noble (7) standards.7.gz

Provided by: manpages_6.7-2_all bug

NAME

       standards - C and UNIX Standards

DESCRIPTION

       The  STANDARDS  section  that  appears  in  many  manual  pages identifies various standards to which the
       documented interface conforms.  The following list briefly describes these standards.

       V7     Version 7 (also known as Seventh Edition) UNIX, released by AT&T/Bell Labs in  1979.   After  this
              point, UNIX systems diverged into two main dialects: BSD and System V.

       4.2BSD This  is  an  implementation  standard  defined  by  the  4.2  release  of  the  Berkeley Software
              Distribution, released by the University of California at Berkeley.  This was the  first  Berkeley
              release that contained a TCP/IP stack and the sockets API.  4.2BSD was released in 1983.

              Earlier major BSD releases included 3BSD (1980), 4BSD (1980), and 4.1BSD (1981).

       4.3BSD The successor to 4.2BSD, released in 1986.

       4.4BSD The successor to 4.3BSD, released in 1993.  This was the last major Berkeley release.

       System V
              This  is  an  implementation  standard  defined by AT&T's milestone 1983 release of its commercial
              System V (five) release.  The previous major AT&T release was System III, released in 1981.

       System V release 2 (SVr2)
              This was the next System V release, made in 1985.  The SVr2 was formally described in the System V
              Interface Definition version 1 (SVID 1) published in 1985.

       System V release 3 (SVr3)
              This  was  the  successor  to  SVr2, released in 1986.  This release was formally described in the
              System V Interface Definition version 2 (SVID 2).

       System V release 4 (SVr4)
              This was the successor to SVr3, released in 1989.  This version of System V is  described  in  the
              "Programmer's Reference Manual: Operating System API (Intel processors)" (Prentice-Hall 1992, ISBN
              0-13-951294-2) This release was formally described in the System V Interface Definition version  3
              (SVID 3), and is considered the definitive System V release.

       SVID 4 System  V Interface Definition version 4, issued in 1995.  Available online at ⟨http://www.sco.com
              /developers/devspecs/⟩.

       C89    This was the first C language standard, ratified by ANSI (American National  Standards  Institute)
              in 1989 (X3.159-1989).  Sometimes this is known as ANSI C, but since C99 is also an ANSI standard,
              this term is  ambiguous.   This  standard  was  also  ratified  by  ISO  (International  Standards
              Organization) in 1990 (ISO/IEC 9899:1990), and is thus occasionally referred to as ISO C90.

       C99    This  revision  of  the  C  language  standard  was  ratified  by ISO in 1999 (ISO/IEC 9899:1999).
              Available online at ⟨http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/standards⟩.

       C11    This revision of the C language standard was ratified by ISO in 2011 (ISO/IEC 9899:2011).

       LFS    The Large File Summit specification, completed in 1996.   This  specification  defined  mechanisms
              that  allowed  32-bit  systems to support the use of large files (i.e., 64-bit file offsets).  See
              ⟨https://www.opengroup.org/platform/lfs.html⟩.

       POSIX.1-1988
              This was the first POSIX standard, ratified by IEEE as  IEEE  Std  1003.1-1988,  and  subsequently
              adopted (with minor revisions) as an ISO standard in 1990.  The term "POSIX" was coined by Richard
              Stallman.

       POSIX.1-1990
              "Portable Operating System Interface  for  Computing  Environments".   IEEE  1003.1-1990  part  1,
              ratified by ISO in 1990 (ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990).

       POSIX.2
              IEEE  Std  1003.2-1992,  describing  commands  and  utilities,  ratified  by  ISO in 1993 (ISO/IEC
              9945-2:1993).

       POSIX.1b (formerly known as POSIX.4)
              IEEE Std 1003.1b-1993, describing real-time facilities for portable operating systems, ratified by
              ISO in 1996 (ISO/IEC 9945-1:1996).

       POSIX.1c (formerly known as POSIX.4a)
              IEEE Std 1003.1c-1995, which describes the POSIX threads interfaces.

       POSIX.1d
              IEEE Std 1003.1d-1999, which describes additional real-time extensions.

       POSIX.1g
              IEEE Std 1003.1g-2000, which describes networking APIs (including sockets).

       POSIX.1j
              IEEE Std 1003.1j-2000, which describes advanced real-time extensions.

       POSIX.1-1996
              A 1996 revision of POSIX.1 which incorporated POSIX.1b and POSIX.1c.

       XPG3   Released  in  1989,  this  was  the first release of the X/Open Portability Guide to be based on a
              POSIX standard (POSIX.1-1988).  This multivolume guide  was  developed  by  the  X/Open  Group,  a
              multivendor consortium.

       XPG4   A revision of the X/Open Portability Guide, released in 1992.  This revision incorporated POSIX.2.

       XPG4v2 A 1994 revision of XPG4.  This is also referred to as Spec 1170, where 1170 referred to the number
              of interfaces defined by this standard.

       SUS (SUSv1)
              Single UNIX Specification.  This was a repackaging of XPG4v2 and other  X/Open  standards  (X/Open
              Curses  Issue  4  version 2, X/Open Networking Service (XNS) Issue 4).  Systems conforming to this
              standard can be branded UNIX 95.

       SUSv2  Single UNIX Specification version 2.  Sometimes also referred  to  (incorrectly)  as  XPG5.   This
              standard  appeared in 1997.  Systems conforming to this standard can be branded UNIX 98.  See also
              ⟨http://www.unix.org/version2/⟩.)

       POSIX.1-2001
       SUSv3  This was a 2001 revision and consolidation of the POSIX.1,  POSIX.2,  and  SUS  standards  into  a
              single  document,  conducted  under  the  auspices  of  the Austin Group ⟨http://www.opengroup.org
              /austin/⟩.  The standard is available online at ⟨http://www.unix.org/version3/⟩.

              The standard defines two levels of conformance: POSIX conformance, which  is  a  baseline  set  of
              interfaces required of a conforming system; and XSI Conformance, which additionally mandates a set
              of interfaces (the "XSI extension") which are only optional for POSIX conformance.  XSI-conformant
              systems can be branded UNIX 03.

              The POSIX.1-2001 document is broken into four parts:

              XBD: Definitions, terms, and concepts, header file specifications.

              XSH:   Specifications   of   functions  (i.e.,  system  calls  and  library  functions  in  actual
              implementations).

              XCU: Specifications of commands and utilities (i.e., the area formerly described by POSIX.2).

              XRAT: Informative text on the other parts of the standard.

              POSIX.1-2001 is aligned with C99, so that all of the library functions  standardized  in  C99  are
              also standardized in POSIX.1-2001.

              The  Single UNIX Specification version 3 (SUSv3) comprises the Base Specifications containing XBD,
              XSH, XCU, and XRAT as above, plus X/Open Curses Issue 4 version 2 as an extra volume that  is  not
              in POSIX.1-2001.

              Two  Technical  Corrigenda  (minor  fixes  and  improvements)  of  the original 2001 standard have
              occurred: TC1 in 2003 and TC2 in 2004.

       POSIX.1-2008
       SUSv4  Work on the next revision of POSIX.1/SUS was completed and ratified  in  2008.   The  standard  is
              available online at ⟨http://www.unix.org/version4/⟩.

              The changes in this revision are not as large as those that occurred for POSIX.1-2001/SUSv3, but a
              number of new interfaces are added and various details of existing  specifications  are  modified.
              Many of the interfaces that were optional in POSIX.1-2001 become mandatory in the 2008 revision of
              the standard.  A few interfaces that are  present  in  POSIX.1-2001  are  marked  as  obsolete  in
              POSIX.1-2008, or removed from the standard altogether.

              The  revised  standard  is  structured  in  the  same  way  as  its  predecessor.  The Single UNIX
              Specification version 4 (SUSv4) comprises the Base Specifications containing XBD,  XSH,  XCU,  and
              XRAT, plus X/Open Curses Issue 7 as an extra volume that is not in POSIX.1-2008.

              Again  there  are  two levels of conformance: the baseline POSIX Conformance, and XSI Conformance,
              which mandates an additional set of interfaces beyond those in the base specification.

              In general, where the STANDARDS section of a manual page lists POSIX.1-2001,  it  can  be  assumed
              that the interface also conforms to POSIX.1-2008, unless otherwise noted.

              Technical Corrigendum 1 (minor fixes and improvements) of this standard was released in 2013.

              Technical Corrigendum 2 of this standard was released in 2016.

              Further information can be found on the Austin Group web site, ⟨http://www.opengroup.org/austin/⟩.

       SUSv4 2016 edition
              This  is  equivalent  to  POSIX.1-2008,  with the addition of Technical Corrigenda 1 and 2 and the
              XCurses specification.

       POSIX.1-2017
              This revision of POSIX is technically identical to POSIX.1-2008 with Technical Corrigenda 1 and  2
              applied.

       SUSv4 2018 edition
              This is equivalent to POSIX.1-2017, with the addition of the XCurses specification.

       The  interfaces documented in POSIX.1/SUS are available as manual pages under sections 0p (header files),
       1p (commands), and 3p (functions); thus one can write "man 3p open".

SEE ALSO

       getconf(1),  confstr(3),  pathconf(3),  sysconf(3),   attributes(7),   feature_test_macros(7),   libc(7),
       posixoptions(7), system_data_types(7)