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NAME

       netlink - communication between kernel and user space (AF_NETLINK)

SYNOPSIS

       #include <asm/types.h>
       #include <sys/socket.h>
       #include <linux/netlink.h>

       netlink_socket = socket(AF_NETLINK, socket_type, netlink_family);

DESCRIPTION

       Netlink  is  used to transfer information between the kernel and user-space processes.  It
       consists of a standard sockets-based interface for user space processes  and  an  internal
       kernel  API  for  kernel modules.  The internal kernel interface is not documented in this
       manual page.  There is also an obsolete netlink interface via netlink  character  devices;
       this interface is not documented here and is provided only for backward compatibility.

       Netlink is a datagram-oriented service.  Both SOCK_RAW and SOCK_DGRAM are valid values for
       socket_type.  However, the netlink protocol does not distinguish between datagram and  raw
       sockets.

       netlink_family  selects  the  kernel  module  or  netlink  group to communicate with.  The
       currently assigned netlink families are:

       NETLINK_ROUTE
              Receives routing and link updates and may be used  to  modify  the  routing  tables
              (both  IPv4  and  IPv6),  IP  addresses, link parameters, neighbor setups, queueing
              disciplines, traffic classes, and packet classifiers (see rtnetlink(7)).

       NETLINK_W1 (Linux 2.6.13 to Linux 2.16.17)
              Messages from 1-wire subsystem.

       NETLINK_USERSOCK
              Reserved for user-mode socket protocols.

       NETLINK_FIREWALL (up to and including Linux 3.4)
              Transport IPv4 packets from netfilter to  user  space.   Used  by  ip_queue  kernel
              module.   After  a  long  period  of  being declared obsolete (in favor of the more
              advanced nfnetlink_queue feature), NETLINK_FIREWALL was removed in Linux 3.5.

       NETLINK_SOCK_DIAG (since Linux 3.3)
              Query information about sockets of various protocol families from the  kernel  (see
              sock_diag(7)).

       NETLINK_INET_DIAG (since Linux 2.6.14)
              An obsolete synonym for NETLINK_SOCK_DIAG.

       NETLINK_NFLOG (up to and including Linux 3.16)
              Netfilter/iptables ULOG.

       NETLINK_XFRM
              IPsec.

       NETLINK_SELINUX (since Linux 2.6.4)
              SELinux event notifications.

       NETLINK_ISCSI (since Linux 2.6.15)
              Open-iSCSI.

       NETLINK_AUDIT (since Linux 2.6.6)
              Auditing.

       NETLINK_FIB_LOOKUP (since Linux 2.6.13)
              Access to FIB lookup from user space.

       NETLINK_CONNECTOR (since Linux 2.6.14)
              Kernel      connector.       See     Documentation/driver-api/connector.rst     (or
              /Documentation/connector/connector.*  in Linux 5.2 and earlier) in the Linux kernel
              source tree for further information.

       NETLINK_NETFILTER (since Linux 2.6.14)
              Netfilter subsystem.

       NETLINK_SCSITRANSPORT (since Linux 2.6.19)
              SCSI Transports.

       NETLINK_RDMA (since Linux 3.0)
              Infiniband RDMA.

       NETLINK_IP6_FW (up to and including Linux 3.4)
              Transport  IPv6  packets  from  netfilter  to user space.  Used by ip6_queue kernel
              module.

       NETLINK_DNRTMSG
              DECnet routing messages.

       NETLINK_KOBJECT_UEVENT (since Linux 2.6.10)
              Kernel messages to user space.

       NETLINK_GENERIC (since Linux 2.6.15)
              Generic netlink family for simplified netlink usage.

       NETLINK_CRYPTO (since Linux 3.2)
              Netlink interface to request information about ciphers registered with  the  kernel
              crypto API as well as allow configuration of the kernel crypto API.

       Netlink  messages  consist  of  a  byte  stream  with one or multiple nlmsghdr headers and
       associated payload.  The byte stream should be accessed only  with  the  standard  NLMSG_*
       macros.  See netlink(3) for further information.

       In  multipart  messages  (multiple  nlmsghdr  headers  with associated payload in one byte
       stream) the first and all following headers have the NLM_F_MULTI flag set, except for  the
       last header which has the type NLMSG_DONE.

       After each nlmsghdr the payload follows.

           struct nlmsghdr {
               __u32 nlmsg_len;    /* Length of message including header */
               __u16 nlmsg_type;   /* Type of message content */
               __u16 nlmsg_flags;  /* Additional flags */
               __u32 nlmsg_seq;    /* Sequence number */
               __u32 nlmsg_pid;    /* Sender port ID */
           };

       nlmsg_type  can be one of the standard message types: NLMSG_NOOP message is to be ignored,
       NLMSG_ERROR message signals an error and  the  payload  contains  an  nlmsgerr  structure,
       NLMSG_DONE  message  terminates  a  multipart  message.   Error  messages get the original
       request appended, unless the user requests to cap the error message, and get  extra  error
       data if requested.

           struct nlmsgerr {
               int error;        /* Negative errno or 0 for acknowledgements */
               struct nlmsghdr msg;  /* Message header that caused the error */
               /*
                * followed by the message contents
                * unless NETLINK_CAP_ACK was set
                * or the ACK indicates success (error == 0).
                * For example Generic Netlink message with attributes.
                * message length is aligned with NLMSG_ALIGN()
                */
               /*
                * followed by TLVs defined in enum nlmsgerr_attrs
                * if NETLINK_EXT_ACK was set
                */
           };

       A  netlink  family  usually specifies more message types, see the appropriate manual pages
       for that, for example, rtnetlink(7) for NETLINK_ROUTE.

       Standard flag bits in nlmsg_flags
       ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       NLM_F_REQUEST           Must be set on all request messages.
       NLM_F_MULTI             The  message  is  part  of  a  multipart  message  terminated   by
                               NLMSG_DONE.
       NLM_F_ACK               Request for an acknowledgement on success.
       NLM_F_ECHO              Echo this request.

       Additional flag bits for GET requests
       ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       NLM_F_ROOT               Return the complete table instead of a single entry.
       NLM_F_MATCH              Return  all entries matching criteria passed in message content.
                                Not implemented yet.
       NLM_F_ATOMIC             Return an atomic snapshot of the table.
       NLM_F_DUMP               Convenience macro; equivalent to (NLM_F_ROOT|NLM_F_MATCH).

       Note that NLM_F_ATOMIC requires the CAP_NET_ADMIN capability or an effective UID of 0.

       Additional flag bits for NEW requests
       ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
       NLM_F_REPLACE             Replace existing matching object.
       NLM_F_EXCL                Don't replace if the object already exists.
       NLM_F_CREATE              Create object if it doesn't already exist.
       NLM_F_APPEND              Add to the end of the object list.

       nlmsg_seq and nlmsg_pid are used to track messages.  nlmsg_pid shows  the  origin  of  the
       message.   Note  that  there isn't a 1:1 relationship between nlmsg_pid and the PID of the
       process if the message originated from a netlink socket.  See the ADDRESS FORMATS  section
       for further information.

       Both nlmsg_seq and nlmsg_pid are opaque to netlink core.

       Netlink  is  not  a  reliable  protocol.   It  tries  its best to deliver a message to its
       destination(s), but may drop messages when  an  out-of-memory  condition  or  other  error
       occurs.  For reliable transfer the sender can request an acknowledgement from the receiver
       by setting the NLM_F_ACK flag.  An acknowledgement is an NLMSG_ERROR packet with the error
       field  set  to  0.   The  application must generate acknowledgements for received messages
       itself.  The kernel tries to send an NLMSG_ERROR message for every failed packet.  A  user
       process should follow this convention too.

       However,  reliable  transmissions  from  kernel  to  user are impossible in any case.  The
       kernel can't send a netlink message if the socket buffer is  full:  the  message  will  be
       dropped  and  the  kernel  and the user-space process will no longer have the same view of
       kernel state.  It is up to the application to detect when this happens  (via  the  ENOBUFS
       error returned by recvmsg(2)) and resynchronize.

   Address formats
       The  sockaddr_nl  structure  describes a netlink client in user space or in the kernel.  A
       sockaddr_nl can be either unicast (only sent to one peer) or  sent  to  netlink  multicast
       groups (nl_groups not equal 0).

           struct sockaddr_nl {
               sa_family_t     nl_family;  /* AF_NETLINK */
               unsigned short  nl_pad;     /* Zero */
               pid_t           nl_pid;     /* Port ID */
               __u32           nl_groups;  /* Multicast groups mask */
           };

       nl_pid  is  the unicast address of netlink socket.  It's always 0 if the destination is in
       the kernel.  For a user-space process, nl_pid is usually the PID of the process owning the
       destination  socket.   However,  nl_pid  identifies a netlink socket, not a process.  If a
       process owns several netlink sockets, then nl_pid can be equal to the process ID only  for
       at  most  one  socket.   There  are two ways to assign nl_pid to a netlink socket.  If the
       application sets nl_pid before calling bind(2), then it is up to the application  to  make
       sure  that  nl_pid  is  unique.  If the application sets it to 0, the kernel takes care of
       assigning it.  The kernel assigns the process ID to the first netlink socket  the  process
       opens  and  assigns  a unique nl_pid to every netlink socket that the process subsequently
       creates.

       nl_groups is a bit mask with every bit representing a netlink group number.  Each  netlink
       family  has  a  set  of  32  multicast  groups.  When bind(2) is called on the socket, the
       nl_groups field in the sockaddr_nl should be set to a bit mask  of  the  groups  which  it
       wishes  to  listen  to.   The  default  value  for  this field is zero which means that no
       multicasts will be received.  A socket may multicast messages  to  any  of  the  multicast
       groups by setting nl_groups to a bit mask of the groups it wishes to send to when it calls
       sendmsg(2) or does a connect(2).  Only processes  with  an  effective  UID  of  0  or  the
       CAP_NET_ADMIN  capability  may  send  or listen to a netlink multicast group.  Since Linux
       2.6.13, messages can't be broadcast to multiple groups.  Any replies to a message received
       for  a  multicast  group  should  be sent back to the sending PID and the multicast group.
       Some Linux kernel subsystems may additionally allow other users  to  send  and/or  receive
       messages.   As  at  Linux 3.0, the NETLINK_KOBJECT_UEVENT, NETLINK_GENERIC, NETLINK_ROUTE,
       and NETLINK_SELINUX groups allow other users to receive messages.  No groups  allow  other
       users to send messages.

   Socket options
       To  set  or  get  a  netlink socket option, call getsockopt(2) to read or setsockopt(2) to
       write the option with the option level argument  set  to  SOL_NETLINK.   Unless  otherwise
       noted, optval is a pointer to an int.

       NETLINK_PKTINFO (since Linux 2.6.14)
              Enable  nl_pktinfo  control  messages  for  received  packets  to  get the extended
              destination group number.

       NETLINK_ADD_MEMBERSHIP
       NETLINK_DROP_MEMBERSHIP (since Linux 2.6.14)
              Join/leave a group specified by optval.

       NETLINK_LIST_MEMBERSHIPS (since Linux 4.2)
              Retrieve all groups a socket is a member of.  optval is  a  pointer  to  __u32  and
              optlen  is the size of the array.  The array is filled with the full membership set
              of the socket, and the required array size is returned in optlen.

       NETLINK_BROADCAST_ERROR (since Linux 2.6.30)
              When not set, netlink_broadcast() only reports ESRCH  errors  and  silently  ignore
              ENOBUFS errors.

       NETLINK_NO_ENOBUFS (since Linux 2.6.30)
              This flag can be used by unicast and broadcast listeners to avoid receiving ENOBUFS
              errors.

       NETLINK_LISTEN_ALL_NSID (since Linux 4.2)
              When  set,  this  socket  will  receive  netlink  notifications  from  all  network
              namespaces  that  have an nsid assigned into the network namespace where the socket
              has been opened.  The nsid is sent to user space via an ancillary data.

       NETLINK_CAP_ACK (since Linux 4.3)
              The kernel may fail to allocate the necessary room for the acknowledgement  message
              back  to  user  space.   This  option trims off the payload of the original netlink
              message.  The netlink message header is still included, so the user can guess  from
              the sequence number which message triggered the acknowledgement.

VERSIONS

       The socket interface to netlink first appeared Linux 2.2.

       Linux  2.0  supported  a  more  primitive  device-based  netlink interface (which is still
       available as a compatibility option).  This obsolete interface is not described here.

NOTES

       It is often better to use netlink via libnetlink or libnl than via  the  low-level  kernel
       interface.

BUGS

       This manual page is not complete.

EXAMPLES

       The  following  example  creates  a  NETLINK_ROUTE netlink socket which will listen to the
       RTMGRP_LINK (network interface create/delete/up/down events) and RTMGRP_IPV4_IFADDR  (IPv4
       addresses add/delete events) multicast groups.

           struct sockaddr_nl sa;

           memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(sa));
           sa.nl_family = AF_NETLINK;
           sa.nl_groups = RTMGRP_LINK | RTMGRP_IPV4_IFADDR;

           fd = socket(AF_NETLINK, SOCK_RAW, NETLINK_ROUTE);
           bind(fd, (struct sockaddr *) &sa, sizeof(sa));

       The  next  example demonstrates how to send a netlink message to the kernel (pid 0).  Note
       that the application must take care of message sequence numbers in order to reliably track
       acknowledgements.

           struct nlmsghdr *nh;    /* The nlmsghdr with payload to send */
           struct sockaddr_nl sa;
           struct iovec iov = { nh, nh->nlmsg_len };
           struct msghdr msg;

           msg = { &sa, sizeof(sa), &iov, 1, NULL, 0, 0 };
           memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(sa));
           sa.nl_family = AF_NETLINK;
           nh->nlmsg_pid = 0;
           nh->nlmsg_seq = ++sequence_number;
           /* Request an ack from kernel by setting NLM_F_ACK */
           nh->nlmsg_flags |= NLM_F_ACK;

           sendmsg(fd, &msg, 0);

       And the last example is about reading netlink message.

           int len;
           /* 8192 to avoid message truncation on platforms with
              page size > 4096 */
           struct nlmsghdr buf[8192/sizeof(struct nlmsghdr)];
           struct iovec iov = { buf, sizeof(buf) };
           struct sockaddr_nl sa;
           struct msghdr msg;
           struct nlmsghdr *nh;

           msg = { &sa, sizeof(sa), &iov, 1, NULL, 0, 0 };
           len = recvmsg(fd, &msg, 0);

           for (nh = (struct nlmsghdr *) buf; NLMSG_OK (nh, len);
                nh = NLMSG_NEXT (nh, len)) {
               /* The end of multipart message */
               if (nh->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_DONE)
                   return;

               if (nh->nlmsg_type == NLMSG_ERROR)
                   /* Do some error handling */
               ...

               /* Continue with parsing payload */
               ...
           }

SEE ALSO

       cmsg(3), netlink(3), capabilities(7), rtnetlink(7), sock_diag(7)

       information about libnetlink ⟨ftp://ftp.inr.ac.ru/ip-routing/iproute2*⟩

       information about libnl ⟨http://www.infradead.org/~tgr/libnl/⟩

       RFC 3549 "Linux Netlink as an IP Services Protocol"