Provided by: git-man_2.43.0-1ubuntu7.1_all 
NAME
gitattributes - Defining attributes per path
SYNOPSIS
$GIT_DIR/info/attributes, .gitattributes
DESCRIPTION
A gitattributes file is a simple text file that gives attributes to pathnames.
Each line in gitattributes file is of form:
pattern attr1 attr2 ...
That is, a pattern followed by an attributes list, separated by whitespaces. Leading and
trailing whitespaces are ignored. Lines that begin with # are ignored. Patterns that begin
with a double quote are quoted in C style. When the pattern matches the path in question,
the attributes listed on the line are given to the path.
Each attribute can be in one of these states for a given path:
Set
The path has the attribute with special value "true"; this is specified by listing
only the name of the attribute in the attribute list.
Unset
The path has the attribute with special value "false"; this is specified by listing
the name of the attribute prefixed with a dash - in the attribute list.
Set to a value
The path has the attribute with specified string value; this is specified by listing
the name of the attribute followed by an equal sign = and its value in the attribute
list.
Unspecified
No pattern matches the path, and nothing says if the path has or does not have the
attribute, the attribute for the path is said to be Unspecified.
When more than one pattern matches the path, a later line overrides an earlier line. This
overriding is done per attribute.
The rules by which the pattern matches paths are the same as in .gitignore files (see
gitignore(5)), with a few exceptions:
• negative patterns are forbidden
• patterns that match a directory do not recursively match paths inside that directory
(so using the trailing-slash path/ syntax is pointless in an attributes file; use
path/** instead)
When deciding what attributes are assigned to a path, Git consults
$GIT_DIR/info/attributes file (which has the highest precedence), .gitattributes file in
the same directory as the path in question, and its parent directories up to the toplevel
of the work tree (the further the directory that contains .gitattributes is from the path
in question, the lower its precedence). Finally global and system-wide files are
considered (they have the lowest precedence).
When the .gitattributes file is missing from the work tree, the path in the index is used
as a fall-back. During checkout process, .gitattributes in the index is used and then the
file in the working tree is used as a fall-back.
If you wish to affect only a single repository (i.e., to assign attributes to files that
are particular to one user’s workflow for that repository), then attributes should be
placed in the $GIT_DIR/info/attributes file. Attributes which should be version-controlled
and distributed to other repositories (i.e., attributes of interest to all users) should
go into .gitattributes files. Attributes that should affect all repositories for a single
user should be placed in a file specified by the core.attributesFile configuration option
(see git-config(1)). Its default value is $XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/attributes. If
$XDG_CONFIG_HOME is either not set or empty, $HOME/.config/git/attributes is used instead.
Attributes for all users on a system should be placed in the $(prefix)/etc/gitattributes
file.
Sometimes you would need to override a setting of an attribute for a path to Unspecified
state. This can be done by listing the name of the attribute prefixed with an exclamation
point !.
EFFECTS
Certain operations by Git can be influenced by assigning particular attributes to a path.
Currently, the following operations are attributes-aware.
Checking-out and checking-in
These attributes affect how the contents stored in the repository are copied to the
working tree files when commands such as git switch, git checkout and git merge run. They
also affect how Git stores the contents you prepare in the working tree in the repository
upon git add and git commit.
text
This attribute marks the path as a text file, which enables end-of-line conversion:
When a matching file is added to the index, the file’s line endings are normalized to
LF in the index. Conversely, when the file is copied from the index to the working
directory, its line endings may be converted from LF to CRLF depending on the eol
attribute, the Git config, and the platform (see explanation of eol below).
Set
Setting the text attribute on a path enables end-of-line conversion on checkin and
checkout as described above. Line endings are normalized to LF in the index every
time the file is checked in, even if the file was previously added to Git with
CRLF line endings.
Unset
Unsetting the text attribute on a path tells Git not to attempt any end-of-line
conversion upon checkin or checkout.
Set to string value "auto"
When text is set to "auto", Git decides by itself whether the file is text or
binary. If it is text and the file was not already in Git with CRLF endings, line
endings are converted on checkin and checkout as described above. Otherwise, no
conversion is done on checkin or checkout.
Unspecified
If the text attribute is unspecified, Git uses the core.autocrlf configuration
variable to determine if the file should be converted.
Any other value causes Git to act as if text has been left unspecified.
eol
This attribute marks a path to use a specific line-ending style in the working tree
when it is checked out. It has effect only if text or text=auto is set (see above),
but specifying eol automatically sets text if text was left unspecified.
Set to string value "crlf"
This setting converts the file’s line endings in the working directory to CRLF
when the file is checked out.
Set to string value "lf"
This setting uses the same line endings in the working directory as in the index
when the file is checked out.
Unspecified
If the eol attribute is unspecified for a file, its line endings in the working
directory are determined by the core.autocrlf or core.eol configuration variable
(see the definitions of those options in git-config(1)). If text is set but
neither of those variables is, the default is eol=crlf on Windows and eol=lf on
all other platforms.
Backwards compatibility with crlf attribute
For backwards compatibility, the crlf attribute is interpreted as follows:
crlf text
-crlf -text
crlf=input eol=lf
End-of-line conversion
While Git normally leaves file contents alone, it can be configured to normalize line
endings to LF in the repository and, optionally, to convert them to CRLF when files
are checked out.
If you simply want to have CRLF line endings in your working directory regardless of
the repository you are working with, you can set the config variable "core.autocrlf"
without using any attributes.
[core]
autocrlf = true
This does not force normalization of text files, but does ensure that text files that
you introduce to the repository have their line endings normalized to LF when they are
added, and that files that are already normalized in the repository stay normalized.
If you want to ensure that text files that any contributor introduces to the
repository have their line endings normalized, you can set the text attribute to
"auto" for all files.
* text=auto
The attributes allow a fine-grained control, how the line endings are converted. Here
is an example that will make Git normalize .txt, .vcproj and .sh files, ensure that
.vcproj files have CRLF and .sh files have LF in the working directory, and prevent
.jpg files from being normalized regardless of their content.
* text=auto
*.txt text
*.vcproj text eol=crlf
*.sh text eol=lf
*.jpg -text
Note
When text=auto conversion is enabled in a cross-platform project using push and
pull to a central repository the text files containing CRLFs should be normalized.
From a clean working directory:
$ echo "* text=auto" >.gitattributes
$ git add --renormalize .
$ git status # Show files that will be normalized
$ git commit -m "Introduce end-of-line normalization"
If any files that should not be normalized show up in git status, unset their text
attribute before running git add -u.
manual.pdf -text
Conversely, text files that Git does not detect can have normalization enabled
manually.
weirdchars.txt text
If core.safecrlf is set to "true" or "warn", Git verifies if the conversion is
reversible for the current setting of core.autocrlf. For "true", Git rejects
irreversible conversions; for "warn", Git only prints a warning but accepts an
irreversible conversion. The safety triggers to prevent such a conversion done to the
files in the work tree, but there are a few exceptions. Even though...
• git add itself does not touch the files in the work tree, the next checkout would,
so the safety triggers;
• git apply to update a text file with a patch does touch the files in the work
tree, but the operation is about text files and CRLF conversion is about fixing
the line ending inconsistencies, so the safety does not trigger;
• git diff itself does not touch the files in the work tree, it is often run to
inspect the changes you intend to next git add. To catch potential problems early,
safety triggers.
working-tree-encoding
Git recognizes files encoded in ASCII or one of its supersets (e.g. UTF-8, ISO-8859-1,
...) as text files. Files encoded in certain other encodings (e.g. UTF-16) are
interpreted as binary and consequently built-in Git text processing tools (e.g. git
diff) as well as most Git web front ends do not visualize the contents of these files
by default.
In these cases you can tell Git the encoding of a file in the working directory with
the working-tree-encoding attribute. If a file with this attribute is added to Git,
then Git re-encodes the content from the specified encoding to UTF-8. Finally, Git
stores the UTF-8 encoded content in its internal data structure (called "the index").
On checkout the content is re-encoded back to the specified encoding.
Please note that using the working-tree-encoding attribute may have a number of
pitfalls:
• Alternative Git implementations (e.g. JGit or libgit2) and older Git versions (as
of March 2018) do not support the working-tree-encoding attribute. If you decide
to use the working-tree-encoding attribute in your repository, then it is strongly
recommended to ensure that all clients working with the repository support it.
For example, Microsoft Visual Studio resources files (*.rc) or PowerShell script
files (*.ps1) are sometimes encoded in UTF-16. If you declare *.ps1 as files as
UTF-16 and you add foo.ps1 with a working-tree-encoding enabled Git client, then
foo.ps1 will be stored as UTF-8 internally. A client without working-tree-encoding
support will checkout foo.ps1 as UTF-8 encoded file. This will typically cause
trouble for the users of this file.
If a Git client that does not support the working-tree-encoding attribute adds a
new file bar.ps1, then bar.ps1 will be stored "as-is" internally (in this example
probably as UTF-16). A client with working-tree-encoding support will interpret
the internal contents as UTF-8 and try to convert it to UTF-16 on checkout. That
operation will fail and cause an error.
• Reencoding content to non-UTF encodings can cause errors as the conversion might
not be UTF-8 round trip safe. If you suspect your encoding to not be round trip
safe, then add it to core.checkRoundtripEncoding to make Git check the round trip
encoding (see git-config(1)). SHIFT-JIS (Japanese character set) is known to have
round trip issues with UTF-8 and is checked by default.
• Reencoding content requires resources that might slow down certain Git operations
(e.g git checkout or git add).
Use the working-tree-encoding attribute only if you cannot store a file in UTF-8
encoding and if you want Git to be able to process the content as text.
As an example, use the following attributes if your *.ps1 files are UTF-16 encoded
with byte order mark (BOM) and you want Git to perform automatic line ending
conversion based on your platform.
*.ps1 text working-tree-encoding=UTF-16
Use the following attributes if your *.ps1 files are UTF-16 little endian encoded
without BOM and you want Git to use Windows line endings in the working directory (use
UTF-16LE-BOM instead of UTF-16LE if you want UTF-16 little endian with BOM). Please
note, it is highly recommended to explicitly define the line endings with eol if the
working-tree-encoding attribute is used to avoid ambiguity.
*.ps1 text working-tree-encoding=UTF-16LE eol=CRLF
You can get a list of all available encodings on your platform with the following
command:
iconv --list
If you do not know the encoding of a file, then you can use the file command to guess
the encoding:
file foo.ps1
ident
When the attribute ident is set for a path, Git replaces $Id$ in the blob object with
$Id:, followed by the 40-character hexadecimal blob object name, followed by a dollar
sign $ upon checkout. Any byte sequence that begins with $Id: and ends with $ in the
worktree file is replaced with $Id$ upon check-in.
filter
A filter attribute can be set to a string value that names a filter driver specified
in the configuration.
A filter driver consists of a clean command and a smudge command, either of which can
be left unspecified. Upon checkout, when the smudge command is specified, the command
is fed the blob object from its standard input, and its standard output is used to
update the worktree file. Similarly, the clean command is used to convert the contents
of worktree file upon checkin. By default these commands process only a single blob
and terminate. If a long running process filter is used in place of clean and/or
smudge filters, then Git can process all blobs with a single filter command invocation
for the entire life of a single Git command, for example git add --all. If a long
running process filter is configured then it always takes precedence over a configured
single blob filter. See section below for the description of the protocol used to
communicate with a process filter.
One use of the content filtering is to massage the content into a shape that is more
convenient for the platform, filesystem, and the user to use. For this mode of
operation, the key phrase here is "more convenient" and not "turning something
unusable into usable". In other words, the intent is that if someone unsets the filter
driver definition, or does not have the appropriate filter program, the project should
still be usable.
Another use of the content filtering is to store the content that cannot be directly
used in the repository (e.g. a UUID that refers to the true content stored outside
Git, or an encrypted content) and turn it into a usable form upon checkout (e.g.
download the external content, or decrypt the encrypted content).
These two filters behave differently, and by default, a filter is taken as the former,
massaging the contents into more convenient shape. A missing filter driver definition
in the config, or a filter driver that exits with a non-zero status, is not an error
but makes the filter a no-op passthru.
You can declare that a filter turns a content that by itself is unusable into a usable
content by setting the filter.<driver>.required configuration variable to true.
Note: Whenever the clean filter is changed, the repo should be renormalized: $ git add
--renormalize .
For example, in .gitattributes, you would assign the filter attribute for paths.
*.c filter=indent
Then you would define a "filter.indent.clean" and "filter.indent.smudge" configuration
in your .git/config to specify a pair of commands to modify the contents of C programs
when the source files are checked in ("clean" is run) and checked out (no change is
made because the command is "cat").
[filter "indent"]
clean = indent
smudge = cat
For best results, clean should not alter its output further if it is run twice
("clean→clean" should be equivalent to "clean"), and multiple smudge commands should
not alter clean's output ("smudge→smudge→clean" should be equivalent to "clean"). See
the section on merging below.
The "indent" filter is well-behaved in this regard: it will not modify input that is
already correctly indented. In this case, the lack of a smudge filter means that the
clean filter must accept its own output without modifying it.
If a filter must succeed in order to make the stored contents usable, you can declare
that the filter is required, in the configuration:
[filter "crypt"]
clean = openssl enc ...
smudge = openssl enc -d ...
required
Sequence "%f" on the filter command line is replaced with the name of the file the
filter is working on. A filter might use this in keyword substitution. For example:
[filter "p4"]
clean = git-p4-filter --clean %f
smudge = git-p4-filter --smudge %f
Note that "%f" is the name of the path that is being worked on. Depending on the
version that is being filtered, the corresponding file on disk may not exist, or may
have different contents. So, smudge and clean commands should not try to access the
file on disk, but only act as filters on the content provided to them on standard
input.
Long Running Filter Process
If the filter command (a string value) is defined via filter.<driver>.process then Git
can process all blobs with a single filter invocation for the entire life of a single
Git command. This is achieved by using the long-running process protocol (described in
technical/long-running-process-protocol.txt).
When Git encounters the first file that needs to be cleaned or smudged, it starts the
filter and performs the handshake. In the handshake, the welcome message sent by Git
is "git-filter-client", only version 2 is supported, and the supported capabilities
are "clean", "smudge", and "delay".
Afterwards Git sends a list of "key=value" pairs terminated with a flush packet. The
list will contain at least the filter command (based on the supported capabilities)
and the pathname of the file to filter relative to the repository root. Right after
the flush packet Git sends the content split in zero or more pkt-line packets and a
flush packet to terminate content. Please note, that the filter must not send any
response before it received the content and the final flush packet. Also note that the
"value" of a "key=value" pair can contain the "=" character whereas the key would
never contain that character.
packet: git> command=smudge
packet: git> pathname=path/testfile.dat
packet: git> 0000
packet: git> CONTENT
packet: git> 0000
The filter is expected to respond with a list of "key=value" pairs terminated with a
flush packet. If the filter does not experience problems then the list must contain a
"success" status. Right after these packets the filter is expected to send the content
in zero or more pkt-line packets and a flush packet at the end. Finally, a second list
of "key=value" pairs terminated with a flush packet is expected. The filter can change
the status in the second list or keep the status as is with an empty list. Please note
that the empty list must be terminated with a flush packet regardless.
packet: git< status=success
packet: git< 0000
packet: git< SMUDGED_CONTENT
packet: git< 0000
packet: git< 0000 # empty list, keep "status=success" unchanged!
If the result content is empty then the filter is expected to respond with a "success"
status and a flush packet to signal the empty content.
packet: git< status=success
packet: git< 0000
packet: git< 0000 # empty content!
packet: git< 0000 # empty list, keep "status=success" unchanged!
In case the filter cannot or does not want to process the content, it is expected to
respond with an "error" status.
packet: git< status=error
packet: git< 0000
If the filter experiences an error during processing, then it can send the status
"error" after the content was (partially or completely) sent.
packet: git< status=success
packet: git< 0000
packet: git< HALF_WRITTEN_ERRONEOUS_CONTENT
packet: git< 0000
packet: git< status=error
packet: git< 0000
In case the filter cannot or does not want to process the content as well as any
future content for the lifetime of the Git process, then it is expected to respond
with an "abort" status at any point in the protocol.
packet: git< status=abort
packet: git< 0000
Git neither stops nor restarts the filter process in case the "error"/"abort" status
is set. However, Git sets its exit code according to the filter.<driver>.required
flag, mimicking the behavior of the filter.<driver>.clean / filter.<driver>.smudge
mechanism.
If the filter dies during the communication or does not adhere to the protocol then
Git will stop the filter process and restart it with the next file that needs to be
processed. Depending on the filter.<driver>.required flag Git will interpret that as
error.
Delay
If the filter supports the "delay" capability, then Git can send the flag "can-delay"
after the filter command and pathname. This flag denotes that the filter can delay
filtering the current blob (e.g. to compensate network latencies) by responding with
no content but with the status "delayed" and a flush packet.
packet: git> command=smudge
packet: git> pathname=path/testfile.dat
packet: git> can-delay=1
packet: git> 0000
packet: git> CONTENT
packet: git> 0000
packet: git< status=delayed
packet: git< 0000
If the filter supports the "delay" capability then it must support the
"list_available_blobs" command. If Git sends this command, then the filter is expected
to return a list of pathnames representing blobs that have been delayed earlier and
are now available. The list must be terminated with a flush packet followed by a
"success" status that is also terminated with a flush packet. If no blobs for the
delayed paths are available, yet, then the filter is expected to block the response
until at least one blob becomes available. The filter can tell Git that it has no more
delayed blobs by sending an empty list. As soon as the filter responds with an empty
list, Git stops asking. All blobs that Git has not received at this point are
considered missing and will result in an error.
packet: git> command=list_available_blobs
packet: git> 0000
packet: git< pathname=path/testfile.dat
packet: git< pathname=path/otherfile.dat
packet: git< 0000
packet: git< status=success
packet: git< 0000
After Git received the pathnames, it will request the corresponding blobs again. These
requests contain a pathname and an empty content section. The filter is expected to
respond with the smudged content in the usual way as explained above.
packet: git> command=smudge
packet: git> pathname=path/testfile.dat
packet: git> 0000
packet: git> 0000 # empty content!
packet: git< status=success
packet: git< 0000
packet: git< SMUDGED_CONTENT
packet: git< 0000
packet: git< 0000 # empty list, keep "status=success" unchanged!
Example
A long running filter demo implementation can be found in
contrib/long-running-filter/example.pl located in the Git core repository. If you
develop your own long running filter process then the GIT_TRACE_PACKET environment
variables can be very helpful for debugging (see git(1)).
Please note that you cannot use an existing filter.<driver>.clean or
filter.<driver>.smudge command with filter.<driver>.process because the former two use
a different inter process communication protocol than the latter one.
Interaction between checkin/checkout attributes
In the check-in codepath, the worktree file is first converted with filter driver (if
specified and corresponding driver defined), then the result is processed with ident
(if specified), and then finally with text (again, if specified and applicable).
In the check-out codepath, the blob content is first converted with text, and then
ident and fed to filter.
Merging branches with differing checkin/checkout attributes
If you have added attributes to a file that cause the canonical repository format for
that file to change, such as adding a clean/smudge filter or text/eol/ident
attributes, merging anything where the attribute is not in place would normally cause
merge conflicts.
To prevent these unnecessary merge conflicts, Git can be told to run a virtual
check-out and check-in of all three stages of a file when resolving a three-way merge
by setting the merge.renormalize configuration variable. This prevents changes caused
by check-in conversion from causing spurious merge conflicts when a converted file is
merged with an unconverted file.
As long as a "smudge→clean" results in the same output as a "clean" even on files that
are already smudged, this strategy will automatically resolve all filter-related
conflicts. Filters that do not act in this way may cause additional merge conflicts
that must be resolved manually.
Generating diff text
diff
The attribute diff affects how Git generates diffs for particular files. It can tell
Git whether to generate a textual patch for the path or to treat the path as a binary
file. It can also affect what line is shown on the hunk header @@ -k,l +n,m @@ line,
tell Git to use an external command to generate the diff, or ask Git to convert binary
files to a text format before generating the diff.
Set
A path to which the diff attribute is set is treated as text, even when they
contain byte values that normally never appear in text files, such as NUL.
Unset
A path to which the diff attribute is unset will generate Binary files differ (or
a binary patch, if binary patches are enabled).
Unspecified
A path to which the diff attribute is unspecified first gets its contents
inspected, and if it looks like text and is smaller than core.bigFileThreshold, it
is treated as text. Otherwise it would generate Binary files differ.
String
Diff is shown using the specified diff driver. Each driver may specify one or more
options, as described in the following section. The options for the diff driver
"foo" are defined by the configuration variables in the "diff.foo" section of the
Git config file.
Defining an external diff driver
The definition of a diff driver is done in gitconfig, not gitattributes file, so
strictly speaking this manual page is a wrong place to talk about it. However...
To define an external diff driver jcdiff, add a section to your $GIT_DIR/config file
(or $HOME/.gitconfig file) like this:
[diff "jcdiff"]
command = j-c-diff
When Git needs to show you a diff for the path with diff attribute set to jcdiff, it
calls the command you specified with the above configuration, i.e. j-c-diff, with 7
parameters, just like GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF program is called. See git(1) for details.
Setting the internal diff algorithm
The diff algorithm can be set through the diff.algorithm config key, but sometimes it
may be helpful to set the diff algorithm per path. For example, one may want to use
the minimal diff algorithm for .json files, and the histogram for .c files, and so on
without having to pass in the algorithm through the command line each time.
First, in .gitattributes, assign the diff attribute for paths.
*.json diff=<name>
Then, define a "diff.<name>.algorithm" configuration to specify the diff algorithm,
choosing from myers, patience, minimal, or histogram.
[diff "<name>"]
algorithm = histogram
This diff algorithm applies to user facing diff output like git-diff(1), git-show(1)
and is used for the --stat output as well. The merge machinery will not use the diff
algorithm set through this method.
Note
If diff.<name>.command is defined for path with the diff=<name> attribute, it is
executed as an external diff driver (see above), and adding diff.<name>.algorithm
has no effect, as the algorithm is not passed to the external diff driver.
Defining a custom hunk-header
Each group of changes (called a "hunk") in the textual diff output is prefixed with a
line of the form:
@@ -k,l +n,m @@ TEXT
This is called a hunk header. The "TEXT" portion is by default a line that begins with
an alphabet, an underscore or a dollar sign; this matches what GNU diff -p output
uses. This default selection however is not suited for some contents, and you can use
a customized pattern to make a selection.
