Provided by: paexec_1.1.1-1_amd64 
NAME
paexec - parallel executor, distribute tasks over network or CPUs
SYNOPSIS
paexec [options]
paexec -C [options] command [args...]
DESCRIPTION
Suppose you have a long list of tasks that need to be done, for example, you want to convert thousands of
.wav audio files to .ogg format. Also suppose that multiple CPUs are available, e.g. multi-CPU system or
a cluster consisting of individual computers connected to the network or internet. paexec can efficiently
do this work, that is, paexec efficiently distributes different tasks to different processors (or
computers), receives the results of processing from them and sends these results to stdout.
There are several notions that should be defined: task, command, transport, node.
Tasks are read by paexec from stdin and are represented as one line of text, i.e. one input line - one
task.
node identifier - remote computer or CPU identifier, for example CPU ordinal number or computer's DNS
name like node12.cluster.company.com.
Command - user's program that reads one-line task from stdin and sends multiline result to stdout ending
with an end of task (EOT) marker. EOT marker means "Task is done. I am ready for the next one". After
sending EOT to stdout, stdout MUST be flushed. Remember that EOT marker MUST NOT appears in general
result. Otherwise, paexec may hang due to deadlock. The default EOT is an empty line. Command may use
environment variable PAEXEC_EOT for the end-of-task marker.
Transport - special program that helps to run command on node. It takes the node identifier as its first
argument and command with its arguments as the rest. Good examples for transport are ssh and rsh. Both
transport and command may be specified with their arguments, e.g, '/usr/bin/ssh -x' is allowed as a
transport program.
How paexec works. Commands are run on each node with a help of transport program. Then, tasks are read
from stdin one-by-one and sent to free node (exactly one task per node at a time). At the same time
result lines are read from command's stdout and are output to paexec's stdout. When EOT marker is
obtained from the node, it is marked as free and becomes ready for the next task. These steps repeat
until the end of stdin is reached and all nodes finish their job.
More formally (to better understand how paexec works):
run_command_on_each_node
mark_all_nodes_as_free
while not(end_of_stdin) or not(all_nodes_are_free)
while there_is_free_node/i and not(end_of_stdin)
task = read_task_from_stdin
send_task_to_node(task, i)
mark_node_as_busy(i)
end
while result_line_from_node_is_available/i
result = read_result_line_from_node(i)
send_line_to_stdout(result)
if is_EOT(result)
mark_node_as_free(i)
end
end
end
close_command_on_each_node
Note that commands are run once per node, it is not restarted for every task.
Also note that output contains result lines (obtained from different nodes) in the mixed order. That is,
the first line of the output may contain a result line obtain from the first node, the second line of
output - from the second node, but the third output line may contain result line from the first node
again. It is also not guaranteed that the first line of output will be from the first node or from the
first task. All result lines are output as soon as they are read by paexec, i.e as soon as they are
ready. paexec works this way for the efficiency reasons. You can play with -l, -r and -p options to see
what happens. For reordering output line you can use paexec_reorder utility.
OPTIONS
-h Display help information.
-V Display version information.
-c command
Command with its arguments.
-C Command and its arguments are specified by free arguments.
-t transport
Transport program.
-n +number
A number of commands to run in parallel.
-n nodes
List of nodes separated by space character. The first character must be alphanumeric, `_' or `/'.
All other characters are reserved for future extensions.
-n :filename
Filename containing list of nodes, one per line.
-x Run command specificed by -c for each task. Its stdout is sent to paexec. If both "-x" and "-g"
are specified, task is considered failed if command's exit status is non-zero.
-X Implies -x and ignore command's stdout.
-r Include node identifier or node number (0-based) to the output, i.e. id/number of node that
produces this particular output line. This identifier or number appears before line number if -l
is also applied. Space character is used as a separator.
-l Include a 0-based task number (input line number) to the output, i.e. line number from which this
particular output line was produced. It appears before pid if -p is also applied. Space character
is used as a separator.
-p Include pid of paexec's subprocess that communicates with node+command to the output. Pid prepends
the actual result line. Space character is used as a separator.
-e When end-of-task marker is obtained from node, EOT marker is output to stdout. This option may be
useful together with -l and/or -r.
-E Imply -e and flushes stdout.
-d Turn on a debugging mode (for debugging purposes only)
-i Copy input lines (i.e. tasks) to stdout.
-I Imply -i and flushes stdout.
-s|-g Orgraph of tasks (partially ordered set) is read from stdin.
Instead of autonomous tasks, graph of the tasks is read from stdin. In this mode every task can
either FAIL or SUCCEED. As always an empty line output by command means end of task. The line
before it shows an EXIT STATUS of the task. The word "failure" means failure, "success" - success
and "fatal" means that the current task is reassigned to another node (and restarted, of course)
(see option -z). See examples/1_div_x/cmd for the sample. An input line (paexec's stdin) should
contain either single task without spaces inside or two tasks separated by single space character,
e.g. task1<SPC>task2. task1<SPC>task2 line means that task1 must be done before task2 and it is
mandatory, that is if task1 fail all dependent tasks (including task2) are also failed recursively.
Tasks having dependencies are started only after all dependencies are succeeded. When a task
succeeds paexec outputs "success" word just before end_of_task marker (see -e or -E), otherwise
"failure" word is output followed by a list of tasks failed because of it.
Samples:
tasks (examples/make_package/tasks file)
textproc/dictem
devel/autoconf wip/libmaa
devel/gmake wip/libmaa
wip/libmaa wip/dict-server
wip/libmaa wip/dict-client
devel/m4 wip/dict-server
devel/byacc wip/dict-server
devel/byacc wip/dict-client
devel/flex wip/dict-server
devel/flex wip/dict-client
devel/glib2
devel/libjudy
command (examples/make_package/cmd__flex)
#!/usr/bin/awk -f
{
print $0
if ($0 == "devel/flex")
print "failure"
else
print "success"
print "" # end of task marker
fflush()
}
output of "paexec -s -l -c cmd__flex -n +10 \
< tasks"
3 devel/autoconf
3 success
4 devel/gmake
4 success
7 devel/m4
7 success
8 devel/byacc
8 success
9 devel/flex
9 failure
9 devel/flex wip/dict-server wip/dict-client
10 devel/glib2
10 success
11 devel/libjudy
11 success
1 textproc/dictem
1 success
2 wip/libmaa
2 success
-z If applied, read/write(2) operations from/to nodes becomes not critical. In case paexec has lost
connection to the node, it will reassign failed task to another node and, if -s applied, will
output "fatal" string to stdout ("success" + "failure" + "fatal"). This makes paexec resistant to
the I/O errors, as a result you can create paexec clusters even over network consisting of
unreliable hosts (Internet?). Failed hosts are marked as such and will not be used during the
current run of paexec.
-Z timeout
When -z applied, if a command fails, appropriate node is marked as broken and is excluded from the
following task distribution. But if -Z applied, every timeout seconds an attempt to rerun a command
on a failed node is made. -Z implies -z. This option makes possible to organize clusters over
unreliable networks/hardware.
-w If -Z option were applied, paexec exits with error if ALL nodes failed. With -w it will not exit
and will wait for restoring nodes.
-m s=success
Set an alternative string for 'success' message.
-m f=failure
Set an alternative string for 'failure' message.
-m F=fatal
Set an alternative string for 'fatal' message. An empty string for 'fatal' means it will not be
output to stdout in case of fatal error.
-m t=eot
Set an alternative string for EOT message.
-m d=delimiter
Set an alternative string for tasks delimiter (for -g mode). Delimiter should be at most one
character. No delimiter means an entire input line is treated as a task.
-m w=weight
Set an alternative string for "weight:" message.
-W num
When multiple machines or CPUs are used for tasks processing, it makes sense to start "heavier"
tasks as soon as possible in order to minimize total calculatiion time. If -W is specified,
special weight is assigned to each tasks which is used for reordering tasks. If num is 0, weights
themselves are used for reordering tasks. The bigger weight is, the more priority of the task is.
If num is 1, the total weight of task is a sum of its own weight (specified on input) and weights
of all tasks depending on it directly or indirectly. If num is 2, the total weight of task is a
maximum value of task's own weight and weights of all tasks depending on it directly or indirectly.
Weights are specified with a help of "weight:" keyword (unless -m w= was specified). If weight is
not specified, it defaults to 1. The following is the example for input graph of tasks with
weights.
weight: gtk2 30
weight: glib2 20
gtk2 firefox
weight: firefox 200
glib2 gtk2
weight: qt4 200
weight: kcachegrind 2
qt4 kcachegrind
qt4 djview4
tiff djview4
png djview4
weight: twm 1
weight: gqview 4
-y If applied, the magic string is used as an end-of-task marker instead of empty line. It is
unlikely that this line appears on command's output. This option has higher priority than
PAEXEC_EOT environment variable.
-0 Change paexec to expect NUL character as a line separator instead of newline. This is expected to
be used in concert with the -print0 function in find(1).
-J replstr
Execute command for each task, replacing one or more occurrences of replstr with the entire task.
Only 2-character replstr is allowed. Tale a note that such replacement works only if shell variable
expansion is allowed in appropriate part of command (if -c is applied) or if free argument is
exactly a replstr (if -C is applied). This option implies -x.
EXAMPLES
1.
paexec -t '/usr/bin/ssh -x' -n 'host1 host2 host3' \
-le -g -c calculate-me < tasks.txt |
paexec_reorder -Mf -Sl
2.
ls -1 *.wav | paexec -x -n +4 -c 'oggenc -Q'
3.
ls -1 *.wav | paexec -xCil -n+4 flac -f --silent
4.
{ uname -s; uname -r; uname -m; } |
paexec -x -lp -n+2 -c banner |
paexec_reorder -l
5.
find . -name '*.dat' -print0 |
paexec -0 -n+10 -C -J// scp // remoteserver:/remote/path
6.
ls -1 *.txt | paexec -n+10 -J%% -c 'awk "BEGIN {print toupper(\"%%\")}"'
For more examples see paexec.pdf and examples/ subdirectory in the distribution.
NOTES
select(2) system call and non-blocking read(2) are used to read result lines from nodes.
At the moment blocking write(2) is used to send task to the node. This may slow down an entire processing
if tasks are too big. So, it is recommended to use shorter tasks, for example, filename or URI (several
tens of bytes in size) instead of multi-megabyte content. Though this may be fixed in the future.
Original paexec tarball contains a number of sample of use in presentation/paexec.pdf file. After
installation you can find this file under share/doc/paexec/paexec.pdf or nearby.
ENVIRONMENT
PAEXEC_BUFSIZE
Overrides the compile time initial size for internal buffers used to store tasks and the result
lines. Versions of paexec prior to 0.9.0 used this value as a maximum buffer size. Now internal
buffers are resized automatically. If unsure, do not set PAEXEC_BUFSIZE variable. See the default
value in Makefile.
PAEXEC_ENV
A list of variables passed to command.
PAEXEC_EOT
This variable sets the end-of-task marker which is an empty line by default. Also, through this
variable an end-of-task marker is passed to all commands.
PAEXEC_NODES
Unless option -n was applied, this variables specifies the nodes.
PAEXEC_TRANSPORT
Unless option -t was applied, this variables specifies the transport.
BUGS/FEEDBACK
Please send any comments, questions, bug reports etc. to me by e-mail or (even better) register them at
sourceforge project home. Feature requests are also welcomed.
HOME
<http://sourceforge.net/projects/paexec>
SEE ALSO ssh(1) rsh(1) select(2) read(2) write(2)
2019-11-24 paexec(1)