Ubuntu Manpage: crypttab - static information about encrypted filesystems

Provided by: cryptsetup_2.7.0-1ubuntu4.2_amd64

NAME

       crypttab - static information about encrypted filesystems

DESCRIPTION

The file /etc/crypttab contains descriptive information about encrypted devices. crypttab is only read by
programs (e.g. cryptdisks_start and cryptdisks_stop), and not written; it is the duty of the system
administrator to properly create and maintain this file. crypttab entries are treated sequentially, so
their order matters (dependencies need to listed first).

Each encrypted device is described on a separate line. Fields on each line are separated by tabs or
spaces. Lines starting with '#' are comments, and blank lines are ignored. Octal sequences \0num within a
field are decoded, which can be used for values containing spaces or special characters. A backslash
which doesn't start an octal sequence yields undefined behavior.

The first field, target, describes the mapped device name. It must be a plain filename without any
directory components. A mapped device which encrypts/decrypts data to/from the source device will be
created at /dev/mapper/target by cryptsetup.

The second field, source device, describes either the block special device or file that contains the
encrypted data. Instead of giving the source device explicitly, the UUID (resp. LABEL, PARTUUID and
PARTLABEL) is supported as well, using “UUID=<uuid>” (resp. “LABEL=<label>”, “PARTUUID=<partuuid>” and
“PARTLABEL=<partlabel>”).

The third field, key file, describes the file to use as a key for decrypting the data of the source
device. In case of a keyscript, the value of this field is given as argument to the keyscript. Note that
the entire key file will be used as the passphrase; the passphrase must not be followed by a newline
character.

It can also be a device name (e.g. /dev/urandom), note however that LUKS requires a persistent key and
therefore does not support random data keys.

If the key file is the string none, a passphrase will be read interactively from the console. In this
case, the options check, checkargs and tries may be useful.

The fourth field, options, is an optional comma-separated list of options and/or flags describing the
device type (luks, tcrypt, bitlk, fvault2, or plain which is also the default) and cryptsetup options
associated with the encryption process. The supported options are described below. For plain dm-crypt
devices the cipher, hash and size options are required. Some options can be changed on active mappings
using cryptsetup refresh [<options>] <name>. Furthermore some options can be permanently written into
metadata of LUKS2 headers using cryptsetup's --persistent flag.

Note that the first three fields are required and that a missing field will lead to unspecified
behaviour.

ON DIFFERENT CRYPTTAB FORMATS

       Please note that there are several independent cryptsetup wrappers with their own crypttab format. This
       manpage covers Debian's implementation for initramfs scripts and SysVinit init scripts. systemd brings
       its own crypttab implementation. We try to cover the differences between the systemd and our
       implementation in this manpage, but if in doubt, better check the systemd crypttab(5) manpage, e.g.
       online at https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/crypttab.html.

OPTIONS

cipher=<cipher>
Encryption algorithm (ignored for LUKS and TCRYPT devices). See cryptsetup -c.

size=<size>
Encryption key size (ignored for LUKS and TCRYPT devices). See cryptsetup -s.

sector-size=<bytes>
Sector size. See cryptsetup(8) for possible values and the default value of this option.

hash=<hash>
Hash algorithm (ignored for LUKS and TCRYPT devices). See cryptsetup -h.

offset=<offset>
Start offset (ignored for LUKS and TCRYPT devices). Uses cryptsetup -o.

skip=<skip>
Skip sectors at the beginning (ignored for LUKS and TCRYPT devices). Uses cryptsetup -p.

keyfile-offset=<keyfile-offset>
Specifies the number of bytes to skip at the start of the key file.

keyfile-size=<keyfile-size>
Specifies the maximum number of bytes to read from the key file. The default is to read the whole
file up to the compiled-in maximum, that can be queried with cryptsetup --help. This option is
ignored for plain dm-crypt devices, as the key file size is then given by the encryption key size
(option size).

keyslot=<slot>, key-slot=<slot>
Key slot (ignored for non-LUKS devices). See cryptsetup -S.

header=<path>
Detached header file (ignored for plain dm-crypt devices). See cryptsetup --header.

verify
Verify password. Uses cryptsetup -y.

readonly, read-only
Set up a read-only mapping.

tries=<num>
Try to unlock the device <num> before failing. It's particularly useful when using a passphrase or a
keyscript that asks for interactive input. If you want to disable retries, pass “tries=1”. Default is
“3”. Setting “tries=0” means infinitive retries.

discard
Allow using of discards (TRIM) requests for device.

Starting with Debian 10 (Buster), this option is added per default to new dm-crypt devices by the
Debian Installer. If you don't care about leaking access patterns (filesystem type, used space) and
don't have hidden truecrypt volumes inside this volume, then it should be safe to enable this option.
See the following warning for further information.

WARNING: Assess the specific security risks carefully before enabling this option. For example,
allowing discards on encrypted devices may lead to the leak of information about the ciphertext
device (filesystem type, used space etc.) if the discarded blocks can be located easily on the device
later.

luks
Force LUKS mode. When this mode is used, the following options are ignored since they are provided by
the LUKS header on the device: cipher=, hash=, size=

plain
Force plain encryption mode.

bitlk
Force BITLK (Windows BitLocker-compatible) mode. WARNING: crypttab support is currently experimental.

fvault2
Force Apple's FileVault2 mode. Only the (legacy) FileVault2 format based on Core Storage and HFS+
filesystem (introduced in MacOS X 10.7 Lion) is currently supported; the new version of FileVault
based on the APFS filesystem used in recent macOS versions is not supported.

tcrypt
Use TrueCrypt encryption mode. When this mode is used, the following options are ignored since they
are provided by the TrueCrypt header on the device or do not apply: cipher=, hash=, keyfile-offset=,
keyfile-size=, size=

veracrypt, tcrypt-veracrypt
Use VeraCrypt extension to TrueCrypt device. Only useful in conjunction with tcrypt option (ignored
for non-TrueCrypt devices).

tcrypthidden, tcrypt-hidden
Use hidden TCRYPT header (ignored for non-TCRYPT devices).

same-cpu-crypt
Perform encryption using the same cpu that IO was submitted on.

submit-from-crypt-cpus
Disable offloading writes to a separate thread after encryption.

no-read-workqueue, no-write-workqueue
Bypass dm-crypt internal workqueue and process read or write requests synchronously.

swap
Run mkswap on the created device.

This option is ignored for initramfs devices.

tmp[=<tmpfs>]
Run mkfs with filesystem type <tmpfs> (or ext4 if omitted) on the created device.

This option is ignored for initramfs devices.

check[=<check>]
Check the content of the target device by a suitable program; if the check fails, the device is
closed immediately. The program is being run with decrypted volume (target device) as first
positional argument and, if the checkargs option is used, its value as second argument. See the
CHECKSCRIPTS section for more information.

The program is either specified by full path or relative to /lib/cryptsetup/checks/. If omitted, then
the value of $CRYPTDISKS_CHECK set in /etc/default/cryptdisks is used (blkid by default).

This option is specific to the Debian crypttab format. It's not supported by systemd.

checkargs=<arguments>
Give <arguments> as the second argument to the check script. See the CHECKSCRIPTS section for more
information.

This option is specific to the Debian crypttab format. It's not supported by systemd.

initramfs
The initramfs hook processes the root device, any resume devices and any devices with the initramfs
option set. These devices are processed within the initramfs stage of boot. As an example, that
allows the use of remote unlocking using dropbear.

This option is specific to the Debian crypttab format. It's not supported by systemd.

noearly
The cryptsetup init scripts are invoked twice during the boot process - once before lvm, raid, etc.
are started and once again after that. Sometimes you need to start your encrypted disks in a special
order. With this option the device is ignored during the first invocation of the cryptsetup init
scripts.

This option is ignored for initramfs devices and specific to the Debian crypttab format. It's not
supported by systemd.

noauto
Entirely ignore the device at the boot process. It's still possible to map the device manually using
cryptdisks_start.

This option is ignored for initramfs devices and specific to the Debian crypttab format. It's not
supported by systemd.

loud
Be loud. Print warnings if a device does not exist. This option overrides the option quiet.

This option is ignored for initramfs devices and specific to the Debian crypttab format. It's not
supported by systemd.

quiet
Be quiet. Don't print warnings if a device does not exist. This option overrides the option loud.

This option is ignored for initramfs devices and specific to the Debian crypttab format. It's not
supported by systemd.

keyscript=<path>
The executable at the indicated path is executed with the value of the third field as only argument.
The keyscript's standard output is passed to cryptsetup as decyption key. Its exit status is
currently ignored, but no assumption should be made in that regard. When used in initramfs, the
executable either needs to be self-contained (i.e. doesn't rely on any external program which is not
present in the initramfs environment) or the dependencies have to added to the initramfs image by
other means. The program is either specified by full path or relative to /lib/cryptsetup/scripts/.

LIMITATIONS: All binaries and files on which the keyscript depends must be available at the time of
execution. Special care needs to be taken for encrypted filesystems like /usr or /var. As an example,
unlocking encrypted /usr must not depend on binaries from /usr/(s)bin.

This option is specific to the Debian crypttab format. It's not supported by systemd.

WARNING: With systemd as init system, this option might be ignored. At the time this is written
(December 2016), the systemd cryptsetup helper doesn't support the keyscript option to /etc/crypttab.
For the time being, the only option to use keyscripts along with systemd is to force processing of
the corresponding crypto devices in the initramfs. See the 'initramfs' option for further
information.

All fields of the appropriate crypttab entry are available to the keyscript as exported environment
variables:

CRYPTTAB_NAME, _CRYPTTAB_NAME
The target name (after resp. before octal sequence decoding).

CRYPTTAB_SOURCE, _CRYPTTAB_SOURCE
The source device (after resp. before octal sequence decoding and device resolution).

CRYPTTAB_KEY, _CRYPTTAB_KEY
The value of the third field (after resp. before octal sequence decoding).

CRYPTTAB_OPTIONS, _CRYPTTAB_OPTIONS
A list of exported crypttab options (after resp. before octal sequence decoding).

CRYPTTAB_OPTION_<option>
The value of the appropriate crypttab option, with value set to 'yes' in case the option is
merely a flag. For option aliases, such as 'readonly' and 'read-only', the variable name refers
to the first alternative listed (thus 'CRYPTTAB_OPTION_readonly' in that case). If the crypttab
option name contains '-' characters, then they are replaced with '_' in the exported variable
name. For instance, the value of the 'CRYPTTAB_OPTION_keyfile_offset' environment variable is set
to the value of the 'keyfile-offset' crypttab option.

CRYPTTAB_TRIED
Number of previous tries since start of cryptdisks (counts until maximum number of tries is
reached).

CHECKSCRIPTS

       blkid
           Checks for any known filesystem. Supports a filesystem type as argument via <checkargs>:

           •   no checkargs - succeeds if any valid filesystem is found on the device.

           •   "none" - succeeds if no valid filesystem is found on the device.

           •   "ext4" [or another filesystem type like xfs, swap, crypto_LUKS, ...] - succeeds if ext4
               filesystem is found on the device.

       un_blkid
           Checks for no known filesystem. Supports a filesystem type as argument via <checkargs>:

           •   no checkargs - succeeds if no valid filesystem is found on the device.

           •   "ext4" [or another filesystem type like xfs, swap, crypto_LUKS, ...] - succeeds if no ext4
               filesystem is found on the device.

EXAMPLES

           # Encrypted swap device
           cswap /dev/sda6 /dev/urandom plain,cipher=aes-xts-plain64,size=256,hash=sha1,swap

           # Encrypted LUKS disk with interactive password, identified by its UUID, discard enabled
           cdisk0 UUID=12345678-9abc-def012345-6789abcdef01 none luks,discard

           # Encrypted TCRYPT disk with interactive password, discard enabled
           tdisk0 /dev/sr0 none tcrypt,discard

           # Encrypted ext4 disk with interactive password, discard enabled
           # - retry 5 times if the check fails
           cdisk1 /dev/sda2 none plain,cipher=aes-xts-plain64,size=256,hash=sha1,check,checkargs=ext4,tries=5,discard

           # Encrypted disk with interactive password, discard enabled
           # - use a nondefault check script
           # - no retries
           cdisk2 /dev/sdc1 none plain,cipher=aes-xts-plain64,size=256,hash=sha1,check=customscript,tries=1,discard

           # Encrypted disk with interactive password, discard enabled
           # - Twofish as the cipher, RIPEMD-160 as the hash
           cdisk3 /dev/sda3 none plain,cipher=twofish,size=256,hash=ripemd160,discard

ENVIRONMENT

       CRYPTDISKS_ENABLE
           Set to yes to run cryptdisks initscripts at startup. Set to no to disable cryptdisks initscripts.
           Default is yes.

       CRYPTDISKS_MOUNT
           Specifies the mountpoints that are mounted before cryptdisks is invoked. Takes mountpoints configured
           in /etc/fstab as arguments. Separate mountpoints by space. This is useful for keys on removable
           devices, such as cdrom, usbstick, flashcard, etc. Default is unset.

       CRYPTDISKS_CHECK
           Specifies the default checkscript to be run against the target device, after cryptdisks has been
           invoked. The target device is passed as the first and only argument to the checkscript. Takes effect
           if the check option is given in crypttab with no value. See documentation for check option above for
           more information.

KNOWN UPGRADE ISSUES

       The upstream defaults for encryption cipher, hash and keysize have changed several times in the past, and
       they're expected to change again in future, for example if security issues arise. On LUKS devices, the
       used settings are stored in the LUKS header, and thus don't need to be configured in /etc/crypttab. For
       plain dm-crypt devices, no information about used cipher, hash and keysize are available at all.
       Therefore we strongly suggest to configure the cipher, hash and keysize in /etc/crypttab for plain
       dm-crypt devices, even if they match the current default.

AUTHOR

       This manual page was originally written by Bastian Kleineidam <calvin@debian.org> for the Debian
       distribution of cryptsetup. It has been further improved by Michael Gebetsroither <michael.geb@gmx.at>,
       David Härdeman <david@hardeman.nu> and Jonas Meurer <jonas@freesources.org>.

cryptsetup 2:2.7.0-1ubunt                          2024-11-14                                        CRYPTTAB(5)

NAME

DESCRIPTION

ON DIFFERENT CRYPTTAB FORMATS

OPTIONS

CHECKSCRIPTS

EXAMPLES

ENVIRONMENT

KNOWN UPGRADE ISSUES

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR