Provided by: libweb-mrest-perl_0.290-1_all 
NAME
Web::MREST - Minimalistic REST server
VERSION
Version 0.290
Development status
Web::MREST is currently in "Alpha - feature freeze". There are almost certainly bugs
lurking in the code, but all features have been implemented.
SYNOPSIS
To take this module for a spin, execute this command:
$ mrest-standalone
Leave this running, and from another console start the command-line client:
$ mrest-cli
In the CLI client, type e.g.
Web::MREST::CLI::Parser> get /
A 'GET' request will be sent for the root resource and the CLI client will display a
representation of the response.
A similar result can be obtained using "curl":
curl -v http://localhost:5000/ -X GET -H "Content-Type: application/json"
For more information on using the CLI client, see Web::MREST::CLI.
DESCRIPTION
MREST stands for "minimalistic" or "mechanical" REST server. (Mechanical because it relies
on Web::Machine.)
Web::MREST provides a fully functional REST server that can be started with a simple
command. Without modification, the server provides a set of generalized resources that can
be used to demonstrate how the REST server works, or for testing.
Developers can use Web::MREST as a platform for implementing their own REST servers, as
described below. App::Dochazka::REST is a "real-world" example of such a server.
For an introduction to REST and Web Services, see Web::MREST::WebServicesIntro.
RFC2616 AS A STATE MACHINE
RFC2616 is, of course, the HTTP 1.1 standard - not a state machine. But the authors of
"Web Machine" (which was originally implemented in Erlang) had a neat idea to represent it
as a state machine and use this to implement a server for providing web services.
Web::Machine is, of course, the Perl port of Web Machine.
Web::MREST relies on Web::Machine to implement RFC2616. Web::MREST can be thought of as an
additional abstraction layer over Web::Machine.
By itself, Web::Machine is not a server. It does not listen on a port, for example.
Instead, it is designed to work (via Plack) with a PSGI-compliant web server.
The web server hands incoming requests over to Web::Machine, which runs the requests
through its state machine. (The Web::Machine authors refer to the state machine as "the
FSM.") The best way to grasp the state machine is to envision it as a flow-chart. At each
"decision node" of the flow-chart - where flow can go in one of two directions -
Web::Machine calls the method corresponding to that node. Each node is designated by a
letter and a number: e.g. F7, O18, etc.
The flow-chart implemented by the FSM can be found here <http://...> - you are encouraged
to have that open for reference while reading this documentation and implementing your
REST server.
SERVER STARTUP AND INHERITANCE SCHEME
Standalone mode
As stated above, Web::MREST is capable of operating independently. To try it out, start up
the server like this:
$ mrest-standalone
And then point your browser to
http://localhost:5000
If you look inside the "mrest-standlone" script, you will see that it is just a wrapper
for the "mrest" script, which takes two mandatory options. The first, "--distro", is the
name of the distribution in whose sharedir it should look for configuration files. The
second, "--module", is the name of the application's resource module, i.e. the ultimate
module in the chain of inheritance.
In standalone mode, the actual command that is run is:
mrest --distro=Web::MREST --module=Web::MREST::Dispatch
which causes the chain of inheritance to be built up as follows:
"bin/mrest"
calls "Web::Machine->new"; the Web::Machine object is blessed into
Web::MREST::Dispatch
Web::MREST::Dispatch
inherits from Web::MREST::Entity
Web::MREST::Entity
inherits from Web::MREST::Resource
Web::MREST::Resource
inherits from Web::Machine::Resource
When you browse to "http://0:5000" in standalone mode, you get a list of the sample REST
resources that are available. For more information on these, see
"config/dispatch_Config.pm".
With your application
Starting the server with your application is the same as described in "Standalone mode",
above, except that you replace "Web-MREST" with the name of your distribution and
"Web::MREST::Dispatch" with the name of your ultimate resource module.
$ mrest YourApp-MREST YourApp::MREST::Dispatch
For example, here we are starting the server with the distribution "YourApp-MREST", which
is presumed to implement a chain of inheritance similar to Web::MREST's, i.e.:
Web::MREST -> YourApp::MREST::Resource -> YourApp::MREST::Dispatch
Thanks to this arrangement, the application developer can customize Web::MREST - i.e., not
only providing her own resources and handlers, but even altering how the state machine
operates, if necessary - by providing her own chain of inheritance and overriding various
methods within it.
Recapitulation
Since the above is quite important, let's go over it again:
The Web::MREST documentation will always refer to your application either as the
"application" or as "YourApp". The application should take the form of a Perl
distribution, which should have:
• a distribution sharedir
• a resource module, "YourApp::Resource".
• a dispatch module, "YourApp::Dispatch"
For now, just think of these three components as "black boxes". We will cover their
contents later.
The server (i.e. your application), is started by executing the "mrest" executable with
the name of your application's distribution and the name of its dispatch module, which
should be the ultimate module in the chain of inheritance.
$ mrest --distro YourApp --module YourApp::Dispatch
Under the hood the startup script, which can be reviewed at "bin/mrest", does essentially
this:
use Web::Machine;
Web::Machine->new(
resource => 'YourApp::Dispatch',
)->to_app;
There are two key points concerning the Web::Machine object constructed by call to
"Web::Machine->new":
1. the object is blessed into "YourApp::Dispatch"
2. the object is a Plack application
INHERITANCE SCHEME
As seen in the previous section, "YourApp" inherits from Web::MREST via a chain of
inheritance. Here is the chain implemented by Web::MREST:
-> Web::MREST::Dispatch
-> Web::MREST::Entity
-> Web::MREST::Resource
-> Web::Machine::Resource
-> Plack::Component
Assuming YourApp has its authentication and authorization routines in YourApp::Resource
and its resource definitions and handlers in YourApp::Dispatch, the chain for YourApp
would look like this:
-> YourApp::Dispatch
-> YourApp::Resource
-> Web::MREST::Entity
-> Web::MREST::Resource
-> Web::Machine::Resource
-> Plack::Component
(In other words, YourApp::Dispatch and YourApp::Resource replace Web::MREST::Dispatch,
which is just a demo.)
When Web::Machine reaches a given node in the FSM, it calls the corresponding method on
that Web::Machine object. Since the object is blessed into "YourApp::Dispatch", that
module is where Perl will start to look for the method.
If the method is not found at the lowest level, Perl follows the chain of inheritance
"upward". The highest level, Plack::Component, is shown only for completeness -
Web::MREST::Resource and Web::MREST::Entity implement all the methods that your resource
module might (or should) want to override.
Readers who are not well-versed in writing Perl applications that use inheritance are
referred to the fine Perl manuals such as "perlootut".
STATE MACHINE INTRODUCTION
At this point we have enough background information to begin to grasp the state machine.
(Instead of writing "state machine" we will follow the Web::Machine convention of
referring to it as the "FSM".) This section presents selected features and nodes of the
FSM, how Web::MREST implements them, and how to use them. The discourse proceeds in the
order in which the methods are called when an HTTP request enters the FSM. We can
envision these method calls as decision nodes of a flow-chart, or "cogs" of the FSM.
And we needn't just imagine the flow-chart - it actually exists and can be downloaded from
.... If you want to understand how Web::Machine and Web::MREST work, this document is of
fundamental importance. Hereinafter it will be referred to as "the FSM diagram".
As you can see in the FSM diagram, each FSM cog has a code like "B6", for ease of
reference.
POLICIES AND FEATURES
Web::Machine implements the FSM, and that's all it does. In particular, it imposes no
policies on distributions that use it. By taking this approach, Web::Machine maximizes its
range of potential uses.
Powerful as it is, Web::Machine can be confusing to use. When I started writing my first
application based on it, I found myself wanting an intermediate module between my
application and Web::Machine - something that would make Web::Machine a little more
friendly.
Web::MREST is that module. It builds on Web::Machine in an effort to provide certain
additional features. Inevitably, this means imposing some policies (i.e., limitations) on
users. To me that seems like an acceptable trade-off.
Path dispatch
A key part of any web application is "path dispatch" (i.e. URI translation), which answers
the question: "how are URIs mapped to resources?"
Although Web::Machine provides a way to specify handlers for various media types that may
appear in request and response entities, it provides no way of getting from the URI to the
handler. Web::MREST bridges this gap by providing a system of resource definitions (see
"Resource definitions", below).
The definition of each resource specifies the URI-to-resource mapping and provides the
name of the resource's handler method. Internally, Web::MREST uses a single Path::Router
object to parse URIs.
Before any URIs can be parsed, this Path::Router object must be initialized. This is done
in Web::MREST::Resource, in the "service_available" method. That method checks the scalar
variable that is supposed to contain the Path::Router object and, if needed, calls the
"init_router" method to initialize it.
In the Web::MREST demo application, "init_router" is implemented in Web::MREST::Dispatch.
Resource handlers
The Web::Machine documentation mentions "handlers" but doesn't go into any detail on how
to write them. Web::MREST not only provides some working resource handlers, but also
implements a paradigm for writing them.
In this paradigm, the handler is called as a method, just like any of the other methods in
the chain of inheritance. (To avoid namespace issues, it is recommended that handler
method names start with "handler_".) The name of the method is specified in the resource
definition.
The handler method is called twice - in other words, there are two passes. In the first
pass, the handler is called with the argument 1 (scalar value) and is expected to return a
boolean value indicating whether the resource exists.
In the second pass, indicated by the argument 2 (scalar value), the handler is expected to
return a "App::CELL::Status" object. This object (rendered in JSON) becomes the response
entity unless overrided by a declared status (see "mrest_declare_status" in
Web::MREST::Resource.
N.B.: The request entity is not available to the handler (via
"$self-"context->{request_entity}> until the second pass!
Status objects
As mentioned in the previous section, App::CELL::Status objects are returned by resource
handlers. Not only that - Web::MREST tries its best to always return an App::CELL::Status
object in the response entity.
Actually, it is not the object itself that is returned, but a JSON representation of its
underlying data structure. From this, the object can easily be reconstituted on the client
side by doing
my $status = $JSON->decode( $response_entity );
bless $status, 'App::CELL::Status';
For more on what status objects can do, see App::CELL::Status, App::CELL, and
App::CELL::Guide.
Error statuses
Web::Machine always tries to return the proper HTTP status code in the response. The
application developer will likely need to "force" a code in certain cases. For example,
the request may be "malformed" in a way that is not discoverable until the handler runs.
Or, caught exceptions may need to be exposed to the client with "500 - Internal Error".
Also, the RFC says
. . . the server SHOULD include an entity containing an explanation of the
error situation, and whether it is a temporary or permanent condition.
Clearly, then, a mechanism is needed for providing such explanations and indicating
whether the error is temporary or permanent. And that mechanism should enable an arbitrary
status code to be declared.
By itself, Web::Machine does not really provide such a mechanism. What it does provide is
a mechanism for "forcing" an arbitrary status code (e.g. "404 - Not Found") by returning a
scalar reference. This mechanism has two disadvantages:
it is only available at certain junctions of the FSM
I wanted a way to "declare" a status code at any point and be certain that
Web::Machine won't change it later on.
there is no obvious way to provide an explanation of the error
Web::Machine considers this an implementation detail.
Hence, Web::MREST provides the "mrest_declare_status" method. To learn how to call it and
how it works, see Web::MREST::Resource.
THE FINE STATE MACHINE
In this section we take a detailed look at the FSM by considering some common scenarios.
For our purposes these are "GET", "POST", "PUT", and "DELETE" requests. Handling can
differ according to whether or not a "POST" creates a new resource and whether or not the
resource is determined to exist.
Part One (sanity checks and information gathering)
The first few cogs are executed, in the same order, on all requests regardless of method.
They can be thought of both as a set of sanity checks and as an information-gathering
process.
"service_available" (B13)
The first method call is "service_available", which is implemented by Web::MREST::Resource
and should not be implemented by your application, because it calls "init_router" to
ensure that all the resource definitions are loaded and the Path::Router singleton is
properly initialized.
This is not really a limitation, however. Whatever code you need to run here can be placed
in a method called "mrest_service_available", which should return a boolean value (i.e. 1
or 0), which determines the return value from the method.
If the service really isn't available, you can return false, which will trigger a "503
Service Not Available" response. Before returning you should do:
$self->mrest_declare_status( explanation => '...', permanent => 0 );
to provide an explanation of what is going on.
For details, see the "t/503-Service-Unavailable.t" unit test.
"known_methods" (B12)
Returns the list of supported ("known") methods in "$site->MREST_SUPPORTED_HTTP_METHODS".
If the request method is not in that list, a "501 Not Implemented" response is returned
along with an explanation that the method requested is not supported.
If this behavior is not appropriate, the method can be implemented by the application.
"uri_too_long" (B11)
If the request URI is longer than the value set in the "MREST_MAX_LENGTH_URI" site
parameter, the client will receive a "414 Request URI Too Long" response.
To override this behavior, provide your own "uri_too_long" routine in your resource
module.
This functionality is demonstrated by the "t/414-Request-URI-Too-Long.t" unit.
"allowed_methods" (B10)
"Is the method allowed on this resource?"
This next routine is where things start to get complicated. According to the
Web::Machine::Resource documentation
<https://metacpan.org/pod/Web::Machine::Resource#allowed_methods>, we are expected to
respond with a list of methods allowed on the resource. To assemble such a list, we must
first answer two questions:
1. Have the resource definitions been loaded?
2. Does the URI match a known resource?
After the server starts, the first time this method is called triggers a call to the
"init_router" method, which populates the $resources package variable in
"Web::MREST::InitRouter" with all the resource definitions. This is explained in detail
in "Resource definitions". This takes care of the first question.
The second question is answered by "Path::Router". Once the request has been associated
with a known resource, completing our task becomes a matter of getting and returning the
set of methods for which the resource is defined.
"malformed_request" (B9)
A true return value from this method triggers a "400 Bad Request" response status. RFC2616
does not stipulate exactly what constitutes a bad request. We already (in
allowed_methods) took care of the case when the URI fails to match a known resource, and
that includes applying any "validations" properties from the resource definition.
So, in this method (or your overlay) we take the "next step" (whatever that is) in vetting
the request. Keep in mind that this method is called before the resource handler. If you
have any sanity checks you wish to apply _after_ the URI is matched to a resource but
_before_ the resource handler fires, this is the place to put them.
If you would like to keep Web::MREST's implementation of this method (which, for example,
pushes the Content-Length and Content-Type information onto the context) and add your own
logic, you can put it in "mrest_malformed_request" instead of overriding
"malformed_request" itself.
If you intend to return false from this method you should first do this:
$self->mrest_declare_status( explanation => '...' );
to ensure that an explanation is included with the 400 response.
"is_authorized" (B8)
In my mind, "authentication" is the process of determining who the user is, and
"authorization" determines if the user is allowed to do what she is asking to do. However,
RFC2616 does not make such a clear distinction.
For that reason, it is left to the application to implement this method if needed.
"forbidden" (B7)
The same thoughts as expressed under "is_authorized", above, apply to this method as well.
"valid_content_headers" (B6)
This is where you vet the "Content-*" headers in the request. If the request contains any
invalid "Content-*" headers (i.e., if the '*' part does not appear in <<
$site->MREST_VALID_CONTENT_HEADERS >>), a 501 will be generated.
The content headers are passed to the method in a Hash::MultiValue object.
"known_content_type" (B5)
If the "Content-Type" header is relevant - i.e., if this is a PUT or POST request and if
there is a request entity - check it against << $site->MREST_SUPPORTED_CONTENT_TYPES >>.
"valid_entity_length" (B4)
A simple routine that compares the entity length (in bytes) with the maximum set in
"$site->MREST_MAX_LENGTH_REQUEST_BODY".
"options" (B3)
If your application needs to support the "OPTIONS" method, you should implement this
yourself - otherwise, ignore it.
Part Two (content negotioation)
The HTTP standard provides some complicated logic to enable clients and servers to
"negotiate" the format (media type), language, encoding, etc. in which content will be
passed back and forth. Here in the Web::MREST documentation we gloss over this complexity
and focus only on the media type. However, Web::Machine includes methods for handling all
the content negotiation decision nodes and the application developer is free to take
advantage of them.
That said, Web::MREST itself provides JSON handlers for both the request and the response
entities, and should be fully UTF-8 clean. Hopefully, this will save application
developers some work. (For more information, see "STATUS OBJECTS AND ERROR HANDLING".)
The following subsections detail the principal content negotiation methods.
"content_types_provided"
As the Web::Machine::Resource documentation states, this method must be implemented (i.e.,
by the application) - otherwise, "your resource will not be able to return any useful
content".
Quoting further: "This should return an ARRAY of HASH ref pairs where the key is the name
of the media type and the value is a CODE ref (or name of a method) which can provide a
resource representation in that media type."
The implementation provided by Web::MREST allows clients to specify (via an "Accept"
header) one of two media types:
"text/html"
Since it is the first hashref pair of the two, it is the default. That means if the
incoming request does not have an "Accept" header, the handler specified for
"text/html" will be called to generate the response entity.
"application/json"
This is the media type that Web::MREST was written to support, both in request
entities and in response entities. However, there is nothing preventing you as the
application developer from specifying handlers for other media types.
If the request includes an "Accept" header, but none of the media types specified in it
are found in "content_types_provided", Web::Machine will generate a "406 Not Acceptable"
response. (Unfortunately, there is no easy way for Web::MREST or the application to know
in advance that this error will be triggered, so it will be returned "bare" - i.e.,
without any explanatory response entity.)
In the normal case when an acceptable handler exists, it will be called to generate the
response - in other words, whatever is returned by the chosen handler becomes the response
entity, unless an error occurs inside the handler. In that case, the handler should
return a reference to a scalar value (e.g., \400), which Web::Machine will interpret as an
HTTP response code. See "STATUS OBJECTS AND ERROR HANDLING".
For more on response entity generation, see the sections dedicated to the various HTTP
methods ("GET", "PUT", "POST", "DELETE"), below.
"content_types_accepted"
When the client sends "PUT" or "POST" requests, it will typically provide a 'Content-Type'
header specifying the media type of the bytes it is sending in the request body. This
content type is compared with the media types returned by this method. If there is no
match, Web::Machine returns a "415 Unsupported Media Type" error response. (Unfortunately,
there is no easy way for Web::MREST or the application to know in advance that this error
will be triggered, so it will be returned "bare" - i.e., without any explanatory response
entity.)
Other methods
For handling character sets, encodings, and languages, Web::Machine provides a number of
other content negotiation methods:
"charsets_provided"
"default_charset"
"languages_provided"
"encodings_provided"
"variances"
However, they are only needed if the application does complex content negotiation.
Part Three (resource existence)
When we have made it past content negotiation, we know more than just which routines will
be used to process the request entity (if any) and generate the response. We have gathered
quite a bit of information about the request. All this information has been pushed onto
the context, so it is available to all our resource methods, including the resource
handler which we will get to presently. This information includes:
(FIXME: verify this list as it is outdated)
"method"
The request method
"resource_name"
The resource name, which can be used as a key to look up the full resource definition
in the $Web::MREST::InitRouter::resources
"handler_name"
The name of the resource handler, e.g. "handler_bugreport". In Web::MREST, the
resource handlers reside in the Web::MREST::Dispatch module.
"uri"
The full URI provided with the request
"uri_base"
The base part of the URI (e.g. "http://localhost:5000/" )
"uri_path"
The relative path to the resource (e.g. "/bugreport")
"components"
Reference to an array the elements of which are the individual 'components' (i.e.,
everything between the '/' characters) of the "uri_path"
"mapping"
A hashref mapping resource parameter names (if any) to their values
"content-length"
The content-length header.
"content-type"
The content-type header.
One major piece of information is missing, however: whether the resource exists or not.
For that, we have to actually call the resource handler.
"resource_exists" (G7)
The term "resource" is not precisely defined. It can refer to the resource definition (a
data structure), the resource handler (a Perl subroutine called as an object method), or
an object (set of records) in an underlying database. Or it can refer to all of the
above, or to something else. The following paragraphs describe Web::MREST's approach.
By the time control reaches this method, the request URI has already been matched to a
resource definition. So the resource handler is known. Since we have no other way of
knowing, we ask the resource itself, by calling the handler with the scalar value 1 (i.e.
the numeral 1) as the sole argument. This handler call is referred to as the "first
pass".
How the handler is implemented does not concern us. We only ask that it return a boolean
value (true or false) when called with this argument. If the return value from the handler
is true, we can assume that the handler will be called again (second pass) in the response
generation phase - read on.
Part Four (generation of response entity)
At this point we have
gathered information about the request and placed it on the context
run the resource handler (first pass) to determine resource existence
Up until now (i.e., through determination of resource existence), the FSM has been a
series of steps applied, in the same order, regardless of the HTTP method.
In the sections below, we examine how responses are generated for each of four HTTP
methods ("GET", "PUT", "POST", and "DELETE") when the resource exists and when it doesn't
exist.
Resource exists
"GET"
1. "content_types_provided" method call
First, "content_types_provided" is called to determine the name of the method that is
capable of generating the response in the required format. This method is the one we
mean when we refer to the "response generator".
2. Response generator method call
Second, the response generator is called (from "o18" in Web::Machine::FSM::States). It
is expected to always return an App::CELL::Status object. If an error condition is
detected, the handler should declare it using "$self->mrest_declare_status" and then
return a "non_ok" status.
"GET" is the only request method that demands a response entity in the format specified by
the "Accept" header. For the other methods, response entities are optional, but
recommended. In practice, this means that we have to create them ourselves.
"POST"
Here we have two possible paths, depending on the value returned by "post_is_create":
"post_is_create" true
"create_path" and "create_path_after_handler"
If, and only if, "post_is_create" is true, processing continues via "create_path"
and "create_path_after_handler". Depending on the value of the latter, the request
handler (determined by consulting "content_types_accepted") is called either
before or after "create_path".
The request handler should stage the response entity in preparation for
finalization. The content type can be inferred from
"$request->env->{'web.machine.context'}".
Finalization
Request is finalized by a call to "finish_request".
"post_is_create" false
If "post_is_create" returns false, all bets are off. For reasons I do not understand,
Web::Machine does not consult "content_types_provided" or "content_types_accepted" on
this type of request. The only thing it does is call "process_post", and so it is up
to this method to do whatever needs to be done to generate an entity and get it into
the response.
Web::MREST helps by making sure that the content type is stored in the context (in the
'content_type' property), so "process_post" can look there for it and generate the
response entity accordingly.
"PUT"
On all "PUT" requests, and those "POST" requests that are handled as "PUT" requests (see
above), Web::Machine uses the following process:
"content_types_accepted"
This method is called to determine the name of the method that can process the request
body. This method is expected not only to process the request body, but also to
generate the response. Therefore, we refer to this method as the "response generator"
for "PUT" requests.
Response generator method call
Next, the response generator is called. For "PUT" requests, the response generator is
determined from "content_types_accepted" based on the Here again, the method referred
to by "content_types_provided" is not called by Web::Machine, but the response
generator is free to call "content_types_provided" and find out the method itself, and
call it. Or do something else.
When "resource_exists" is true, the response generator is called from "o14" in
Web::Machine::FSM::States.
Whenever a new resource is created, a "Location" header is added to the response with the
URI path of the new resource.
In general, we understand "PUT" to be a request to write to a resource. Typically, this
will involve either creating (INSERT) or modifying (UPDATE) one or more database
records/objects.
Therefore, it has to be possible for a URI to resolve to a resource that does not yet
exist. For example:
PUT employee/nick/Bubba
There may or may not be an employee by the name of Bubba in the database, but if we have a
resource called 'employee/nick/:nick', Path::Router will match it in "allowed_methods" and
the resource handler will be called in "resource_exists" - up until this point, the same
sequence of method calls is used for "GET", "POST", "PUT", and "DELETE".
Web::MREST has no way of knowing whether there is an employee named Bubba. It is up to
the handler to determine this, and then do an INSERT or UPDATE operation as appropriate.
This operation is not expected to fail, but if it does fail the handler should force a 4xx
or 5xx status code (and provide an explanation) by calling "$self->mrest_declare_status".
If the request causes a new object - and, hence, a new resource - to be created, the
handler should cause a "Location" header with the URI of the new resource to be added to
the response. This tells Web::Machine to set the response status to "201 Created".
If the request only modifies an existing object/resource, simply do not add a "Location"
header to the response. This will cause Web::Machine to return a "200 OK" status in the
response.
"DELETE"
For "DELETE", two methods are called: "delete_resource" and "delete_completed". The
"delete_resource" method should enact the delete operation and generate the response
entity. The second method, "delete_completed", is for cases when the delete operation
cannot be guaranteed to have completed - this method defaults to false, but if it returns
true Web::Machine will trigger a "..." response.
Resource does not exist
"GET"
Request goes to finalization with 404 status.
"POST"
Request goes to "allow_missing_post", which always returns false in Web::MREST's
implementation.
After that, the request goes to finalization with 404 status.
If the
"PUT"
"finish_request"
The previous sections should suffice for the reader to gain a degree of understanding of
how the state machine works for various types of requests, and how Web::MREST interfaces
with the response handlers.
The last cog of the FSM is "finish_request".
IN-DEPTH DISCUSSIONS OF VARIOUS TOPICS
Resource definitions
As we read in the "crash course" above, resources are central to what a REST server is and
does: the server processes incoming requests. Each request has a URI which resolves (or
does not resolve) to a resource. Resources are defined as module variables: each module
that contains resource handlers should also define a module variable (via "our
$resource_defs = { ... };") containing the definitions of the resources covered by that
module.
The top-level dispatch module, Web::MREST::Dispatch, should implement a method called
"init_router" which calls the function
Web::MREST::InitRouter::load_resource_defs
for all the resource-defining modules. When the first HTTP request comes in,
Web::MREST::Resource calls the "init_router" method. This only happens once, ensuring that
the resource definitions are fully loaded for the first - and all subsequent - requests.
Each resource definition is a hashref consisting of a number of properties. This
definition hashref is itself included in the $resources package hashref, which essentially
looks like this:
{
RESOURCE_NAME => RESOURCE_DEFINTION,
RESOURCE_NAME => RESOURCE_DEFINTION,
RESOURCE_NAME => RESOURCE_DEFINTION,
}
where "RESOURCE_NAME" is a resource name (a string like '/' or 'docu/text') and
"RESOURCE_DEFINITION" is that resource's definition hashref.
The root resource should be defined under the name '/' and top-level resources should have
a "parent" property set to this string.
In the resource definition, properties can be specified either as a scalar value, in which
case the definition applies to all the methods specified in
"$site->MREST_SUPPORTED_HTTP_METHODS", or as a hashref in case the given resource is only
defined for certain methods.
In the latter case, it is not necessary to define all properties as hashrefs. The set of
permitted methods will always be taken from the 'handler' property. For example in this
snippet whizzo_resource is only defined for the GET method, and that will be applied to
'foo' (and the rest of this resource's properties) as well.
'whizzo_resource' => {
'handler' => {
'GET' => 'some_method',
},
'foo' => 'barbazbat',
...
}
So 'foo' will only be defined for the GET method.
Examples:
'foo_prop' => 'value applied to all available methods',
'bar_prop' => {
'GET' => 'value applied to GET requests',
'POST' => 'value applied to POST requests',
},
There is one required property, 'handler', which is used to specify the handler(s) for the
resource (see the examples below). The value of this property is taken to be the name of a
method. This method call looks like this:
$self->$handler
and is located in Web::MREST::Resource->resource_exists
(The inheritance chain is set up in "bin/mrest" - the server startup script - and via "use
parent" statements in the various modules that make up the inheritance chain.)
In addition, each resource may have any properties you, the application developer, wish to
invest in it. For our 'docu' methods we use the properties 'description' and
'documentation', for example.
Two properties - 'parent' and 'validations' - are exceptions to the above and should never
be defined on a per-method basis:
- 'validations' contains validation checks to be applied when matching
URI to resource (for more information, see the Path::Router
documentation).
- 'parent' contains the name of the resource's parent resource
(defaults to '' - the root resource)
- 'documentation' is reserved for the self-documentation feature
"Path::Router" object initialization
When the server starts, the "MREST_RESOURCE_DEFINITIONS" and "MREST_ROOT_RESOURCE" meta
parameters are initialized from the configuration file "config/dispatch_MetaConfig.pm" in
the Web::MREST distribution.
The application developer will of course want to define her own set of resources. This
should be done by manipulating the meta parameters "MREST_RESOURCE_DEFINITIONS" and
"MREST_ROOT_RESOURCE". A good place to do this is in the application's "mrest_init_router"
routine.
Here are two approaches to defining the application's resources, depending on whether the
application wishes to retain the Web::MREST resources.
1. retain
package MyApp::Resource;
use Clone 'clone';
use parent 'Web::MREST::Resource';
# We assume that the application somehow loads its resource definitions
# (including the root resource) into a package variable $r_defs -- for
# example by hard-coding them like this
my $r_defs = { ... };
# ----------------------------------------
# mrest_init_router - called by Web::MREST
# ----------------------------------------
sub mrest_init_router {
my $self = shift;
# set up the root resource
$meta->set( 'MREST_ROOT_RESOURCE', $r_defs->{''} );
delete $r_defs->{''};
# set up the remaining resources, retaining (but possibly
# overwriting) the Web::MREST default resources
my $mrest_defs = clone( $meta->MREST_RESOURCE_DEFINITIONS );
foreach my $r_name ( keys %$r_defs ) {
$mrest_defs->{$r_name} = $r_defs->{$r_name};
}
$meta->set( 'MREST_RESOURCE_DEFINITIONS', $mrest_defs );
}
2. do not retain
This approach is more simple because no "mrest_init_router" need be written. The
application should have its own distro sharedir "config/" and therein a file
"dispatch_MetaConfig.pm". Inside that file, the application puts its own resource
definitions in the "MREST_RESOURCE_DEFINITIONS" and "MREST_ROOT_RESOURCE" parameters
(refer to "config/dispatch_MetaConfig.pm" in the Web::MREST distribution for syntax
and semantics).
The application's definitions will overlay (i.e. replace) those of Web::MREST. Even
in this scenario, some or all of Web::MREST's resources could be used in the
application, but only by copy-pasting the definitions and their respective handlers
into the application's source code.
Tree structure
Web::MFILE allows resources to be defined in a tree structure. It is designed to allow a
tree structure to be described in a flat configuration file. The
"MREST_RESOURCE_DEFINITIONS" hash is keyed on the resource name. Child resources are
indicated by including a "parent" property with the name of the parent resource. Care
should be exercised not to introduce any circular references.
If a flat structure is desired, simply do not include any "parent" properties in your
resource definitions.
The format of "MREST_RESOURCE_DEFINITIONS" hash is documented in
"config/dispatch_MetaConfig.pm".
$Web::MREST::InitRouter::resources
The resource definition hashrefs in the dispatch modules are designed to be written and
maintained by humans. When the "init_router" method runs, it loops over all the resource
definitions and builds up a second hash, $Web::MREST::InitRouter::resources, which
contains the same information in a format that is more convenient for automated
processing.
Since the resource definitions are a potential source of typographical and semantic
errors, you should dump this package variable to the log and examine it to make sure your
resource definitions are being processed correctly.
Errors
As we move through the state machine (i.e. the chain of method calls driven by
Web::Machine), we build up a "context" from which we generate the HTTP response. Stated
very simply, the response code can either be 'OK' (200) or "something else" - i.e., an
error of some kind.
And, indeed, checking for errors accounts for a large portion of what our resource modules
do. As RFC2616 explains, errors can be divided into two brought classes: client errors and
server errors.
Client errors (4xx)
Client errors have status codes that start with 4 (e.g. 400, 401, 404).
RFC2616 has this to say about them:
The 4xx class of status code is intended for cases in which the client
seems to have erred. Except when responding to a HEAD request, the server
SHOULD include an entity containing an explanation of the error situation, and
whether it is a temporary or permanent condition. These status codes are
applicable to any request method. User agents SHOULD display any included
entity to the user.
Server errors (5xx)
Server errors have codes beginning with th digit "5". According to RFC2616, they
indicate cases in which the server is aware that it has erred or is
incapable of performing the request. Except when responding to a HEAD
request, the server SHOULD include an entity containing an explanation of
the error situation, and whether it is a temporary or permanent condition.
User agents SHOULD display any included entity to the user. These response
codes are applicable to any request method.
The key point here is that it is not sufficient to return a bare 4xx or 5xx response
status code. The response should include an entity body with an explanation of the error
condition.
How to provide explanation in response entity
Web::MREST provides a mechanism for adding the explanation to the entity body as called
for by RFC2616. At the exact place in your resource module where you discover the error,
do something like this:
$self->mrest_declare_status( code => '400', explanation => 'You messed up' );
This will be converted into the respective App::CELL::Status object and returned in the
response entity. The object will have properties like this:
{
level => 'ERR',
code => 'You messed up',
payload => {
http_code => '500',
uri_path => ... (taken from the context),
resource_name => ... (taken from the context),
found_in => ... (taken from 'caller'),
permanent => JSON::true (the default),
},
}
Alternatively, you can pass in your own arbitary App::CELL::Status object.
To see how the App::CELL::Status object becomes the response entity, see the
"finish_request" method in Web::MREST::Resource.
Context
Typically referred to as $context, the "MREST context" is a hashref that is built up
during the course of request processing. In addition to being used within
Web::MREST::Resource, it is always sent as an argument whenever Web::MREST::Resource calls
a hook, so the developer can modify it in her implementations of the various hook
routines.
Authentication
Ever since the Big Bad Wolf ate Granny, authentication mechanisms have been prone to abuse
by individuals who are willing to lie about their identity.
Humans are good at distinguishing one human from another, provided they can apply all
their senses to the task. Computers lack proper senses and are downright awful at this
task. Computerized authentication schemes typically operate by presenting the user with
one or more hoops to jump through. Whoever succeeds at this task is deemed to be the user.
What could go wrong?
Passwords (or passphrases) are the "hoop" most frequently used to authenticate users and
keep would-be intruders out. Therefore, a system's security is often gauged by how well it
protects user credentials from disclosure. Since usernames are public, the only thing
keeping a determined intruder at bay are the passwords, and various measures are taken to
protect them.
From the perspective of Web::Machine, authentication is a matter of calling the
is_authorized method. If the return value is false, the response will be "401
Unauthorized". If it is true, request processing continues. Whatever authentication
measures the application developer decides to implement should be triggered by this method
call.
For more about is_authorized, see the Web::Machine::Resource documentation
<https://metacpan.org/pod/Web::Machine::Resource#is_authorized-authorization_header>
Authorization
Once authentication has determined the user's identity, a related task, authorization,
begins. As the name would imply (and the RFC's vague use of the term "authorization"
notwithstanding), authorization answers the question:
Is this specific user authorized to make this request?
Compare this with authentication, which answers a different question:
Is this user really who they are purporting to be?
Or, even more pithily:
Who is this user?
Authorization implies a boolean "function" (in both the mathematical and computer science
sense) that takes three arguments: the username, the HTTP method, and the resource.
Implementation of this function is left to the application developer.
It is worth noting here that Web::Machine provides a "forbidden" method. Since
"is_authorized" is already taken for authentication, we can use "forbidden" for
authorization. Just be sure to understand thoroughly that a true return value from
"forbidden" means "not authorized".
Customized URI parsing
While Web::MREST provides for URI parsing using Path::Router, if this is not desired the
application developer can parse URIs herself by simply substituting her own "init_router"
and "match" methods for the ones provided by Path::Router and Path::Router::Route::Match,
respectively.
When request processing enters "resource_exists", Alternatively, the application developer
can overlay the "init_router" routine with one that returns an arbitrary object (stored in
$router) that has a "match" method. After that, Web::MREST does
my $match = $router->match( $path );
where $path is the relative portion of the URI (i.e. everything left after the
"http://myapp.example.com/" part is cut off).
The $match object should provide a "route" method, which should return the definition of
the matched resource. See "RESOURCE DEFINITIONS".
FUNCTIONS IN THIS MODULE
init
Do initialization-like things, such as loading configuration parameters. Takes a
PARAMHASH which can contain one of the following:
"distro"
The name of the application distribution from which the distro sharedir will be
loaded.
"path"
The name (full path) of a directory containing the application's configuration files.
"hashref"
A reference to a hash containing meta parameters to be loaded.
version
Accessor method (to be called like a constructor) providing access to $VERSION variable