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NAME
gitignore - Specifies intentionally untracked files to ignore
SYNOPSIS
$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/ignore, $GIT_DIR/info/exclude, .gitignore
DESCRIPTION
A gitignore file specifies intentionally untracked files that Git should ignore. Files
already tracked by Git are not affected; see the NOTES below for details.
Each line in a gitignore file specifies a pattern. When deciding whether to ignore a path,
Git normally checks gitignore patterns from multiple sources, with the following order of
precedence, from highest to lowest (within one level of precedence, the last matching
pattern decides the outcome):
• Patterns read from the command line for those commands that support them.
• Patterns read from a .gitignore file in the same directory as the path, or in any
parent directory (up to the top-level of the working tree), with patterns in the
higher level files being overridden by those in lower level files down to the
directory containing the file. These patterns match relative to the location of the
.gitignore file. A project normally includes such .gitignore files in its repository,
containing patterns for files generated as part of the project build.
• Patterns read from $GIT_DIR/info/exclude.
• Patterns read from the file specified by the configuration variable core.excludesFile.
Which file to place a pattern in depends on how the pattern is meant to be used.
• Patterns which should be version-controlled and distributed to other repositories via
clone (i.e., files that all developers will want to ignore) should go into a
.gitignore file.
• Patterns which are specific to a particular repository but which do not need to be
shared with other related repositories (e.g., auxiliary files that live inside the
repository but are specific to one user’s workflow) should go into the
$GIT_DIR/info/exclude file.
• Patterns which a user wants Git to ignore in all situations (e.g., backup or temporary
files generated by the user’s editor of choice) generally go into a file specified by
core.excludesFile in the user’s ~/.gitconfig. Its default value is
$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/git/ignore. If $XDG_CONFIG_HOME is either not set or empty,
$HOME/.config/git/ignore is used instead.
The underlying Git plumbing tools, such as git ls-files and git read-tree, read gitignore
patterns specified by command-line options, or from files specified by command-line
options. Higher-level Git tools, such as git status and git add, use patterns from the
sources specified above.
PATTERN FORMAT
• A blank line matches no files, so it can serve as a separator for readability.
• A line starting with # serves as a comment. Put a backslash ("\") in front of the
first hash for patterns that begin with a hash.
• Trailing spaces are ignored unless they are quoted with backslash ("\").
• An optional prefix "!" which negates the pattern; any matching file excluded by a
previous pattern will become included again. It is not possible to re-include a file
if a parent directory of that file is excluded. Git doesn’t list excluded directories
for performance reasons, so any patterns on contained files have no effect, no matter
where they are defined. Put a backslash ("\") in front of the first "!" for patterns
that begin with a literal "!", for example, "\!important!.txt".
• The slash "/" is used as the directory separator. Separators may occur at the
beginning, middle or end of the .gitignore search pattern.
• If there is a separator at the beginning or middle (or both) of the pattern, then the
pattern is relative to the directory level of the particular .gitignore file itself.
Otherwise the pattern may also match at any level below the .gitignore level.
• If there is a separator at the end of the pattern then the pattern will only match
directories, otherwise the pattern can match both files and directories.
• For example, a pattern doc/frotz/ matches doc/frotz directory, but not a/doc/frotz
directory; however frotz/ matches frotz and a/frotz that is a directory (all paths are
relative from the .gitignore file).
• An asterisk "*" matches anything except a slash. The character "?" matches any one
character except "/". The range notation, e.g. [a-zA-Z], can be used to match one of
the characters in a range. See fnmatch(3) and the FNM_PATHNAME flag for a more
detailed description.
Two consecutive asterisks ("**") in patterns matched against full pathname may have
special meaning:
• A leading "**" followed by a slash means match in all directories. For example,
"**/foo" matches file or directory "foo" anywhere, the same as pattern "foo".
"**/foo/bar" matches file or directory "bar" anywhere that is directly under directory
"foo".
• A trailing "/**" matches everything inside. For example, "abc/**" matches all files
inside directory "abc", relative to the location of the .gitignore file, with infinite
depth.
• A slash followed by two consecutive asterisks then a slash matches zero or more
directories. For example, "a/**/b" matches "a/b", "a/x/b", "a/x/y/b" and so on.
• Other consecutive asterisks are considered regular asterisks and will match according
to the previous rules.
CONFIGURATION
The optional configuration variable core.excludesFile indicates a path to a file
containing patterns of file names to exclude, similar to $GIT_DIR/info/exclude. Patterns
in the exclude file are used in addition to those in $GIT_DIR/info/exclude.
NOTES
The purpose of gitignore files is to ensure that certain files not tracked by Git remain
untracked.
To stop tracking a file that is currently tracked, use git rm --cached to remove the file
from the index. The filename can then be added to the .gitignore file to stop the file
from being reintroduced in later commits.
Git does not follow symbolic links when accessing a .gitignore file in the working tree.
This keeps behavior consistent when the file is accessed from the index or a tree versus
from the filesystem.
EXAMPLES
• The pattern hello.* matches any file or directory whose name begins with hello.. If
one wants to restrict this only to the directory and not in its subdirectories, one
can prepend the pattern with a slash, i.e. /hello.*; the pattern now matches
hello.txt, hello.c but not a/hello.java.
• The pattern foo/ will match a directory foo and paths underneath it, but will not
match a regular file or a symbolic link foo (this is consistent with the way how
pathspec works in general in Git)
• The pattern doc/frotz and /doc/frotz have the same effect in any .gitignore file. In
other words, a leading slash is not relevant if there is already a middle slash in the
pattern.
• The pattern foo/*, matches foo/test.json (a regular file), foo/bar (a directory), but
it does not match foo/bar/hello.c (a regular file), as the asterisk in the pattern
does not match bar/hello.c which has a slash in it.
$ git status
[...]
# Untracked files:
[...]
# Documentation/foo.html
# Documentation/gitignore.html
# file.o
# lib.a
# src/internal.o
[...]
$ cat .git/info/exclude
# ignore objects and archives, anywhere in the tree.
*.[oa]
$ cat Documentation/.gitignore
# ignore generated html files,
*.html
# except foo.html which is maintained by hand
!foo.html
$ git status
[...]
# Untracked files:
[...]
# Documentation/foo.html
[...]
Another example:
$ cat .gitignore
vmlinux*
$ ls arch/foo/kernel/vm*
arch/foo/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
$ echo '!/vmlinux*' >arch/foo/kernel/.gitignore
The second .gitignore prevents Git from ignoring arch/foo/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S.
Example to exclude everything except a specific directory foo/bar (note the /* - without
the slash, the wildcard would also exclude everything within foo/bar):
$ cat .gitignore
# exclude everything except directory foo/bar
/*
!/foo
/foo/*
!/foo/bar
SEE ALSO
git-rm(1), gitrepository-layout(5), git-check-ignore(1)
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite