oracular (3) net_kernel.3erl.gz
NAME
net_kernel - Erlang networking kernel.
DESCRIPTION
The net kernel is a system process, registered as net_kernel, which must be operational for distributed
Erlang to work. The purpose of this process is to implement parts of the BIFs spawn/4 and spawn_link/4,
and to provide monitoring of the network.
An Erlang node is started using command-line flag -name or -sname:
$ erl -sname foobar
It is also possible to call net_kernel:start(foobar, #{}) directly from the normal Erlang shell prompt:
1> net_kernel:start(foobar, #{name_domain => shortnames}).
{ok,<0.64.0>}
(foobar@gringotts)2>
If the node is started with command-line flag -sname, the node name is foobar@Host, where Host is the
short name of the host (not the fully qualified domain name). If started with flag -name, the node name
is foobar@Host, where Host is the fully qualified domain name. For more information, see erl.
Normally, connections are established automatically when another node is referenced. This functionality
can be disabled by setting Kernel configuration parameter dist_auto_connect to never, see kernel(7). In
this case, connections must be established explicitly by calling connect_node/1.
Which nodes that are allowed to communicate with each other is handled by the magic cookie system, see
section Distributed Erlang in the Erlang Reference Manual.
Warning:
Starting a distributed node without also specifying -proto_dist inet_tls will expose the node to attacks
that may give the attacker complete access to the node and in extension the cluster. When using un-secure
distributed nodes, make sure that the network is configured to keep potential attackers out. See the
Using SSL for Erlang Distribution User's Guide for details on how to setup a secure distributed node.
EXPORTS
allow(Nodes) -> ok | error
Types:
Nodes = [node()]
Permits access to the specified set of nodes.
Before the first call to allow/1, any node with the correct cookie can be connected. When allow/1
is called, a list of allowed nodes is established. Any access attempts made from (or to) nodes not
in that list will be rejected.
Subsequent calls to allow/1 will add the specified nodes to the list of allowed nodes. It is not
possible to remove nodes from the list.
Returns error if any element in Nodes is not an atom.
connect_node(Node) -> boolean() | ignored
Types:
Node = node()
Establishes a connection to Node. Returns true if a connection was established or was already
established or if Node is the local node itself. Returns false if the connection attempt failed,
and ignored if the local node is not alive.
get_net_ticktime() -> Res
Types:
Res = NetTicktime | {ongoing_change_to, NetTicktime} | ignored
NetTicktime = integer() >= 1
Returns currently used net tick time in seconds. For more information see the net_ticktime
kernel(7) parameter.
Defined return values (Res):
NetTicktime:
net_ticktime is NetTicktime seconds.
{ongoing_change_to, NetTicktime}:
net_kernel is currently changing net_ticktime to NetTicktime seconds.
ignored:
The local node is not alive.
getopts(Node, Options) ->
{ok, OptionValues} | {error, Reason} | ignored
Types:
Node = node()
Options = [inet:socket_getopt()]
OptionValues = [inet:socket_setopt()]
Reason = inet:posix() | noconnection
Get one or more options for the distribution socket connected to Node.
If Node is a connected node the return value is the same as from inet:getopts(Sock, Options) where
Sock is the distribution socket for Node.
Returns ignored if the local node is not alive or {error, noconnection} if Node is not connected.
get_state() ->
#{started => no | static | dynamic,
name => atom(),
name_type => static | dynamic,
name_domain => shortnames | longnames}
Get the current state of the distribution for the local node.
Returns a map with (at least) the following key-value pairs:
started => Started:
Valid values for Started:
no:
The distribution is not started. In this state none of the other keys below are present in
the map.
static:
The distribution was started with command line arguments -name or -sname.
dynamic:
The distribution was started with net_kernel:start/1 and can be stopped with
net_kernel:stop/0.
name => Name:
The name of the node. Same as returned by erlang:node/0 except when name_type is dynamic in
which case Name may be undefined (instead of nonode@nohost).
name_type => NameType:
Valid values for NameType:
static:
The node has a static node name set by the node itself.
dynamic:
The distribution was started in dynamic node name mode, and will get its node name assigned
from the first node it connects to. If key name has value undefined that has not happened
yet.
name_domain => NameDomain:
Valid values for NameDomain:
shortnames:
The distribution was started to use node names with a short host portion (not fully
qualified).
longnames:
The distribution was started to use node names with a long fully qualified host portion.
monitor_nodes(Flag) -> ok | Error
monitor_nodes(Flag, Options) -> ok | Error
Types:
Flag = boolean()
Options = OptionsList | OptionsMap
OptionsList = [ListOption]
ListOption =
connection_id | {node_type, NodeType} | nodedown_reason
OptionsMap =
#{connection_id => boolean(),
node_type => NodeType,
nodedown_reason => boolean()}
NodeType = visible | hidden | all
Error = error | {error, term()}
The calling process subscribes or unsubscribes to node status change messages. A nodeup message is
delivered to all subscribing processes when a new node is connected, and a nodedown message is
delivered when a node is disconnected.
If Flag is true, a new subscription is started. If Flag is false, all previous subscriptions
started with the same Options are stopped. Two option lists are considered the same if they
contain the same set of options.
Delivery guarantees of nodeup/nodedown messages:
* nodeup messages are delivered before delivery of any signals from the remote node through the
newly established connection.
* nodedown messages are delivered after all the signals from the remote node over the connection
have been delivered.
* nodeup messages are delivered after the corresponding node appears in results from
erlang:nodes().
* nodedown messages are delivered after the corresponding node has disappeared in results from
erlang:nodes().
* As of OTP 23.0, a nodedown message for a connection being taken down will be delivered before
a nodeup message due to a new connection to the same node. Prior to OTP 23.0, this was not
guaranteed to be the case.
The format of the node status change messages depends on Options. If Options is the empty list or
if net_kernel:monitor_nodes/1 is called, the format is as follows:
{nodeup, Node} | {nodedown, Node}
Node = node()
When Options is the empty map or empty list, the caller will only subscribe for status change
messages for visible nodes. That is, only nodes that appear in the result of erlang:nodes/0.
If Options equals anything other than the empty list, the format of the status change messages is
as follows:
{nodeup, Node, Info} | {nodedown, Node, Info}
Node = node()
Info = #{Tag => Val} | [{Tag, Val}]
Info is either a map or a list of 2-tuples. Its content depends on Options. If Options is a map,
Info will also be a map. If Options is a list, Info will also be a list.
When Options is a map, currently the following associations are allowed:
connection_id => boolean():
If the value of the association equals true, a connection_id => ConnectionId association will
be included in the Info map where ConnectionId is the connection identifier of the connection
coming up or going down. For more info about this connection identifier see the documentation
of erlang:nodes/2.
node_type => NodeType:
Valid values for NodeType:
visible:
Subscribe to node status change messages for visible nodes only. The association node_type
=> visible will be included in the Info map.
hidden:
Subscribe to node status change messages for hidden nodes only. The association node_type =>
hidden will be included in the Info map.
all:
Subscribe to node status change messages for both visible and hidden nodes. The association
node_type => visible | hidden will be included in the Info map.
If no node_type => NodeType association is included in the Options map, the caller will
subscribe for status change messages for visible nodes only, but no node_type => visible
association will be included in the Info map.
nodedown_reason => boolean():
If the value of the association equals true, a nodedown_reason => Reason association will be
included in the Info map for nodedown messages.
Reason can, depending on which distribution module or process that is used, be any term, but
for the standard TCP distribution module it is one of the following:
connection_setup_failed:
The connection setup failed (after nodeup messages were sent).
no_network:
No network is available.
net_kernel_terminated:
The net_kernel process terminated.
shutdown:
Unspecified connection shutdown.
connection_closed:
The connection was closed.
disconnect:
The connection was disconnected (forced from the current node).
net_tick_timeout:
Net tick time-out.
send_net_tick_failed:
Failed to send net tick over the connection.
get_status_failed:
Status information retrieval from the Port holding the connection failed.
When Options is a list, currently ListOption can be one of the following:
connection_id:
A {connection_id, ConnectionId} tuple will be included in Info where ConnectionId is the
connection identifier of the connection coming up or going down. For more info about this
connection identifier see the documentation of erlang:nodes/2.
{node_type, NodeType}:
Valid values for NodeType:
visible:
Subscribe to node status change messages for visible nodes only. The tuple {node_type,
visible} will be included in the Info list.
hidden:
Subscribe to node status change messages for hidden nodes only. The tuple {node_type,
hidden} will be included in the Info list.
all:
Subscribe to node status change messages for both visible and hidden nodes. The tuple
{node_type, visible | hidden} will be included in the Info list.
If no {node_type, NodeType} option has been given. The caller will subscribe for status change
messages for visible nodes only, but no {node_type, visible} tuple will be included in the
Info list.
nodedown_reason:
The tuple {nodedown_reason, Reason} will be included in the Info list for nodedown messages.
See the documentation of the nodedown_reason => boolean() association above for information
about possible Reason values.
Example:
(a@localhost)1> net_kernel:monitor_nodes(true, #{connection_id=>true, node_type=>all, nodedown_reason=>true}).
ok
(a@localhost)2> flush().
Shell got {nodeup,b@localhost,
#{connection_id => 3067552,node_type => visible}}
Shell got {nodeup,c@localhost,
#{connection_id => 13892107,node_type => hidden}}
Shell got {nodedown,b@localhost,
#{connection_id => 3067552,node_type => visible,
nodedown_reason => connection_closed}}
Shell got {nodedown,c@localhost,
#{connection_id => 13892107,node_type => hidden,
nodedown_reason => net_tick_timeout}}
Shell got {nodeup,b@localhost,
#{connection_id => 3067553,node_type => visible}}
ok
(a@localhost)3>
set_net_ticktime(NetTicktime) -> Res
set_net_ticktime(NetTicktime, TransitionPeriod) -> Res
Types:
NetTicktime = integer() >= 1
TransitionPeriod = integer() >= 0
Res =
unchanged | change_initiated |
{ongoing_change_to, NewNetTicktime}
NewNetTicktime = integer() >= 1
Sets net_ticktime (see kernel(7)) to NetTicktime seconds. TransitionPeriod defaults to 60.
Some definitions:
Minimum transition traffic interval (MTTI):
minimum(NetTicktime, PreviousNetTicktime)*1000 div 4 milliseconds.
Transition period:
The time of the least number of consecutive MTTIs to cover TransitionPeriod seconds following
the call to set_net_ticktime/2 (that is, ((TransitionPeriod*1000 - 1) div MTTI + 1)*MTTI
milliseconds).
If NetTicktime < PreviousNetTicktime, the net_ticktime change is done at the end of the transition
period; otherwise at the beginning. During the transition period, net_kernel ensures that there is
outgoing traffic on all connections at least every MTTI millisecond.
Note:
The net_ticktime changes must be initiated on all nodes in the network (with the same NetTicktime)
before the end of any transition period on any node; otherwise connections can erroneously be
disconnected.
Returns one of the following:
unchanged:
net_ticktime already has the value of NetTicktime and is left unchanged.
change_initiated:
net_kernel initiated the change of net_ticktime to NetTicktime seconds.
{ongoing_change_to, NewNetTicktime}:
The request is ignored because net_kernel is busy changing net_ticktime to NewNetTicktime
seconds.
setopts(Node, Options) -> ok | {error, Reason} | ignored
Types:
Node = node() | new
Options = [inet:socket_setopt()]
Reason = inet:posix() | noconnection
Set one or more options for distribution sockets. Argument Node can be either one node name or the
atom new to affect the distribution sockets of all future connected nodes.
The return value is the same as from inet:setopts/2 or {error, noconnection} if Node is not a
connected node or new.
If Node is new the Options will then also be added to kernel configuration parameters
inet_dist_listen_options and inet_dist_connect_options.
Returns ignored if the local node is not alive.
start(Name, Options) -> {ok, pid()} | {error, Reason}
Types:
Options =
#{name_domain => NameDomain,
net_ticktime => NetTickTime,
net_tickintensity => NetTickIntensity,
dist_listen => boolean(),
hidden => boolean()}
Name = atom()
NameDomain = shortnames | longnames
NetTickTime = integer() >= 1
NetTickIntensity = 4..1000
Reason = {already_started, pid()} | term()
Turns a non-distributed node into a distributed node by starting net_kernel and other necessary
processes.
If Name is set to undefined the distribution will be started to request a dynamic node name from
the first node it connects to. See Dynamic Node Name. Setting Name to undefined implies options
dist_listen => false and hidden => true.
Currently supported options:
name_domain => NameDomain:
Determines the host name part of the node name. If NameDomain equals longnames, fully
qualified domain names will be used which also is the default. If NameDomain equals
shortnames, only the short name of the host will be used.
net_ticktime => NetTickTime:
Net tick time to use in seconds. Defaults to the value of the net_ticktime kernel(7)
parameter. For more information about net tick time , see the kernel parameter. However, note
that if the value of the kernel parameter is invalid, it will silently be replaced by a valid
value, but if an invalid NetTickTime value is passed as option value to this function, the
call will fail.
net_tickintensity => NetTickIntensity:
Net tick intensity to use. Defaults to the value of the net_tickintensity kernel(7)
parameter. For more information about net tick intensity , see the kernel parameter. However,
note that if the value of the kernel parameter is invalid, it will silently be replaced by a
valid value, but if an invalid NetTickIntensity value is passed as option value to this
function, the call will fail.
dist_listen => boolean():
Enable or disable listening for incoming connections. Defaults to the value of the
-dist_listen erl command line argument. Note that dist_listen => false implies hidden => true.
If undefined has been passed as Name, the dist_listen option will be overridden with
dist_listen => false.
hidden => boolean():
Enable or disable hidden node. Defaults to true if the -hidden erl command line argument has
been passed; otherwise false.
If undefined has been passed as Name, or the option dist_listen equals false, the hidden
option will be overridden with hidden => true.
start(Options) -> {ok, pid()} | {error, Reason}
Types:
Options = [Name | NameDomain | TickTime, ...]
Name = atom()
NameDomain = shortnames | longnames
TickTime = integer() >= 1
Reason = {already_started, pid()} | term()
Warning:
start/1 is deprecated. Use start/2 instead.
Turns a non-distributed node into a distributed node by starting net_kernel and other necessary
processes.
Options list can only be exactly one of the following lists (order is imporant):
[Name]:
The same as net_kernel:start([Name, longnames, 15000]).
[Name, NameDomain]:
The same as net_kernel:start([Name, NameDomain, 15000]).
[Name, NameDomain, TickTime]:
The same as net_kernel:start(Name, #{name_domain => NameDomain, net_ticktime =>
((TickTime*4-1) div 1000) + 1, net_tickintensity => 4}). Note that TickTime is not the same
as net tick time expressed in milliseconds. TickTime is the time between ticks when net tick
intensity equals 4.
stop() -> ok | {error, Reason}
Types:
Reason = not_allowed | not_found
Turns a distributed node into a non-distributed node. For other nodes in the network, this is the
same as the node going down. Only possible when the net kernel was started using start/2,
otherwise {error, not_allowed} is returned. Returns {error, not_found} if the local node is not
alive.