cpu_schedulers) ->
integer() >= 0
erlang:system_info(Item :: dirty_cpu_schedulers_online) ->
integer() >= 0
erlang:system_info(Item :: dirty_io_schedulers) ->
integer() >= 0
erlang:system_info(Item :: multi_scheduling) ->
disabled | blocked | blocked_normal |
enabled
erlang:system_info(Item :: multi_scheduling_blockers) ->
[Pid :: pid()]
erlang:system_info(Item :: normal_multi_scheduling_blockers) ->
[Pid :: pid()]
erlang:system_info(Item :: procs) -> binary()
erlang:system_info(Item :: scheduler_bind_type) ->
spread | processor_spread | thread_spread |
thread_no_node_processor_spread |
no_node_processor_spread |
no_node_thread_spread | no_spread | unbound
erlang:system_info(Item :: scheduler_bindings) -> tuple()
erlang:system_info(Item :: scheduler_id) ->
SchedulerId :: integer() >= 1
erlang:system_info(Item :: schedulers | schedulers_online) ->
integer() >= 1
erlang:system_info(Item :: system_version) -> string()
erlang:system_info(Item :: threads) -> boolean()
Returns information about schedulers, scheduling and threads in the current system as specified by
Item:
dirty_cpu_schedulers:
Returns the number of dirty CPU scheduler threads used by the emulator. Dirty CPU schedulers
execute CPU-bound native functions, such as NIFs, linked-in driver code, and BIFs that cannot
be managed cleanly by the normal emulator schedulers.
The number of dirty CPU scheduler threads is determined at emulator boot time and cannot be
changed after that. However, the number of dirty CPU scheduler threads online can be changed
at any time. The number of dirty CPU schedulers can be set at startup by passing command-line
flag +SDcpu or +SDPcpu in erl(1).
See also erlang:system_flag(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online, DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline),
erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online), erlang:system_info(dirty_io_schedulers),
erlang:system_info(schedulers), erlang:system_info(schedulers_online), and
erlang:system_flag(schedulers_online, SchedulersOnline).
dirty_cpu_schedulers_online:
Returns the number of dirty CPU schedulers online. The return value satisfies 1 <=
DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline <= N, where N is the smallest of the return values of
erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers) and erlang:system_info(schedulers_online).
The number of dirty CPU schedulers online can be set at startup by passing command-line flag
+SDcpu in erl(1).
For more information, see erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers),
erlang:system_info(dirty_io_schedulers), erlang:system_info(schedulers_online), and
erlang:system_flag(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online, DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline).
dirty_io_schedulers:
Returns the number of dirty I/O schedulers as an integer. Dirty I/O schedulers execute I/O-
bound native functions, such as NIFs and linked-in driver code, which cannot be managed
cleanly by the normal emulator schedulers.
This value can be set at startup by passing command-line argument +SDio in erl(1).
For more information, see erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers),
erlang:system_info(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online), and
erlang:system_flag(dirty_cpu_schedulers_online, DirtyCPUSchedulersOnline).
multi_scheduling:
Returns one of the following:
disabled:
The emulator has been started with only one scheduler thread.
blocked:
The emulator has more than one scheduler thread, but all scheduler threads except one are
blocked. That is, only one scheduler thread schedules Erlang processes and executes Erlang
code.
blocked_normal:
The emulator has more than one scheduler thread, but all normal scheduler threads except one
are blocked. Notice that dirty schedulers are not blocked, and can schedule Erlang processes
and execute native code.
enabled:
The emulator has more than one scheduler thread, and no scheduler threads are blocked. That
is, all available scheduler threads schedule Erlang processes and execute Erlang code.
See also erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, BlockState),
erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling_blockers),
erlang:system_info(normal_multi_scheduling_blockers), and erlang:system_info(schedulers).
multi_scheduling_blockers:
Returns a list of Pids when multi-scheduling is blocked, otherwise the empty list is returned.
The Pids in the list represent all the processes currently blocking multi-scheduling. A Pid
occurs only once in the list, even if the corresponding process has blocked multiple times.
See also erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, BlockState),
erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling), erlang:system_info(normal_multi_scheduling_blockers),
and erlang:system_info(schedulers).
normal_multi_scheduling_blockers:
Returns a list of Pids when normal multi-scheduling is blocked (that is, all normal schedulers
but one is blocked), otherwise the empty list is returned. The Pids in the list represent all
the processes currently blocking normal multi-scheduling. A Pid occurs only once in the list,
even if the corresponding process has blocked multiple times.
See also erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, BlockState),
erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling), erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling_blockers), and
erlang:system_info(schedulers).
scheduler_bind_type:
Returns information about how the user has requested schedulers to be bound or not bound.
Notice that although a user has requested schedulers to be bound, they can silently have
failed to bind. To inspect the scheduler bindings, call
erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings).
For more information, see command-line argument +sbt in erl(1) and
erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings).
scheduler_bindings:
Returns information about the currently used scheduler bindings.
A tuple of a size equal to erlang:system_info(schedulers) is returned. The tuple elements are
integers or the atom unbound. Logical processor identifiers are represented as integers. The
Nth element of the tuple equals the current binding for the scheduler with the scheduler
identifier equal to N. For example, if the schedulers are bound,
element(erlang:system_info(scheduler_id), erlang:system_info(scheduler_bindings)) returns the
identifier of the logical processor that the calling process is executing on.
Notice that only schedulers online can be bound to logical processors.
For more information, see command-line argument +sbt in erl(1) and
erlang:system_info(schedulers_online).
scheduler_id:
Returns the scheduler ID (SchedulerId) of the scheduler thread that the calling process is
executing on. SchedulerId is a positive integer, where 1 <= SchedulerId <=
erlang:system_info(schedulers).
See also erlang:system_info(schedulers).
schedulers:
Returns the number of scheduler threads used by the emulator. Scheduler threads online
schedules Erlang processes and Erlang ports, and execute Erlang code and Erlang linked-in
driver code.
The number of scheduler threads is determined at emulator boot time and cannot be changed
later. However, the number of schedulers online can be changed at any time.
See also erlang:system_flag(schedulers_online, SchedulersOnline),
erlang:system_info(schedulers_online), erlang:system_info(scheduler_id),
erlang:system_flag(multi_scheduling, BlockState), erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling),
erlang:system_info(normal_multi_scheduling_blockers) and
erlang:system_info(multi_scheduling_blockers).
schedulers_online:
Returns the number of schedulers online. The scheduler identifiers of schedulers online
satisfy the relationship 1 <= SchedulerId <= erlang:system_info(schedulers_online).
For more information, see erlang:system_info(schedulers) and
erlang:system_flag(schedulers_online, SchedulersOnline).
smp_support:
Returns true.
threads:
Returns true.
thread_pool_size:
Returns the number of async threads in the async thread pool used for asynchronous driver
calls (erl_driver:driver_async()). The value is given as an integer.
erlang:system_info(Item :: async_dist) -> boolean()
erlang:system_info(Item :: creation) -> integer()
erlang:system_info(Item :: delayed_node_table_gc) ->
infinity | integer() >= 0
erlang:system_info(Item :: dist) -> binary()
erlang:system_info(Item :: dist_buf_busy_limit) ->
integer() >= 0
erlang:system_info(Item :: dist_ctrl) ->
[{Node :: node(),
ControllingEntity :: port() | pid()}]
Returns information about Erlang Distribution in the current system as specified by Item:
async_dist:
Since: OTP 25.3
Returns the value of the command line argument +pad <boolean> which the runtime system use.
This value determines the default async_dist value for newly spawned processes.
creation:
Returns the creation of the local node as an integer. The creation is changed when a node is
restarted. The creation of a node is stored in process identifiers, port identifiers, and
references. This makes it (to some extent) possible to distinguish between identifiers from
different incarnations of a node. The valid creations are integers in the range 1..3, but this
will probably change in a future release. If the node is not alive, 0 is returned.
delayed_node_table_gc:
Returns the amount of time in seconds garbage collection of an entry in a node table is
delayed. This limit can be set on startup by passing command-line flag +zdntgc to erl(1). For
more information, see the documentation of the command-line flag.
dist:
Returns a binary containing a string of distribution information formatted as in Erlang crash
dumps. For more information, see section How to interpret the Erlang crash dumps in the
User's Guide.
dist_buf_busy_limit:
Returns the value of the distribution buffer busy limit in bytes. This limit can be set at
startup by passing command-line flag +zdbbl to erl(1).
dist_ctrl:
Returns a list of tuples {Node, ControllingEntity}, one entry for each connected remote node.
Node is the node name and ControllingEntity is the port or process identifier responsible for
the communication to that node. More specifically, ControllingEntity for nodes connected
through TCP/IP (the normal case) is the socket used in communication with the specific node.
erlang:system_info(Item :: c_compiler_used) -> {atom(), term()}
erlang:system_info(Item :: check_io) -> [term()]
erlang:system_info(Item :: compat_rel) -> integer()
erlang:system_info(Item :: debug_compiled) -> boolean()
erlang:system_info(Item :: driver_version) -> string()
erlang:system_info(Item :: dynamic_trace) ->
none | dtrace | systemtap
erlang:system_info(Item :: dynamic_trace_probes) -> boolean()
erlang:system_info(Item :: emu_flavor) -> emu | jit
erlang:system_info(Item :: emu_type) ->
opt | debug | gcov | valgrind | gprof |
lcnt | frmptr
erlang:system_info(Item :: info) -> binary()
erlang:system_info(Item :: kernel_poll) -> boolean()
erlang:system_info(Item :: loaded) -> binary()
erlang:system_info(Item :: machine) -> string()
erlang:system_info(Item :: modified_timing_level) ->
integer() | undefined
erlang:system_info(Item :: nif_version) -> string()
erlang:system_info(Item :: otp_release) -> string()
erlang:system_info(Item :: outstanding_system_requests_limit) ->
1..134217727
erlang:system_info(Item :: port_parallelism) -> boolean()
erlang:system_info(Item :: system_architecture) -> string()
erlang:system_info(Item :: system_logger) ->
logger | undefined | pid()
erlang:system_info(Item :: system_version) -> string()
erlang:system_info(Item :: trace_control_word) ->
integer() >= 0
erlang:system_info(Item :: version) -> string()
erlang:system_info(Item ::
wordsize |
{wordsize, internal} |
{wordsize, external}) ->
4 | 8
Returns various information about the current system (emulator) as specified by Item:
build_type:
Deprecated, use emu_type instead
c_compiler_used:
Returns a two-tuple describing the C compiler used when compiling the runtime system. The
first element is an atom describing the name of the compiler, or undefined if unknown. The
second element is a term describing the version of the compiler, or undefined if unknown.
check_io:
Returns a list containing miscellaneous information about the emulators internal I/O checking.
Notice that the content of the returned list can vary between platforms and over time. It is
only guaranteed that a list is returned.
compat_rel:
Returns the compatibility mode of the local node as an integer. The integer returned
represents the Erlang/OTP release that the current emulator has been set to be backward
compatible with. The compatibility mode can be configured at startup by using command-line
flag +R in erl(1).
debug_compiled:
Returns true if the emulator has been debug-compiled, otherwise false.
driver_version:
Returns a string containing the Erlang driver version used by the runtime system. It has the
form "<major ver>.<minor ver>".
dynamic_trace:
Returns an atom describing the dynamic trace framework compiled into the virtual machine. It
can be dtrace, systemtap, or none. For a commercial or standard build, it is always none. The
other return values indicate a custom configuration (for example, ./configure --with-dynamic-
trace=dtrace). For more information about dynamic tracing, see dyntrace(3erl) manual page and
the README.dtrace/README.systemtap files in the Erlang source code top directory.
dynamic_trace_probes:
Returns a boolean() indicating if dynamic trace probes (dtrace or systemtap) are built into
the emulator. This can only be true if the virtual machine was built for dynamic tracing (that
is, system_info(dynamic_trace) returns dtrace or systemtap).
emu_flavor:
Returns an atom describing the flavor of the runtime system. This will be either emu or jit.
Possible return values can be added or removed at any time without prior notice.
emu_type:
Returns an atom describing the build type of the runtime system. This is normally the atom opt
for optimized. Other possible return values are debug, gcov, valgrind, gprof, and lcnt.
Possible return values can be added or removed at any time without prior notice.
info:
Returns a binary containing a string of miscellaneous system information formatted as in
Erlang crash dumps. For more information, see section How to interpret the Erlang crash dumps
in the User's Guide.
kernel_poll:
Returns true if the emulator uses some kind of kernel-poll implementation, otherwise false.
loaded:
Returns a binary containing a string of loaded module information formatted as in Erlang crash
dumps. For more information, see section How to interpret the Erlang crash dumps in the User's
Guide.
machine:
Returns a string containing the Erlang machine name.
modified_timing_level:
Returns the modified timing-level (an integer) if modified timing is enabled, otherwise
undefined. For more information about modified timing, see command-line flag +T in erl(1)
nif_version:
Returns a string containing the version of the Erlang NIF interface used by the runtime
system. It is on the form "<major ver>.<minor ver>".
otp_release:
Returns a string containing the OTP release number of the OTP release that the currently
executing ERTS application is part of.
As from Erlang/OTP 17, the OTP release number corresponds to the major OTP version number. No
erlang:system_info() argument gives the exact OTP version. This is because the exact OTP
version in the general case is difficult to determine. For more information, see the
description of versions in System principles in System Documentation.
outstanding_system_requests_limit:
Returns the limit on the amount of outstanding requests made by a system process orchestrating
system wide changes. See erlang:system_flag(outstanding_system_requests_limit, Limit) for more
information.
port_parallelism:
Returns the default port parallelism scheduling hint used. For more information, see command-
line argument +spp in erl(1).
system_architecture:
Returns a string containing the processor and OS architecture the emulator is built for.
system_logger:
Returns the current system_logger as set by erlang:system_flag(system_logger, _).
system_version:
Returns a string containing version number and some important properties, such as the number
of schedulers.
trace_control_word:
Returns the value of the node trace control word. For more information, see function get_tcw
in section Match Specifications in Erlang in the User's Guide.
version:
Returns a string containing the version number of the emulator.
wordsize:
Same as {wordsize, internal}.
{wordsize, internal}:
Returns the size of Erlang term words in bytes as an integer, that is, 4 is returned on a
32-bit architecture, and 8 is returned on a 64-bit architecture.
{wordsize, external}:
Returns the true word size of the emulator, that is, the size of a pointer. The value is given
in bytes as an integer. On a pure 32-bit architecture, 4 is returned. On a 64-bit
architecture, 8 is returned.
erlang:system_monitor() -> MonSettings
Types:
MonSettings = undefined | {MonitorPid, Options}
MonitorPid = pid()
Options = [system_monitor_option()]
system_monitor_option() =
busy_port | busy_dist_port |
{long_gc, integer() >= 0} |
{long_schedule, integer() >= 0} |
{large_heap, integer() >= 0}
Returns the current system monitoring settings set by erlang:system_monitor/2 as {MonitorPid,
Options}, or undefined if no settings exist. The order of the options can be different from the
one that was set.
erlang:system_monitor(Arg) -> MonSettings
Types:
Arg = MonSettings = undefined | {MonitorPid, Options}
MonitorPid = pid()
Options = [system_monitor_option()]
system_monitor_option() =
busy_port | busy_dist_port |
{long_gc, integer() >= 0} |
{long_schedule, integer() >= 0} |
{large_heap, integer() >= 0}
When called with argument undefined, all system performance monitoring settings are cleared.
Calling the function with {MonitorPid, Options} as argument is the same as calling
erlang:system_monitor(MonitorPid, Options).
Returns the previous system monitor settings just like erlang:system_monitor/0.
erlang:system_monitor(MonitorPid, Options) -> MonSettings
Types:
MonitorPid = pid()
Options = [system_monitor_option()]
MonSettings = undefined | {OldMonitorPid, OldOptions}
OldMonitorPid = pid()
OldOptions = [system_monitor_option()]
system_monitor_option() =
busy_port | busy_dist_port |
{long_gc, integer() >= 0} |
{long_schedule, integer() >= 0} |
{large_heap, integer() >= 0}
Sets the system performance monitoring options. MonitorPid is a local process identifier (pid)
receiving system monitor messages. The second argument is a list of monitoring options:
{long_gc, Time}:
If a garbage collection in the system takes at least Time wall clock milliseconds, a message
{monitor, GcPid, long_gc, Info} is sent to MonitorPid. GcPid is the pid that was garbage
collected. Info is a list of two-element tuples describing the result of the garbage
collection.
One of the tuples is {timeout, GcTime}, where GcTime is the time for the garbage collection in
milliseconds. The other tuples are tagged with heap_size, heap_block_size, stack_size,
mbuf_size, old_heap_size, and old_heap_block_size. These tuples are explained in the
description of trace message gc_minor_start (see erlang:trace/3). New tuples can be added, and
the order of the tuples in the Info list can be changed at any time without prior notice.
{long_schedule, Time}:
If a process or port in the system runs uninterrupted for at least Time wall clock
milliseconds, a message {monitor, PidOrPort, long_schedule, Info} is sent to MonitorPid.
PidOrPort is the process or port that was running. Info is a list of two-element tuples
describing the event.
If a pid(), the tuples {timeout, Millis}, {in, Location}, and {out, Location} are present,
where Location is either an MFA ({Module, Function, Arity}) describing the function where the
process was scheduled in/out, or the atom undefined.
If a port(), the tuples {timeout, Millis} and {port_op,Op} are present. Op is one of proc_sig,
timeout, input, output, event, or dist_cmd, depending on which driver callback was executing.
proc_sig is an internal operation and is never to appear, while the others represent the
corresponding driver callbacks timeout, ready_input, ready_output, event, and outputv (when
the port is used by distribution). Value Millis in tuple timeout informs about the
uninterrupted execution time of the process or port, which always is equal to or higher than
the Time value supplied when starting the trace. New tuples can be added to the Info list in a
future release. The order of the tuples in the list can be changed at any time without prior
notice.
This can be used to detect problems with NIFs or drivers that take too long to execute. 1 ms
is considered a good maximum time for a driver callback or a NIF. However, a time-sharing
system is usually to consider everything < 100 ms as "possible" and fairly "normal". However,
longer schedule times can indicate swapping or a misbehaving NIF/driver. Misbehaving NIFs and
drivers can cause bad resource utilization and bad overall system performance.
{large_heap, Size}:
If a garbage collection in the system results in the allocated size of a heap being at least
Size words, a message {monitor, GcPid, large_heap, Info} is sent to MonitorPid. GcPid and Info
are the same as for long_gc earlier, except that the tuple tagged with timeout is not present.
The monitor message is sent if the sum of the sizes of all memory blocks allocated for all
heap generations after a garbage collection is equal to or higher than Size.
When a process is killed by max_heap_size, it is killed before the garbage collection is
complete and thus no large heap message is sent.
busy_port:
If a process in the system gets suspended because it sends to a busy port, a message {monitor,
SusPid, busy_port, Port} is sent to MonitorPid. SusPid is the pid that got suspended when
sending to Port.
busy_dist_port:
If a process in the system gets suspended because it sends to a process on a remote node whose
inter-node communication was handled by a busy port, a message {monitor, SusPid,
busy_dist_port, Port} is sent to MonitorPid. SusPid is the pid that got suspended when sending
through the inter-node communication port Port.
Returns the previous system monitor settings just like erlang:system_monitor/0.
The arguments to system_monitor/2 specifies how all system monitoring on the node should be done,
not how it should be changed. This means only one process at a time (MonitorPid) can be the
receiver of system monitor messages. Also, the way to clear a specific monitor option is to not
include it in the list Options. All system monitoring will, however, be cleared if the process
identified by MonitorPid terminates.
There are no special option values (like zero) to clear an option. Some of the options have a
unspecified minimum value. Lower values will be adjusted to the minimum value. For example, it is
currently not possible to monitor all garbage collections with {long_gc, 0}.
Note:
If a monitoring process gets so large that it itself starts to cause system monitor messages when
garbage collecting, the messages enlarge the process message queue and probably make the problem
worse.
Keep the monitoring process neat and do not set the system monitor limits too tight.
Failures:
badarg:
If MonitorPid does not exist.
badarg:
If MonitorPid is not a local process.
erlang:system_profile() -> ProfilerSettings
Types:
ProfilerSettings = undefined | {ProfilerPid, Options}
ProfilerPid = pid() | port()
Options = [system_profile_option()]
system_profile_option() =
exclusive | runnable_ports | runnable_procs | scheduler |
timestamp | monotonic_timestamp | strict_monotonic_timestamp
Returns the current system profiling settings set by erlang:system_profile/2 as {ProfilerPid,
Options}, or undefined if there are no settings. The order of the options can be different from
the one that was set.
erlang:system_profile(ProfilerPid, Options) -> ProfilerSettings
Types:
ProfilerPid = pid() | port() | undefined
Options = [system_profile_option()]
ProfilerSettings =
undefined | {pid() | port(), [system_profile_option()]}
system_profile_option() =
exclusive | runnable_ports | runnable_procs | scheduler |
timestamp | monotonic_timestamp | strict_monotonic_timestamp
Sets system profiler options. ProfilerPid is a local process identifier (pid) or port receiving
profiling messages. The receiver is excluded from all profiling. The second argument is a list of
profiling options:
exclusive:
If a synchronous call to a port from a process is done, the calling process is considered not
runnable during the call runtime to the port. The calling process is notified as inactive, and
later active when the port callback returns.
monotonic_timestamp:
Time stamps in profile messages use Erlang monotonic time. The time stamp (Ts) has the same
format and value as produced by erlang:monotonic_time(nanosecond).
runnable_procs:
If a process is put into or removed from the run queue, a message, {profile, Pid, State, Mfa,
Ts}, is sent to ProfilerPid. Running processes that are reinserted into the run queue after
having been pre-empted do not trigger this message.
runnable_ports:
If a port is put into or removed from the run queue, a message, {profile, Port, State, 0, Ts},
is sent to ProfilerPid.
scheduler:
If a scheduler is put to sleep or awoken, a message, {profile, scheduler, Id, State, NoScheds,
Ts}, is sent to ProfilerPid.
strict_monotonic_timestamp:
Time stamps in profile messages consist of Erlang monotonic time and a monotonically
increasing integer. The time stamp (Ts) has the same format and value as produced by
{erlang:monotonic_time(nanosecond), erlang:unique_integer([monotonic])}.
timestamp:
Time stamps in profile messages include a time stamp (Ts) that has the same form as returned
by erlang:now(). This is also the default if no time stamp flag is specified. If cpu_timestamp
has been enabled through erlang:trace/3, this also effects the time stamp produced in
profiling messages when flag timestamp is enabled.
Note:
erlang:system_profile behavior can change in a future release.
erlang:system_time() -> integer()
Returns current Erlang system time in native time unit.
Calling erlang:system_time() is equivalent to erlang:monotonic_time() + erlang:time_offset().
Note:
This time is not a monotonically increasing time in the general case. For more information, see
the documentation of time warp modes in the User's Guide.
erlang:system_time(Unit) -> integer()
Types:
Unit = time_unit()
Returns current Erlang system time converted into the Unit passed as argument.
Calling erlang:system_time(Unit) is equivalent to erlang:convert_time_unit(erlang:system_time(),
native, Unit).
Note:
This time is not a monotonically increasing time in the general case. For more information, see
the documentation of time warp modes in the User's Guide.
term_to_binary(Term) -> ext_binary()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns a binary data object that is the result of encoding Term according to the Erlang external
term format.
This can be used for various purposes, for example, writing a term to a file in an efficient way,
or sending an Erlang term to some type of communications channel not supported by distributed
Erlang.
> Bin = term_to_binary(hello).
<<131,100,0,5,104,101,108,108,111>>
> hello = binary_to_term(Bin).
hello
See also binary_to_term/1.
Note:
There is no guarantee that this function will return the same encoded representation for the same
term.
term_to_binary(Term, Options) -> ext_binary()
Types:
Term = term()
Options =
[compressed |
{compressed, Level :: 0..9} |
deterministic |
{minor_version, Version :: 0..2}]
Returns a binary data object that is the result of encoding Term according to the Erlang external
term format.
If option compressed is provided, the external term format is compressed. The compressed format is
automatically recognized by binary_to_term/1 as from Erlang/OTP R7B.
A compression level can be specified by giving option {compressed, Level}. Level is an integer
with range 0..9, where:
* 0 - No compression is done (it is the same as giving no compressed option).
* 1 - Takes least time but may not compress as well as the higher levels.
* 6 - Default level when option compressed is provided.
* 9 - Takes most time and tries to produce a smaller result. Notice "tries" in the preceding
sentence; depending on the input term, level 9 compression either does or does not produce a
smaller result than level 1 compression.
Option {minor_version, Version} can be used to control some encoding details. This option was
introduced in Erlang/OTP R11B-4. The valid values for Version are:
0:
Floats are encoded using a textual representation. This option is useful to ensure that
releases before Erlang/OTP R11B-4 can decode resulting binary.
This version encode atoms that can be represented by a latin1 string using latin1 encoding
while only atoms that cannot be represented by latin1 are encoded using utf8.
1:
This is as of Erlang/OTP 17.0 the default. It forces any floats in the term to be encoded in a
more space-efficient and exact way (namely in the 64-bit IEEE format, rather than converted to
a textual representation). As from Erlang/OTP R11B-4, binary_to_term/1 can decode this
representation.
This version encode atoms that can be represented by a latin1 string using latin1 encoding
while only atoms that cannot be represented by latin1 are encoded using utf8.
2:
Drops usage of the latin1 atom encoding and unconditionally use utf8 encoding for all atoms.
Erlang/OTP systems as of R16B can decode this representation.
Note:
In Erlang/OTP 26, the default minor_version is planned to change from 1 to 2. See Upcoming
Potential Incompatibilities .
Option deterministic (introduced in OTP 24.1) can be used to ensure that within the same major
release of Erlang/OTP, the same encoded representation is returned for the same term. There is
still no guarantee that the encoded representation remains the same between major releases of
Erlang/OTP.
See also binary_to_term/1.
term_to_iovec(Term) -> ext_iovec()
Types:
Term = term()
Returns the encoding of Term according to the Erlang external term format as ext_iovec().
This function produce the same encoding as term_to_binary/1, but with another return type. The
call iolist_to_binary(term_to_iovec(Term)) will produce exactly the same result as the call
term_to_binary(Term).
term_to_iovec() is a pure optimization of the functionality term_to_binary() provide.
term_to_iovec() can for example refer directly to off heap binaries instead of copying the binary
data into the result.
See also term_to_binary/1.
term_to_iovec(Term, Options) -> ext_iovec()
Types:
Term = term()
Options =
[compressed |
{compressed, Level :: 0..9} |
deterministic |
{minor_version, Version :: 0..2}]
Returns the encoding of Term according to the Erlang external term format as ext_iovec().
This function produce the same encoding as term_to_binary/2, but with another return type. The
call iolist_to_binary(term_to_iovec(Term, Opts)) will produce exactly the same result as
term_to_binary(Term, Opts).
Currently recognised options are all options recognised by term_to_binary/2.
term_to_iovec() is a pure optimization of the functionality term_to_binary() provide.
term_to_iovec() can for example refer directly to off heap binaries instead of copying the binary
data into the result.
See also term_to_binary/2.
throw(Any) -> no_return()
Types:
Any = term()
Raises an exception of class throw. Intended to be used to do non-local returns from functions.
If evaluated within a catch expression, the catch expression returns value Any. Example:
> catch throw({hello, there}).
{hello,there}
If evaluated within a try-block of a try expression, the value Any can be caught within the catch
block. Example:
try
throw({my_exception, "Something happened"})
catch
throw:{my_exception, Desc} ->
io:format(standard_error, "Error: ~s~n", [Desc])
end
Failure: nocatch if not caught by an exception handler.
See the guide about errors and error handling for additional information.
time() -> Time
Types:
Time = calendar:time()
Returns the current time as {Hour, Minute, Second}.
The time zone and Daylight Saving Time correction depend on the underlying OS. The return value is
based on the OS System Time. Example:
> time().
{9,42,44}
erlang:time_offset() -> integer()
Returns the current time offset between Erlang monotonic time and Erlang system time in native
time unit. Current time offset added to an Erlang monotonic time gives corresponding Erlang system
time.
The time offset may or may not change during operation depending on the time warp mode used.
Note:
A change in time offset can be observed at slightly different points in time by different
processes.
If the runtime system is in multi-time warp mode, the time offset is changed when the runtime
system detects that the OS system time has changed. The runtime system will, however, not detect
this immediately when it occurs. A task checking the time offset is scheduled to execute at least
once a minute; so, under normal operation this is to be detected within a minute, but during heavy
load it can take longer time.
erlang:time_offset(Unit) -> integer()
Types:
Unit = time_unit()
Returns the current time offset between Erlang monotonic time and Erlang system time converted
into the Unit passed as argument.
Same as calling erlang:convert_time_unit(erlang:time_offset(), native, Unit) however optimized for
commonly used Units.
erlang:timestamp() -> Timestamp
Types:
Timestamp = timestamp()
timestamp() =
{MegaSecs :: integer() >= 0,
Secs :: integer() >= 0,
MicroSecs :: integer() >= 0}
Returns current Erlang system time on the format {MegaSecs, Secs, MicroSecs}. This format is the
same as os:timestamp/0 and the deprecated erlang:now/0 use. The reason for the existence of
erlang:timestamp() is purely to simplify use for existing code that assumes this time stamp
format. Current Erlang system time can more efficiently be retrieved in the time unit of your
choice using erlang:system_time/1.
The erlang:timestamp() BIF is equivalent to:
timestamp() ->
ErlangSystemTime = erlang:system_time(microsecond),
MegaSecs = ErlangSystemTime div 1000_000_000_000,
Secs = ErlangSystemTime div 1000_000 - MegaSecs*1000_000,
MicroSecs = ErlangSystemTime rem 1000_000,
{MegaSecs, Secs, MicroSecs}.
It, however, uses a native implementation that does not build garbage on the heap and with
slightly better performance.
Note:
This time is not a monotonically increasing time in the general case. For more information, see
the documentation of time warp modes in the User's Guide.
tl(List) -> term()
Types:
List = nonempty_maybe_improper_list()
Returns the tail of List, that is, the list minus the first element, for example:
> tl([geesties, guilies, beasties]).
[guilies, beasties]
> tl([geesties]).
[]
> tl([geesties, guilies, beasties | improper_end]).
[guilies, beasties | improper_end]
> tl([geesties | improper_end]).
improper_end
Allowed in guard tests.
Failure: badarg if List is the empty list [].
erlang:trace(PidPortSpec, How, FlagList) -> integer()
Types:
PidPortSpec =
pid() |
port() |
all | processes | ports | existing | existing_processes |
existing_ports | new | new_processes | new_ports
How = boolean()
FlagList = [trace_flag()]
trace_flag() =
all | send | 'receive' | procs | ports | call | arity |
return_to | silent | running | exiting | running_procs |
running_ports | garbage_collection | timestamp |
cpu_timestamp | monotonic_timestamp |
strict_monotonic_timestamp | set_on_spawn |
set_on_first_spawn | set_on_link | set_on_first_link |
{tracer, pid() | port()} |
{tracer, module(), term()}
Turns on (if How == true) or off (if How == false) the trace flags in FlagList for the process or
processes represented by PidPortSpec.
PidPortSpec is either a process identifier (pid) for a local process, a port identifier, or one of
the following atoms:
all:
All currently existing processes and ports and all that will be created in the future.
processes:
All currently existing processes and all that will be created in the future.
ports:
All currently existing ports and all that will be created in the future.
existing:
All currently existing processes and ports.
existing_processes:
All currently existing processes.
existing_ports:
All currently existing ports.
new:
All processes and ports that will be created in the future.
new_processes:
All processes that will be created in the future.
new_ports:
All ports that will be created in the future.
FlagList can contain any number of the following flags (the "message tags" refers to the list of
trace messages):
all:
Sets all trace flags except tracer and cpu_timestamp, which are in their nature different than
the others.
send:
Traces sending of messages.
Message tags: send and send_to_non_existing_process.
'receive':
Traces receiving of messages.
Message tags: 'receive'.
call:
Traces certain function calls. Specify which function calls to trace by calling
erlang:trace_pattern/3.
Message tags: call and return_from.
silent:
Used with the call trace flag. The call, return_from, and return_to trace messages are
inhibited if this flag is set, but they are executed as normal if there are match
specifications.
Silent mode is inhibited by executing erlang:trace(_, false, [silent|_]), or by a match
specification executing the function {silent, false}.
The silent trace flag facilitates setting up a trace on many or even all processes in the
system. The trace can then be activated and deactivated using the match specification function
{silent,Bool}, giving a high degree of control of which functions with which arguments that
trigger the trace.
Message tags: call, return_from, and return_to. Or rather, the absence of.
return_to:
Used with the call trace flag. Traces the return from a traced function back to its caller.
Only works for functions traced with option local to erlang:trace_pattern/3.
The semantics is that a trace message is sent when a call traced function returns, that is,
when a chain of tail recursive calls ends. Only one trace message is sent per chain of tail
recursive calls, so the properties of tail recursiveness for function calls are kept while
tracing with this flag. Using call and return_to trace together makes it possible to know
exactly in which function a process executes at any time.
To get trace messages containing return values from functions, use the {return_trace} match
specification action instead.
Message tags: return_to.
procs:
Traces process-related events.
Message tags: spawn, spawned, exit, register, unregister, link, unlink, getting_linked, and
getting_unlinked.
ports:
Traces port-related events.
Message tags: open, closed, register, unregister, getting_linked, and getting_unlinked.
running:
Traces scheduling of processes.
Message tags: in and out.
exiting:
Traces scheduling of exiting processes.
Message tags: in_exiting, out_exiting, and out_exited.
running_procs:
Traces scheduling of processes just like running. However, this option also includes schedule
events when the process executes within the context of a port without being scheduled out
itself.
Message tags: in and out.
running_ports:
Traces scheduling of ports.
Message tags: in and out.
garbage_collection:
Traces garbage collections of processes.
Message tags: gc_minor_start, gc_max_heap_size, and gc_minor_end.
timestamp:
Includes a time stamp in all trace messages. The time stamp (Ts) has the same form as returned
by erlang:now().
cpu_timestamp:
A global trace flag for the Erlang node that makes all trace time stamps using flag timestamp
to be in CPU time, not wall clock time. That is, cpu_timestamp is not be used if
monotonic_timestamp or strict_monotonic_timestamp is enabled. Only allowed with
PidPortSpec==all. If the host machine OS does not support high-resolution CPU time
measurements, trace/3 exits with badarg. Notice that most OS do not synchronize this value
across cores, so be prepared that time can seem to go backwards when using this option.
monotonic_timestamp:
Includes an Erlang monotonic time time stamp in all trace messages. The time stamp (Ts) has
the same format and value as produced by erlang:monotonic_time(nanosecond). This flag
overrides flag cpu_timestamp.
strict_monotonic_timestamp:
Includes an time stamp consisting of Erlang monotonic time and a monotonically increasing
integer in all trace messages. The time stamp (Ts) has the same format and value as produced
by { erlang:monotonic_time(nanosecond), erlang:unique_integer([monotonic])}. This flag
overrides flag cpu_timestamp.
arity:
Used with the call trace flag. {M, F, Arity} is specified instead of {M, F, Args} in call
trace messages.
set_on_spawn:
Makes any process created by a traced process inherit its trace flags, including flag
set_on_spawn.
set_on_first_spawn:
Makes the first process created by a traced process inherit its trace flags, excluding flag
set_on_first_spawn.
set_on_link:
Makes any process linked by a traced process inherit its trace flags, including flag
set_on_link.
set_on_first_link:
Makes the first process linked to by a traced process inherit its trace flags, excluding flag
set_on_first_link.
{tracer, Tracer}:
Specifies where to send the trace messages. Tracer must be the process identifier of a local
process or the port identifier of a local port.
{tracer, TracerModule, TracerState}:
Specifies that a tracer module is to be called instead of sending a trace message. The tracer
module can then ignore or change the trace message. For more details on how to write a tracer
module, see erl_tracer(3erl).
If no tracer is specified, the calling process receives all the trace messages.
The effect of combining set_on_first_link with set_on_link is the same as set_on_first_link alone.
Likewise for set_on_spawn and set_on_first_spawn.
The tracing process receives the trace messages described in the following list. Pid is the
process identifier of the traced process in which the traced event has occurred. The third tuple
element is the message tag.
If flag timestamp, strict_monotonic_timestamp, or monotonic_timestamp is specified, the first
tuple element is trace_ts instead, and the time stamp is added as an extra element last in the
message tuple. If multiple time stamp flags are passed, timestamp has precedence over
strict_monotonic_timestamp, which in turn has precedence over monotonic_timestamp. All time stamp
flags are remembered, so if two are passed and the one with highest precedence later is disabled,
the other one becomes active.
If a match specification (applicable only for call, send and 'receive' tracing) contains a
{message} action function with a non-boolean value, that value is added as an extra element to the
message tuple either in the last position or before the timestamp (if it is present).
Trace messages:
{trace, PidPort, send, Msg, To}:
When PidPort sends message Msg to process To.
{trace, PidPort, send_to_non_existing_process, Msg, To}:
When PidPort sends message Msg to the non-existing process To.
{trace, PidPort, 'receive', Msg}:
When PidPort receives message Msg. If Msg is set to time-out, a receive statement can have
timed out, or the process received a message with the payload timeout.
{trace, Pid, call, {M, F, Args}}:
When Pid calls a traced function. The return values of calls are never supplied, only the call
and its arguments.
Trace flag arity can be used to change the contents of this message, so that Arity is
specified instead of Args.
{trace, Pid, return_to, {M, F, Arity}}:
When Pid returns to the specified function. This trace message is sent if both the flags call
and return_to are set, and the function is set to be traced on local function calls. The
message is only sent when returning from a chain of tail recursive function calls, where at
least one call generated a call trace message (that is, the functions match specification
matched, and {message, false} was not an action).
{trace, Pid, return_from, {M, F, Arity}, ReturnValue}:
When Pid returns from the specified function. This trace message is sent if flag call is set,
and the function has a match specification with a return_trace or exception_trace action.
{trace, Pid, exception_from, {M, F, Arity}, {Class, Value}}:
When Pid exits from the specified function because of an exception. This trace message is sent
if flag call is set, and the function has a match specification with an exception_trace
action.
{trace, Pid, spawn, Pid2, {M, F, Args}}:
When Pid spawns a new process Pid2 with the specified function call as entry point.
Args is supposed to be the argument list, but can be any term if the spawn is erroneous.
{trace, Pid, spawned, Pid2, {M, F, Args}}:
When Pid is spawned by process Pid2 with the specified function call as entry point.
Args is supposed to be the argument list, but can be any term if the spawn is erroneous.
{trace, Pid, exit, Reason}:
When Pid exits with reason Reason.
{trace, PidPort, register, RegName}:
When PidPort gets the name RegName registered.
{trace, PidPort, unregister, RegName}:
When PidPort gets the name RegName unregistered. This is done automatically when a registered
process or port exits.
{trace, Pid, link, Pid2}:
When Pid links to a process Pid2.
{trace, Pid, unlink, Pid2}:
When Pid removes the link from a process Pid2.
{trace, PidPort, getting_linked, Pid2}:
When PidPort gets linked to a process Pid2.
{trace, PidPort, getting_unlinked, Pid2}:
When PidPort gets unlinked from a process Pid2.
{trace, Port, open, Pid, Driver}:
When Pid opens a new port Port with the running Driver.
Driver is the name of the driver as an atom.
{trace, Port, closed, Reason}:
When Port closes with Reason.
{trace, Pid, in | in_exiting, {M, F, Arity} | 0}:
When Pid is scheduled to run. The process runs in function {M, F, Arity}. On some rare
occasions, the current function cannot be determined, then the last element is 0.
{trace, Pid, out | out_exiting | out_exited, {M, F, Arity} | 0}:
When Pid is scheduled out. The process was running in function {M, F, Arity}. On some rare
occasions, the current function cannot be determined, then the last element is 0.
{trace, Port, in, Command | 0}:
When Port is scheduled to run. Command is the first thing the port will execute, it can
however run several commands before being scheduled out. On some rare occasions, the current
function cannot be determined, then the last element is 0.
The possible commands are call, close, command, connect, control, flush, info, link, open, and
unlink.
{trace, Port, out, Command | 0}:
When Port is scheduled out. The last command run was Command. On some rare occasions, the
current function cannot be determined, then the last element is 0. Command can contain the
same commands as in
{trace, Pid, gc_minor_start, Info}:
Sent when a young garbage collection is about to be started. Info is a list of two-element
tuples, where the first element is a key, and the second is the value. Do not depend on any
order of the tuples. The following keys are defined:
heap_size:
The size of the used part of the heap.
heap_block_size:
The size of the memory block used for storing the heap and the stack.
old_heap_size:
The size of the used part of the old heap.
old_heap_block_size:
The size of the memory block used for storing the old heap.
stack_size:
The size of the stack.
recent_size:
The size of the data that survived the previous garbage collection.
mbuf_size:
The combined size of message buffers associated with the process.
bin_vheap_size:
The total size of unique off-heap binaries referenced from the process heap.
bin_vheap_block_size:
The total size of binaries allowed in the virtual heap in the process before doing a garbage
collection.
bin_old_vheap_size:
The total size of unique off-heap binaries referenced from the process old heap.
bin_old_vheap_block_size:
The total size of binaries allowed in the virtual old heap in the process before doing a
garbage collection.
wordsize:
For the gc_minor_start event it is the size of the need that triggered the GC. For the
corresponding gc_minor_end event it is the size of reclaimed memory = start heap_size - end
heap_size.
All sizes are in words.
{trace, Pid, gc_max_heap_size, Info}:
Sent when the max_heap_size is reached during garbage collection. Info contains the same kind
of list as in message gc_start, but the sizes reflect the sizes that triggered max_heap_size
to be reached.
{trace, Pid, gc_minor_end, Info}:
Sent when young garbage collection is finished. Info contains the same kind of list as in
message gc_minor_start, but the sizes reflect the new sizes after garbage collection.
{trace, Pid, gc_major_start, Info}:
Sent when fullsweep garbage collection is about to be started. Info contains the same kind of
list as in message gc_minor_start.
{trace, Pid, gc_major_end, Info}:
Sent when fullsweep garbage collection is finished. Info contains the same kind of list as in
message gc_minor_start, but the sizes reflect the new sizes after a fullsweep garbage
collection.
If the tracing process/port dies or the tracer module returns remove, the flags are silently
removed.
Each process can only be traced by one tracer. Therefore, attempts to trace an already traced
process fail.
Returns a number indicating the number of processes that matched PidPortSpec. If PidPortSpec is a
process identifier, the return value is 1. If PidPortSpec is all or existing, the return value is
the number of processes running. If PidPortSpec is new, the return value is 0.
Failure: badarg if the specified arguments are not supported. For example, cpu_timestamp is not
supported on all platforms.
erlang:trace_delivered(Tracee) -> Ref
Types:
Tracee = pid() | all
Ref = reference()
The delivery of trace messages (generated by erlang:trace/3, seq_trace(3erl), or
erlang:system_profile/2) is dislocated on the time-line compared to other events in the system. If
you know that Tracee has passed some specific point in its execution, and you want to know when at
least all trace messages corresponding to events up to this point have reached the tracer, use
erlang:trace_delivered(Tracee).
When it is guaranteed that all trace messages are delivered to the tracer up to the point that
Tracee reached at the time of the call to erlang:trace_delivered(Tracee), then a {trace_delivered,
Tracee, Ref} message is sent to the caller of erlang:trace_delivered(Tracee) .
Notice that message trace_delivered does not imply that trace messages have been delivered.
Instead it implies that all trace messages that are to be delivered have been delivered. It is not
an error if Tracee is not, and has not been traced by someone, but if this is the case, no trace
messages have been delivered when the trace_delivered message arrives.
Notice that Tracee must refer to a process currently or previously existing on the same node as
the caller of erlang:trace_delivered(Tracee) resides on. The special Tracee atom all denotes all
processes that currently are traced in the node.
When used together with a Tracer Module, any message sent in the trace callback is guaranteed to
have reached its recipient before the trace_delivered message is sent.
Example: Process A is Tracee, port B is tracer, and process C is the port owner of B. C wants to
close B when A exits. To ensure that the trace is not truncated, C can call
erlang:trace_delivered(A) when A exits, and wait for message {trace_delivered, A, Ref} before
closing B.
Failure: badarg if Tracee does not refer to a process (dead or alive) on the same node as the
caller of erlang:trace_delivered(Tracee) resides on.
erlang:trace_info(PidPortFuncEvent, Item) -> Res
Types:
PidPortFuncEvent =
pid() |
port() |
new | new_processes | new_ports |
{Module, Function, Arity} |
on_load | send | 'receive'
Module = module()
Function = atom()
Arity = arity()
Item =
flags | tracer | traced | match_spec | meta |
meta_match_spec | call_count | call_time | all
Res = trace_info_return()
trace_info_return() =
undefined |
{flags, [trace_info_flag()]} |
{tracer, pid() | port() | []} |
{tracer, module(), term()} |
trace_info_item_result() |
{all, [trace_info_item_result()] | false | undefined}
trace_info_item_result() =
{traced, global | local | false | undefined} |
{match_spec, trace_match_spec() | false | undefined} |
{meta, pid() | port() | false | undefined | []} |
{meta, module(), term()} |
{meta_match_spec, trace_match_spec() | false | undefined} |
{call_count, integer() >= 0 | boolean() | undefined} |
{call_time,
[{pid(),
integer() >= 0,
integer() >= 0,
integer() >= 0}] |
boolean() |
undefined}
trace_info_flag() =
send | 'receive' | set_on_spawn | call | return_to | procs |
set_on_first_spawn | set_on_link | running |
garbage_collection | timestamp | monotonic_timestamp |
strict_monotonic_timestamp | arity
trace_match_spec() =
[{[term()] | '_' | match_variable(), [term()], [term()]}]
match_variable() = atom()
Approximation of '$1' | '$2' | '$3' | ...
Returns trace information about a port, process, function, or event.
To get information about a port or process, PidPortFuncEvent is to be a process identifier (pid),
port identifier, or one of the atoms new, new_processes, or new_ports. The atom new or
new_processes means that the default trace state for processes to be created is returned. The atom
new_ports means that the default trace state for ports to be created is returned.
Valid Items for ports and processes:
flags:
Returns a list of atoms indicating what kind of traces is enabled for the process. The list is
empty if no traces are enabled, and one or more of the following atoms if traces are enabled:
send, 'receive', set_on_spawn, call, return_to, procs, ports, set_on_first_spawn, set_on_link,
running, running_procs, running_ports, silent, exiting, monotonic_timestamp,
strict_monotonic_timestamp, garbage_collection, timestamp, and arity. The order is arbitrary.
tracer:
Returns the identifier for process, port, or a tuple containing the tracer module and tracer
state tracing this process. If this process is not traced, the return value is [].
To get information about a function, PidPortFuncEvent is to be the three-element tuple {Module,
Function, Arity} or the atom on_load. No wildcards are allowed. Returns undefined if the function
does not exist, or false if the function is not traced. If PidPortFuncEvent is on_load, the
information returned refers to the default value for code that will be loaded.
Valid Items for functions:
traced:
Returns global if this function is traced on global function calls, local if this function is
traced on local function calls (that is, local and global function calls), and false if local
or global function calls are not traced.
match_spec:
Returns the match specification for this function, if it has one. If the function is locally
or globally traced but has no match specification defined, the returned value is [].
meta:
Returns the meta-trace tracer process, port, or trace module for this function, if it has one.
If the function is not meta-traced, the returned value is false. If the function is meta-
traced but has once detected that the tracer process is invalid, the returned value is [].
meta_match_spec:
Returns the meta-trace match specification for this function, if it has one. If the function
is meta-traced but has no match specification defined, the returned value is [].
call_count:
Returns the call count value for this function or true for the pseudo function on_load if call
count tracing is active. Otherwise false is returned.
See also erlang:trace_pattern/3.
call_time:
Returns the call time values for this function or true for the pseudo function on_load if call
time tracing is active. Otherwise false is returned. The call time values returned, [{Pid,
Count, S, Us}], is a list of each process that executed the function and its specific
counters.
See also erlang:trace_pattern/3.
all:
Returns a list containing the {Item, Value} tuples for all other items, or returns false if no
tracing is active for this function.
To get information about an event, PidPortFuncEvent is to be one of the atoms send or 'receive'.
One valid Item for events exists:
match_spec:
Returns the match specification for this event, if it has one, or true if no match
specification has been set.
The return value is {Item, Value}, where Value is the requested information as described earlier.
If a pid for a dead process was specified, or the name of a non-existing function, Value is
undefined.
erlang:trace_pattern(MFA, MatchSpec) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
MFA = trace_pattern_mfa() | send | 'receive'
MatchSpec =
(MatchSpecList :: trace_match_spec()) |
boolean() |
restart | pause
trace_pattern_mfa() = {atom(), atom(), arity() | '_'} | on_load
trace_match_spec() =
[{[term()] | '_' | match_variable(), [term()], [term()]}]
match_variable() = atom()
Approximation of '$1' | '$2' | '$3' | ...
The same as erlang:trace_pattern(Event, MatchSpec, []), retained for backward compatibility.
erlang:trace_pattern(MFA :: send, MatchSpec, FlagList :: []) ->
integer() >= 0
Types:
MatchSpec = (MatchSpecList :: trace_match_spec()) | boolean()
trace_match_spec() =
[{[term()] | '_' | match_variable(), [term()], [term()]}]
match_variable() = atom()
Approximation of '$1' | '$2' | '$3' | ...
Sets trace pattern for message sending. Must be combined with erlang:trace/3 to set the send trace
flag for one or more processes. By default all messages sent from send traced processes are
traced. To limit traced send events based on the message content, the sender and/or the receiver,
use erlang:trace_pattern/3.
Argument MatchSpec can take the following forms:
MatchSpecList:
A list of match specifications. The matching is done on the list [Receiver, Msg]. Receiver is
the process or port identity of the receiver and Msg is the message term. The pid of the
sending process can be accessed with the guard function self/0. An empty list is the same as
true. For more information, see section Match Specifications in Erlang in the User's Guide.
true:
Enables tracing for all sent messages (from send traced processes). Any match specification is
removed. This is the default.
false:
Disables tracing for all sent messages. Any match specification is removed.
Argument FlagList must be [] for send tracing.
The return value is always 1.
Examples:
Only trace messages to a specific process Pid:
> erlang:trace_pattern(send, [{[Pid, '_'],[],[]}], []).
1
Only trace messages matching {reply, _}:
> erlang:trace_pattern(send, [{['_', {reply,'_'}],[],[]}], []).
1
Only trace messages sent to the sender itself:
> erlang:trace_pattern(send, [{['$1', '_'],[{'=:=','$1',{self}}],[]}], []).
1
Only trace messages sent to other nodes:
> erlang:trace_pattern(send, [{['$1', '_'],[{'=/=',{node,'$1'},{node}}],[]}], []).
1
Note:
A match specification for send trace can use all guard and body functions except caller.
Fails by raising an error exception with an error reason of:
badarg:
If an argument is invalid.
system_limit:
If a match specification passed as argument has excessive nesting which causes scheduler stack
exhaustion for the scheduler that the calling process is executing on. Scheduler stack size
can be configured when starting the runtime system.
erlang:trace_pattern(MFA :: 'receive', MatchSpec, FlagList :: []) ->
integer() >= 0
Types:
MatchSpec = (MatchSpecList :: trace_match_spec()) | boolean()
trace_match_spec() =
[{[term()] | '_' | match_variable(), [term()], [term()]}]
match_variable() = atom()
Approximation of '$1' | '$2' | '$3' | ...
Sets trace pattern for message receiving. Must be combined with erlang:trace/3 to set the
'receive' trace flag for one or more processes. By default all messages received by 'receive'
traced processes are traced. To limit traced receive events based on the message content, the
sender and/or the receiver, use erlang:trace_pattern/3.
Argument MatchSpec can take the following forms:
MatchSpecList:
A list of match specifications. The matching is done on the list [Node, Sender, Msg]. Node is
the node name of the sender. Sender is the process or port identity of the sender, or the atom
undefined if the sender is not known (which can be the case for remote senders). Msg is the
message term. The pid of the receiving process can be accessed with the guard function self/0.
An empty list is the same as true. For more information, see section Match Specifications in
Erlang in the User's Guide.
true:
Enables tracing for all received messages (to 'receive' traced processes). Any match
specification is removed. This is the default.
false:
Disables tracing for all received messages. Any match specification is removed.
Argument FlagList must be [] for receive tracing.
The return value is always 1.
Examples:
Only trace messages from a specific process Pid:
> erlang:trace_pattern('receive', [{['_',Pid, '_'],[],[]}], []).
1
Only trace messages matching {reply, _}:
> erlang:trace_pattern('receive', [{['_','_', {reply,'_'}],[],[]}], []).
1
Only trace messages from other nodes:
> erlang:trace_pattern('receive', [{['$1', '_', '_'],[{'=/=','$1',{node}}],[]}], []).
1
Note:
A match specification for 'receive' trace can use all guard and body functions except caller,
is_seq_trace, get_seq_token, set_seq_token, enable_trace, disable_trace, trace, silent, and
process_dump.
Fails by raising an error exception with an error reason of:
badarg:
If an argument is invalid.
system_limit:
If a match specification passed as argument has excessive nesting which causes scheduler stack
exhaustion for the scheduler that the calling process is executing on. Scheduler stack size
can be configured when starting the runtime system.
erlang:trace_pattern(MFA, MatchSpec, FlagList) ->
integer() >= 0
Types:
MFA = trace_pattern_mfa()
MatchSpec =
(MatchSpecList :: trace_match_spec()) |
boolean() |
restart | pause
FlagList = [trace_pattern_flag()]
trace_pattern_mfa() = {atom(), atom(), arity() | '_'} | on_load
trace_match_spec() =
[{[term()] | '_' | match_variable(), [term()], [term()]}]
trace_pattern_flag() =
global | local | meta |
{meta, Pid :: pid()} |
{meta, TracerModule :: module(), TracerState :: term()} |
call_count | call_time
match_variable() = atom()
Approximation of '$1' | '$2' | '$3' | ...
Enables or disables call tracing for one or more functions. Must be combined with erlang:trace/3
to set the call trace flag for one or more processes.
Conceptually, call tracing works as follows. Inside the Erlang virtual machine, a set of processes
and a set of functions are to be traced. If a traced process calls a traced function, the trace
action is taken. Otherwise, nothing happens.
To add or remove one or more processes to the set of traced processes, use erlang:trace/3.
To add or remove functions to the set of traced functions, use erlang:trace_pattern/3.
The BIF erlang:trace_pattern/3 can also add match specifications to a function. A match
specification comprises a pattern that the function arguments must match, a guard expression that
must evaluate to true, and an action to be performed. The default action is to send a trace
message. If the pattern does not match or the guard fails, the action is not executed.
Argument MFA is to be a tuple, such as {Module, Function, Arity}, or the atom on_load (described
below). It can be the module, function, and arity for a function (or a BIF in any module). The
atom '_' can be used as a wildcard in any of the following ways:
{Module,Function,'_'}:
All functions of any arity named Function in module Module.
{Module,'_','_'}:
All functions in module Module.
{'_','_','_'}:
All functions in all loaded modules.
Other combinations, such as {Module,'_',Arity}, are not allowed. Local functions match wildcards
only if option local is in FlagList.
If argument MFA is the atom on_load, the match specification and flag list are used on all modules
that are newly loaded.
Argument MatchSpec can take the following forms:
false:
Disables tracing for the matching functions. Any match specification is removed.
true:
Enables tracing for the matching functions. Any match specification is removed.
MatchSpecList:
A list of match specifications. An empty list is equivalent to true. For a description of
match specifications, see section Match Specifications in Erlang in the User's Guide.
restart:
For the FlagList options call_count and call_time: restarts the existing counters. The
behavior is undefined for other FlagList options.
pause:
For the FlagList options call_count and call_time: pauses the existing counters. The behavior
is undefined for other FlagList options.
Parameter FlagList is a list of options. The following are the valid options:
global:
Turns on or off call tracing for global function calls (that is, calls specifying the module
explicitly). Only exported functions match and only global calls generate trace messages. This
is the default.
local:
Turns on or off call tracing for all types of function calls. Trace messages are sent whenever
any of the specified functions are called, regardless of how they are called. If flag
return_to is set for the process, a return_to message is also sent when this function returns
to its caller.
meta | {meta, Pid} | {meta, TracerModule, TracerState}:
Turns on or off meta-tracing for all types of function calls. Trace messages are sent to the
tracer whenever any of the specified functions are called. If no tracer is specified, self()
is used as a default tracer process.
Meta-tracing traces all processes and does not care about the process trace flags set by
erlang:trace/3, the trace flags are instead fixed to [call, timestamp].
The match specification function {return_trace} works with meta-trace and sends its trace
message to the same tracer.
call_count:
Starts (MatchSpec == true) or stops (MatchSpec == false) call count tracing for all types of
function calls. For every function, a counter is incremented when the function is called, in
any process. No process trace flags need to be activated.
If call count tracing is started while already running, the count is restarted from zero. To
pause running counters, use MatchSpec == pause. Paused and running counters can be restarted
from zero with MatchSpec == restart.
To read the counter value, use erlang:trace_info/2.
call_time:
Starts (MatchSpec == true) or stops (MatchSpec == false) call time tracing for all types of
function calls. For every function, a counter is incremented when the function is called. Time
spent in the function is accumulated in two other counters, seconds and microseconds. The
counters are stored for each call traced process.
If call time tracing is started while already running, the count and time restart from zero.
To pause running counters, use MatchSpec == pause. Paused and running counters can be
restarted from zero with MatchSpec == restart.
To read the counter value, use erlang:trace_info/2.
The options global and local are mutually exclusive, and global is the default (if no options are
specified). The options call_count and meta perform a kind of local tracing, and cannot be
combined with global. A function can be globally or locally traced. If global tracing is specified
for a set of functions, then local, meta, call time, and call count tracing for the matching set
of local functions is disabled, and conversely.
When disabling trace, the option must match the type of trace set on the function. That is, local
tracing must be disabled with option local and global tracing with option global (or no option),
and so on.
Part of a match specification list cannot be changed directly. If a function has a match
specification, it can be replaced with a new one. To change an existing match specification, use
the BIF erlang:trace_info/2 to retrieve the existing match specification.
Returns the number of functions matching argument MFA. This is zero if none matched.
Fails by raising an error exception with an error reason of:
badarg:
If an argument is invalid.
system_limit:
If a match specification passed as argument has excessive nesting which causes scheduler stack
exhaustion for the scheduler that the calling process is executing on. Scheduler stack size
can be configured when starting the runtime system.
trunc(Number) -> integer()
Types:
Number = number()
Truncates the decimals of Number, for example:
> trunc(5.7).
5
> trunc(-5.7).
-5
> trunc(5).
5
> trunc(36028797018963969.0).
36028797018963968
In the last example, trunc(36028797018963969.0) evaluates to 36028797018963968. The reason for
this is that the number 36028797018963969.0 cannot be represented exactly as a float value.
Instead, the float literal is represented as 36028797018963968.0, which is the closest number that
can be represented exactly as a float value. See Representation of Floating Point Numbers for
additional information.
Allowed in guard tests.
tuple_size(Tuple) -> integer() >= 0
Types:
Tuple = tuple()
Returns an integer that is the number of elements in Tuple, for example:
> tuple_size({morni, mulle, bwange}).
3
Allowed in guard tests.
tuple_to_list(Tuple) -> [term()]
Types:
Tuple = tuple()
Returns a list corresponding to Tuple. Tuple can contain any Erlang terms. Example:
> tuple_to_list({share, {'Ericsson_B', 163}}).
[share,{'Ericsson_B',163}]
unalias(Alias) -> boolean()
Types:
Alias = reference()
Deactivate the alias Alias previously created by the calling process. An alias can for example be
created via alias/0, or monitor/3. unalias/1 will always deactivate the alias regardless of
options used when creating the alias.
Returns true if Alias was a currently active alias for current processes; otherwise, false.
For more information on process aliases see the Process Aliases section of the Erlang Reference
Manual .
erlang:unique_integer() -> integer()
Generates and returns an integer unique on current runtime system instance. The same as calling
erlang:unique_integer([]).
erlang:unique_integer(ModifierList) -> integer()
Types:
ModifierList = [Modifier]
Modifier = positive | monotonic
Generates and returns an integer unique on current runtime system instance. The integer is unique
in the sense that this BIF, using the same set of modifiers, does not return the same integer more
than once on the current runtime system instance. Each integer value can of course be constructed
by other means.
By default, when [] is passed as ModifierList, both negative and positive integers can be
returned. This to use the range of integers that do not need heap memory allocation as much as
possible. By default the returned integers are also only guaranteed to be unique, that is, any
returned integer can be smaller or larger than previously returned integers.
Modifiers:
positive:
Returns only positive integers.
Notice that by passing the positive modifier you will get heap allocated integers (bignums)
quicker.
monotonic:
Returns strictly monotonically increasing integers corresponding to creation time. That is,
the integer returned is always larger than previously returned integers on the current runtime
system instance.
These values can be used to determine order between events on the runtime system instance.
That is, if both X = erlang:unique_integer([monotonic]) and Y =
erlang:unique_integer([monotonic]) are executed by different processes (or the same process)
on the same runtime system instance and X < Y, we know that X was created before Y.
Warning:
Strictly monotonically increasing values are inherently quite expensive to generate and scales
poorly. This is because the values need to be synchronized between CPU cores. That is, do not
pass the monotonic modifier unless you really need strictly monotonically increasing values.
All valid Modifiers can be combined. Repeated (valid) Modifiers in the ModifierList are ignored.
Note:
The set of integers returned by erlang:unique_integer/1 using different sets of Modifiers will
overlap. For example, by calling unique_integer([monotonic]), and unique_integer([positive,
monotonic]) repeatedly, you will eventually see some integers that are returned by both calls.
Failures:
badarg:
if ModifierList is not a proper list.
badarg:
if Modifier is not a valid modifier.
erlang:universaltime() -> DateTime
Types:
DateTime = calendar:datetime()
Returns the current date and time according to Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) in the form
{{Year, Month, Day}, {Hour, Minute, Second}} if supported by the underlying OS. Otherwise
erlang:universaltime() is equivalent to erlang:localtime(). The return value is based on the OS
System Time. Example:
> erlang:universaltime().
{{1996,11,6},{14,18,43}}
erlang:universaltime_to_localtime(Universaltime) -> Localtime
Types:
Localtime = Universaltime = calendar:datetime()
Converts Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) date and time to local date and time in the form {{Year,
Month, Day}, {Hour, Minute, Second}} if supported by the underlying OS. Otherwise no conversion is
done, and Universaltime is returned. Example:
> erlang:universaltime_to_localtime({{1996,11,6},{14,18,43}}).
{{1996,11,7},{15,18,43}}
Failure: badarg if Universaltime denotes an invalid date and time.
unlink(Id) -> true
Types:
Id = pid() | port()
Removes a link between the calling process and another process or a port identified by Id. We will
from here on call the identified process or port unlinkee.
A link can be set up using the link/1 BIF. For more information on links and exit signals due to
links, see the Processes chapter in the Erlang Reference Manual :
* Links
* Sending Exit Signals
* Receiving Exit Signals
Once unlink(Id) has returned, it is guaranteed that the link between the caller and the unlinkee
has no effect on the caller in the future (unless the link is setup again). Note that if the
caller is trapping exits, an {'EXIT', Id, ExitReason} message due to the link may have been placed
in the message queue of the caller before the unlink(Id) call completed. Also note that the
{'EXIT', Id, ExitReason} message may be the result of the link, but may also be the result of the
unlikee sending the caller an exit signal by calling the exit/2 BIF. Therefore, it may or may not
be appropriate to clean up the message queue after a call to unlink(Id) as follows, when trapping
exits:
unlink(Id),
receive
{'EXIT', Id, _} ->
true
after 0 ->
true
end
The link removal is performed asynchronously. If such a link does not exist, nothing is done. A
detailed description of the link protocol can be found in the Distribution Protocol chapter of
the ERTS User's Guide .
Failure: badarg if Id does not identify a process or a node local port.
unregister(RegName) -> true
Types:
RegName = atom()
Removes the registered name RegName associated with a process identifier or a port identifier from
the name registry. For example:
> unregister(db).
true
Keep in mind that you can still receive signals associated with the registered name after it has
been unregistered as the sender may have looked up the name before sending to it.
Users are advised not to unregister system processes.
Failure: badarg if RegName is not a registered name.
whereis(RegName) -> pid() | port() | undefined
Types:
RegName = atom()
Returns the process identifier or port identifier with the registered name RegName from the name
registry. Returns undefined if the name is not registered. Example:
> whereis(db).
<0.43.0>
erlang:yield() -> true
Tries to give other processes with the same or higher priority (if any) a chance to execute before
returning. There is no guarantee that any other process runs between the invocation and return of
erlang:yield/0.
See the documentation for receive-after expressions for how to make the current process sleep for
a specific number of milliseconds.
Warning:
There is seldom or never any need to use this BIF. Using this BIF without a thorough grasp of how
the scheduler works can cause performance degradation. The current implementation of this function
puts the current process last in the current scheduler's queue for processes of the same priority
as the current process.