First, in .gitattributes, you would assign the diff attribute for paths.
*.tex diff=tex
Then, you would define a "diff.tex.xfuncname" configuration to specify a regular
expression that matches a line that you would want to appear as the hunk header
"TEXT". Add a section to your $GIT_DIR/config file (or $HOME/.gitconfig file) like
this:
[diff "tex"]
xfuncname = "^(\\\\(sub)*section\\{.*)$"
Note. A single level of backslashes are eaten by the configuration file parser, so you
would need to double the backslashes; the pattern above picks a line that begins with
a backslash, and zero or more occurrences of sub followed by section followed by open
brace, to the end of line.
There are a few built-in patterns to make this easier, and tex is one of them, so you
do not have to write the above in your configuration file (you still need to enable
this with the attribute mechanism, via .gitattributes). The following built in
patterns are available:
• ada suitable for source code in the Ada language.
• bash suitable for source code in the Bourne-Again SHell language. Covers a
superset of POSIX shell function definitions.
• bibtex suitable for files with BibTeX coded references.
• cpp suitable for source code in the C and C++ languages.
• csharp suitable for source code in the C# language.
• css suitable for cascading style sheets.
• dts suitable for devicetree (DTS) files.
• elixir suitable for source code in the Elixir language.
• fortran suitable for source code in the Fortran language.
• fountain suitable for Fountain documents.
• golang suitable for source code in the Go language.
• html suitable for HTML/XHTML documents.
• java suitable for source code in the Java language.
• kotlin suitable for source code in the Kotlin language.
• markdown suitable for Markdown documents.
• matlab suitable for source code in the MATLAB and Octave languages.
• objc suitable for source code in the Objective-C language.
• pascal suitable for source code in the Pascal/Delphi language.
• perl suitable for source code in the Perl language.
• php suitable for source code in the PHP language.
• python suitable for source code in the Python language.
• ruby suitable for source code in the Ruby language.
• rust suitable for source code in the Rust language.
• scheme suitable for source code in the Scheme language.
• tex suitable for source code for LaTeX documents.
Customizing word diff
You can customize the rules that git diff --word-diff uses to split words in a line,
by specifying an appropriate regular expression in the "diff.*.wordRegex"
configuration variable. For example, in TeX a backslash followed by a sequence of
letters forms a command, but several such commands can be run together without
intervening whitespace. To separate them, use a regular expression in your
$GIT_DIR/config file (or $HOME/.gitconfig file) like this:
[diff "tex"]
wordRegex = "\\\\[a-zA-Z]+|[{}]|\\\\.|[^\\{}[:space:]]+"
A built-in pattern is provided for all languages listed in the previous section.
Performing text diffs of binary files
Sometimes it is desirable to see the diff of a text-converted version of some binary
files. For example, a word processor document can be converted to an ASCII text
representation, and the diff of the text shown. Even though this conversion loses some
information, the resulting diff is useful for human viewing (but cannot be applied
directly).
The textconv config option is used to define a program for performing such a
conversion. The program should take a single argument, the name of a file to convert,
and produce the resulting text on stdout.
For example, to show the diff of the exif information of a file instead of the binary
information (assuming you have the exif tool installed), add the following section to
your $GIT_DIR/config file (or $HOME/.gitconfig file):
[diff "jpg"]
textconv = exif
Note
The text conversion is generally a one-way conversion; in this example, we lose
the actual image contents and focus just on the text data. This means that diffs
generated by textconv are not suitable for applying. For this reason, only git
diff and the git log family of commands (i.e., log, whatchanged, show) will
perform text conversion. git format-patch will never generate this output. If you
want to send somebody a text-converted diff of a binary file (e.g., because it
quickly conveys the changes you have made), you should generate it separately and
send it as a comment in addition to the usual binary diff that you might send.
Because text conversion can be slow, especially when doing a large number of them with
git log -p, Git provides a mechanism to cache the output and use it in future diffs.
To enable caching, set the "cachetextconv" variable in your diff driver’s config. For
example:
[diff "jpg"]
textconv = exif
cachetextconv = true
This will cache the result of running "exif" on each blob indefinitely. If you change
the textconv config variable for a diff driver, Git will automatically invalidate the
cache entries and re-run the textconv filter. If you want to invalidate the cache
manually (e.g., because your version of "exif" was updated and now produces better
output), you can remove the cache manually with git update-ref -d
refs/notes/textconv/jpg (where "jpg" is the name of the diff driver, as in the example
above).
Choosing textconv versus external diff
If you want to show differences between binary or specially-formatted blobs in your
repository, you can choose to use either an external diff command, or to use textconv
to convert them to a diff-able text format. Which method you choose depends on your
exact situation.
The advantage of using an external diff command is flexibility. You are not bound to
find line-oriented changes, nor is it necessary for the output to resemble unified
diff. You are free to locate and report changes in the most appropriate way for your
data format.
A textconv, by comparison, is much more limiting. You provide a transformation of the
data into a line-oriented text format, and Git uses its regular diff tools to generate
the output. There are several advantages to choosing this method:
1. Ease of use. It is often much simpler to write a binary to text transformation
than it is to perform your own diff. In many cases, existing programs can be used
as textconv filters (e.g., exif, odt2txt).
2. Git diff features. By performing only the transformation step yourself, you can
still utilize many of Git’s diff features, including colorization, word-diff, and
combined diffs for merges.
3. Caching. Textconv caching can speed up repeated diffs, such as those you might
trigger by running git log -p.
Marking files as binary
Git usually guesses correctly whether a blob contains text or binary data by examining
the beginning of the contents. However, sometimes you may want to override its
decision, either because a blob contains binary data later in the file, or because the
content, while technically composed of text characters, is opaque to a human reader.
For example, many postscript files contain only ASCII characters, but produce noisy
and meaningless diffs.
The simplest way to mark a file as binary is to unset the diff attribute in the
.gitattributes file:
*.ps -diff
This will cause Git to generate Binary files differ (or a binary patch, if binary
patches are enabled) instead of a regular diff.
However, one may also want to specify other diff driver attributes. For example, you
might want to use textconv to convert postscript files to an ASCII representation for
human viewing, but otherwise treat them as binary files. You cannot specify both -diff
and diff=ps attributes. The solution is to use the diff.*.binary config option:
[diff "ps"]
textconv = ps2ascii
binary = true
Performing a three-way merge
merge
The attribute merge affects how three versions of a file are merged when a file-level
merge is necessary during git merge, and other commands such as git revert and git
cherry-pick.
Set
Built-in 3-way merge driver is used to merge the contents in a way similar to
merge command of RCS suite. This is suitable for ordinary text files.
Unset
Take the version from the current branch as the tentative merge result, and
declare that the merge has conflicts. This is suitable for binary files that do
not have a well-defined merge semantics.
Unspecified
By default, this uses the same built-in 3-way merge driver as is the case when the
merge attribute is set. However, the merge.default configuration variable can name
different merge driver to be used with paths for which the merge attribute is
unspecified.
String
3-way merge is performed using the specified custom merge driver. The built-in
3-way merge driver can be explicitly specified by asking for "text" driver; the
built-in "take the current branch" driver can be requested with "binary".
Built-in merge drivers
There are a few built-in low-level merge drivers defined that can be asked for via the
merge attribute.
text
Usual 3-way file level merge for text files. Conflicted regions are marked with
conflict markers <<<<<<<, ======= and >>>>>>>. The version from your branch
appears before the ======= marker, and the version from the merged branch appears
after the ======= marker.
binary
Keep the version from your branch in the work tree, but leave the path in the
conflicted state for the user to sort out.
union
Run 3-way file level merge for text files, but take lines from both versions,
instead of leaving conflict markers. This tends to leave the added lines in the
resulting file in random order and the user should verify the result. Do not use
this if you do not understand the implications.
Defining a custom merge driver
The definition of a merge driver is done in the .git/config file, not in the
gitattributes file, so strictly speaking this manual page is a wrong place to talk
about it. However...
To define a custom merge driver filfre, add a section to your $GIT_DIR/config file (or
$HOME/.gitconfig file) like this:
[merge "filfre"]
name = feel-free merge driver
driver = filfre %O %A %B %L %P
recursive = binary
The merge.*.name variable gives the driver a human-readable name.
The ‘merge.*.driver` variable’s value is used to construct a command to run to merge
ancestor’s version (%O), current version (%A) and the other branches’ version (%B).
These three tokens are replaced with the names of temporary files that hold the
contents of these versions when the command line is built. Additionally, %L will be
replaced with the conflict marker size (see below).
The merge driver is expected to leave the result of the merge in the file named with
%A by overwriting it, and exit with zero status if it managed to merge them cleanly,
or non-zero if there were conflicts. When the driver crashes (e.g. killed by SEGV), it
is expected to exit with non-zero status that are higher than 128, and in such a case,
the merge results in a failure (which is different from producing a conflict).
The merge.*.recursive variable specifies what other merge driver to use when the merge
driver is called for an internal merge between common ancestors, when there are more
than one. When left unspecified, the driver itself is used for both internal merge and
the final merge.
The merge driver can learn the pathname in which the merged result will be stored via
placeholder %P.
conflict-marker-size
This attribute controls the length of conflict markers left in the work tree file
during a conflicted merge. Only a positive integer has a meaningful effect.
For example, this line in .gitattributes can be used to tell the merge machinery to
leave much longer (instead of the usual 7-character-long) conflict markers when
merging the file Documentation/git-merge.txt results in a conflict.
Documentation/git-merge.txt conflict-marker-size=32
Checking whitespace errors
whitespace
The core.whitespace configuration variable allows you to define what diff and apply
should consider whitespace errors for all paths in the project (See git-config(1)).
This attribute gives you finer control per path.
Set
Notice all types of potential whitespace errors known to Git. The tab width is
taken from the value of the core.whitespace configuration variable.
Unset
Do not notice anything as error.
Unspecified
Use the value of the core.whitespace configuration variable to decide what to
notice as error.
String
Specify a comma separated list of common whitespace problems to notice in the same
format as the core.whitespace configuration variable.
Creating an archive
export-ignore
Files and directories with the attribute export-ignore won’t be added to archive
files.
export-subst
If the attribute export-subst is set for a file then Git will expand several
placeholders when adding this file to an archive. The expansion depends on the
availability of a commit ID, i.e., if git-archive(1) has been given a tree instead of
a commit or a tag then no replacement will be done. The placeholders are the same as
those for the option --pretty=format: of git-log(1), except that they need to be
wrapped like this: $Format:PLACEHOLDERS$ in the file. E.g. the string $Format:%H$ will
be replaced by the commit hash. However, only one %(describe) placeholder is expanded
per archive to avoid denial-of-service attacks.
Packing objects
delta
Delta compression will not be attempted for blobs for paths with the attribute delta
set to false.
Viewing files in GUI tools
encoding
The value of this attribute specifies the character encoding that should be used by
GUI tools (e.g. gitk(1) and git-gui(1)) to display the contents of the relevant file.
Note that due to performance considerations gitk(1) does not use this attribute unless
you manually enable per-file encodings in its options.
If this attribute is not set or has an invalid value, the value of the gui.encoding
configuration variable is used instead (See git-config(1)).
USING MACRO ATTRIBUTES
You do not want any end-of-line conversions applied to, nor textual diffs produced for,
any binary file you track. You would need to specify e.g.
*.jpg -text -diff
but that may become cumbersome, when you have many attributes. Using macro attributes, you
can define an attribute that, when set, also sets or unsets a number of other attributes
at the same time. The system knows a built-in macro attribute, binary:
*.jpg binary
Setting the "binary" attribute also unsets the "text" and "diff" attributes as above. Note
that macro attributes can only be "Set", though setting one might have the effect of
setting or unsetting other attributes or even returning other attributes to the
"Unspecified" state.
DEFINING MACRO ATTRIBUTES
Custom macro attributes can be defined only in top-level gitattributes files
($GIT_DIR/info/attributes, the .gitattributes file at the top level of the working tree,
or the global or system-wide gitattributes files), not in .gitattributes files in working
tree subdirectories. The built-in macro attribute "binary" is equivalent to:
[attr]binary -diff -merge -text
NOTES
Git does not follow symbolic links when accessing a .gitattributes file in the working
tree. This keeps behavior consistent when the file is accessed from the index or a tree
versus from the filesystem.
EXAMPLES
If you have these three gitattributes file:
(in $GIT_DIR/info/attributes)
a* foo !bar -baz
(in .gitattributes)
abc foo bar baz
(in t/.gitattributes)
ab* merge=filfre
abc -foo -bar
*.c frotz
the attributes given to path t/abc are computed as follows:
1. By examining t/.gitattributes (which is in the same directory as the path in
question), Git finds that the first line matches. merge attribute is set. It also
finds that the second line matches, and attributes foo and bar are unset.
2. Then it examines .gitattributes (which is in the parent directory), and finds that the
first line matches, but t/.gitattributes file already decided how merge, foo and bar
attributes should be given to this path, so it leaves foo and bar unset. Attribute baz
is set.
3. Finally it examines $GIT_DIR/info/attributes. This file is used to override the
in-tree settings. The first line is a match, and foo is set, bar is reverted to
unspecified state, and baz is unset.
As the result, the attributes assignment to t/abc becomes:
foo set to true
bar unspecified
baz set to false
merge set to string value "filfre"
frotz unspecified
SEE ALSO
git-check-attr(1).
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite