Ubuntu Manpage: qemu - QEMU User Documentation

Provided by: qemu-system-common_8.0.4+dfsg-1ubuntu3.23.10.5_amd64

NAME

       qemu - QEMU User Documentation

SYNOPSIS

          qemu-system-x86_64 [options] [disk_image]

DESCRIPTION

       The QEMU PC System emulator simulates the following peripherals:

       • i440FX host PCI bridge and PIIX3 PCI to ISA bridge

       • Cirrus  CLGD  5446  PCI  VGA card or dummy VGA card with Bochs VESA extensions (hardware
         level, including all non standard modes).

       • PS/2 mouse and keyboard

       • 2 PCI IDE interfaces with hard disk and CD-ROM support

       • Floppy disk

       • PCI and ISA network adapters

       • Serial ports

       • IPMI BMC, either and internal or external one

       • Creative SoundBlaster 16 sound card

       • ENSONIQ AudioPCI ES1370 sound card

       • Intel 82801AA AC97 Audio compatible sound card

       • Intel HD Audio Controller and HDA codec

       • Adlib (OPL2) - Yamaha YM3812 compatible chip

       • Gravis Ultrasound GF1 sound card

       • CS4231A compatible sound card

       • PC speaker

       • PCI UHCI, OHCI, EHCI or XHCI USB controller and a virtual USB-1.1 hub.

       SMP is supported with up to 255 CPUs.

       QEMU uses the PC BIOS from the Seabios project and the Plex86/Bochs LGPL VGA BIOS.

       QEMU uses YM3812 emulation by Tatsuyuki Satoh.

       QEMU uses GUS emulation (GUSEMU32 http://www.deinmeister.de/gusemu/) by Tibor "TS" Schütz.

       Note that, by default, GUS shares IRQ(7) with parallel ports and so QEMU must be  told  to
       not have parallel ports to have working GUS.

          qemu-system-x86_64 dos.img -device gus -parallel none

       Alternatively:

          qemu-system-x86_64 dos.img -device gus,irq=5

       Or some other unclaimed IRQ.

       CS4231A is the chip used in Windows Sound System and GUSMAX products

       The  PC  speaker audio device can be configured using the pcspk-audiodev machine property,
       i.e.

          qemu-system-x86_64 some.img -audiodev <backend>,id=<name> -machine pcspk-audiodev=<name>

OPTIONS

disk_image is a raw hard disk image for IDE hard disk 0. Some targets do not need a disk
image.

Standard options
-h Display help and exit

-version
Display version information and exit

-machine [type=]name[,prop=value[,...]]
Select the emulated machine by name. Use -machine help to list available machines.

For architectures which aim to support live migration compatibility across
releases, each release will introduce a new versioned machine type. For example,
the 2.8.0 release introduced machine types "pc-i440fx-2.8" and "pc-q35-2.8" for the
x86_64/i686 architectures.

To allow live migration of guests from QEMU version 2.8.0, to QEMU version 2.9.0,
the 2.9.0 version must support the "pc-i440fx-2.8" and "pc-q35-2.8" machines too.
To allow users live migrating VMs to skip multiple intermediate releases when
upgrading, new releases of QEMU will support machine types from many previous
versions.

Supported machine properties are:

accel=accels1[:accels2[:...]]
This is used to enable an accelerator. Depending on the target architecture,
kvm, xen, hax, hvf, nvmm, whpx or tcg can be available. By default, tcg is
used. If there is more than one accelerator specified, the next one is used
if the previous one fails to initialize.

vmport=on|off|auto
Enables emulation of VMWare IO port, for vmmouse etc. auto says to select
the value based on accel. For accel=xen the default is off otherwise the
default is on.

dump-guest-core=on|off
Include guest memory in a core dump. The default is on.

mem-merge=on|off
Enables or disables memory merge support. This feature, when supported by
the host, de-duplicates identical memory pages among VMs instances (enabled
by default).

aes-key-wrap=on|off
Enables or disables AES key wrapping support on s390-ccw hosts. This
feature controls whether AES wrapping keys will be created to allow
execution of AES cryptographic functions. The default is on.

dea-key-wrap=on|off
Enables or disables DEA key wrapping support on s390-ccw hosts. This
feature controls whether DEA wrapping keys will be created to allow
execution of DEA cryptographic functions. The default is on.

nvdimm=on|off
Enables or disables NVDIMM support. The default is off.

memory-encryption=
Memory encryption object to use. The default is none.

hmat=on|off
Enables or disables ACPI Heterogeneous Memory Attribute Table (HMAT)
support. The default is off.

memory-backend='id'
An alternative to legacy -mem-path and mem-prealloc options. Allows to use
a memory backend as main RAM.

For example:

-object memory-backend-file,id=pc.ram,size=512M,mem-path=/hugetlbfs,prealloc=on,share=on
-machine memory-backend=pc.ram
-m 512M

Migration compatibility note:

• as backend id one shall use value of 'default-ram-id', advertised by
machine type (available via query-machines QMP command), if migration
to/from old QEMU (<5.0) is expected.

• for machine types 4.0 and older, user shall use
x-use-canonical-path-for-ramblock-id=off backend option if migration
to/from old QEMU (<5.0) is expected.

For example:

-object memory-backend-ram,id=pc.ram,size=512M,x-use-canonical-path-for-ramblock-id=off
-machine memory-backend=pc.ram
-m 512M

cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=firsttarget,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=secondtarget,cxl-fmw.0.size=size[,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=granularity]
Define a CXL Fixed Memory Window (CFMW).

Described in the CXL 2.0 ECN: CEDT CFMWS & QTG _DSM.

They are regions of Host Physical Addresses (HPA) on a system which may be
interleaved across one or more CXL host bridges. The system software will
assign particular devices into these windows and configure the downstream
Host-managed Device Memory (HDM) decoders in root ports, switch ports and
devices appropriately to meet the interleave requirements before enabling
the memory devices.

targets.X=target provides the mapping to CXL host bridges which may be
identified by the id provided in the -device entry. Multiple entries are
needed to specify all the targets when the fixed memory window represents
interleaved memory. X is the target index from 0.

size=size sets the size of the CFMW. This must be a multiple of 256MiB. The
region will be aligned to 256MiB but the location is platform and
configuration dependent.

interleave-granularity=granularity sets the granularity of interleave.
Default 256KiB. Only 256KiB, 512KiB, 1024KiB, 2048KiB 4096KiB, 8192KiB and
16384KiB granularities supported.

Example:

-machine cxl-fmw.0.targets.0=cxl.0,cxl-fmw.0.targets.1=cxl.1,cxl-fmw.0.size=128G,cxl-fmw.0.interleave-granularity=512k

sgx-epc.0.memdev=@var{memid},sgx-epc.0.node=@var{numaid}
Define an SGX EPC section.

-cpu model
Select CPU model (-cpu help for list and additional feature selection)

-accel name[,prop=value[,...]]
This is used to enable an accelerator. Depending on the target architecture, kvm,
xen, hax, hvf, nvmm, whpx or tcg can be available. By default, tcg is used. If
there is more than one accelerator specified, the next one is used if the previous
one fails to initialize.

igd-passthru=on|off
When Xen is in use, this option controls whether Intel integrated graphics
devices can be passed through to the guest (default=off)

kernel-irqchip=on|off|split
Controls KVM in-kernel irqchip support. The default is full acceleration of
the interrupt controllers. On x86, split irqchip reduces the kernel attack
surface, at a performance cost for non-MSI interrupts. Disabling the
in-kernel irqchip completely is not recommended except for debugging
purposes.

kvm-shadow-mem=size
Defines the size of the KVM shadow MMU.

split-wx=on|off
Controls the use of split w^x mapping for the TCG code generation buffer.
Some operating systems require this to be enabled, and in such a case this
will default on. On other operating systems, this will default off, but one
may enable this for testing or debugging.

tb-size=n
Controls the size (in MiB) of the TCG translation block cache.

thread=single|multi
Controls number of TCG threads. When the TCG is multi-threaded there will be
one thread per vCPU therefore taking advantage of additional host cores. The
default is to enable multi-threading where both the back-end and front-ends
support it and no incompatible TCG features have been enabled (e.g.
icount/replay).

dirty-ring-size=n
When the KVM accelerator is used, it controls the size of the per-vCPU dirty
page ring buffer (number of entries for each vCPU). It should be a value
that is power of two, and it should be 1024 or bigger (but still less than
the maximum value that the kernel supports). 4096 could be a good initial
value if you have no idea which is the best. Set this value to 0 to disable
the feature. By default, this feature is disabled (dirty-ring-size=0).
When enabled, KVM will instead record dirty pages in a bitmap.

notify-vmexit=run|internal-error|disable,notify-window=n
Enables or disables notify VM exit support on x86 host and specify the
corresponding notify window to trigger the VM exit if enabled. run option
enables the feature. It does nothing and continue if the exit happens.
internal-error option enables the feature. It raises a internal error.
disable option doesn't enable the feature. This feature can mitigate the
CPU stuck issue due to event windows don't open up for a specified of time
(i.e. notify-window). Default: notify-vmexit=run,notify-window=0.

-smp
[[cpus=]n][,maxcpus=maxcpus][,sockets=sockets][,dies=dies][,clusters=clusters][,cores=cores][,threads=threads]
Simulate a SMP system with 'n' CPUs initially present on the machine type board. On
boards supporting CPU hotplug, the optional 'maxcpus' parameter can be set to
enable further CPUs to be added at runtime. When both parameters are omitted, the
maximum number of CPUs will be calculated from the provided topology members and
the initial CPU count will match the maximum number. When only one of them is given
then the omitted one will be set to its counterpart's value. Both parameters may
be specified, but the maximum number of CPUs must be equal to or greater than the
initial CPU count. Product of the CPU topology hierarchy must be equal to the
maximum number of CPUs. Both parameters are subject to an upper limit that is
determined by the specific machine type chosen.

To control reporting of CPU topology information, values of the topology parameters
can be specified. Machines may only support a subset of the parameters and
different machines may have different subsets supported which vary depending on
capacity of the corresponding CPU targets. So for a particular machine type board,
an expected topology hierarchy can be defined through the supported sub-option.
Unsupported parameters can also be provided in addition to the sub-option, but
their values must be set as 1 in the purpose of correct parsing.

Either the initial CPU count, or at least one of the topology parameters must be
specified. The specified parameters must be greater than zero, explicit
configuration like "cpus=0" is not allowed. Values for any omitted parameters will
be computed from those which are given.

For example, the following sub-option defines a CPU topology hierarchy (2 sockets
totally on the machine, 2 cores per socket, 2 threads per core) for a machine that
only supports sockets/cores/threads. Some members of the option can be omitted but
their values will be automatically computed:

-smp 8,sockets=2,cores=2,threads=2,maxcpus=8

The following sub-option defines a CPU topology hierarchy (2 sockets totally on the
machine, 2 dies per socket, 2 cores per die, 2 threads per core) for PC machines
which support sockets/dies/cores/threads. Some members of the option can be
omitted but their values will be automatically computed:

-smp 16,sockets=2,dies=2,cores=2,threads=2,maxcpus=16

The following sub-option defines a CPU topology hierarchy (2 sockets totally on the
machine, 2 clusters per socket, 2 cores per cluster, 2 threads per core) for ARM
virt machines which support sockets/clusters /cores/threads. Some members of the
option can be omitted but their values will be automatically computed:

-smp 16,sockets=2,clusters=2,cores=2,threads=2,maxcpus=16

Historically preference was given to the coarsest topology parameters when
computing missing values (ie sockets preferred over cores, which were preferred
over threads), however, this behaviour is considered liable to change. Prior to 6.2
the preference was sockets over cores over threads. Since 6.2 the preference is
cores over sockets over threads.

For example, the following option defines a machine board with 2 sockets of 1 core
before 6.2 and 1 socket of 2 cores after 6.2:

-smp 2

Note: The cluster topology will only be generated in ACPI and exposed to guest if
it's explicitly specified in -smp.

-numa node[,mem=size][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=initiator]

-numa node[,memdev=id][,cpus=firstcpu[-lastcpu]][,nodeid=node][,initiator=initiator]

-numa dist,src=source,dst=destination,val=distance

-numa cpu,node-id=node[,socket-id=x][,core-id=y][,thread-id=z]

-numa
hmat-lb,initiator=node,target=node,hierarchy=hierarchy,data-type=type[,latency=lat][,bandwidth=bw]

-numa
hmat-cache,node-id=node,size=size,level=level[,associativity=str][,policy=str][,line=size]
Define a NUMA node and assign RAM and VCPUs to it. Set the NUMA distance from a
source node to a destination node. Set the ACPI Heterogeneous Memory Attributes for
the given nodes.

Legacy VCPU assignment uses 'cpus' option where firstcpu and lastcpu are CPU
indexes. Each 'cpus' option represent a contiguous range of CPU indexes (or a
single VCPU if lastcpu is omitted). A non-contiguous set of VCPUs can be
represented by providing multiple 'cpus' options. If 'cpus' is omitted on all
nodes, VCPUs are automatically split between them.

For example, the following option assigns VCPUs 0, 1, 2 and 5 to a NUMA node:

-numa node,cpus=0-2,cpus=5

'cpu' option is a new alternative to 'cpus' option which uses
'socket-id|core-id|thread-id' properties to assign CPU objects to a node using
topology layout properties of CPU. The set of properties is machine specific, and
depends on used machine type/'smp' options. It could be queried with
'hotpluggable-cpus' monitor command. 'node-id' property specifies node to which CPU
object will be assigned, it's required for node to be declared with 'node' option
before it's used with 'cpu' option.

For example:

-M pc \
-smp 1,sockets=2,maxcpus=2 \
-numa node,nodeid=0 -numa node,nodeid=1 \
-numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=0 -numa cpu,node-id=1,socket-id=1

Legacy 'mem' assigns a given RAM amount to a node (not supported for 5.1 and newer
machine types). 'memdev' assigns RAM from a given memory backend device to a node.
If 'mem' and 'memdev' are omitted in all nodes, RAM is split equally between them.

'mem' and 'memdev' are mutually exclusive. Furthermore, if one node uses 'memdev',
all of them have to use it.

'initiator' is an additional option that points to an initiator NUMA node that has
best performance (the lowest latency or largest bandwidth) to this NUMA node. Note
that this option can be set only when the machine property 'hmat' is set to 'on'.

Following example creates a machine with 2 NUMA nodes, node 0 has CPU. node 1 has
only memory, and its initiator is node 0. Note that because node 0 has CPU, by
default the initiator of node 0 is itself and must be itself.

-machine hmat=on \
-m 2G,slots=2,maxmem=4G \
-object memory-backend-ram,size=1G,id=m0 \
-object memory-backend-ram,size=1G,id=m1 \
-numa node,nodeid=0,memdev=m0 \
-numa node,nodeid=1,memdev=m1,initiator=0 \
-smp 2,sockets=2,maxcpus=2 \
-numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=0 \
-numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=1

source and destination are NUMA node IDs. distance is the NUMA distance from source
to destination. The distance from a node to itself is always 10. If any pair of
nodes is given a distance, then all pairs must be given distances. Although, when
distances are only given in one direction for each pair of nodes, then the
distances in the opposite directions are assumed to be the same. If, however, an
asymmetrical pair of distances is given for even one node pair, then all node pairs
must be provided distance values for both directions, even when they are
symmetrical. When a node is unreachable from another node, set the pair's distance
to 255.

Note that the -numa option doesn't allocate any of the specified resources, it just
assigns existing resources to NUMA nodes. This means that one still has to use the
-m, -smp options to allocate RAM and VCPUs respectively.

Use 'hmat-lb' to set System Locality Latency and Bandwidth Information between
initiator and target NUMA nodes in ACPI Heterogeneous Attribute Memory Table
(HMAT). Initiator NUMA node can create memory requests, usually it has one or more
processors. Target NUMA node contains addressable memory.

In 'hmat-lb' option, node are NUMA node IDs. hierarchy is the memory hierarchy of
the target NUMA node: if hierarchy is 'memory', the structure represents the memory
performance; if hierarchy is 'first-level|second-level|third-level', this structure
represents aggregated performance of memory side caches for each domain. type of
'data-type' is type of data represented by this structure instance: if 'hierarchy'
is 'memory', 'data-type' is 'access|read|write' latency or 'access|read|write'
bandwidth of the target memory; if 'hierarchy' is
'first-level|second-level|third-level', 'data-type' is 'access|read|write' hit
latency or 'access|read|write' hit bandwidth of the target memory side cache.

lat is latency value in nanoseconds. bw is bandwidth value, the possible value and
units are NUM[M|G|T], mean that the bandwidth value are NUM byte per second (or
MB/s, GB/s or TB/s depending on used suffix). Note that if latency or bandwidth
value is 0, means the corresponding latency or bandwidth information is not
provided.

In 'hmat-cache' option, node-id is the NUMA-id of the memory belongs. size is the
size of memory side cache in bytes. level is the cache level described in this
structure, note that the cache level 0 should not be used with 'hmat-cache' option.
associativity is the cache associativity, the possible value is
'none/direct(direct-mapped)/complex(complex cache indexing)'. policy is the write
policy. line is the cache Line size in bytes.

For example, the following options describe 2 NUMA nodes. Node 0 has 2 cpus and a
ram, node 1 has only a ram. The processors in node 0 access memory in node 0 with
access-latency 5 nanoseconds, access-bandwidth is 200 MB/s; The processors in NUMA
node 0 access memory in NUMA node 1 with access-latency 10 nanoseconds,
access-bandwidth is 100 MB/s. And for memory side cache information, NUMA node 0
and 1 both have 1 level memory cache, size is 10KB, policy is write-back, the cache
Line size is 8 bytes:

-machine hmat=on \
-m 2G \
-object memory-backend-ram,size=1G,id=m0 \
-object memory-backend-ram,size=1G,id=m1 \
-smp 2,sockets=2,maxcpus=2 \
-numa node,nodeid=0,memdev=m0 \
-numa node,nodeid=1,memdev=m1,initiator=0 \
-numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=0 \
-numa cpu,node-id=0,socket-id=1 \
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=0,target=0,hierarchy=memory,data-type=access-latency,latency=5 \
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=0,target=0,hierarchy=memory,data-type=access-bandwidth,bandwidth=200M \
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=0,target=1,hierarchy=memory,data-type=access-latency,latency=10 \
-numa hmat-lb,initiator=0,target=1,hierarchy=memory,data-type=access-bandwidth,bandwidth=100M \
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=0,size=10K,level=1,associativity=direct,policy=write-back,line=8 \
-numa hmat-cache,node-id=1,size=10K,level=1,associativity=direct,policy=write-back,line=8

-add-fd fd=fd,set=set[,opaque=opaque]
Add a file descriptor to an fd set. Valid options are:

fd=fd This option defines the file descriptor of which a duplicate is added to fd
set. The file descriptor cannot be stdin, stdout, or stderr.

set=set
This option defines the ID of the fd set to add the file descriptor to.

opaque=opaque
This option defines a free-form string that can be used to describe fd.

You can open an image using pre-opened file descriptors from an fd set:

qemu-system-x86_64 \
-add-fd fd=3,set=2,opaque="rdwr:/path/to/file" \
-add-fd fd=4,set=2,opaque="rdonly:/path/to/file" \
-drive file=/dev/fdset/2,index=0,media=disk

-set group.id.arg=value
Set parameter arg for item id of type group

-global driver.prop=value

-global driver=driver,property=property,value=value
Set default value of driver's property prop to value, e.g.:

qemu-system-x86_64 -global ide-hd.physical_block_size=4096 disk-image.img

In particular, you can use this to set driver properties for devices which are
created automatically by the machine model. To create a device which is not created
automatically and set properties on it, use -device.

-global driver.prop=value is shorthand for -global
driver=driver,property=prop,value=value. The longhand syntax works even when driver
contains a dot.

-boot
[order=drives][,once=drives][,menu=on|off][,splash=sp_name][,splash-time=sp_time][,reboot-timeout=rb_timeout][,strict=on|off]
Specify boot order drives as a string of drive letters. Valid drive letters depend
on the target architecture. The x86 PC uses: a, b (floppy 1 and 2), c (first hard
disk), d (first CD-ROM), n-p (Etherboot from network adapter 1-4), hard disk boot
is the default. To apply a particular boot order only on the first startup,
specify it via once. Note that the order or once parameter should not be used
together with the bootindex property of devices, since the firmware implementations
normally do not support both at the same time.

Interactive boot menus/prompts can be enabled via menu=on as far as firmware/BIOS
supports them. The default is non-interactive boot.

A splash picture could be passed to bios, enabling user to show it as logo, when
option splash=sp_name is given and menu=on, If firmware/BIOS supports them.
Currently Seabios for X86 system support it. limitation: The splash file could be a
jpeg file or a BMP file in 24 BPP format(true color). The resolution should be
supported by the SVGA mode, so the recommended is 320x240, 640x480, 800x640.

A timeout could be passed to bios, guest will pause for rb_timeout ms when boot
failed, then reboot. If rb_timeout is '-1', guest will not reboot, qemu passes '-1'
to bios by default. Currently Seabios for X86 system support it.

Do strict boot via strict=on as far as firmware/BIOS supports it. This only effects
when boot priority is changed by bootindex options. The default is non-strict boot.

# try to boot from network first, then from hard disk
qemu-system-x86_64 -boot order=nc
# boot from CD-ROM first, switch back to default order after reboot
qemu-system-x86_64 -boot once=d
# boot with a splash picture for 5 seconds.
qemu-system-x86_64 -boot menu=on,splash=/root/boot.bmp,splash-time=5000

Note: The legacy format '-boot drives' is still supported but its use is
discouraged as it may be removed from future versions.

-m [size=]megs[,slots=n,maxmem=size]
Sets guest startup RAM size to megs megabytes. Default is 128 MiB. Optionally, a
suffix of "M" or "G" can be used to signify a value in megabytes or gigabytes
respectively. Optional pair slots, maxmem could be used to set amount of
hotpluggable memory slots and maximum amount of memory. Note that maxmem must be
aligned to the page size.

For example, the following command-line sets the guest startup RAM size to 1GB,
creates 3 slots to hotplug additional memory and sets the maximum memory the guest
can reach to 4GB:

qemu-system-x86_64 -m 1G,slots=3,maxmem=4G

If slots and maxmem are not specified, memory hotplug won't be enabled and the
guest startup RAM will never increase.

-mem-path path
Allocate guest RAM from a temporarily created file in path.

-mem-prealloc
Preallocate memory when using -mem-path.

-k language
Use keyboard layout language (for example fr for French). This option is only
needed where it is not easy to get raw PC keycodes (e.g. on Macs, with some X11
servers or with a VNC or curses display). You don't normally need to use it on
PC/Linux or PC/Windows hosts.

The available layouts are:

ar de-ch es fo fr-ca hu ja mk no pt-br sv
da en-gb et fr fr-ch is lt nl pl ru th
de en-us fi fr-be hr it lv nl-be pt sl tr

The default is en-us.

-audio-help
Will show the -audiodev equivalent of the currently specified (deprecated)
environment variables.

-audio [driver=]driver,model=value[,prop[=value][,...]]
This option is a shortcut for configuring both the guest audio hardware and the
host audio backend in one go. The driver option is the same as with the
corresponding -audiodev option below. The guest hardware model can be set with
model=modelname.

Use driver=help to list the available drivers, and model=help to list the available
device types.

The following two example do exactly the same, to show how -audio can be used to
shorten the command line length:

qemu-system-x86_64 -audiodev pa,id=pa -device sb16,audiodev=pa
qemu-system-x86_64 -audio pa,model=sb16

-audiodev [driver=]driver,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
Adds a new audio backend driver identified by id. There are global and driver
specific properties. Some values can be set differently for input and output,
they're marked with in|out.. You can set the input's property with in.prop and the
output's property with out.prop. For example:

-audiodev alsa,id=example,in.frequency=44110,out.frequency=8000
-audiodev alsa,id=example,out.channels=1 # leaves in.channels unspecified

NOTE: parameter validation is known to be incomplete, in many cases specifying an
invalid option causes QEMU to print an error message and continue emulation without
sound.

Valid global options are:

id=identifier
Identifies the audio backend.

timer-period=period
Sets the timer period used by the audio subsystem in microseconds. Default
is 10000 (10 ms).

in|out.mixing-engine=on|off
Use QEMU's mixing engine to mix all streams inside QEMU and convert audio
formats when not supported by the backend. When off, fixed-settings must be
off too. Note that disabling this option means that the selected backend
must support multiple streams and the audio formats used by the virtual
cards, otherwise you'll get no sound. It's not recommended to disable this
option unless you want to use 5.1 or 7.1 audio, as mixing engine only
supports mono and stereo audio. Default is on.

in|out.fixed-settings=on|off
Use fixed settings for host audio. When off, it will change based on how the
guest opens the sound card. In this case you must not specify frequency,
channels or format. Default is on.

in|out.frequency=frequency
Specify the frequency to use when using fixed-settings. Default is 44100Hz.

in|out.channels=channels
Specify the number of channels to use when using fixed-settings. Default is
2 (stereo).

in|out.format=format
Specify the sample format to use when using fixed-settings. Valid values
are: s8, s16, s32, u8, u16, u32, f32. Default is s16.

in|out.voices=voices
Specify the number of voices to use. Default is 1.

in|out.buffer-length=usecs
Sets the size of the buffer in microseconds.

-audiodev none,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
Creates a dummy backend that discards all outputs. This backend has no backend
specific properties.

-audiodev alsa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
Creates backend using the ALSA. This backend is only available on Linux.

ALSA specific options are:

in|out.dev=device
Specify the ALSA device to use for input and/or output. Default is default.

in|out.period-length=usecs
Sets the period length in microseconds.

in|out.try-poll=on|off
Attempt to use poll mode with the device. Default is on.

threshold=threshold
Threshold (in microseconds) when playback starts. Default is 0.

-audiodev coreaudio,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
Creates a backend using Apple's Core Audio. This backend is only available on Mac
OS and only supports playback.

Core Audio specific options are:

in|out.buffer-count=count
Sets the count of the buffers.

-audiodev dsound,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
Creates a backend using Microsoft's DirectSound. This backend is only available on
Windows and only supports playback.

DirectSound specific options are:

latency=usecs
Add extra usecs microseconds latency to playback. Default is 10000 (10 ms).

-audiodev oss,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
Creates a backend using OSS. This backend is available on most Unix-like systems.

OSS specific options are:

in|out.dev=device
Specify the file name of the OSS device to use. Default is /dev/dsp.

in|out.buffer-count=count
Sets the count of the buffers.

in|out.try-poll=on|of
Attempt to use poll mode with the device. Default is on.

try-mmap=on|off
Try using memory mapped device access. Default is off.

exclusive=on|off
Open the device in exclusive mode (vmix won't work in this case). Default is
off.

dsp-policy=policy
Sets the timing policy (between 0 and 10, where smaller number means smaller
latency but higher CPU usage). Use -1 to use buffer sizes specified by
buffer and buffer-count. This option is ignored if you do not have OSS 4.
Default is 5.

-audiodev pa,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
Creates a backend using PulseAudio. This backend is available on most systems.

PulseAudio specific options are:

server=server
Sets the PulseAudio server to connect to.

in|out.name=sink
Use the specified source/sink for recording/playback.

in|out.latency=usecs
Desired latency in microseconds. The PulseAudio server will try to honor
this value but actual latencies may be lower or higher.

-audiodev sdl,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
Creates a backend using SDL. This backend is available on most systems, but you
should use your platform's native backend if possible.

SDL specific options are:

in|out.buffer-count=count
Sets the count of the buffers.

-audiodev sndio,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
Creates a backend using SNDIO. This backend is available on OpenBSD and most other
Unix-like systems.

Sndio specific options are:

in|out.dev=device
Specify the sndio device to use for input and/or output. Default is default.

in|out.latency=usecs
Sets the desired period length in microseconds.

-audiodev spice,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
Creates a backend that sends audio through SPICE. This backend requires -spice and
automatically selected in that case, so usually you can ignore this option. This
backend has no backend specific properties.

-audiodev wav,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
Creates a backend that writes audio to a WAV file.

Backend specific options are:

path=path
Write recorded audio into the specified file. Default is qemu.wav.

-device driver[,prop[=value][,...]]
Add device driver. prop=value sets driver properties. Valid properties depend on
the driver. To get help on possible drivers and properties, use -device help and
-device driver,help.

Some drivers are:

-device ipmi-bmc-sim,id=id[,prop[=value][,...]]
Add an IPMI BMC. This is a simulation of a hardware management interface processor
that normally sits on a system. It provides a watchdog and the ability to reset and
power control the system. You need to connect this to an IPMI interface to make it
useful

The IPMI slave address to use for the BMC. The default is 0x20. This address is the
BMC's address on the I2C network of management controllers. If you don't know what
this means, it is safe to ignore it.

id=id The BMC id for interfaces to use this device.

slave_addr=val
Define slave address to use for the BMC. The default is 0x20.

sdrfile=file
file containing raw Sensor Data Records (SDR) data. The default is none.

fruareasize=val
size of a Field Replaceable Unit (FRU) area. The default is 1024.

frudatafile=file
file containing raw Field Replaceable Unit (FRU) inventory data. The
default is none.

guid=uuid
value for the GUID for the BMC, in standard UUID format. If this is set, get
"Get GUID" command to the BMC will return it. Otherwise "Get GUID" will
return an error.

-device ipmi-bmc-extern,id=id,chardev=id[,slave_addr=val]
Add a connection to an external IPMI BMC simulator. Instead of locally emulating
the BMC like the above item, instead connect to an external entity that provides
the IPMI services.

A connection is made to an external BMC simulator. If you do this, it is strongly
recommended that you use the "reconnect=" chardev option to reconnect to the
simulator if the connection is lost. Note that if this is not used carefully, it
can be a security issue, as the interface has the ability to send resets, NMIs, and
power off the VM. It's best if QEMU makes a connection to an external simulator
running on a secure port on localhost, so neither the simulator nor QEMU is exposed
to any outside network.

See the "lanserv/README.vm" file in the OpenIPMI library for more details on the
external interface.

-device isa-ipmi-kcs,bmc=id[,ioport=val][,irq=val]
Add a KCS IPMI interface on the ISA bus. This also adds a corresponding ACPI and
SMBIOS entries, if appropriate.

bmc=id The BMC to connect to, one of ipmi-bmc-sim or ipmi-bmc-extern above.

ioport=val
Define the I/O address of the interface. The default is 0xca0 for KCS.

irq=val
Define the interrupt to use. The default is 5. To disable interrupts, set
this to 0.

-device isa-ipmi-bt,bmc=id[,ioport=val][,irq=val]
Like the KCS interface, but defines a BT interface. The default port is 0xe4 and
the default interrupt is 5.

-device pci-ipmi-kcs,bmc=id
Add a KCS IPMI interface on the PCI bus.

bmc=id The BMC to connect to, one of ipmi-bmc-sim or ipmi-bmc-extern above.

-device pci-ipmi-bt,bmc=id
Like the KCS interface, but defines a BT interface on the PCI bus.

-device intel-iommu[,option=...]
This is only supported by -machine q35, which will enable Intel VT-d emulation
within the guest. It supports below options:

intremap=on|off (default: auto)
This enables interrupt remapping feature. It's required to enable complete
x2apic. Currently it only supports kvm kernel-irqchip modes off or split,
while full kernel-irqchip is not yet supported. The default value is
"auto", which will be decided by the mode of kernel-irqchip.

caching-mode=on|off (default: off)
This enables caching mode for the VT-d emulated device. When caching-mode
is enabled, each guest DMA buffer mapping will generate an IOTLB
invalidation from the guest IOMMU driver to the vIOMMU device in a
synchronous way. It is required for -device vfio-pci to work with the VT-d
device, because host assigned devices requires to setup the DMA mapping on
the host before guest DMA starts.

device-iotlb=on|off (default: off)
This enables device-iotlb capability for the emulated VT-d device. So far
virtio/vhost should be the only real user for this parameter, paired with
ats=on configured for the device.

aw-bits=39|48 (default: 39)
This decides the address width of IOVA address space. The address space has
39 bits width for 3-level IOMMU page tables, and 48 bits for 4-level IOMMU
page tables.

Please also refer to the wiki page for general scenarios of VT-d emulation in QEMU:
https://wiki.qemu.org/Features/VT-d.

-name name
Sets the name of the guest. This name will be displayed in the SDL window caption.
The name will also be used for the VNC server. Also optionally set the top visible
process name in Linux. Naming of individual threads can also be enabled on Linux to
aid debugging.

-uuid uuid
Set system UUID.

Block device options
The QEMU block device handling options have a long history and have gone through several
iterations as the feature set and complexity of the block layer have grown. Many online
guides to QEMU often reference older and deprecated options, which can lead to confusion.

The most explicit way to describe disks is to use a combination of -device to specify the
hardware device and -blockdev to describe the backend. The device defines what the guest
sees and the backend describes how QEMU handles the data. It is the only guaranteed stable
interface for describing block devices and as such is recommended for management tools and
scripting.

The -drive option combines the device and backend into a single command line option which
is a more human friendly. There is however no interface stability guarantee although some
older board models still need updating to work with the modern blockdev forms.

Older options like -hda are essentially macros which expand into -drive options for
various drive interfaces. The original forms bake in a lot of assumptions from the days
when QEMU was emulating a legacy PC, they are not recommended for modern configurations.

-fda file

-fdb file
Use file as floppy disk 0/1 image (see the Disk Images chapter in the System
Emulation Users Guide).

-hda file

-hdb file

-hdc file

-hdd file
Use file as hard disk 0, 1, 2 or 3 image (see the Disk Images chapter in the System
Emulation Users Guide).

-cdrom file
Use file as CD-ROM image (you cannot use -hdc and -cdrom at the same time). You can
use the host CD-ROM by using /dev/cdrom as filename.

-blockdev option[,option[,option[,...]]]
Define a new block driver node. Some of the options apply to all block drivers,
other options are only accepted for a specific block driver. See below for a list
of generic options and options for the most common block drivers.

Options that expect a reference to another node (e.g. file) can be given in two
ways. Either you specify the node name of an already existing node
(file=node-name), or you define a new node inline, adding options for the
referenced node after a dot (file.filename=path,file.aio=native).

A block driver node created with -blockdev can be used for a guest device by
specifying its node name for the drive property in a -device argument that defines
a block device.

Valid options for any block driver node:

driver Specifies the block driver to use for the given node.

node-name
This defines the name of the block driver node by which it will be
referenced later. The name must be unique, i.e. it must not match the
name of a different block driver node, or (if you use -drive as well)
the ID of a drive.

If no node name is specified, it is automatically generated. The
generated node name is not intended to be predictable and changes
between QEMU invocations. For the top level, an explicit node name
must be specified.

read-only
Open the node read-only. Guest write attempts will fail.

Note that some block drivers support only read-only access, either
generally or in certain configurations. In this case, the default
value read-only=off does not work and the option must be specified
explicitly.

auto-read-only
If auto-read-only=on is set, QEMU may fall back to read-only usage
even when read-only=off is requested, or even switch between modes as
needed, e.g. depending on whether the image file is writable or
whether a writing user is attached to the node.

force-share
Override the image locking system of QEMU by forcing the node to
utilize weaker shared access for permissions where it would normally
request exclusive access. When there is the potential for multiple
instances to have the same file open (whether this invocation of QEMU
is the first or the second instance), both instances must permit
shared access for the second instance to succeed at opening the file.

Enabling force-share=on requires read-only=on.

cache.direct
The host page cache can be avoided with cache.direct=on. This will
attempt to do disk IO directly to the guest's memory. QEMU may still
perform an internal copy of the data.

cache.no-flush
In case you don't care about data integrity over host failures, you
can use cache.no-flush=on. This option tells QEMU that it never needs
to write any data to the disk but can instead keep things in cache.
If anything goes wrong, like your host losing power, the disk storage
getting disconnected accidentally, etc. your image will most probably
be rendered unusable.

discard=discard
discard is one of "ignore" (or "off") or "unmap" (or "on") and
controls whether discard (also known as trim or unmap) requests are
ignored or passed to the filesystem. Some machine types may not
support discard requests.

detect-zeroes=detect-zeroes
detect-zeroes is "off", "on" or "unmap" and enables the automatic
conversion of plain zero writes by the OS to driver specific
optimized zero write commands. You may even choose "unmap" if discard
is set to "unmap" to allow a zero write to be converted to an unmap
operation.

Driver-specific options for file
This is the protocol-level block driver for accessing regular files.

filename
The path to the image file in the local filesystem

aio Specifies the AIO backend (threads/native/io_uring, default: threads)

locking
Specifies whether the image file is protected with Linux OFD / POSIX
locks. The default is to use the Linux Open File Descriptor API if
available, otherwise no lock is applied. (auto/on/off, default:
auto)

Example:

-blockdev driver=file,node-name=disk,filename=disk.img

Driver-specific options for raw
This is the image format block driver for raw images. It is usually stacked
on top of a protocol level block driver such as file.

file Reference to or definition of the data source block driver node (e.g.
a file driver node)

Example 1:

-blockdev driver=file,node-name=disk_file,filename=disk.img
-blockdev driver=raw,node-name=disk,file=disk_file

Example 2:

-blockdev driver=raw,node-name=disk,file.driver=file,file.filename=disk.img

Driver-specific options for qcow2
This is the image format block driver for qcow2 images. It is usually
stacked on top of a protocol level block driver such as file.

file Reference to or definition of the data source block driver node (e.g.
a file driver node)

backing
Reference to or definition of the backing file block device (default
is taken from the image file). It is allowed to pass null here in
order to disable the default backing file.

lazy-refcounts
Whether to enable the lazy refcounts feature (on/off; default is
taken from the image file)

cache-size
The maximum total size of the L2 table and refcount block caches in
bytes (default: the sum of l2-cache-size and refcount-cache-size)

l2-cache-size
The maximum size of the L2 table cache in bytes (default: if
cache-size is not specified - 32M on Linux platforms, and 8M on
non-Linux platforms; otherwise, as large as possible within the
cache-size, while permitting the requested or the minimal refcount
cache size)

refcount-cache-size
The maximum size of the refcount block cache in bytes (default: 4
times the cluster size; or if cache-size is specified, the part of it
which is not used for the L2 cache)

cache-clean-interval
Clean unused entries in the L2 and refcount caches. The interval is
in seconds. The default value is 600 on supporting platforms, and 0
on other platforms. Setting it to 0 disables this feature.

pass-discard-request
Whether discard requests to the qcow2 device should be forwarded to
the data source (on/off; default: on if discard=unmap is specified,
off otherwise)

pass-discard-snapshot
Whether discard requests for the data source should be issued when a
snapshot operation (e.g. deleting a snapshot) frees clusters in the
qcow2 file (on/off; default: on)

pass-discard-other
Whether discard requests for the data source should be issued on
other occasions where a cluster gets freed (on/off; default: off)

overlap-check
Which overlap checks to perform for writes to the image
(none/constant/cached/all; default: cached). For details or finer
granularity control refer to the QAPI documentation of blockdev-add.

Example 1:

-blockdev driver=file,node-name=my_file,filename=/tmp/disk.qcow2
-blockdev driver=qcow2,node-name=hda,file=my_file,overlap-check=none,cache-size=16777216

Example 2:

-blockdev driver=qcow2,node-name=disk,file.driver=http,file.filename=http://example.com/image.qcow2

Driver-specific options for other drivers
Please refer to the QAPI documentation of the blockdev-add QMP command.

-drive option[,option[,option[,...]]]
Define a new drive. This includes creating a block driver node (the backend) as
well as a guest device, and is mostly a shortcut for defining the corresponding
-blockdev and -device options.

-drive accepts all options that are accepted by -blockdev. In addition, it knows
the following options:

file=file
This option defines which disk image (see the Disk Images chapter in the
System Emulation Users Guide) to use with this drive. If the filename
contains comma, you must double it (for instance, "file=my,,file" to use
file "my,file").

Special files such as iSCSI devices can be specified using protocol specific
URLs. See the section for "Device URL Syntax" for more information.

if=interface
This option defines on which type on interface the drive is connected.
Available types are: ide, scsi, sd, mtd, floppy, pflash, virtio, none.

bus=bus,unit=unit
These options define where is connected the drive by defining the bus number
and the unit id.

index=index
This option defines where the drive is connected by using an index in the
list of available connectors of a given interface type.

media=media
This option defines the type of the media: disk or cdrom.

snapshot=snapshot
snapshot is "on" or "off" and controls snapshot mode for the given drive
(see -snapshot).

cache=cache
cache is "none", "writeback", "unsafe", "directsync" or "writethrough" and
controls how the host cache is used to access block data. This is a shortcut
that sets the cache.direct and cache.no-flush options (as in -blockdev), and
additionally cache.writeback, which provides a default for the write-cache
option of block guest devices (as in -device). The modes correspond to the
following settings:

┌─────────────┬─────────────────┬──────────────┬────────────────┐
│ │ cache.writeback │ cache.direct │ cache.no-flush │
├─────────────┼─────────────────┼──────────────┼────────────────┤
│writeback │ on │ off │ off │
├─────────────┼─────────────────┼──────────────┼────────────────┤
│none │ on │ on │ off │
├─────────────┼─────────────────┼──────────────┼────────────────┤
│writethrough │ off │ off │ off │
├─────────────┼─────────────────┼──────────────┼────────────────┤
│directsync │ off │ on │ off │
├─────────────┼─────────────────┼──────────────┼────────────────┤
│unsafe │ on │ off │ on │
└─────────────┴─────────────────┴──────────────┴────────────────┘

The default mode is cache=writeback.

aio=aio
aio is "threads", "native", or "io_uring" and selects between pthread based
disk I/O, native Linux AIO, or Linux io_uring API.

format=format
Specify which disk format will be used rather than detecting the format. Can
be used to specify format=raw to avoid interpreting an untrusted format
header.

werror=action,rerror=action
Specify which action to take on write and read errors. Valid actions are:
"ignore" (ignore the error and try to continue), "stop" (pause QEMU),
"report" (report the error to the guest), "enospc" (pause QEMU only if the
host disk is full; report the error to the guest otherwise). The default
setting is werror=enospc and rerror=report.

copy-on-read=copy-on-read
copy-on-read is "on" or "off" and enables whether to copy read backing file
sectors into the image file.

bps=b,bps_rd=r,bps_wr=w
Specify bandwidth throttling limits in bytes per second, either for all
request types or for reads or writes only. Small values can lead to timeouts
or hangs inside the guest. A safe minimum for disks is 2 MB/s.

bps_max=bm,bps_rd_max=rm,bps_wr_max=wm
Specify bursts in bytes per second, either for all request types or for
reads or writes only. Bursts allow the guest I/O to spike above the limit
temporarily.

iops=i,iops_rd=r,iops_wr=w
Specify request rate limits in requests per second, either for all request
types or for reads or writes only.

iops_max=bm,iops_rd_max=rm,iops_wr_max=wm
Specify bursts in requests per second, either for all request types or for
reads or writes only. Bursts allow the guest I/O to spike above the limit
temporarily.

iops_size=is
Let every is bytes of a request count as a new request for iops throttling
purposes. Use this option to prevent guests from circumventing iops limits
by sending fewer but larger requests.

group=g
Join a throttling quota group with given name g. All drives that are members
of the same group are accounted for together. Use this option to prevent
guests from circumventing throttling limits by using many small disks
instead of a single larger disk.

By default, the cache.writeback=on mode is used. It will report data writes as
completed as soon as the data is present in the host page cache. This is safe as
long as your guest OS makes sure to correctly flush disk caches where needed. If
your guest OS does not handle volatile disk write caches correctly and your host
crashes or loses power, then the guest may experience data corruption.

For such guests, you should consider using cache.writeback=off. This means that
the host page cache will be used to read and write data, but write notification
will be sent to the guest only after QEMU has made sure to flush each write to the
disk. Be aware that this has a major impact on performance.

When using the -snapshot option, unsafe caching is always used.

Copy-on-read avoids accessing the same backing file sectors repeatedly and is
useful when the backing file is over a slow network. By default copy-on-read is
off.

Instead of -cdrom you can use:

qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=file,index=2,media=cdrom

Instead of -hda, -hdb, -hdc, -hdd, you can use:

qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=file,index=0,media=disk
qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=file,index=1,media=disk
qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=file,index=2,media=disk
qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=file,index=3,media=disk

You can open an image using pre-opened file descriptors from an fd set:

qemu-system-x86_64 \
-add-fd fd=3,set=2,opaque="rdwr:/path/to/file" \
-add-fd fd=4,set=2,opaque="rdonly:/path/to/file" \
-drive file=/dev/fdset/2,index=0,media=disk

You can connect a CDROM to the slave of ide0:

qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=file,if=ide,index=1,media=cdrom

If you don't specify the "file=" argument, you define an empty drive:

qemu-system-x86_64 -drive if=ide,index=1,media=cdrom

Instead of -fda, -fdb, you can use:

qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=file,index=0,if=floppy
qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=file,index=1,if=floppy

By default, interface is "ide" and index is automatically incremented:

qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=a -drive file=b

is interpreted like:

qemu-system-x86_64 -hda a -hdb b

-mtdblock file
Use file as on-board Flash memory image.

-sd file
Use file as SecureDigital card image.

-snapshot
Write to temporary files instead of disk image files. In this case, the raw disk
image you use is not written back. You can however force the write back by pressing
C-a s (see the Disk Images chapter in the System Emulation Users Guide).

WARNING:
snapshot is incompatible with -blockdev (instead use qemu-img to manually create
snapshot images to attach to your blockdev). If you have mixed -blockdev and
-drive declarations you can use the 'snapshot' property on your drive
declarations instead of this global option.

-fsdev local,id=id,path=path,security_model=security_model
[,writeout=writeout][,readonly=on][,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode]
[,throttling.option=value[,throttling.option=value[,...]]]

-fsdev proxy,id=id,socket=socket[,writeout=writeout][,readonly=on]

-fsdev proxy,id=id,sock_fd=sock_fd[,writeout=writeout][,readonly=on]

-fsdev synth,id=id[,readonly=on]
Define a new file system device. Valid options are:

local Accesses to the filesystem are done by QEMU.

proxy Accesses to the filesystem are done by virtfs-proxy-helper(1).

synth Synthetic filesystem, only used by QTests.

id=id Specifies identifier for this device.

path=path
Specifies the export path for the file system device. Files under this path
will be available to the 9p client on the guest.

security_model=security_model
Specifies the security model to be used for this export path. Supported
security models are "passthrough", "mapped-xattr", "mapped-file" and "none".
In "passthrough" security model, files are stored using the same credentials
as they are created on the guest. This requires QEMU to run as root. In
"mapped-xattr" security model, some of the file attributes like uid, gid,
mode bits and link target are stored as file attributes. For "mapped-file"
these attributes are stored in the hidden .virtfs_metadata directory.
Directories exported by this security model cannot interact with other unix
tools. "none" security model is same as passthrough except the sever won't
report failures if it fails to set file attributes like ownership. Security
model is mandatory only for local fsdriver. Other fsdrivers (like proxy)
don't take security model as a parameter.

writeout=writeout
This is an optional argument. The only supported value is "immediate". This
means that host page cache will be used to read and write data but write
notification will be sent to the guest only when the data has been reported
as written by the storage subsystem.

readonly=on
Enables exporting 9p share as a readonly mount for guests. By default
read-write access is given.

socket=socket
Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed socket file for communicating
with virtfs-proxy-helper(1).

sock_fd=sock_fd
Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed socket descriptor for
communicating with virtfs-proxy-helper(1). Usually a helper like libvirt
will create socketpair and pass one of the fds as sock_fd.

fmode=fmode
Specifies the default mode for newly created files on the host. Works only
with security models "mapped-xattr" and "mapped-file".

dmode=dmode
Specifies the default mode for newly created directories on the host. Works
only with security models "mapped-xattr" and "mapped-file".

throttling.bps-total=b,throttling.bps-read=r,throttling.bps-write=w
Specify bandwidth throttling limits in bytes per second, either for all
request types or for reads or writes only.

throttling.bps-total-max=bm,bps-read-max=rm,bps-write-max=wm
Specify bursts in bytes per second, either for all request types or for
reads or writes only. Bursts allow the guest I/O to spike above the limit
temporarily.

throttling.iops-total=i,throttling.iops-read=r, throttling.iops-write=w
Specify request rate limits in requests per second, either for all request
types or for reads or writes only.

throttling.iops-total-max=im,throttling.iops-read-max=irm,
throttling.iops-write-max=iwm
Specify bursts in requests per second, either for all request types or for
reads or writes only. Bursts allow the guest I/O to spike above the limit
temporarily.

throttling.iops-size=is
Let every is bytes of a request count as a new request for iops throttling
purposes.

-fsdev option is used along with -device driver "virtio-9p-...".

-device virtio-9p-type,fsdev=id,mount_tag=mount_tag
Options for virtio-9p-... driver are:

type Specifies the variant to be used. Supported values are "pci", "ccw" or
"device", depending on the machine type.

fsdev=id
Specifies the id value specified along with -fsdev option.

mount_tag=mount_tag
Specifies the tag name to be used by the guest to mount this export point.

-virtfs local,path=path,mount_tag=mount_tag
,security_model=security_model[,writeout=writeout][,readonly=on]
[,fmode=fmode][,dmode=dmode][,multidevs=multidevs]

-virtfs proxy,socket=socket,mount_tag=mount_tag [,writeout=writeout][,readonly=on]

-virtfs proxy,sock_fd=sock_fd,mount_tag=mount_tag [,writeout=writeout][,readonly=on]

-virtfs synth,mount_tag=mount_tag
Define a new virtual filesystem device and expose it to the guest using a
virtio-9p-device (a.k.a. 9pfs), which essentially means that a certain directory on
host is made directly accessible by guest as a pass-through file system by using
the 9P network protocol for communication between host and guests, if desired even
accessible, shared by several guests simultaneously.

Note that -virtfs is actually just a convenience shortcut for its generalized form
-fsdev -device virtio-9p-pci.

The general form of pass-through file system options are:

local Accesses to the filesystem are done by QEMU.

proxy Accesses to the filesystem are done by virtfs-proxy-helper(1).

synth Synthetic filesystem, only used by QTests.

id=id Specifies identifier for the filesystem device

path=path
Specifies the export path for the file system device. Files under this path
will be available to the 9p client on the guest.

readonly=on
Enables exporting 9p share as a readonly mount for guests. By default
read-write access is given.

socket=socket
Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed socket file for communicating
with virtfs-proxy-helper(1). Usually a helper like libvirt will create
socketpair and pass one of the fds as sock_fd.

sock_fd
Enables proxy filesystem driver to use passed 'sock_fd' as the socket
descriptor for interfacing with virtfs-proxy-helper(1).

fmode=fmode
Specifies the default mode for newly created files on the host. Works only
with security models "mapped-xattr" and "mapped-file".

dmode=dmode
Specifies the default mode for newly created directories on the host. Works
only with security models "mapped-xattr" and "mapped-file".

mount_tag=mount_tag
Specifies the tag name to be used by the guest to mount this export point.

multidevs=multidevs
Specifies how to deal with multiple devices being shared with a 9p export.
Supported behaviours are either "remap", "forbid" or "warn". The latter is
the default behaviour on which virtfs 9p expects only one device to be
shared with the same export, and if more than one device is shared and
accessed via the same 9p export then only a warning message is logged (once)
by qemu on host side. In order to avoid file ID collisions on guest you
should either create a separate virtfs export for each device to be shared
with guests (recommended way) or you might use "remap" instead which allows
you to share multiple devices with only one export instead, which is
achieved by remapping the original inode numbers from host to guest in a way
that would prevent such collisions. Remapping inodes in such use cases is
required because the original device IDs from host are never passed and
exposed on guest. Instead all files of an export shared with virtfs always
share the same device id on guest. So two files with identical inode numbers
but from actually different devices on host would otherwise cause a file ID
collision and hence potential misbehaviours on guest. "forbid" on the other
hand assumes like "warn" that only one device is shared by the same export,
however it will not only log a warning message but also deny access to
additional devices on guest. Note though that "forbid" does currently not
block all possible file access operations (e.g. readdir() would still return
entries from other devices).

-iscsi Configure iSCSI session parameters.

USB convenience options
-usb Enable USB emulation on machine types with an on-board USB host controller (if not
enabled by default). Note that on-board USB host controllers may not support USB
3.0. In this case -device qemu-xhci can be used instead on machines with PCI.

-usbdevice devname
Add the USB device devname, and enable an on-board USB controller if possible and
necessary (just like it can be done via -machine usb=on). Note that this option is
mainly intended for the user's convenience only. More fine-grained control can be
achieved by selecting a USB host controller (if necessary) and the desired USB
device via the -device option instead. For example, instead of using -usbdevice
mouse it is possible to use -device qemu-xhci -device usb-mouse to connect the USB
mouse to a USB 3.0 controller instead (at least on machines that support PCI and do
not have an USB controller enabled by default yet). For more details, see the
chapter about Connecting USB devices in the System Emulation Users Guide. Possible
devices for devname are:

braille
Braille device. This will use BrlAPI to display the braille output on a real
or fake device (i.e. it also creates a corresponding braille chardev
automatically beside the usb-braille USB device).

keyboard
Standard USB keyboard. Will override the PS/2 keyboard (if present).

mouse Virtual Mouse. This will override the PS/2 mouse emulation when activated.

tablet Pointer device that uses absolute coordinates (like a touchscreen). This
means QEMU is able to report the mouse position without having to grab the
mouse. Also overrides the PS/2 mouse emulation when activated.

wacom-tablet
Wacom PenPartner USB tablet.

Display options
-display type
Select type of display to use. Use -display help to list the available display
types. Valid values for type are

spice-app[,gl=on|off]
Start QEMU as a Spice server and launch the default Spice client
application. The Spice server will redirect the serial consoles and QEMU
monitors. (Since 4.0)

dbus Export the display over D-Bus interfaces. (Since 7.0)

The connection is registered with the "org.qemu" name (and queued when
already owned).

addr=<dbusaddr> : D-Bus bus address to connect to.

p2p=yes|no : Use peer-to-peer connection, accepted via QMP add_client.

gl=on|off|core|es : Use OpenGL for rendering (the D-Bus interface will share
framebuffers with DMABUF file descriptors).

sdl Display video output via SDL (usually in a separate graphics window; see the
SDL documentation for other possibilities). Valid parameters are:

grab-mod=<mods> : Used to select the modifier keys for toggling the mouse
grabbing in conjunction with the "g" key. <mods> can be either
lshift-lctrl-lalt or rctrl.

gl=on|off|core|es : Use OpenGL for displaying

show-cursor=on|off : Force showing the mouse cursor

window-close=on|off : Allow to quit qemu with window close button

gtk Display video output in a GTK window. This interface provides drop-down
menus and other UI elements to configure and control the VM during runtime.
Valid parameters are:

full-screen=on|off : Start in fullscreen mode

gl=on|off : Use OpenGL for displaying

grab-on-hover=on|off : Grab keyboard input on mouse hover

show-tabs=on|off
Display the tab bar for switching between the various graphical
interfaces (e.g. VGA and virtual console character devices) by
default.

show-cursor=on|off : Force showing the mouse cursor

window-close=on|off : Allow to quit qemu with window close button

show-menubar=on|off : Display the main window menubar, defaults to "on"

curses[,charset=<encoding>]
Display video output via curses. For graphics device models which support a
text mode, QEMU can display this output using a curses/ncurses interface.
Nothing is displayed when the graphics device is in graphical mode or if the
graphics device does not support a text mode. Generally only the VGA device
models support text mode. The font charset used by the guest can be
specified with the charset option, for example charset=CP850 for IBM CP850
encoding. The default is CP437.

cocoa Display video output in a Cocoa window. Mac only. This interface provides
drop-down menus and other UI elements to configure and control the VM during
runtime. Valid parameters are:

show-cursor=on|off : Force showing the mouse cursor

left-command-key=on|off : Disable forwarding left command key to host

egl-headless[,rendernode=<file>]
Offload all OpenGL operations to a local DRI device. For any graphical
display, this display needs to be paired with either VNC or SPICE displays.

vnc=<display>
Start a VNC server on display <display>

none Do not display video output. The guest will still see an emulated graphics
card, but its output will not be displayed to the QEMU user. This option
differs from the -nographic option in that it only affects what is done with
video output; -nographic also changes the destination of the serial and
parallel port data.

-nographic
Normally, if QEMU is compiled with graphical window support, it displays output
such as guest graphics, guest console, and the QEMU monitor in a window. With this
option, you can totally disable graphical output so that QEMU is a simple command
line application. The emulated serial port is redirected on the console and muxed
with the monitor (unless redirected elsewhere explicitly). Therefore, you can still
use QEMU to debug a Linux kernel with a serial console. Use C-a h for help on
switching between the console and monitor.

-spice option[,option[,...]]
Enable the spice remote desktop protocol. Valid options are

port=<nr>
Set the TCP port spice is listening on for plaintext channels.

addr=<addr>
Set the IP address spice is listening on. Default is any address.

ipv4=on|off; ipv6=on|off; unix=on|off
Force using the specified IP version.

password-secret=<secret-id>
Set the ID of the secret object containing the password you need to
authenticate.

sasl=on|off
Require that the client use SASL to authenticate with the spice. The exact
choice of authentication method used is controlled from the system / user's
SASL configuration file for the 'qemu' service. This is typically found in
/etc/sasl2/qemu.conf. If running QEMU as an unprivileged user, an
environment variable SASL_CONF_PATH can be used to make it search alternate
locations for the service config. While some SASL auth methods can also
provide data encryption (eg GSSAPI), it is recommended that SASL always be
combined with the 'tls' and 'x509' settings to enable use of SSL and server
certificates. This ensures a data encryption preventing compromise of
authentication credentials.

disable-ticketing=on|off
Allow client connects without authentication.

disable-copy-paste=on|off
Disable copy paste between the client and the guest.

disable-agent-file-xfer=on|off
Disable spice-vdagent based file-xfer between the client and the guest.

tls-port=<nr>
Set the TCP port spice is listening on for encrypted channels.

x509-dir=<dir>
Set the x509 file directory. Expects same filenames as -vnc
$display,x509=$dir

x509-key-file=<file>; x509-key-password=<file>; x509-cert-file=<file>;
x509-cacert-file=<file>; x509-dh-key-file=<file>
The x509 file names can also be configured individually.

tls-ciphers=<list>
Specify which ciphers to use.

jpeg-wan-compression=[auto|never|always];
zlib-glz-wan-compression=[auto|never|always]
Configure wan image compression (lossy for slow links). Default is auto.

streaming-video=[off|all|filter]
Configure video stream detection. Default is off.

agent-mouse=[on|off]
Enable/disable passing mouse events via vdagent. Default is on.

playback-compression=[on|off]
Enable/disable audio stream compression (using celt 0.5.1). Default is on.

seamless-migration=[on|off]
Enable/disable spice seamless migration. Default is off.

gl=[on|off]
Enable/disable OpenGL context. Default is off.

rendernode=<file>
DRM render node for OpenGL rendering. If not specified, it will pick the
first available. (Since 2.9)

-portrait
Rotate graphical output 90 deg left (only PXA LCD).

-rotate deg
Rotate graphical output some deg left (only PXA LCD).

-vga type
Select type of VGA card to emulate. Valid values for type are

cirrus Cirrus Logic GD5446 Video card. All Windows versions starting from Windows
95 should recognize and use this graphic card. For optimal performances, use
16 bit color depth in the guest and the host OS. (This card was the default
before QEMU 2.2)

std Standard VGA card with Bochs VBE extensions. If your guest OS supports the
VESA 2.0 VBE extensions (e.g. Windows XP) and if you want to use high
resolution modes (>= 1280x1024x16) then you should use this option. (This
card is the default since QEMU 2.2)

vmware VMWare SVGA-II compatible adapter. Use it if you have sufficiently recent
XFree86/XOrg server or Windows guest with a driver for this card.

qxl QXL paravirtual graphic card. It is VGA compatible (including VESA 2.0 VBE
support). Works best with qxl guest drivers installed though. Recommended
choice when using the spice protocol.

tcx (sun4m only) Sun TCX framebuffer. This is the default framebuffer for sun4m
machines and offers both 8-bit and 24-bit colour depths at a fixed
resolution of 1024x768.

cg3 (sun4m only) Sun cgthree framebuffer. This is a simple 8-bit framebuffer for
sun4m machines available in both 1024x768 (OpenBIOS) and 1152x900 (OBP)
resolutions aimed at people wishing to run older Solaris versions.

virtio Virtio VGA card.

none Disable VGA card.

-full-screen
Start in full screen.

-g widthxheight[xdepth]
Set the initial graphical resolution and depth (PPC, SPARC only).

For PPC the default is 800x600x32.

For SPARC with the TCX graphics device, the default is 1024x768x8 with the option
of 1024x768x24. For cgthree, the default is 1024x768x8 with the option of
1152x900x8 for people who wish to use OBP.

-vnc display[,option[,option[,...]]]
Normally, if QEMU is compiled with graphical window support, it displays output
such as guest graphics, guest console, and the QEMU monitor in a window. With this
option, you can have QEMU listen on VNC display display and redirect the VGA
display over the VNC session. It is very useful to enable the usb tablet device
when using this option (option -device usb-tablet). When using the VNC display, you
must use the -k parameter to set the keyboard layout if you are not using en-us.
Valid syntax for the display is

to=L With this option, QEMU will try next available VNC displays, until the
number L, if the origianlly defined "-vnc display" is not available, e.g.
port 5900+display is already used by another application. By default, to=0.

host:d TCP connections will only be allowed from host on display d. By convention
the TCP port is 5900+d. Optionally, host can be omitted in which case the
server will accept connections from any host.

unix:path
Connections will be allowed over UNIX domain sockets where path is the
location of a unix socket to listen for connections on.

none VNC is initialized but not started. The monitor change command can be used
to later start the VNC server.

Following the display value there may be one or more option flags separated by
commas. Valid options are

reverse=on|off
Connect to a listening VNC client via a "reverse" connection. The client is
specified by the display. For reverse network connections
(host:d,``reverse``), the d argument is a TCP port number, not a display
number.

websocket=on|off
Opens an additional TCP listening port dedicated to VNC Websocket
connections. If a bare websocket option is given, the Websocket port is
5700+display. An alternative port can be specified with the syntax
websocket=port.

If host is specified connections will only be allowed from this host. It is
possible to control the websocket listen address independently, using the
syntax websocket=host:port.

If no TLS credentials are provided, the websocket connection runs in
unencrypted mode. If TLS credentials are provided, the websocket connection
requires encrypted client connections.

password=on|off
Require that password based authentication is used for client connections.

The password must be set separately using the set_password command in the
QEMU Monitor. The syntax to change your password is: set_password <protocol>
<password> where <protocol> could be either "vnc" or "spice".

If you would like to change <protocol> password expiration, you should use
expire_password <protocol> <expiration-time> where expiration time could be
one of the following options: now, never, +seconds or UNIX time of
expiration, e.g. +60 to make password expire in 60 seconds, or 1335196800 to
make password expire on "Mon Apr 23 12:00:00 EDT 2012" (UNIX time for this
date and time).

You can also use keywords "now" or "never" for the expiration time to allow
<protocol> password to expire immediately or never expire.

password-secret=<secret-id>
Require that password based authentication is used for client connections,
using the password provided by the secret object identified by secret-id.

tls-creds=ID
Provides the ID of a set of TLS credentials to use to secure the VNC server.
They will apply to both the normal VNC server socket and the websocket
socket (if enabled). Setting TLS credentials will cause the VNC server
socket to enable the VeNCrypt auth mechanism. The credentials should have
been previously created using the -object tls-creds argument.

tls-authz=ID
Provides the ID of the QAuthZ authorization object against which the
client's x509 distinguished name will validated. This object is only
resolved at time of use, so can be deleted and recreated on the fly while
the VNC server is active. If missing, it will default to denying access.

sasl=on|off
Require that the client use SASL to authenticate with the VNC server. The
exact choice of authentication method used is controlled from the system /
user's SASL configuration file for the 'qemu' service. This is typically
found in /etc/sasl2/qemu.conf. If running QEMU as an unprivileged user, an
environment variable SASL_CONF_PATH can be used to make it search alternate
locations for the service config. While some SASL auth methods can also
provide data encryption (eg GSSAPI), it is recommended that SASL always be
combined with the 'tls' and 'x509' settings to enable use of SSL and server
certificates. This ensures a data encryption preventing compromise of
authentication credentials. See the VNC security section in the System
Emulation Users Guide for details on using SASL authentication.

sasl-authz=ID
Provides the ID of the QAuthZ authorization object against which the
client's SASL username will validated. This object is only resolved at time
of use, so can be deleted and recreated on the fly while the VNC server is
active. If missing, it will default to denying access.

acl=on|off
Legacy method for enabling authorization of clients against the x509
distinguished name and SASL username. It results in the creation of two
authz-list objects with IDs of vnc.username and vnc.x509dname. The rules for
these objects must be configured with the HMP ACL commands.

This option is deprecated and should no longer be used. The new sasl-authz
and tls-authz options are a replacement.

lossy=on|off
Enable lossy compression methods (gradient, JPEG, ...). If this option is
set, VNC client may receive lossy framebuffer updates depending on its
encoding settings. Enabling this option can save a lot of bandwidth at the
expense of quality.

non-adaptive=on|off
Disable adaptive encodings. Adaptive encodings are enabled by default. An
adaptive encoding will try to detect frequently updated screen regions, and
send updates in these regions using a lossy encoding (like JPEG). This can
be really helpful to save bandwidth when playing videos. Disabling adaptive
encodings restores the original static behavior of encodings like Tight.

share=[allow-exclusive|force-shared|ignore]
Set display sharing policy. 'allow-exclusive' allows clients to ask for
exclusive access. As suggested by the rfb spec this is implemented by
dropping other connections. Connecting multiple clients in parallel requires
all clients asking for a shared session (vncviewer: -shared switch). This is
the default. 'force-shared' disables exclusive client access. Useful for
shared desktop sessions, where you don't want someone forgetting specify
-shared disconnect everybody else. 'ignore' completely ignores the shared
flag and allows everybody connect unconditionally. Doesn't conform to the
rfb spec but is traditional QEMU behavior.

key-delay-ms
Set keyboard delay, for key down and key up events, in milliseconds. Default
is 10. Keyboards are low-bandwidth devices, so this slowdown can help the
device and guest to keep up and not lose events in case events are arriving
in bulk. Possible causes for the latter are flaky network connections, or
scripts for automated testing.

audiodev=audiodev
Use the specified audiodev when the VNC client requests audio transmission.
When not using an -audiodev argument, this option must be omitted, otherwise
is must be present and specify a valid audiodev.

power-control=on|off
Permit the remote client to issue shutdown, reboot or reset power control
requests.

i386 target only
-win2k-hack
Use it when installing Windows 2000 to avoid a disk full bug. After Windows 2000 is
installed, you no longer need this option (this option slows down the IDE
transfers).

-no-fd-bootchk
Disable boot signature checking for floppy disks in BIOS. May be needed to boot
from old floppy disks.

-no-acpi
Disable ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) support. Use it if your
guest OS complains about ACPI problems (PC target machine only).

-no-hpet
Disable HPET support. Deprecated, use '-machine hpet=off' instead.

-acpitable [sig=str][,rev=n][,oem_id=str][,oem_table_id=str][,oem_rev=n]
[,asl_compiler_id=str][,asl_compiler_rev=n][,data=file1[:file2]...]
Add ACPI table with specified header fields and context from specified files. For
file=, take whole ACPI table from the specified files, including all ACPI headers
(possible overridden by other options). For data=, only data portion of the table
is used, all header information is specified in the command line. If a SLIC table
is supplied to QEMU, then the SLIC's oem_id and oem_table_id fields will override
the same in the RSDT and the FADT (a.k.a. FACP), in order to ensure the field
matches required by the Microsoft SLIC spec and the ACPI spec.

-smbios file=binary
Load SMBIOS entry from binary file.

-smbios type=0[,vendor=str][,version=str][,date=str][,release=%d.%d][,uefi=on|off]
Specify SMBIOS type 0 fields

-smbios
type=1[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,uuid=uuid][,sku=str][,family=str]
Specify SMBIOS type 1 fields

-smbios
type=2[,manufacturer=str][,product=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str][,location=str]
Specify SMBIOS type 2 fields

-smbios type=3[,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str][,sku=str]
Specify SMBIOS type 3 fields

-smbios
type=4[,sock_pfx=str][,manufacturer=str][,version=str][,serial=str][,asset=str][,part=str][,processor-id=%d]
Specify SMBIOS type 4 fields

-smbios type=11[,value=str][,path=filename]
Specify SMBIOS type 11 fields

This argument can be repeated multiple times, and values are added in the order
they are parsed. Applications intending to use OEM strings data are encouraged to
use their application name as a prefix for the value string. This facilitates
passing information for multiple applications concurrently.

The value=str syntax provides the string data inline, while the path=filename
syntax loads data from a file on disk. Note that the file is not permitted to
contain any NUL bytes.

Both the value and path options can be repeated multiple times and will be added to
the SMBIOS table in the order in which they appear.

Note that on the x86 architecture, the total size of all SMBIOS tables is limited
to 65535 bytes. Thus the OEM strings data is not suitable for passing large amounts
of data into the guest. Instead it should be used as a indicator to inform the
guest where to locate the real data set, for example, by specifying the serial ID
of a block device.

An example passing three strings is

-smbios type=11,value=cloud-init:ds=nocloud-net;s=http://10.10.0.1:8000/,\
value=anaconda:method=http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/25/x86_64/os,\
path=/some/file/with/oemstringsdata.txt

In the guest OS this is visible with the dmidecode command

$ dmidecode -t 11
Handle 0x0E00, DMI type 11, 5 bytes
OEM Strings
String 1: cloud-init:ds=nocloud-net;s=http://10.10.0.1:8000/
String 2: anaconda:method=http://dl.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/25/x86_64/os
String 3: myapp:some extra data

-smbios
type=17[,loc_pfx=str][,bank=str][,manufacturer=str][,serial=str][,asset=str][,part=str][,speed=%d]
Specify SMBIOS type 17 fields

-smbios type=41[,designation=str][,kind=str][,instance=%d][,pcidev=str]
Specify SMBIOS type 41 fields

This argument can be repeated multiple times. Its main use is to allow network
interfaces be created as enoX on Linux, with X being the instance number, instead
of the name depending on the interface position on the PCI bus.

Here is an example of use:

-netdev user,id=internet \
-device virtio-net-pci,mac=50:54:00:00:00:42,netdev=internet,id=internet-dev \
-smbios type=41,designation='Onboard LAN',instance=1,kind=ethernet,pcidev=internet-dev

In the guest OS, the device should then appear as eno1:

..parsed-literal:

$ ip -brief l
lo UNKNOWN 00:00:00:00:00:00 <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP>
eno1 UP 50:54:00:00:00:42 <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP>

Currently, the PCI device has to be attached to the root bus.

Network options
-nic [tap|bridge|user|l2tpv3|vde|netmap|vhost-user|socket][,...][,mac=macaddr][,model=mn]
This option is a shortcut for configuring both the on-board (default) guest NIC
hardware and the host network backend in one go. The host backend options are the
same as with the corresponding -netdev options below. The guest NIC model can be
set with model=modelname. Use model=help to list the available device types. The
hardware MAC address can be set with mac=macaddr.

The following two example do exactly the same, to show how -nic can be used to
shorten the command line length:

qemu-system-x86_64 -netdev user,id=n1,ipv6=off -device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:98:76:54:32
qemu-system-x86_64 -nic user,ipv6=off,model=e1000,mac=52:54:98:76:54:32

-nic none
Indicate that no network devices should be configured. It is used to override the
default configuration (default NIC with "user" host network backend) which is
activated if no other networking options are provided.

-netdev user,id=id[,option][,option][,...]
Configure user mode host network backend which requires no administrator privilege
to run. Valid options are:

id=id Assign symbolic name for use in monitor commands.

ipv4=on|off and ipv6=on|off
Specify that either IPv4 or IPv6 must be enabled. If neither is specified
both protocols are enabled.

net=addr[/mask]
Set IP network address the guest will see. Optionally specify the netmask,
either in the form a.b.c.d or as number of valid top-most bits. Default is
10.0.2.0/24.

host=addr
Specify the guest-visible address of the host. Default is the 2nd IP in the
guest network, i.e. x.x.x.2.

ipv6-net=addr[/int]
Set IPv6 network address the guest will see (default is fec0::/64). The
network prefix is given in the usual hexadecimal IPv6 address notation. The
prefix size is optional, and is given as the number of valid top-most bits
(default is 64).

ipv6-host=addr
Specify the guest-visible IPv6 address of the host. Default is the 2nd IPv6
in the guest network, i.e. xxxx::2.

restrict=on|off
If this option is enabled, the guest will be isolated, i.e. it will not be
able to contact the host and no guest IP packets will be routed over the
host to the outside. This option does not affect any explicitly set
forwarding rules.

hostname=name
Specifies the client hostname reported by the built-in DHCP server.

dhcpstart=addr
Specify the first of the 16 IPs the built-in DHCP server can assign. Default
is the 15th to 31st IP in the guest network, i.e. x.x.x.15 to x.x.x.31.

dns=addr
Specify the guest-visible address of the virtual nameserver. The address
must be different from the host address. Default is the 3rd IP in the guest
network, i.e. x.x.x.3.

ipv6-dns=addr
Specify the guest-visible address of the IPv6 virtual nameserver. The
address must be different from the host address. Default is the 3rd IP in
the guest network, i.e. xxxx::3.

dnssearch=domain
Provides an entry for the domain-search list sent by the built-in DHCP
server. More than one domain suffix can be transmitted by specifying this
option multiple times. If supported, this will cause the guest to
automatically try to append the given domain suffix(es) in case a domain
name can not be resolved.

Example:

qemu-system-x86_64 -nic user,dnssearch=mgmt.example.org,dnssearch=example.org

domainname=domain
Specifies the client domain name reported by the built-in DHCP server.

tftp=dir
When using the user mode network stack, activate a built-in TFTP server. The
files in dir will be exposed as the root of a TFTP server. The TFTP client
on the guest must be configured in binary mode (use the command bin of the
Unix TFTP client).

tftp-server-name=name
In BOOTP reply, broadcast name as the "TFTP server name" (RFC2132 option
66). This can be used to advise the guest to load boot files or
configurations from a different server than the host address.

bootfile=file
When using the user mode network stack, broadcast file as the BOOTP
filename. In conjunction with tftp, this can be used to network boot a guest
from a local directory.

Example (using pxelinux):

qemu-system-x86_64 -hda linux.img -boot n -device e1000,netdev=n1 \
-netdev user,id=n1,tftp=/path/to/tftp/files,bootfile=/pxelinux.0

smb=dir[,smbserver=addr]
When using the user mode network stack, activate a built-in SMB server so
that Windows OSes can access to the host files in dir transparently. The IP
address of the SMB server can be set to addr. By default the 4th IP in the
guest network is used, i.e. x.x.x.4.

In the guest Windows OS, the line:

10.0.2.4 smbserver

must be added in the file C:\WINDOWS\LMHOSTS (for windows 9x/Me) or
C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32\DRIVERS\ETC\LMHOSTS (Windows NT/2000).

Then dir can be accessed in \\smbserver\qemu.

Note that a SAMBA server must be installed on the host OS.

hostfwd=[tcp|udp]:[hostaddr]:hostport-[guestaddr]:guestport
Redirect incoming TCP or UDP connections to the host port hostport to the
guest IP address guestaddr on guest port guestport. If guestaddr is not
specified, its value is x.x.x.15 (default first address given by the
built-in DHCP server). By specifying hostaddr, the rule can be bound to a
specific host interface. If no connection type is set, TCP is used. This
option can be given multiple times.

For example, to redirect host X11 connection from screen 1 to guest screen
0, use the following:

# on the host
qemu-system-x86_64 -nic user,hostfwd=tcp:127.0.0.1:6001-:6000
# this host xterm should open in the guest X11 server
xterm -display :1

To redirect telnet connections from host port 5555 to telnet port on the
guest, use the following:

# on the host
qemu-system-x86_64 -nic user,hostfwd=tcp::5555-:23
telnet localhost 5555

Then when you use on the host telnet localhost 5555, you connect to the
guest telnet server.

guestfwd=[tcp]:server:port-dev; guestfwd=[tcp]:server:port-cmd:command
Forward guest TCP connections to the IP address server on port port to the
character device dev or to a program executed by cmd:command which gets
spawned for each connection. This option can be given multiple times.

You can either use a chardev directly and have that one used throughout
QEMU's lifetime, like in the following example:

# open 10.10.1.1:4321 on bootup, connect 10.0.2.100:1234 to it whenever
# the guest accesses it
qemu-system-x86_64 -nic user,guestfwd=tcp:10.0.2.100:1234-tcp:10.10.1.1:4321

Or you can execute a command on every TCP connection established by the
guest, so that QEMU behaves similar to an inetd process for that virtual
server:

# call "netcat 10.10.1.1 4321" on every TCP connection to 10.0.2.100:1234
# and connect the TCP stream to its stdin/stdout
qemu-system-x86_64 -nic 'user,id=n1,guestfwd=tcp:10.0.2.100:1234-cmd:netcat 10.10.1.1 4321'

-netdev
tap,id=id[,fd=h][,ifname=name][,script=file][,downscript=dfile][,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
Configure a host TAP network backend with ID id.

Use the network script file to configure it and the network script dfile to
deconfigure it. If name is not provided, the OS automatically provides one. The
default network configure script is /etc/qemu-ifup and the default network
deconfigure script is /etc/qemu-ifdown. Use script=no or downscript=no to disable
script execution.

If running QEMU as an unprivileged user, use the network helper to configure the
TAP interface and attach it to the bridge. The default network helper executable
is /usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper and the default bridge device is br0.

fd=h can be used to specify the handle of an already opened host TAP interface.

Examples:

#launch a QEMU instance with the default network script
qemu-system-x86_64 linux.img -nic tap

#launch a QEMU instance with two NICs, each one connected
#to a TAP device
qemu-system-x86_64 linux.img \
-netdev tap,id=nd0,ifname=tap0 -device e1000,netdev=nd0 \
-netdev tap,id=nd1,ifname=tap1 -device rtl8139,netdev=nd1

#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to
#connect a TAP device to bridge br0
qemu-system-x86_64 linux.img -device virtio-net-pci,netdev=n1 \
-netdev tap,id=n1,"helper=/usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper"

-netdev bridge,id=id[,br=bridge][,helper=helper]
Connect a host TAP network interface to a host bridge device.

Use the network helper helper to configure the TAP interface and attach it to the
bridge. The default network helper executable is /usr/lib/qemu/qemu-bridge-helper
and the default bridge device is br0.

Examples:

#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to
#connect a TAP device to bridge br0
qemu-system-x86_64 linux.img -netdev bridge,id=n1 -device virtio-net,netdev=n1

#launch a QEMU instance with the default network helper to
#connect a TAP device to bridge qemubr0
qemu-system-x86_64 linux.img -netdev bridge,br=qemubr0,id=n1 -device virtio-net,netdev=n1

-netdev socket,id=id[,fd=h][,listen=[host]:port][,connect=host:port]
This host network backend can be used to connect the guest's network to another
QEMU virtual machine using a TCP socket connection. If listen is specified, QEMU
waits for incoming connections on port (host is optional). connect is used to
connect to another QEMU instance using the listen option. fd=h specifies an already
opened TCP socket.

Example:

# launch a first QEMU instance
qemu-system-x86_64 linux.img \
-device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \
-netdev socket,id=n1,listen=:1234
# connect the network of this instance to the network of the first instance
qemu-system-x86_64 linux.img \
-device e1000,netdev=n2,mac=52:54:00:12:34:57 \
-netdev socket,id=n2,connect=127.0.0.1:1234

-netdev socket,id=id[,fd=h][,mcast=maddr:port[,localaddr=addr]]
Configure a socket host network backend to share the guest's network traffic with
another QEMU virtual machines using a UDP multicast socket, effectively making a
bus for every QEMU with same multicast address maddr and port. NOTES:

1. Several QEMU can be running on different hosts and share same bus (assuming
correct multicast setup for these hosts).

2. mcast support is compatible with User Mode Linux (argument ethN=mcast), see
http://user-mode-linux.sf.net.

3. Use fd=h to specify an already opened UDP multicast socket.

Example:

# launch one QEMU instance
qemu-system-x86_64 linux.img \
-device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \
-netdev socket,id=n1,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234
# launch another QEMU instance on same "bus"
qemu-system-x86_64 linux.img \
-device e1000,netdev=n2,mac=52:54:00:12:34:57 \
-netdev socket,id=n2,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234
# launch yet another QEMU instance on same "bus"
qemu-system-x86_64 linux.img \
-device e1000,netdev=n3,mac=52:54:00:12:34:58 \
-netdev socket,id=n3,mcast=230.0.0.1:1234

Example (User Mode Linux compat.):

# launch QEMU instance (note mcast address selected is UML's default)
qemu-system-x86_64 linux.img \
-device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \
-netdev socket,id=n1,mcast=239.192.168.1:1102
# launch UML
/path/to/linux ubd0=/path/to/root_fs eth0=mcast

Example (send packets from host's 1.2.3.4):

qemu-system-x86_64 linux.img \
-device e1000,netdev=n1,mac=52:54:00:12:34:56 \
-netdev socket,id=n1,mcast=239.192.168.1:1102,localaddr=1.2.3.4

-netdev
l2tpv3,id=id,src=srcaddr,dst=dstaddr[,srcport=srcport][,dstport=dstport],txsession=txsession[,rxsession=rxsession][,ipv6=on|off][,udp=on|off][,cookie64][,counter][,pincounter][,txcookie=txcookie][,rxcookie=rxcookie][,offset=offset]
Configure a L2TPv3 pseudowire host network backend. L2TPv3 (RFC3931) is a popular
protocol to transport Ethernet (and other Layer 2) data frames between two systems.
It is present in routers, firewalls and the Linux kernel (from version 3.3
onwards).

This transport allows a VM to communicate to another VM, router or firewall
directly.

src=srcaddr
source address (mandatory)

dst=dstaddr
destination address (mandatory)

udp select udp encapsulation (default is ip).

srcport=srcport
source udp port.

dstport=dstport
destination udp port.

ipv6 force v6, otherwise defaults to v4.

rxcookie=rxcookie; txcookie=txcookie
Cookies are a weak form of security in the l2tpv3 specification. Their
function is mostly to prevent misconfiguration. By default they are 32 bit.

cookie64
Set cookie size to 64 bit instead of the default 32

counter=off
Force a 'cut-down' L2TPv3 with no counter as in
draft-mkonstan-l2tpext-keyed-ipv6-tunnel-00

pincounter=on
Work around broken counter handling in peer. This may also help on networks
which have packet reorder.

offset=offset
Add an extra offset between header and data

For example, to attach a VM running on host 4.3.2.1 via L2TPv3 to the bridge br-lan
on the remote Linux host 1.2.3.4:

# Setup tunnel on linux host using raw ip as encapsulation
# on 1.2.3.4
ip l2tp add tunnel remote 4.3.2.1 local 1.2.3.4 tunnel_id 1 peer_tunnel_id 1 \
encap udp udp_sport 16384 udp_dport 16384
ip l2tp add session tunnel_id 1 name vmtunnel0 session_id \
0xFFFFFFFF peer_session_id 0xFFFFFFFF
ifconfig vmtunnel0 mtu 1500
ifconfig vmtunnel0 up
brctl addif br-lan vmtunnel0

# on 4.3.2.1
# launch QEMU instance - if your network has reorder or is very lossy add ,pincounter

qemu-system-x86_64 linux.img -device e1000,netdev=n1 \
-netdev l2tpv3,id=n1,src=4.2.3.1,dst=1.2.3.4,udp,srcport=16384,dstport=16384,rxsession=0xffffffff,txsession=0xffffffff,counter

-netdev vde,id=id[,sock=socketpath][,port=n][,group=groupname][,mode=octalmode]
Configure VDE backend to connect to PORT n of a vde switch running on host and
listening for incoming connections on socketpath. Use GROUP groupname and MODE
octalmode to change default ownership and permissions for communication port. This
option is only available if QEMU has been compiled with vde support enabled.

Example:

# launch vde switch
vde_switch -F -sock /tmp/myswitch
# launch QEMU instance
qemu-system-x86_64 linux.img -nic vde,sock=/tmp/myswitch

-netdev vhost-user,chardev=id[,vhostforce=on|off][,queues=n]
Establish a vhost-user netdev, backed by a chardev id. The chardev should be a unix
domain socket backed one. The vhost-user uses a specifically defined protocol to
pass vhost ioctl replacement messages to an application on the other end of the
socket. On non-MSIX guests, the feature can be forced with vhostforce. Use
'queues=n' to specify the number of queues to be created for multiqueue vhost-user.

Example:

qemu -m 512 -object memory-backend-file,id=mem,size=512M,mem-path=/hugetlbfs,share=on \
-numa node,memdev=mem \
-chardev socket,id=chr0,path=/path/to/socket \
-netdev type=vhost-user,id=net0,chardev=chr0 \
-device virtio-net-pci,netdev=net0

-netdev vhost-vdpa[,vhostdev=/path/to/dev][,vhostfd=h]
Establish a vhost-vdpa netdev.

vDPA device is a device that uses a datapath which complies with the virtio
specifications with a vendor specific control path. vDPA devices can be both
physically located on the hardware or emulated by software.

-netdev hubport,id=id,hubid=hubid[,netdev=nd]
Create a hub port on the emulated hub with ID hubid.

The hubport netdev lets you connect a NIC to a QEMU emulated hub instead of a
single netdev. Alternatively, you can also connect the hubport to another netdev
with ID nd by using the netdev=nd option.

-net nic[,netdev=nd][,macaddr=mac][,model=type] [,name=name][,addr=addr][,vectors=v]
Legacy option to configure or create an on-board (or machine default) Network
Interface Card(NIC) and connect it either to the emulated hub with ID 0 (i.e. the
default hub), or to the netdev nd. If model is omitted, then the default NIC model
associated with the machine type is used. Note that the default NIC model may
change in future QEMU releases, so it is highly recommended to always specify a
model. Optionally, the MAC address can be changed to mac, the device address set to
addr (PCI cards only), and a name can be assigned for use in monitor commands.
Optionally, for PCI cards, you can specify the number v of MSI-X vectors that the
card should have; this option currently only affects virtio cards; set v = 0 to
disable MSI-X. If no -net option is specified, a single NIC is created. QEMU can
emulate several different models of network card. Use -net nic,model=help for a
list of available devices for your target.

-net user|tap|bridge|socket|l2tpv3|vde[,...][,name=name]
Configure a host network backend (with the options corresponding to the same
-netdev option) and connect it to the emulated hub 0 (the default hub). Use name to
specify the name of the hub port.

Character device options
The general form of a character device option is:

-chardev backend,id=id[,mux=on|off][,options]
Backend is one of: null, socket, udp, msmouse, vc, ringbuf, file, pipe, console,
serial, pty, stdio, braille, parallel, spicevmc, spiceport. The specific backend
will determine the applicable options.

Use -chardev help to print all available chardev backend types.

All devices must have an id, which can be any string up to 127 characters long. It
is used to uniquely identify this device in other command line directives.

A character device may be used in multiplexing mode by multiple front-ends. Specify
mux=on to enable this mode. A multiplexer is a "1:N" device, and here the "1" end
is your specified chardev backend, and the "N" end is the various parts of QEMU
that can talk to a chardev. If you create a chardev with id=myid and mux=on, QEMU
will create a multiplexer with your specified ID, and you can then configure
multiple front ends to use that chardev ID for their input/output. Up to four
different front ends can be connected to a single multiplexed chardev. (Without
multiplexing enabled, a chardev can only be used by a single front end.) For
instance you could use this to allow a single stdio chardev to be used by two
serial ports and the QEMU monitor:

-chardev stdio,mux=on,id=char0 \
-mon chardev=char0,mode=readline \
-serial chardev:char0 \
-serial chardev:char0

You can have more than one multiplexer in a system configuration; for instance you
could have a TCP port multiplexed between UART 0 and UART 1, and stdio multiplexed
between the QEMU monitor and a parallel port:

-chardev stdio,mux=on,id=char0 \
-mon chardev=char0,mode=readline \
-parallel chardev:char0 \
-chardev tcp,...,mux=on,id=char1 \
-serial chardev:char1 \
-serial chardev:char1

When you're using a multiplexed character device, some escape sequences are
interpreted in the input. See the chapter about Keys in the character backend
multiplexer in the System Emulation Users Guide for more details.

Note that some other command line options may implicitly create multiplexed
character backends; for instance -serial mon:stdio creates a multiplexed stdio
backend connected to the serial port and the QEMU monitor, and -nographic also
multiplexes the console and the monitor to stdio.

There is currently no support for multiplexing in the other direction (where a
single QEMU front end takes input and output from multiple chardevs).

Every backend supports the logfile option, which supplies the path to a file to
record all data transmitted via the backend. The logappend option controls whether
the log file will be truncated or appended to when opened.

The available backends are:

-chardev null,id=id
A void device. This device will not emit any data, and will drop any data it
receives. The null backend does not take any options.

-chardev socket,id=id[,TCP options or unix
options][,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,telnet=on|off][,websocket=on|off][,reconnect=seconds][,tls-creds=id][,tls-authz=id]
Create a two-way stream socket, which can be either a TCP or a unix socket. A unix
socket will be created if path is specified. Behaviour is undefined if TCP options
are specified for a unix socket.

server=on|off specifies that the socket shall be a listening socket.

wait=on|off specifies that QEMU should not block waiting for a client to connect to
a listening socket.

telnet=on|off specifies that traffic on the socket should interpret telnet escape
sequences.

websocket=on|off specifies that the socket uses WebSocket protocol for
communication.

reconnect sets the timeout for reconnecting on non-server sockets when the remote
end goes away. qemu will delay this many seconds and then attempt to reconnect.
Zero disables reconnecting, and is the default.

tls-creds requests enablement of the TLS protocol for encryption, and specifies the
id of the TLS credentials to use for the handshake. The credentials must be
previously created with the -object tls-creds argument.

tls-auth provides the ID of the QAuthZ authorization object against which the
client's x509 distinguished name will be validated. This object is only resolved at
time of use, so can be deleted and recreated on the fly while the chardev server is
active. If missing, it will default to denying access.

TCP and unix socket options are given below:

TCP options:
port=port[,host=host][,to=to][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
host for a listening socket specifies the local address to be bound. For a
connecting socket species the remote host to connect to. host is optional
for listening sockets. If not specified it defaults to 0.0.0.0.

port for a listening socket specifies the local port to be bound. For a
connecting socket specifies the port on the remote host to connect to. port
can be given as either a port number or a service name. port is required.

to is only relevant to listening sockets. If it is specified, and port
cannot be bound, QEMU will attempt to bind to subsequent ports up to and
including to until it succeeds. to must be specified as a port number.

ipv4=on|off and ipv6=on|off specify that either IPv4 or IPv6 must be used.
If neither is specified the socket may use either protocol.

nodelay=on|off disables the Nagle algorithm.

unix options: path=path[,abstract=on|off][,tight=on|off]
path specifies the local path of the unix socket. path is required.
abstract=on|off specifies the use of the abstract socket namespace, rather
than the filesystem. Optional, defaults to false. tight=on|off sets the
socket length of abstract sockets to their minimum, rather than the full
sun_path length. Optional, defaults to true.

-chardev
udp,id=id[,host=host],port=port[,localaddr=localaddr][,localport=localport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
Sends all traffic from the guest to a remote host over UDP.

host specifies the remote host to connect to. If not specified it defaults to
localhost.

port specifies the port on the remote host to connect to. port is required.

localaddr specifies the local address to bind to. If not specified it defaults to
0.0.0.0.

localport specifies the local port to bind to. If not specified any available local
port will be used.

ipv4=on|off and ipv6=on|off specify that either IPv4 or IPv6 must be used. If
neither is specified the device may use either protocol.

-chardev msmouse,id=id
Forward QEMU's emulated msmouse events to the guest. msmouse does not take any
options.

-chardev vc,id=id[[,width=width][,height=height]][[,cols=cols][,rows=rows]]
Connect to a QEMU text console. vc may optionally be given a specific size.

width and height specify the width and height respectively of the console, in
pixels.

cols and rows specify that the console be sized to fit a text console with the
given dimensions.

-chardev ringbuf,id=id[,size=size]
Create a ring buffer with fixed size size. size must be a power of two and defaults
to 64K.

-chardev file,id=id,path=path
Log all traffic received from the guest to a file.

path specifies the path of the file to be opened. This file will be created if it
does not already exist, and overwritten if it does. path is required.

-chardev pipe,id=id,path=path
Create a two-way connection to the guest. The behaviour differs slightly between
Windows hosts and other hosts:

On Windows, a single duplex pipe will be created at \\.pipe\path.

On other hosts, 2 pipes will be created called path.in and path.out. Data written
to path.in will be received by the guest. Data written by the guest can be read
from path.out. QEMU will not create these fifos, and requires them to be present.

path forms part of the pipe path as described above. path is required.

-chardev console,id=id
Send traffic from the guest to QEMU's standard output. console does not take any
options.

console is only available on Windows hosts.

-chardev serial,id=id,path=path
Send traffic from the guest to a serial device on the host.

On Unix hosts serial will actually accept any tty device, not only serial lines.

path specifies the name of the serial device to open.

-chardev pty,id=id
Create a new pseudo-terminal on the host and connect to it. pty does not take any
options.

pty is not available on Windows hosts.

-chardev stdio,id=id[,signal=on|off]
Connect to standard input and standard output of the QEMU process.

signal controls if signals are enabled on the terminal, that includes exiting QEMU
with the key sequence Control-c. This option is enabled by default, use signal=off
to disable it.

-chardev braille,id=id
Connect to a local BrlAPI server. braille does not take any options.

-chardev parallel,id=id,path=path

parallel is only available on Linux, FreeBSD and DragonFlyBSD
hosts.

Connect to a local parallel port.

path specifies the path to the parallel port device. path is required.

-chardev spicevmc,id=id,debug=debug,name=name
spicevmc is only available when spice support is built in.

debug debug level for spicevmc

name name of spice channel to connect to

Connect to a spice virtual machine channel, such as vdiport.

-chardev spiceport,id=id,debug=debug,name=name
spiceport is only available when spice support is built in.

debug debug level for spicevmc

name name of spice port to connect to

Connect to a spice port, allowing a Spice client to handle the traffic identified
by a name (preferably a fqdn).

TPM device options
The general form of a TPM device option is:

-tpmdev backend,id=id[,options]
The specific backend type will determine the applicable options. The -tpmdev option
creates the TPM backend and requires a -device option that specifies the TPM
frontend interface model.

Use -tpmdev help to print all available TPM backend types.

The available backends are:

-tpmdev passthrough,id=id,path=path,cancel-path=cancel-path
(Linux-host only) Enable access to the host's TPM using the passthrough driver.

path specifies the path to the host's TPM device, i.e., on a Linux host this would
be /dev/tpm0. path is optional and by default /dev/tpm0 is used.

cancel-path specifies the path to the host TPM device's sysfs entry allowing for
cancellation of an ongoing TPM command. cancel-path is optional and by default
QEMU will search for the sysfs entry to use.

Some notes about using the host's TPM with the passthrough driver:

The TPM device accessed by the passthrough driver must not be used by any other
application on the host.

Since the host's firmware (BIOS/UEFI) has already initialized the TPM, the VM's
firmware (BIOS/UEFI) will not be able to initialize the TPM again and may therefore
not show a TPM-specific menu that would otherwise allow the user to configure the
TPM, e.g., allow the user to enable/disable or activate/deactivate the TPM.
Further, if TPM ownership is released from within a VM then the host's TPM will get
disabled and deactivated. To enable and activate the TPM again afterwards, the host
has to be rebooted and the user is required to enter the firmware's menu to enable
and activate the TPM. If the TPM is left disabled and/or deactivated most TPM
commands will fail.

To create a passthrough TPM use the following two options:

-tpmdev passthrough,id=tpm0 -device tpm-tis,tpmdev=tpm0

Note that the -tpmdev id is tpm0 and is referenced by tpmdev=tpm0 in the device
option.

-tpmdev emulator,id=id,chardev=dev
(Linux-host only) Enable access to a TPM emulator using Unix domain socket based
chardev backend.

chardev specifies the unique ID of a character device backend that provides
connection to the software TPM server.

To create a TPM emulator backend device with chardev socket backend:

-chardev socket,id=chrtpm,path=/tmp/swtpm-sock -tpmdev emulator,id=tpm0,chardev=chrtpm -device tpm-tis,tpmdev=tpm0

Boot Image or Kernel specific
There are broadly 4 ways you can boot a system with QEMU.

• specify a firmware and let it control finding a kernel

• specify a firmware and pass a hint to the kernel to boot

• direct kernel image boot

• manually load files into the guest's address space

The third method is useful for quickly testing kernels but as there is no firmware to pass
configuration information to the kernel the hardware must either be probeable, the kernel
built for the exact configuration or passed some configuration data (e.g. a DTB blob)
which tells the kernel what drivers it needs. This exact details are often hardware
specific.

The final method is the most generic way of loading images into the guest address space
and used mostly for bare metal type development where the reset vectors of the processor
are taken into account.

For x86 machines and some other architectures -bios will generally do the right thing with
whatever it is given. For other machines the more strict -pflash option needs an image
that is sized for the flash device for the given machine type.

Please see the QEMU System Emulator Targets section of the manual for more detailed
documentation.

-bios file
Set the filename for the BIOS.

-pflash file
Use file as a parallel flash image.

The kernel options were designed to work with Linux kernels although other things (like
hypervisors) can be packaged up as a kernel executable image. The exact format of a
executable image is usually architecture specific.

The way in which the kernel is started (what address it is loaded at, what if any
information is passed to it via CPU registers, the state of the hardware when it is
started, and so on) is also architecture specific. Typically it follows the specification
laid down by the Linux kernel for how kernels for that architecture must be started.

-kernel bzImage
Use bzImage as kernel image. The kernel can be either a Linux kernel or in
multiboot format.

-append cmdline
Use cmdline as kernel command line

-initrd file
Use file as initial ram disk.

-initrd "file1 arg=foo,file2"
This syntax is only available with multiboot.

Use file1 and file2 as modules and pass arg=foo as parameter to the first module.

-dtb file
Use file as a device tree binary (dtb) image and pass it to the kernel on boot.

Finally you can also manually load images directly into the address space of the guest.
This is most useful for developers who already know the layout of their guest and take
care to ensure something sane will happen when the reset vector executes.

The generic loader can be invoked by using the loader device:

-device
loader,addr=<addr>,data=<data>,data-len=<data-len>[,data-be=<data-be>][,cpu-num=<cpu-num>]

there is also the guest loader which operates in a similar way but tweaks the DTB so a
hypervisor loaded via -kernel can find where the guest image is:

-device guest-loader,addr=<addr>[,kernel=<path>,[bootargs=<arguments>]][,initrd=<path>]

Debug/Expert options
-compat [deprecated-input=@var{input-policy}][,deprecated-output=@var{output-policy}]
Set policy for handling deprecated management interfaces (experimental):

deprecated-input=accept (default)
Accept deprecated commands and arguments

deprecated-input=reject
Reject deprecated commands and arguments

deprecated-input=crash
Crash on deprecated commands and arguments

deprecated-output=accept (default)
Emit deprecated command results and events

deprecated-output=hide
Suppress deprecated command results and events

Limitation: covers only syntactic aspects of QMP.

-compat [unstable-input=@var{input-policy}][,unstable-output=@var{output-policy}]
Set policy for handling unstable management interfaces (experimental):

unstable-input=accept (default)
Accept unstable commands and arguments

unstable-input=reject
Reject unstable commands and arguments

unstable-input=crash
Crash on unstable commands and arguments

unstable-output=accept (default)
Emit unstable command results and events

unstable-output=hide
Suppress unstable command results and events

Limitation: covers only syntactic aspects of QMP.

-fw_cfg [name=]name,file=file
Add named fw_cfg entry with contents from file file.

-fw_cfg [name=]name,string=str
Add named fw_cfg entry with contents from string str.

The terminating NUL character of the contents of str will not be included as part
of the fw_cfg item data. To insert contents with embedded NUL characters, you have
to use the file parameter.

The fw_cfg entries are passed by QEMU through to the guest.

Example:

-fw_cfg name=opt/com.mycompany/blob,file=./my_blob.bin

creates an fw_cfg entry named opt/com.mycompany/blob with contents from
./my_blob.bin.

-serial dev
Redirect the virtual serial port to host character device dev. The default device
is vc in graphical mode and stdio in non graphical mode.

This option can be used several times to simulate up to 4 serial ports.

Use -serial none to disable all serial ports.

Available character devices are:

vc[:WxH]
Virtual console. Optionally, a width and height can be given in pixel with

vc:800x600

It is also possible to specify width or height in characters:

vc:80Cx24C

pty [Linux only] Pseudo TTY (a new PTY is automatically allocated)

none No device is allocated.

null void device

chardev:id
Use a named character device defined with the -chardev option.

/dev/XXX
[Linux only] Use host tty, e.g. /dev/ttyS0. The host serial port parameters
are set according to the emulated ones.

/dev/parportN
[Linux only, parallel port only] Use host parallel port N. Currently SPP
and EPP parallel port features can be used.

file:filename
Write output to filename. No character can be read.

stdio [Unix only] standard input/output

pipe:filename
name pipe filename

COMn [Windows only] Use host serial port n

udp:[remote_host]:remote_port[@[src_ip]:src_port]
This implements UDP Net Console. When remote_host or src_ip are not
specified they default to 0.0.0.0. When not using a specified src_port a
random port is automatically chosen.

If you just want a simple readonly console you can use netcat or nc, by
starting QEMU with: -serial udp::4555 and nc as: nc -u -l -p 4555. Any time
QEMU writes something to that port it will appear in the netconsole session.

If you plan to send characters back via netconsole or you want to stop and
start QEMU a lot of times, you should have QEMU use the same source port
each time by using something like -serial udp::4555@:4556 to QEMU. Another
approach is to use a patched version of netcat which can listen to a TCP
port and send and receive characters via udp. If you have a patched version
of netcat which activates telnet remote echo and single char transfer, then
you can use the following options to set up a netcat redirector to allow
telnet on port 5555 to access the QEMU port.

QEMU Options:
-serial udp::4555@:4556

netcat options:
-u -P 4555 -L 0.0.0.0:4556 -t -p 5555 -I -T

telnet options:
localhost 5555

tcp:[host]:port[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,nodelay=on|off][,reconnect=seconds]
The TCP Net Console has two modes of operation. It can send the serial I/O
to a location or wait for a connection from a location. By default the TCP
Net Console is sent to host at the port. If you use the server=on option
QEMU will wait for a client socket application to connect to the port before
continuing, unless the wait=on|off option was specified. The nodelay=on|off
option disables the Nagle buffering algorithm. The reconnect=on option only
applies if server=no is set, if the connection goes down it will attempt to
reconnect at the given interval. If host is omitted, 0.0.0.0 is assumed.
Only one TCP connection at a time is accepted. You can use telnet=on to
connect to the corresponding character device.

Example to send tcp console to 192.168.0.2 port 4444
-serial tcp:192.168.0.2:4444

Example to listen and wait on port 4444 for connection
-serial tcp::4444,server=on

Example to not wait and listen on ip 192.168.0.100 port 4444
-serial tcp:192.168.0.100:4444,server=on,wait=off

telnet:host:port[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
The telnet protocol is used instead of raw tcp sockets. The options work the
same as if you had specified -serial tcp. The difference is that the port
acts like a telnet server or client using telnet option negotiation. This
will also allow you to send the MAGIC_SYSRQ sequence if you use a telnet
that supports sending the break sequence. Typically in unix telnet you do it
with Control-] and then type "send break" followed by pressing the enter
key.

websocket:host:port,server=on[,wait=on|off][,nodelay=on|off]
The WebSocket protocol is used instead of raw tcp socket. The port acts as a
WebSocket server. Client mode is not supported.

unix:path[,server=on|off][,wait=on|off][,reconnect=seconds]
A unix domain socket is used instead of a tcp socket. The option works the
same as if you had specified -serial tcp except the unix domain socket path
is used for connections.

mon:dev_string
This is a special option to allow the monitor to be multiplexed onto another
serial port. The monitor is accessed with key sequence of Control-a and then
pressing c. dev_string should be any one of the serial devices specified
above. An example to multiplex the monitor onto a telnet server listening on
port 4444 would be:

-serial mon:telnet::4444,server=on,wait=off

When the monitor is multiplexed to stdio in this way, Ctrl+C will not
terminate QEMU any more but will be passed to the guest instead.

braille
Braille device. This will use BrlAPI to display the braille output on a real
or fake device.

msmouse
Three button serial mouse. Configure the guest to use Microsoft protocol.

-parallel dev
Redirect the virtual parallel port to host device dev (same devices as the serial
port). On Linux hosts, /dev/parportN can be used to use hardware devices connected
on the corresponding host parallel port.

This option can be used several times to simulate up to 3 parallel ports.

Use -parallel none to disable all parallel ports.

-monitor dev
Redirect the monitor to host device dev (same devices as the serial port). The
default device is vc in graphical mode and stdio in non graphical mode. Use
-monitor none to disable the default monitor.

-qmp dev
Like -monitor but opens in 'control' mode.

-qmp-pretty dev
Like -qmp but uses pretty JSON formatting.

-mon [chardev=]name[,mode=readline|control][,pretty[=on|off]]
Setup monitor on chardev name. mode=control configures a QMP monitor (a JSON
RPC-style protocol) and it is not the same as HMP, the human monitor that has a
"(qemu)" prompt. pretty is only valid when mode=control, turning on JSON pretty
printing to ease human reading and debugging.

-debugcon dev
Redirect the debug console to host device dev (same devices as the serial port).
The debug console is an I/O port which is typically port 0xe9; writing to that I/O
port sends output to this device. The default device is vc in graphical mode and
stdio in non graphical mode.

-pidfile file
Store the QEMU process PID in file. It is useful if you launch QEMU from a script.

-singlestep
Run the emulation in single step mode.

--preconfig
Pause QEMU for interactive configuration before the machine is created, which
allows querying and configuring properties that will affect machine initialization.
Use QMP command 'x-exit-preconfig' to exit the preconfig state and move to the next
state (i.e. run guest if -S isn't used or pause the second time if -S is used).
This option is experimental.

-S Do not start CPU at startup (you must type 'c' in the monitor).

-overcommit mem-lock=on|off

-overcommit cpu-pm=on|off
Run qemu with hints about host resource overcommit. The default is to assume that
host overcommits all resources.

Locking qemu and guest memory can be enabled via mem-lock=on (disabled by default).
This works when host memory is not overcommitted and reduces the worst-case latency
for guest.

Guest ability to manage power state of host cpus (increasing latency for other
processes on the same host cpu, but decreasing latency for guest) can be enabled
via cpu-pm=on (disabled by default). This works best when host CPU is not
overcommitted. When used, host estimates of CPU cycle and power utilization will be
incorrect, not taking into account guest idle time.

-gdb dev
Accept a gdb connection on device dev (see the GDB usage chapter in the System
Emulation Users Guide). Note that this option does not pause QEMU execution -- if
you want QEMU to not start the guest until you connect with gdb and issue a
continue command, you will need to also pass the -S option to QEMU.

The most usual configuration is to listen on a local TCP socket:

-gdb tcp::3117

but you can specify other backends; UDP, pseudo TTY, or even stdio are all
reasonable use cases. For example, a stdio connection allows you to start QEMU from
within gdb and establish the connection via a pipe:

(gdb) target remote | exec qemu-system-x86_64 -gdb stdio ...

-s Shorthand for -gdb tcp::1234, i.e. open a gdbserver on TCP port 1234 (see the GDB
usage chapter in the System Emulation Users Guide).

-d item1[,...]
Enable logging of specified items. Use '-d help' for a list of log items.

-D logfile
Output log in logfile instead of to stderr

-dfilter range1[,...]
Filter debug output to that relevant to a range of target addresses. The filter
spec can be either start+size, start-size or start..end where start end and size
are the addresses and sizes required. For example:

-dfilter 0x8000..0x8fff,0xffffffc000080000+0x200,0xffffffc000060000-0x1000

Will dump output for any code in the 0x1000 sized block starting at 0x8000 and the
0x200 sized block starting at 0xffffffc000080000 and another 0x1000 sized block
starting at 0xffffffc00005f000.

-seed number
Force the guest to use a deterministic pseudo-random number generator, seeded with
number. This does not affect crypto routines within the host.

-L path
Set the directory for the BIOS, VGA BIOS and keymaps.

To list all the data directories, use -L help.

-enable-kvm
Enable KVM full virtualization support. This option is only available if KVM
support is enabled when compiling.

-xen-domid id
Specify xen guest domain id (XEN only).

-xen-attach
Attach to existing xen domain. libxl will use this when starting QEMU (XEN only).
Restrict set of available xen operations to specified domain id (XEN only).

-no-reboot
Exit instead of rebooting.

-no-shutdown
Don't exit QEMU on guest shutdown, but instead only stop the emulation. This allows
for instance switching to monitor to commit changes to the disk image.

-action event=action
The action parameter serves to modify QEMU's default behavior when certain guest
events occur. It provides a generic method for specifying the same behaviors that
are modified by the -no-reboot and -no-shutdown parameters.

Examples:

-action panic=none -action reboot=shutdown,shutdown=pause -device i6300esb -action
watchdog=pause

-loadvm file
Start right away with a saved state (loadvm in monitor)

-daemonize
Daemonize the QEMU process after initialization. QEMU will not detach from standard
IO until it is ready to receive connections on any of its devices. This option is a
useful way for external programs to launch QEMU without having to cope with
initialization race conditions.

-option-rom file
Load the contents of file as an option ROM. This option is useful to load things
like EtherBoot.

-rtc [base=utc|localtime|datetime][,clock=host|rt|vm][,driftfix=none|slew]
Specify base as utc or localtime to let the RTC start at the current UTC or local
time, respectively. localtime is required for correct date in MS-DOS or Windows. To
start at a specific point in time, provide datetime in the format
2006-06-17T16:01:21 or 2006-06-17. The default base is UTC.

By default the RTC is driven by the host system time. This allows using of the RTC
as accurate reference clock inside the guest, specifically if the host time is
smoothly following an accurate external reference clock, e.g. via NTP. If you want
to isolate the guest time from the host, you can set clock to rt instead, which
provides a host monotonic clock if host support it. To even prevent the RTC from
progressing during suspension, you can set clock to vm (virtual clock). 'clock=vm'
is recommended especially in icount mode in order to preserve determinism; however,
note that in icount mode the speed of the virtual clock is variable and can in
general differ from the host clock.

Enable driftfix (i386 targets only) if you experience time drift problems,
specifically with Windows' ACPI HAL. This option will try to figure out how many
timer interrupts were not processed by the Windows guest and will re-inject them.

-icount
[shift=N|auto][,align=on|off][,sleep=on|off][,rr=record|replay,rrfile=filename[,rrsnapshot=snapshot]]
Enable virtual instruction counter. The virtual cpu will execute one instruction
every 2^N ns of virtual time. If auto is specified then the virtual cpu speed will
be automatically adjusted to keep virtual time within a few seconds of real time.

Note that while this option can give deterministic behavior, it does not provide
cycle accurate emulation. Modern CPUs contain superscalar out of order cores with
complex cache hierarchies. The number of instructions executed often has little or
no correlation with actual performance.

When the virtual cpu is sleeping, the virtual time will advance at default speed
unless sleep=on is specified. With sleep=on, the virtual time will jump to the next
timer deadline instantly whenever the virtual cpu goes to sleep mode and will not
advance if no timer is enabled. This behavior gives deterministic execution times
from the guest point of view. The default if icount is enabled is sleep=off.
sleep=on cannot be used together with either shift=auto or align=on.

align=on will activate the delay algorithm which will try to synchronise the host
clock and the virtual clock. The goal is to have a guest running at the real
frequency imposed by the shift option. Whenever the guest clock is behind the host
clock and if align=on is specified then we print a message to the user to inform
about the delay. Currently this option does not work when shift is auto. Note: The
sync algorithm will work for those shift values for which the guest clock runs
ahead of the host clock. Typically this happens when the shift value is high (how
high depends on the host machine). The default if icount is enabled is align=off.

When the rr option is specified deterministic record/replay is enabled. The rrfile=
option must also be provided to specify the path to the replay log. In record mode
data is written to this file, and in replay mode it is read back. If the
rrsnapshot option is given then it specifies a VM snapshot name. In record mode, a
new VM snapshot with the given name is created at the start of execution recording.
In replay mode this option specifies the snapshot name used to load the initial VM
state.

-watchdog-action action
The action controls what QEMU will do when the watchdog timer expires. The default
is reset (forcefully reset the guest). Other possible actions are: shutdown
(attempt to gracefully shutdown the guest), poweroff (forcefully poweroff the
guest), inject-nmi (inject a NMI into the guest), pause (pause the guest), debug
(print a debug message and continue), or none (do nothing).

Note that the shutdown action requires that the guest responds to ACPI signals,
which it may not be able to do in the sort of situations where the watchdog would
have expired, and thus -watchdog-action shutdown is not recommended for production
use.

Examples:

-device i6300esb -watchdog-action pause

-echr numeric_ascii_value
Change the escape character used for switching to the monitor when using monitor
and serial sharing. The default is 0x01 when using the -nographic option. 0x01 is
equal to pressing Control-a. You can select a different character from the ascii
control keys where 1 through 26 map to Control-a through Control-z. For instance
you could use the either of the following to change the escape character to
Control-t.

-echr 0x14; -echr 20

-incoming tcp:[host]:port[,to=maxport][,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]

-incoming rdma:host:port[,ipv4=on|off][,ipv6=on|off]
Prepare for incoming migration, listen on a given tcp port.

-incoming unix:socketpath
Prepare for incoming migration, listen on a given unix socket.

-incoming fd:fd
Accept incoming migration from a given filedescriptor.

-incoming exec:cmdline
Accept incoming migration as an output from specified external command.

-incoming defer
Wait for the URI to be specified via migrate_incoming. The monitor can be used to
change settings (such as migration parameters) prior to issuing the
migrate_incoming to allow the migration to begin.

-only-migratable
Only allow migratable devices. Devices will not be allowed to enter an unmigratable
state.

-nodefaults
Don't create default devices. Normally, QEMU sets the default devices like serial
port, parallel port, virtual console, monitor device, VGA adapter, floppy and
CD-ROM drive and others. The -nodefaults option will disable all those default
devices.

-chroot dir
Immediately before starting guest execution, chroot to the specified directory.
Especially useful in combination with -runas.

-runas user
Immediately before starting guest execution, drop root privileges, switching to the
specified user.

-prom-env variable=value
Set OpenBIOS nvram variable to given value (PPC, SPARC only).

qemu-system-sparc -prom-env 'auto-boot?=false' \
-prom-env 'boot-device=sd(0,2,0):d' -prom-env 'boot-args=linux single'

qemu-system-ppc -prom-env 'auto-boot?=false' \
-prom-env 'boot-device=hd:2,\yaboot' \
-prom-env 'boot-args=conf=hd:2,\yaboot.conf'

-semihosting
Enable Semihosting mode (ARM, M68K, Xtensa, MIPS, Nios II, RISC-V only).

WARNING:
Note that this allows guest direct access to the host filesystem, so should only
be used with a trusted guest OS.

See the -semihosting-config option documentation for further information about the
facilities this enables.

-semihosting-config
[enable=on|off][,target=native|gdb|auto][,chardev=id][,userspace=on|off][,arg=str[,...]]
Enable and configure Semihosting (ARM, M68K, Xtensa, MIPS, Nios II, RISC-V only).

WARNING:
Note that this allows guest direct access to the host filesystem, so should only
be used with a trusted guest OS.

target=native|gdb|auto
Defines where the semihosting calls will be addressed, to QEMU (native) or
to GDB (gdb). The default is auto, which means gdb during debug sessions and
native otherwise.

chardev=str1
Send the output to a chardev backend output for native or auto output when
not in gdb

userspace=on|off
Allows code running in guest userspace to access the semihosting interface.
The default is that only privileged guest code can make semihosting calls.
Note that setting userspace=on should only be used if all guest code is
trusted (for example, in bare-metal test case code).

arg=str1,arg=str2,...
Allows the user to pass input arguments, and can be used multiple times to
build up a list. The old-style -kernel/-append method of passing a command
line is still supported for backward compatibility. If both the
--semihosting-config arg and the -kernel/-append are specified, the former
is passed to semihosting as it always takes precedence.

-old-param
Old param mode (ARM only).

-sandbox
arg[,obsolete=string][,elevateprivileges=string][,spawn=string][,resourcecontrol=string]
Enable Seccomp mode 2 system call filter. 'on' will enable syscall filtering and
'off' will disable it. The default is 'off'.

obsolete=string
Enable Obsolete system calls

elevateprivileges=string
Disable set*uid|gid system calls

spawn=string
Disable *fork and execve

resourcecontrol=string
Disable process affinity and schedular priority

-readconfig file
Read device configuration from file. This approach is useful when you want to spawn
QEMU process with many command line options but you don't want to exceed the
command line character limit.

-no-user-config
The -no-user-config option makes QEMU not load any of the user-provided config
files on sysconfdir.

-trace [[enable=]pattern][,events=file][,file=file]
Specify tracing options.

[enable=]PATTERN
Immediately enable events matching PATTERN (either event name or a globbing
pattern). This option is only available if QEMU has been compiled with the
simple, log or ftrace tracing backend. To specify multiple events or patterns,
specify the -trace option multiple times.

Use -trace help to print a list of names of trace points.

events=FILE
Immediately enable events listed in FILE. The file must contain one event name
(as listed in the trace-events-all file) per line; globbing patterns are
accepted too. This option is only available if QEMU has been compiled with the
simple, log or ftrace tracing backend.

file=FILE
Log output traces to FILE. This option is only available if QEMU has been
compiled with the simple tracing backend.

-plugin file=file[,argname=argvalue]
Load a plugin.

file=file
Load the given plugin from a shared library file.

argname=argvalue
Argument passed to the plugin. (Can be given multiple times.)

-async-teardown
This option is deprecated and should no longer be used. The new option -run-with
async-teardown=on is a replacement.

-run-with
Set QEMU process lifecycle options.

async-teardown=on enables asynchronous teardown. A new process called
"cleanup/<QEMU_PID>" will be created at startup sharing the address space with the
main QEMU process, using clone. It will wait for the main QEMU process to terminate
completely, and then exit. This allows QEMU to terminate very quickly even if the
guest was huge, leaving the teardown of the address space to the cleanup process.
Since the cleanup process shares the same cgroups as the main QEMU process,
accounting is performed correctly. This only works if the cleanup process is not
forcefully killed with SIGKILL before the main QEMU process has terminated
completely.

-msg [timestamp[=on|off]][,guest-name[=on|off]]
Control error message format.

timestamp=on|off
Prefix messages with a timestamp. Default is off.

guest-name=on|off
Prefix messages with guest name but only if -name guest option is set
otherwise the option is ignored. Default is off.

-dump-vmstate file
Dump json-encoded vmstate information for current machine type to file in file

-enable-sync-profile
Enable synchronization profiling.

-perfmap
Generate a map file for Linux perf tools that will allow basic profiling
information to be broken down into basic blocks.

-jitdump
Generate a dump file for Linux perf tools that maps basic blocks to symbol names,
line numbers and JITted code.

Generic object creation
-object typename[,prop1=value1,...]
Create a new object of type typename setting properties in the order they are
specified. Note that the 'id' property must be set. These objects are placed in the
'/objects' path.

The id parameter is a unique ID that will be used to reference this memory
region in other parameters, e.g. -numa, -device nvdimm, etc.

The size option provides the size of the memory region, and accepts common
suffixes, e.g. 500M.

The mem-path provides the path to either a shared memory or huge page
filesystem mount.

The share boolean option determines whether the memory region is marked as
private to QEMU, or shared. The latter allows a co-operating external
process to access the QEMU memory region.

The share is also required for pvrdma devices due to limitations in the RDMA
API provided by Linux.

Setting share=on might affect the ability to configure NUMA bindings for the
memory backend under some circumstances, see
Documentation/vm/numa_memory_policy.txt on the Linux kernel source tree for
additional details.

Setting the discard-data boolean option to on indicates that file contents
can be destroyed when QEMU exits, to avoid unnecessarily flushing data to
the backing file. Note that discard-data is only an optimization, and QEMU
might not discard file contents if it aborts unexpectedly or is terminated
using SIGKILL.

The merge boolean option enables memory merge, also known as MADV_MERGEABLE,
so that Kernel Samepage Merging will consider the pages for memory
deduplication.

Setting the dump boolean option to off excludes the memory from core dumps.
This feature is also known as MADV_DONTDUMP.

The prealloc boolean option enables memory preallocation.

The host-nodes option binds the memory range to a list of NUMA host nodes.

The policy option sets the NUMA policy to one of the following values:

default
default host policy

preferred
prefer the given host node list for allocation

bind restrict memory allocation to the given host node list

interleave
interleave memory allocations across the given host node list

The align option specifies the base address alignment when QEMU mmap(2)
mem-path, and accepts common suffixes, eg 2M. Some backend store specified
by mem-path requires an alignment different than the default one used by
QEMU, eg the device DAX /dev/dax0.0 requires 2M alignment rather than 4K. In
such cases, users can specify the required alignment via this option.

The pmem option specifies whether the backing file specified by mem-path is
in host persistent memory that can be accessed using the SNIA NVM
programming model (e.g. Intel NVDIMM). If pmem is set to 'on', QEMU will
take necessary operations to guarantee the persistence of its own writes to
mem-path (e.g. in vNVDIMM label emulation and live migration). Also, we will
map the backend-file with MAP_SYNC flag, which ensures the file metadata is
in sync for mem-path in case of host crash or a power failure. MAP_SYNC
requires support from both the host kernel (since Linux kernel 4.15) and the
filesystem of mem-path mounted with DAX option.

The readonly option specifies whether the backing file is opened read-only
or read-write (default).

-object
memory-backend-ram,id=id,merge=on|off,dump=on|off,share=on|off,prealloc=on|off,size=size,host-nodes=host-nodes,policy=default|preferred|bind|interleave
Creates a memory backend object, which can be used to back the guest RAM.
Memory backend objects offer more control than the -m option that is
traditionally used to define guest RAM. Please refer to memory-backend-file
for a description of the options.

The seal option creates a sealed-file, that will block further resizing the
memory ('on' by default).

The hugetlb option specify the file to be created resides in the hugetlbfs
filesystem (since Linux 4.14). Used in conjunction with the hugetlb option,
the hugetlbsize option specify the hugetlb page size on systems that support
multiple hugetlb page sizes (it must be a power of 2 value supported by the
system).

In some versions of Linux, the hugetlb option is incompatible with the seal
option (requires at least Linux 4.16).

Please refer to memory-backend-file for a description of the other options.

The share boolean option is on by default with memfd.

-object rng-builtin,id=id
Creates a random number generator backend which obtains entropy from QEMU
builtin functions. The id parameter is a unique ID that will be used to
reference this entropy backend from the virtio-rng device. By default, the
virtio-rng device uses this RNG backend.

-object rng-random,id=id,filename=/dev/random
Creates a random number generator backend which obtains entropy from a
device on the host. The id parameter is a unique ID that will be used to
reference this entropy backend from the virtio-rng device. The filename
parameter specifies which file to obtain entropy from and if omitted
defaults to /dev/urandom.

-object rng-egd,id=id,chardev=chardevid
Creates a random number generator backend which obtains entropy from an
external daemon running on the host. The id parameter is a unique ID that
will be used to reference this entropy backend from the virtio-rng device.
The chardev parameter is the unique ID of a character device backend that
provides the connection to the RNG daemon.

-object
tls-creds-anon,id=id,endpoint=endpoint,dir=/path/to/cred/dir,verify-peer=on|off
Creates a TLS anonymous credentials object, which can be used to provide TLS
support on network backends. The id parameter is a unique ID which network
backends will use to access the credentials. The endpoint is either server
or client depending on whether the QEMU network backend that uses the
credentials will be acting as a client or as a server. If verify-peer is
enabled (the default) then once the handshake is completed, the peer
credentials will be verified, though this is a no-op for anonymous
credentials.

The dir parameter tells QEMU where to find the credential files. For server
endpoints, this directory may contain a file dh-params.pem providing
diffie-hellman parameters to use for the TLS server. If the file is missing,
QEMU will generate a set of DH parameters at startup. This is a
computationally expensive operation that consumes random pool entropy, so it
is recommended that a persistent set of parameters be generated upfront and
saved.

-object
tls-creds-psk,id=id,endpoint=endpoint,dir=/path/to/keys/dir[,username=username]
Creates a TLS Pre-Shared Keys (PSK) credentials object, which can be used to
provide TLS support on network backends. The id parameter is a unique ID
which network backends will use to access the credentials. The endpoint is
either server or client depending on whether the QEMU network backend that
uses the credentials will be acting as a client or as a server. For clients
only, username is the username which will be sent to the server. If omitted
it defaults to "qemu".

The dir parameter tells QEMU where to find the keys file. It is called
"dir/keys.psk" and contains "username:key" pairs. This file can most easily
be created using the GnuTLS psktool program.

For server endpoints, dir may also contain a file dh-params.pem providing
diffie-hellman parameters to use for the TLS server. If the file is
missing, QEMU will generate a set of DH parameters at startup. This is a
computationally expensive operation that consumes random pool entropy, so it
is recommended that a persistent set of parameters be generated up front and
saved.

-object
tls-creds-x509,id=id,endpoint=endpoint,dir=/path/to/cred/dir,priority=priority,verify-peer=on|off,passwordid=id
Creates a TLS anonymous credentials object, which can be used to provide TLS
support on network backends. The id parameter is a unique ID which network
backends will use to access the credentials. The endpoint is either server
or client depending on whether the QEMU network backend that uses the
credentials will be acting as a client or as a server. If verify-peer is
enabled (the default) then once the handshake is completed, the peer
credentials will be verified. With x509 certificates, this implies that the
clients must be provided with valid client certificates too.

For x509 certificate credentials the directory will contain further files
providing the x509 certificates. The certificates must be stored in PEM
format, in filenames ca-cert.pem, ca-crl.pem (optional), server-cert.pem
(only servers), server-key.pem (only servers), client-cert.pem (only
clients), and client-key.pem (only clients).

For the server-key.pem and client-key.pem files which contain sensitive
private keys, it is possible to use an encrypted version by providing the
passwordid parameter. This provides the ID of a previously created secret
object containing the password for decryption.

The priority parameter allows to override the global default priority used
by gnutls. This can be useful if the system administrator needs to use a
weaker set of crypto priorities for QEMU without potentially forcing the
weakness onto all applications. Or conversely if one wants wants a stronger
default for QEMU than for all other applications, they can do this through
this parameter. Its format is a gnutls priority string as described at
https://gnutls.org/manual/html_node/Priority-Strings.html.

-object tls-cipher-suites,id=id,priority=priority
Creates a TLS cipher suites object, which can be used to control the TLS
cipher/protocol algorithms that applications are permitted to use.

The id parameter is a unique ID which frontends will use to access the
ordered list of permitted TLS cipher suites from the host.

An example of use of this object is to control UEFI HTTPS Boot. The
tls-cipher-suites object exposes the ordered list of permitted TLS cipher
suites from the host side to the guest firmware, via fw_cfg. The list is
represented as an array of IANA_TLS_CIPHER objects. The firmware uses the
IANA_TLS_CIPHER array for configuring guest-side TLS.

In the following example, the priority at which the host-side policy is
retrieved is given by the priority property. Given that QEMU uses GNUTLS,
priority=@SYSTEM may be used to refer to
/etc/crypto-policies/back-ends/gnutls.config.

# qemu-system-x86_64 \
-object tls-cipher-suites,id=mysuite0,priority=@SYSTEM \
-fw_cfg name=etc/edk2/https/ciphers,gen_id=mysuite0

-object
filter-buffer,id=id,netdev=netdevid,interval=t[,queue=all|rx|tx][,status=on|off][,position=head|tail|id=<id>][,insert=behind|before]
Interval t can't be 0, this filter batches the packet delivery: all packets
arriving in a given interval on netdev netdevid are delayed until the end of
the interval. Interval is in microseconds. status is optional that indicate
whether the netfilter is on (enabled) or off (disabled), the default status
for netfilter will be 'on'.

queue all|rx|tx is an option that can be applied to any netfilter.

all: the filter is attached both to the receive and the transmit queue of
the netdev (default).

rx: the filter is attached to the receive queue of the netdev, where it will
receive packets sent to the netdev.

tx: the filter is attached to the transmit queue of the netdev, where it
will receive packets sent by the netdev.

position head|tail|id=<id> is an option to specify where the filter should
be inserted in the filter list. It can be applied to any netfilter.

head: the filter is inserted at the head of the filter list, before any
existing filters.

tail: the filter is inserted at the tail of the filter list, behind any
existing filters (default).

id=<id>: the filter is inserted before or behind the filter specified by
<id>, see the insert option below.

insert behind|before is an option to specify where to insert the new filter
relative to the one specified with position=id=<id>. It can be applied to
any netfilter.

before: insert before the specified filter.

behind: insert behind the specified filter (default).

-object
filter-mirror,id=id,netdev=netdevid,outdev=chardevid,queue=all|rx|tx[,vnet_hdr_support][,position=head|tail|id=<id>][,insert=behind|before]
filter-mirror on netdev netdevid,mirror net packet to chardevchardevid, if
it has the vnet_hdr_support flag, filter-mirror will mirror packet with
vnet_hdr_len.

-object
filter-redirector,id=id,netdev=netdevid,indev=chardevid,outdev=chardevid,queue=all|rx|tx[,vnet_hdr_support][,position=head|tail|id=<id>][,insert=behind|before]
filter-redirector on netdev netdevid,redirect filter's net packet to chardev
chardevid,and redirect indev's packet to filter.if it has the
vnet_hdr_support flag, filter-redirector will redirect packet with
vnet_hdr_len. Create a filter-redirector we need to differ outdev id from
indev id, id can not be the same. we can just use indev or outdev, but at
least one of indev or outdev need to be specified.

-object
filter-rewriter,id=id,netdev=netdevid,queue=all|rx|tx,[vnet_hdr_support][,position=head|tail|id=<id>][,insert=behind|before]
Filter-rewriter is a part of COLO project.It will rewrite tcp packet to
secondary from primary to keep secondary tcp connection,and rewrite tcp
packet to primary from secondary make tcp packet can be handled by client.if
it has the vnet_hdr_support flag, we can parse packet with vnet header.

usage: colo secondary: -object
filter-redirector,id=f1,netdev=hn0,queue=tx,indev=red0 -object
filter-redirector,id=f2,netdev=hn0,queue=rx,outdev=red1 -object
filter-rewriter,id=rew0,netdev=hn0,queue=all

-object
filter-dump,id=id,netdev=dev[,file=filename][,maxlen=len][,position=head|tail|id=<id>][,insert=behind|before]
Dump the network traffic on netdev dev to the file specified by filename. At
most len bytes (64k by default) per packet are stored. The file format is
libpcap, so it can be analyzed with tools such as tcpdump or Wireshark.

-object
colo-compare,id=id,primary_in=chardevid,secondary_in=chardevid,outdev=chardevid,iothread=id[,vnet_hdr_support][,notify_dev=id][,compare_timeout=@var{ms}][,expired_scan_cycle=@var{ms}][,max_queue_size=@var{size}]
Colo-compare gets packet from primary_in chardevid and secondary_in, then
compare whether the payload of primary packet and secondary packet are the
same. If same, it will output primary packet to out_dev, else it will notify
COLO-framework to do checkpoint and send primary packet to out_dev. In order
to improve efficiency, we need to put the task of comparison in another
iothread. If it has the vnet_hdr_support flag, colo compare will send/recv
packet with vnet_hdr_len. The compare_timeout=@var{ms} determines the
maximum time of the colo-compare hold the packet. The
expired_scan_cycle=@var{ms} is to set the period of scanning expired primary
node network packets. The max_queue_size=@var{size} is to set the max
compare queue size depend on user environment. If user want to use Xen
COLO, need to add the notify_dev to notify Xen colo-frame to do checkpoint.

COLO-compare must be used with the help of filter-mirror, filter-redirector
and filter-rewriter.

KVM COLO

primary:
-netdev tap,id=hn0,vhost=off,script=/etc/qemu-ifup,downscript=/etc/qemu-ifdown
-device e1000,id=e0,netdev=hn0,mac=52:a4:00:12:78:66
-chardev socket,id=mirror0,host=3.3.3.3,port=9003,server=on,wait=off
-chardev socket,id=compare1,host=3.3.3.3,port=9004,server=on,wait=off
-chardev socket,id=compare0,host=3.3.3.3,port=9001,server=on,wait=off
-chardev socket,id=compare0-0,host=3.3.3.3,port=9001
-chardev socket,id=compare_out,host=3.3.3.3,port=9005,server=on,wait=off
-chardev socket,id=compare_out0,host=3.3.3.3,port=9005
-object iothread,id=iothread1
-object filter-mirror,id=m0,netdev=hn0,queue=tx,outdev=mirror0
-object filter-redirector,netdev=hn0,id=redire0,queue=rx,indev=compare_out
-object filter-redirector,netdev=hn0,id=redire1,queue=rx,outdev=compare0
-object colo-compare,id=comp0,primary_in=compare0-0,secondary_in=compare1,outdev=compare_out0,iothread=iothread1

secondary:
-netdev tap,id=hn0,vhost=off,script=/etc/qemu-ifup,down script=/etc/qemu-ifdown
-device e1000,netdev=hn0,mac=52:a4:00:12:78:66
-chardev socket,id=red0,host=3.3.3.3,port=9003
-chardev socket,id=red1,host=3.3.3.3,port=9004
-object filter-redirector,id=f1,netdev=hn0,queue=tx,indev=red0
-object filter-redirector,id=f2,netdev=hn0,queue=rx,outdev=red1

Xen COLO

primary:
-netdev tap,id=hn0,vhost=off,script=/etc/qemu-ifup,downscript=/etc/qemu-ifdown
-device e1000,id=e0,netdev=hn0,mac=52:a4:00:12:78:66
-chardev socket,id=mirror0,host=3.3.3.3,port=9003,server=on,wait=off
-chardev socket,id=compare1,host=3.3.3.3,port=9004,server=on,wait=off
-chardev socket,id=compare0,host=3.3.3.3,port=9001,server=on,wait=off
-chardev socket,id=compare0-0,host=3.3.3.3,port=9001
-chardev socket,id=compare_out,host=3.3.3.3,port=9005,server=on,wait=off
-chardev socket,id=compare_out0,host=3.3.3.3,port=9005
-chardev socket,id=notify_way,host=3.3.3.3,port=9009,server=on,wait=off
-object filter-mirror,id=m0,netdev=hn0,queue=tx,outdev=mirror0
-object filter-redirector,netdev=hn0,id=redire0,queue=rx,indev=compare_out
-object filter-redirector,netdev=hn0,id=redire1,queue=rx,outdev=compare0
-object iothread,id=iothread1
-object colo-compare,id=comp0,primary_in=compare0-0,secondary_in=compare1,outdev=compare_out0,notify_dev=nofity_way,iothread=iothread1

If you want to know the detail of above command line, you can read the
colo-compare git log.

-object cryptodev-backend-builtin,id=id[,queues=queues]
Creates a cryptodev backend which executes crypto operations from the QEMU
cipher APIs. The id parameter is a unique ID that will be used to reference
this cryptodev backend from the virtio-crypto device. The queues parameter
is optional, which specify the queue number of cryptodev backend, the
default of queues is 1.

# qemu-system-x86_64 \
[...] \
-object cryptodev-backend-builtin,id=cryptodev0 \
-device virtio-crypto-pci,id=crypto0,cryptodev=cryptodev0 \
[...]

-object cryptodev-vhost-user,id=id,chardev=chardevid[,queues=queues]
Creates a vhost-user cryptodev backend, backed by a chardev chardevid. The
id parameter is a unique ID that will be used to reference this cryptodev
backend from the virtio-crypto device. The chardev should be a unix domain
socket backed one. The vhost-user uses a specifically defined protocol to
pass vhost ioctl replacement messages to an application on the other end of
the socket. The queues parameter is optional, which specify the queue number
of cryptodev backend for multiqueue vhost-user, the default of queues is 1.

# qemu-system-x86_64 \
[...] \
-chardev socket,id=chardev0,path=/path/to/socket \
-object cryptodev-vhost-user,id=cryptodev0,chardev=chardev0 \
-device virtio-crypto-pci,id=crypto0,cryptodev=cryptodev0 \
[...]

-object secret,id=id,data=string,format=raw|base64[,keyid=secretid,iv=string]

-object secret,id=id,file=filename,format=raw|base64[,keyid=secretid,iv=string]
Defines a secret to store a password, encryption key, or some other
sensitive data. The sensitive data can either be passed directly via the
data parameter, or indirectly via the file parameter. Using the data
parameter is insecure unless the sensitive data is encrypted.

The sensitive data can be provided in raw format (the default), or base64.
When encoded as JSON, the raw format only supports valid UTF-8 characters,
so base64 is recommended for sending binary data. QEMU will convert from
which ever format is provided to the format it needs internally. eg, an RBD
password can be provided in raw format, even though it will be base64
encoded when passed onto the RBD sever.

For added protection, it is possible to encrypt the data associated with a
secret using the AES-256-CBC cipher. Use of encryption is indicated by
providing the keyid and iv parameters. The keyid parameter provides the ID
of a previously defined secret that contains the AES-256 decryption key.
This key should be 32-bytes long and be base64 encoded. The iv parameter
provides the random initialization vector used for encryption of this
particular secret and should be a base64 encrypted string of the 16-byte IV.

The simplest (insecure) usage is to provide the secret inline

# qemu-system-x86_64 -object secret,id=sec0,data=letmein,format=raw

The simplest secure usage is to provide the secret via a file

# printf "letmein" > mypasswd.txt # QEMU_SYSTEM_MACRO -object
secret,id=sec0,file=mypasswd.txt,format=raw

For greater security, AES-256-CBC should be used. To illustrate usage,
consider the openssl command line tool which can encrypt the data. Note that
when encrypting, the plaintext must be padded to the cipher block size (32
bytes) using the standard PKCS#5/6 compatible padding algorithm.

First a master key needs to be created in base64 encoding:

# openssl rand -base64 32 > key.b64
# KEY=$(base64 -d key.b64 | hexdump -v -e '/1 "%02X"')

Each secret to be encrypted needs to have a random initialization vector
generated. These do not need to be kept secret

# openssl rand -base64 16 > iv.b64
# IV=$(base64 -d iv.b64 | hexdump -v -e '/1 "%02X"')

The secret to be defined can now be encrypted, in this case we're telling
openssl to base64 encode the result, but it could be left as raw bytes if
desired.

# SECRET=$(printf "letmein" |
openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -a -K $KEY -iv $IV)

When launching QEMU, create a master secret pointing to key.b64 and specify
that to be used to decrypt the user password. Pass the contents of iv.b64 to
the second secret

# qemu-system-x86_64 \
-object secret,id=secmaster0,format=base64,file=key.b64 \
-object secret,id=sec0,keyid=secmaster0,format=base64,\
data=$SECRET,iv=$(<iv.b64)

-object
sev-guest,id=id,cbitpos=cbitpos,reduced-phys-bits=val,[sev-device=string,policy=policy,handle=handle,dh-cert-file=file,session-file=file,kernel-hashes=on|off]
Create a Secure Encrypted Virtualization (SEV) guest object, which can be
used to provide the guest memory encryption support on AMD processors.

When memory encryption is enabled, one of the physical address bit (aka the
C-bit) is utilized to mark if a memory page is protected. The cbitpos is
used to provide the C-bit position. The C-bit position is Host family
dependent hence user must provide this value. On EPYC, the value should be
47.

When memory encryption is enabled, we loose certain bits in physical address
space. The reduced-phys-bits is used to provide the number of bits we loose
in physical address space. Similar to C-bit, the value is Host family
dependent. On EPYC, the value should be 5.

The sev-device provides the device file to use for communicating with the
SEV firmware running inside AMD Secure Processor. The default device is
'/dev/sev'. If hardware supports memory encryption then /dev/sev devices are
created by CCP driver.

The policy provides the guest policy to be enforced by the SEV firmware and
restrict what configuration and operational commands can be performed on
this guest by the hypervisor. The policy should be provided by the guest
owner and is bound to the guest and cannot be changed throughout the
lifetime of the guest. The default is 0.

If guest policy allows sharing the key with another SEV guest then handle
can be use to provide handle of the guest from which to share the key.

The dh-cert-file and session-file provides the guest owner's Public
Diffie-Hillman key defined in SEV spec. The PDH and session parameters are
used for establishing a cryptographic session with the guest owner to
negotiate keys used for attestation. The file must be encoded in base64.

The kernel-hashes adds the hashes of given kernel/initrd/ cmdline to a
designated guest firmware page for measured Linux boot with -kernel. The
default is off. (Since 6.2)

e.g to launch a SEV guest

# qemu-system-x86_64 \
...... \
-object sev-guest,id=sev0,cbitpos=47,reduced-phys-bits=5 \
-machine ...,memory-encryption=sev0 \
.....

-object authz-simple,id=id,identity=string
Create an authorization object that will control access to network services.

The identity parameter is identifies the user and its format depends on the
network service that authorization object is associated with. For
authorizing based on TLS x509 certificates, the identity must be the x509
distinguished name. Note that care must be taken to escape any commas in the
distinguished name.

An example authorization object to validate a x509 distinguished name would
look like:

# qemu-system-x86_64 \
... \
-object 'authz-simple,id=auth0,identity=CN=laptop.example.com,,O=Example Org,,L=London,,ST=London,,C=GB' \
...

Note the use of quotes due to the x509 distinguished name containing
whitespace, and escaping of ','.

-object authz-listfile,id=id,filename=path,refresh=on|off
Create an authorization object that will control access to network services.

The filename parameter is the fully qualified path to a file containing the
access control list rules in JSON format.

An example set of rules that match against SASL usernames might look like:

{
"rules": [
{ "match": "fred", "policy": "allow", "format": "exact" },
{ "match": "bob", "policy": "allow", "format": "exact" },
{ "match": "danb", "policy": "deny", "format": "glob" },
{ "match": "dan*", "policy": "allow", "format": "exact" },
],
"policy": "deny"
}

When checking access the object will iterate over all the rules and the
first rule to match will have its policy value returned as the result. If no
rules match, then the default policy value is returned.

The rules can either be an exact string match, or they can use the simple
UNIX glob pattern matching to allow wildcards to be used.

If refresh is set to true the file will be monitored and automatically
reloaded whenever its content changes.

As with the authz-simple object, the format of the identity strings being
matched depends on the network service, but is usually a TLS x509
distinguished name, or a SASL username.

An example authorization object to validate a SASL username would look like:

# qemu-system-x86_64 \
... \
-object authz-simple,id=auth0,filename=/etc/qemu/vnc-sasl.acl,refresh=on \
...

-object authz-pam,id=id,service=string
Create an authorization object that will control access to network services.

The service parameter provides the name of a PAM service to use for
authorization. It requires that a file /etc/pam.d/service exist to provide
the configuration for the account subsystem.

An example authorization object to validate a TLS x509 distinguished name
would look like:

# qemu-system-x86_64 \
... \
-object authz-pam,id=auth0,service=qemu-vnc \
...

There would then be a corresponding config file for PAM at
/etc/pam.d/qemu-vnc that contains:

account requisite pam_listfile.so item=user sense=allow \
file=/etc/qemu/vnc.allow

Finally the /etc/qemu/vnc.allow file would contain the list of x509
distinguished names that are permitted access

CN=laptop.example.com,O=Example Home,L=London,ST=London,C=GB

-object
iothread,id=id,poll-max-ns=poll-max-ns,poll-grow=poll-grow,poll-shrink=poll-shrink,aio-max-batch=aio-max-batch
Creates a dedicated event loop thread that devices can be assigned to. This
is known as an IOThread. By default device emulation happens in vCPU threads
or the main event loop thread. This can become a scalability bottleneck.
IOThreads allow device emulation and I/O to run on other host CPUs.

The id parameter is a unique ID that will be used to reference this IOThread
from -device ...,iothread=id. Multiple devices can be assigned to an
IOThread. Note that not all devices support an iothread parameter.

The query-iothreads QMP command lists IOThreads and reports their thread IDs
so that the user can configure host CPU pinning/affinity.

IOThreads use an adaptive polling algorithm to reduce event loop latency.
Instead of entering a blocking system call to monitor file descriptors and
then pay the cost of being woken up when an event occurs, the polling
algorithm spins waiting for events for a short time. The algorithm's default
parameters are suitable for many cases but can be adjusted based on
knowledge of the workload and/or host device latency.

The poll-max-ns parameter is the maximum number of nanoseconds to busy wait
for events. Polling can be disabled by setting this value to 0.

The poll-grow parameter is the multiplier used to increase the polling time
when the algorithm detects it is missing events due to not polling long
enough.

The poll-shrink parameter is the divisor used to decrease the polling time
when the algorithm detects it is spending too long polling without
encountering events.

The aio-max-batch parameter is the maximum number of requests in a batch for
the AIO engine, 0 means that the engine will use its default.

The IOThread parameters can be modified at run-time using the qom-set
command (where iothread1 is the IOThread's id):

(qemu) qom-set /objects/iothread1 poll-max-ns 100000

During the graphical emulation, you can use special key combinations to change modes. The
default key mappings are shown below, but if you use -alt-grab then the modifier is
Ctrl-Alt-Shift (instead of Ctrl-Alt) and if you use -ctrl-grab then the modifier is the
right Ctrl key (instead of Ctrl-Alt):

Ctrl-Alt-f
Toggle full screen

Ctrl-Alt-+
Enlarge the screen

Ctrl-Alt--
Shrink the screen

Ctrl-Alt-u
Restore the screen's un-scaled dimensions

Ctrl-Alt-n
Switch to virtual console 'n'. Standard console mappings are:

1 Target system display

2 Monitor

3 Serial port

Ctrl-Alt
Toggle mouse and keyboard grab.

In the virtual consoles, you can use Ctrl-Up, Ctrl-Down, Ctrl-PageUp and Ctrl-PageDown to
move in the back log.

During emulation, if you are using a character backend multiplexer (which is the default
if you are using -nographic) then several commands are available via an escape sequence.
These key sequences all start with an escape character, which is Ctrl-a by default, but
can be changed with -echr. The list below assumes you're using the default.

Ctrl-a h
Print this help

Ctrl-a x
Exit emulator

Ctrl-a s
Save disk data back to file (if -snapshot)

Ctrl-a t
Toggle console timestamps

Ctrl-a b
Send break (magic sysrq in Linux)

Ctrl-a c
Rotate between the frontends connected to the multiplexer (usually this switches
between the monitor and the console)

Ctrl-a Ctrl-a
Send the escape character to the frontend

NOTES

       In addition to using normal file images for the emulated storage devices,  QEMU  can  also
       use  networked  resources  such as iSCSI devices.  These are specified using a special URL
       syntax.

       iSCSI  iSCSI support allows QEMU to access iSCSI resources directly and use as images  for
              the guest storage. Both disk and cdrom images are supported.

              Syntax           for           specifying           iSCSI          LUNs          is
              "iscsi://<target-ip>[:<port>]/<target-iqn>/<lun>"

              By     default      qemu      will      use      the      iSCSI      initiator-name
              'iqn.2008-11.org.linux-kvm[:<name>]' but this can also be set from the command line
              or a configuration file.

              Since version QEMU 2.4 it is possible to specify a iSCSI request timeout to  detect
              stalled  requests  and  force  a  reestablishment  of  the  session. The timeout is
              specified in seconds. The default is 0 which means no timeout. Libiscsi  1.15.0  or
              greater is required for this feature.

              Example (without authentication):

                 qemu-system-x86_64 -iscsi initiator-name=iqn.2001-04.com.example:my-initiator \
                                  -cdrom iscsi://192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/2 \
                                  -drive file=iscsi://192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1

              Example (CHAP username/password via URL):

                 qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=iscsi://user%password@192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1

              Example (CHAP username/password via environment variables):

                 LIBISCSI_CHAP_USERNAME="user" \
                 LIBISCSI_CHAP_PASSWORD="password" \
                 qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=iscsi://192.0.2.1/iqn.2001-04.com.example/1

       NBD    QEMU  supports  NBD (Network Block Devices) both using TCP protocol as well as Unix
              Domain Sockets. With TCP, the default port is 10809.

              Syntax  for  specifying  a  NBD  device  using  TCP,   in   preferred   URI   form:
              "nbd://<server-ip>[:<port>]/[<export>]"

              Syntax  for specifying a NBD device using Unix Domain Sockets; remember that '?' is
              a      shell      glob      character       and       may       need       quoting:
              "nbd+unix:///[<export>]?socket=<domain-socket>"

              Older           syntax          that          is          also          recognized:
              "nbd:<server-ip>:<port>[:exportname=<export>]"

              Syntax   for   specifying   a   NBD    device    using    Unix    Domain    Sockets
              "nbd:unix:<domain-socket>[:exportname=<export>]"

              Example for TCP

                 qemu-system-x86_64 --drive file=nbd:192.0.2.1:30000

              Example for Unix Domain Sockets

                 qemu-system-x86_64 --drive file=nbd:unix:/tmp/nbd-socket

       SSH    QEMU supports SSH (Secure Shell) access to remote disks.

              Examples:

                 qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=ssh://user@host/path/to/disk.img
                 qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file.driver=ssh,file.user=user,file.host=host,file.port=22,file.path=/path/to/disk.img

              Currently authentication must be done using ssh-agent. Other authentication methods
              may be supported in future.

       GlusterFS
              GlusterFS is a user space  distributed  file  system.  QEMU  supports  the  use  of
              GlusterFS  volumes  for  hosting  VM disk images using TCP, Unix Domain Sockets and
              RDMA transport protocols.

              Syntax for specifying a VM disk image on GlusterFS volume is

                 URI:
                 gluster[+type]://[host[:port]]/volume/path[?socket=...][,debug=N][,logfile=...]

                 JSON:
                 'json:{"driver":"qcow2","file":{"driver":"gluster","volume":"testvol","path":"a.img","debug":N,"logfile":"...",
                                                  "server":[{"type":"tcp","host":"...","port":"..."},
                                                            {"type":"unix","socket":"..."}]}}'

              Example

                 URI:
                 qemu-system-x86_64 --drive file=gluster://192.0.2.1/testvol/a.img,
                                                file.debug=9,file.logfile=/var/log/qemu-gluster.log

                 JSON:
                 qemu-system-x86_64 'json:{"driver":"qcow2",
                                           "file":{"driver":"gluster",
                                                    "volume":"testvol","path":"a.img",
                                                    "debug":9,"logfile":"/var/log/qemu-gluster.log",
                                                    "server":[{"type":"tcp","host":"1.2.3.4","port":24007},
                                                              {"type":"unix","socket":"/var/run/glusterd.socket"}]}}'
                 qemu-system-x86_64 -drive driver=qcow2,file.driver=gluster,file.volume=testvol,file.path=/path/a.img,
                                                       file.debug=9,file.logfile=/var/log/qemu-gluster.log,
                                                       file.server.0.type=tcp,file.server.0.host=1.2.3.4,file.server.0.port=24007,
                                                       file.server.1.type=unix,file.server.1.socket=/var/run/glusterd.socket

              See also http://www.gluster.org.

       HTTP/HTTPS/FTP/FTPS
              QEMU supports read-only access to files accessed over http(s) and ftp(s).

              Syntax using a single filename:

                 <protocol>://[<username>[:<password>]@]<host>/<path>

              where:

              protocol
                     'http', 'https', 'ftp', or 'ftps'.

              username
                     Optional username for authentication to the remote server.

              password
                     Optional password for authentication to the remote server.

              host   Address of the remote server.

              path   Path on the remote server, including any query string.

              The following options are also supported:

              url    The full URL when passing options to the driver explicitly.

              readahead
                     The amount of data to read ahead with  each  range  request  to  the  remote
                     server. This value may optionally have the suffix 'T', 'G', 'M', 'K', 'k' or
                     'b'. If it does not have a suffix, it will be assumed to be  in  bytes.  The
                     value must be a multiple of 512 bytes.  It defaults to 256k.

              sslverify
                     Whether  to verify the remote server's certificate when connecting over SSL.
                     It can have the value 'on' or 'off'. It defaults to 'on'.

              cookie Send this cookie (it can also be a list of cookies separated  by  ';')  with
                     each  outgoing  request.  Only  supported  when using protocols such as HTTP
                     which support cookies, otherwise ignored.

              timeout
                     Set the timeout in seconds of the CURL connection. This timeout is the  time
                     that CURL waits for a response from the remote server to get the size of the
                     image to be downloaded. If not set, the default  timeout  of  5  seconds  is
                     used.

              Note  that  when  passing  options  to  qemu  explicitly,  driver  is  the value of
              <protocol>.

              Example: boot from a remote Fedora 20 live ISO image

                 qemu-system-x86_64 --drive media=cdrom,file=https://archives.fedoraproject.org/pub/archive/fedora/linux/releases/20/Live/x86_64/Fedora-Live-Desktop-x86_64-20-1.iso,readonly

                 qemu-system-x86_64 --drive media=cdrom,file.driver=http,file.url=http://archives.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/releases/20/Live/x86_64/Fedora-Live-Desktop-x86_64-20-1.iso,readonly

              Example: boot from a remote Fedora 20 cloud image using a local overlay for writes,
              copy-on-read, and a readahead of 64k

                 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o backing_file='json:{"file.driver":"http",, "file.url":"http://archives.fedoraproject.org/pub/archive/fedora/linux/releases/20/Images/x86_64/Fedora-x86_64-20-20131211.1-sda.qcow2",, "file.readahead":"64k"}' /tmp/Fedora-x86_64-20-20131211.1-sda.qcow2

                 qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=/tmp/Fedora-x86_64-20-20131211.1-sda.qcow2,copy-on-read=on

              Example:  boot  from  an image stored on a VMware vSphere server with a self-signed
              certificate using a local overlay for writes, a readahead of 64k and a  timeout  of
              10 seconds.

                 qemu-img create -f qcow2 -o backing_file='json:{"file.driver":"https",, "file.url":"https://user:password@vsphere.example.com/folder/test/test-flat.vmdk?dcPath=Datacenter&dsName=datastore1",, "file.sslverify":"off",, "file.readahead":"64k",, "file.timeout":10}' /tmp/test.qcow2

                 qemu-system-x86_64 -drive file=/tmp/test.qcow2

AUTHOR

       Fabrice Bellard

COPYRIGHT

       2024, The QEMU Project Developers

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

OPTIONS

NOTES

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

COPYRIGHT