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NAME
net_kernel - Erlang networking kernel.
DESCRIPTION
The net kernel is a system process, registered as net_kernel, which must be operational
for distributed Erlang to work. The purpose of this process is to implement parts of the
BIFs spawn/4 and spawn_link/4, and to provide monitoring of the network.
An Erlang node is started using command-line flag -name or -sname:
$ erl -sname foobar
It is also possible to call net_kernel:start(foobar, #{}) directly from the normal Erlang
shell prompt:
1> net_kernel:start(foobar, #{name_domain => shortnames}).
{ok,<0.64.0>}
(foobar@gringotts)2>
If the node is started with command-line flag -sname, the node name is foobar@Host, where
Host is the short name of the host (not the fully qualified domain name). If started with
flag -name, the node name is foobar@Host, where Host is the fully qualified domain name.
For more information, see erl.
Normally, connections are established automatically when another node is referenced. This
functionality can be disabled by setting Kernel configuration parameter dist_auto_connect
to never, see kernel(7). In this case, connections must be established explicitly by
calling connect_node/1.
Which nodes that are allowed to communicate with each other is handled by the magic cookie
system, see section Distributed Erlang in the Erlang Reference Manual.
Warning:
Starting a distributed node without also specifying -proto_dist inet_tls will expose the
node to attacks that may give the attacker complete access to the node and in extension
the cluster. When using un-secure distributed nodes, make sure that the network is
configured to keep potential attackers out. See the Using SSL for Erlang Distribution
User's Guide for details on how to setup a secure distributed node.
EXPORTS
allow(Nodes) -> ok | error
Types:
Nodes = [node()]
Permits access to the specified set of nodes.
Before the first call to allow/1, any node with the correct cookie can be
connected. When allow/1 is called, a list of allowed nodes is established. Any
access attempts made from (or to) nodes not in that list will be rejected.
Subsequent calls to allow/1 will add the specified nodes to the list of allowed
nodes. It is not possible to remove nodes from the list.
Returns error if any element in Nodes is not an atom.
connect_node(Node) -> boolean() | ignored
Types:
Node = node()
Establishes a connection to Node. Returns true if a connection was established or
was already established or if Node is the local node itself. Returns false if the
connection attempt failed, and ignored if the local node is not alive.
get_net_ticktime() -> Res
Types:
Res = NetTicktime | {ongoing_change_to, NetTicktime} | ignored
NetTicktime = integer() >= 1
Returns currently used net tick time in seconds. For more information see the
net_ticktime kernel(7) parameter.
Defined return values (Res):
NetTicktime:
net_ticktime is NetTicktime seconds.
{ongoing_change_to, NetTicktime}:
net_kernel is currently changing net_ticktime to NetTicktime seconds.
ignored:
The local node is not alive.
getopts(Node, Options) ->
{ok, OptionValues} | {error, Reason} | ignored
Types:
Node = node()
Options = [inet:socket_getopt()]
OptionValues = [inet:socket_setopt()]
Reason = inet:posix() | noconnection
Get one or more options for the distribution socket connected to Node.
If Node is a connected node the return value is the same as from inet:getopts(Sock,
Options) where Sock is the distribution socket for Node.
Returns ignored if the local node is not alive or {error, noconnection} if Node is
not connected.
get_state() ->
#{started => no | static | dynamic,
name => atom(),
name_type => static | dynamic,
name_domain => shortnames | longnames}
Get the current state of the distribution for the local node.
Returns a map with (at least) the following key-value pairs:
started => Started:
Valid values for Started:
no:
The distribution is not started. In this state none of the other keys below
are present in the map.
static:
The distribution was started with command line arguments -name or -sname.
dynamic:
The distribution was started with net_kernel:start/1 and can be stopped with
net_kernel:stop/0.
name => Name:
The name of the node. Same as returned by erlang:node/0 except when name_type
is dynamic in which case Name may be undefined (instead of nonode@nohost).
name_type => NameType:
Valid values for NameType:
static:
The node has a static node name set by the node itself.
dynamic:
The distribution was started in dynamic node name mode, and will get its
node name assigned from the first node it connects to. If key name has value
undefined that has not happened yet.
name_domain => NameDomain:
Valid values for NameDomain:
shortnames:
The distribution was started to use node names with a short host portion (not
fully qualified).
longnames:
The distribution was started to use node names with a long fully qualified
host portion.
monitor_nodes(Flag) -> ok | Error
monitor_nodes(Flag, Options) -> ok | Error
Types:
Flag = boolean()
Options = OptionsList | OptionsMap
OptionsList = [ListOption]
ListOption =
connection_id | {node_type, NodeType} | nodedown_reason
OptionsMap =
#{connection_id => boolean(),
node_type => NodeType,
nodedown_reason => boolean()}
NodeType = visible | hidden | all
Error = error | {error, term()}
The calling process subscribes or unsubscribes to node status change messages. A
nodeup message is delivered to all subscribing processes when a new node is
connected, and a nodedown message is delivered when a node is disconnected.
If Flag is true, a new subscription is started. If Flag is false, all previous
subscriptions started with the same Options are stopped. Two option lists are
considered the same if they contain the same set of options.
Delivery guarantees of nodeup/nodedown messages:
* nodeup messages are delivered before delivery of any signals from the remote
node through the newly established connection.
* nodedown messages are delivered after all the signals from the remote node over
the connection have been delivered.
* nodeup messages are delivered after the corresponding node appears in results
from erlang:nodes().
* nodedown messages are delivered after the corresponding node has disappeared in
results from erlang:nodes().
* As of OTP 23.0, a nodedown message for a connection being taken down will be
delivered before a nodeup message due to a new connection to the same node.
Prior to OTP 23.0, this was not guaranteed to be the case.
The format of the node status change messages depends on Options. If Options is the
empty list or if net_kernel:monitor_nodes/1 is called, the format is as follows:
{nodeup, Node} | {nodedown, Node}
Node = node()
When Options is the empty map or empty list, the caller will only subscribe for
status change messages for visible nodes. That is, only nodes that appear in the
result of erlang:nodes/0.
If Options equals anything other than the empty list, the format of the status
change messages is as follows:
{nodeup, Node, Info} | {nodedown, Node, Info}
Node = node()
Info = #{Tag => Val} | [{Tag, Val}]
Info is either a map or a list of 2-tuples. Its content depends on Options. If
Options is a map, Info will also be a map. If Options is a list, Info will also be
a list.
When Options is a map, currently the following associations are allowed:
connection_id => boolean():
If the value of the association equals true, a connection_id => ConnectionId
association will be included in the Info map where ConnectionId is the
connection identifier of the connection coming up or going down. For more info
about this connection identifier see the documentation of erlang:nodes/2.
node_type => NodeType:
Valid values for NodeType:
visible:
Subscribe to node status change messages for visible nodes only. The
association node_type => visible will be included in the Info map.
hidden:
Subscribe to node status change messages for hidden nodes only. The
association node_type => hidden will be included in the Info map.
all:
Subscribe to node status change messages for both visible and hidden nodes.
The association node_type => visible | hidden will be included in the Info
map.
If no node_type => NodeType association is included in the Options map, the
caller will subscribe for status change messages for visible nodes only, but no
node_type => visible association will be included in the Info map.
nodedown_reason => boolean():
If the value of the association equals true, a nodedown_reason => Reason
association will be included in the Info map for nodedown messages.
Reason can, depending on which distribution module or process that is used, be
any term, but for the standard TCP distribution module it is one of the
following:
connection_setup_failed:
The connection setup failed (after nodeup messages were sent).
no_network:
No network is available.
net_kernel_terminated:
The net_kernel process terminated.
shutdown:
Unspecified connection shutdown.
connection_closed:
The connection was closed.
disconnect:
The connection was disconnected (forced from the current node).
net_tick_timeout:
Net tick time-out.
send_net_tick_failed:
Failed to send net tick over the connection.
get_status_failed:
Status information retrieval from the Port holding the connection failed.
When Options is a list, currently ListOption can be one of the following:
connection_id:
A {connection_id, ConnectionId} tuple will be included in Info where
ConnectionId is the connection identifier of the connection coming up or going
down. For more info about this connection identifier see the documentation of
erlang:nodes/2.
{node_type, NodeType}:
Valid values for NodeType:
visible:
Subscribe to node status change messages for visible nodes only. The tuple
{node_type, visible} will be included in the Info list.
hidden:
Subscribe to node status change messages for hidden nodes only. The tuple
{node_type, hidden} will be included in the Info list.
all:
Subscribe to node status change messages for both visible and hidden nodes.
The tuple {node_type, visible | hidden} will be included in the Info list.
If no {node_type, NodeType} option has been given. The caller will subscribe
for status change messages for visible nodes only, but no {node_type, visible}
tuple will be included in the Info list.
nodedown_reason:
The tuple {nodedown_reason, Reason} will be included in the Info list for
nodedown messages.
See the documentation of the nodedown_reason => boolean() association above for
information about possible Reason values.
Example:
(a@localhost)1> net_kernel:monitor_nodes(true, #{connection_id=>true, node_type=>all, nodedown_reason=>true}).
ok
(a@localhost)2> flush().
Shell got {nodeup,b@localhost,
#{connection_id => 3067552,node_type => visible}}
Shell got {nodeup,c@localhost,
#{connection_id => 13892107,node_type => hidden}}
Shell got {nodedown,b@localhost,
#{connection_id => 3067552,node_type => visible,
nodedown_reason => connection_closed}}
Shell got {nodedown,c@localhost,
#{connection_id => 13892107,node_type => hidden,
nodedown_reason => net_tick_timeout}}
Shell got {nodeup,b@localhost,
#{connection_id => 3067553,node_type => visible}}
ok
(a@localhost)3>
set_net_ticktime(NetTicktime) -> Res
set_net_ticktime(NetTicktime, TransitionPeriod) -> Res
Types:
NetTicktime = integer() >= 1
TransitionPeriod = integer() >= 0
Res =
unchanged | change_initiated |
{ongoing_change_to, NewNetTicktime}
NewNetTicktime = integer() >= 1
Sets net_ticktime (see kernel(7)) to NetTicktime seconds. TransitionPeriod defaults
to 60.
Some definitions:
Minimum transition traffic interval (MTTI):
minimum(NetTicktime, PreviousNetTicktime)*1000 div 4 milliseconds.
Transition period:
The time of the least number of consecutive MTTIs to cover TransitionPeriod
seconds following the call to set_net_ticktime/2 (that is,
((TransitionPeriod*1000 - 1) div MTTI + 1)*MTTI milliseconds).
If NetTicktime < PreviousNetTicktime, the net_ticktime change is done at the end of
the transition period; otherwise at the beginning. During the transition period,
net_kernel ensures that there is outgoing traffic on all connections at least every
MTTI millisecond.
Note:
The net_ticktime changes must be initiated on all nodes in the network (with the
same NetTicktime) before the end of any transition period on any node; otherwise
connections can erroneously be disconnected.
Returns one of the following:
unchanged:
net_ticktime already has the value of NetTicktime and is left unchanged.
change_initiated:
net_kernel initiated the change of net_ticktime to NetTicktime seconds.
{ongoing_change_to, NewNetTicktime}:
The request is ignored because net_kernel is busy changing net_ticktime to
NewNetTicktime seconds.
setopts(Node, Options) -> ok | {error, Reason} | ignored
Types:
Node = node() | new
Options = [inet:socket_setopt()]
Reason = inet:posix() | noconnection
Set one or more options for distribution sockets. Argument Node can be either one
node name or the atom new to affect the distribution sockets of all future
connected nodes.
The return value is the same as from inet:setopts/2 or {error, noconnection} if
Node is not a connected node or new.
If Node is new the Options will then also be added to kernel configuration
parameters inet_dist_listen_options and inet_dist_connect_options.
Returns ignored if the local node is not alive.
start(Name, Options) -> {ok, pid()} | {error, Reason}
Types:
Options =
#{name_domain => NameDomain,
net_ticktime => NetTickTime,
net_tickintensity => NetTickIntensity,
dist_listen => boolean(),
hidden => boolean()}
Name = atom()
NameDomain = shortnames | longnames
NetTickTime = integer() >= 1
NetTickIntensity = 4..1000
Reason = {already_started, pid()} | term()
Turns a non-distributed node into a distributed node by starting net_kernel and
other necessary processes.
If Name is set to undefined the distribution will be started to request a dynamic
node name from the first node it connects to. See Dynamic Node Name. Setting Name
to undefined implies options dist_listen => false and hidden => true.
Currently supported options:
name_domain => NameDomain:
Determines the host name part of the node name. If NameDomain equals longnames,
fully qualified domain names will be used which also is the default. If
NameDomain equals shortnames, only the short name of the host will be used.
net_ticktime => NetTickTime:
Net tick time to use in seconds. Defaults to the value of the net_ticktime
kernel(7) parameter. For more information about net tick time , see the kernel
parameter. However, note that if the value of the kernel parameter is invalid,
it will silently be replaced by a valid value, but if an invalid NetTickTime
value is passed as option value to this function, the call will fail.
net_tickintensity => NetTickIntensity:
Net tick intensity to use. Defaults to the value of the net_tickintensity
kernel(7) parameter. For more information about net tick intensity , see the
kernel parameter. However, note that if the value of the kernel parameter is
invalid, it will silently be replaced by a valid value, but if an invalid
NetTickIntensity value is passed as option value to this function, the call
will fail.
dist_listen => boolean():
Enable or disable listening for incoming connections. Defaults to the value of
the -dist_listen erl command line argument. Note that dist_listen => false
implies hidden => true.
If undefined has been passed as Name, the dist_listen option will be overridden
with dist_listen => false.
hidden => boolean():
Enable or disable hidden node. Defaults to true if the -hidden erl command line
argument has been passed; otherwise false.
If undefined has been passed as Name, or the option dist_listen equals false,
the hidden option will be overridden with hidden => true.
start(Options) -> {ok, pid()} | {error, Reason}
Types:
Options = [Name | NameDomain | TickTime, ...]
Name = atom()
NameDomain = shortnames | longnames
TickTime = integer() >= 1
Reason = {already_started, pid()} | term()
Warning:
start/1 is deprecated. Use start/2 instead.
Turns a non-distributed node into a distributed node by starting net_kernel and
other necessary processes.
Options list can only be exactly one of the following lists (order is imporant):
[Name]:
The same as net_kernel:start([Name, longnames, 15000]).
[Name, NameDomain]:
The same as net_kernel:start([Name, NameDomain, 15000]).
[Name, NameDomain, TickTime]:
The same as net_kernel:start(Name, #{name_domain => NameDomain, net_ticktime =>
((TickTime*4-1) div 1000) + 1, net_tickintensity => 4}). Note that TickTime is
not the same as net tick time expressed in milliseconds. TickTime is the time
between ticks when net tick intensity equals 4.
stop() -> ok | {error, Reason}
Types:
Reason = not_allowed | not_found
Turns a distributed node into a non-distributed node. For other nodes in the
network, this is the same as the node going down. Only possible when the net kernel
was started using start/2, otherwise {error, not_allowed} is returned. Returns
{error, not_found} if the local node is not alive.