Provided by: git-man_2.45.2-1ubuntu1_all 
NAME
git-show - Show various types of objects
SYNOPSIS
git show [<options>] [<object>...]
DESCRIPTION
Shows one or more objects (blobs, trees, tags and commits).
For commits it shows the log message and textual diff. It also presents the merge commit
in a special format as produced by git diff-tree --cc.
For tags, it shows the tag message and the referenced objects.
For trees, it shows the names (equivalent to git ls-tree with --name-only).
For plain blobs, it shows the plain contents.
Some options that git log command understands can be used to control how the changes the
commit introduces are shown.
This manual page describes only the most frequently used options.
OPTIONS
<object>...
The names of objects to show (defaults to HEAD). For a more complete list of ways to
spell object names, see "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" section in gitrevisions(7).
--pretty[=<format>], --format=<format>
Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format, where <format> can be
one of oneline, short, medium, full, fuller, reference, email, raw, format:<string>
and tformat:<string>. When <format> is none of the above, and has %placeholder in it,
it acts as if --pretty=tformat:<format> were given.
See the "PRETTY FORMATS" section for some additional details for each format. When
=<format> part is omitted, it defaults to medium.
Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository configuration (see
git-config(1)).
--abbrev-commit
Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name, show a prefix that
names the object uniquely. "--abbrev=<n>" (which also modifies diff output, if it is
displayed) option can be used to specify the minimum length of the prefix.
This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for people using
80-column terminals.
--no-abbrev-commit
Show the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name. This negates --abbrev-commit,
either explicit or implied by other options such as "--oneline". It also overrides the
log.abbrevCommit variable.
--oneline
This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit" used together.
--encoding=<encoding>
Commit objects record the character encoding used for the log message in their
encoding header; this option can be used to tell the command to re-code the commit log
message in the encoding preferred by the user. For non plumbing commands this defaults
to UTF-8. Note that if an object claims to be encoded in X and we are outputting in X,
we will output the object verbatim; this means that invalid sequences in the original
commit may be copied to the output. Likewise, if iconv(3) fails to convert the commit,
we will quietly output the original object verbatim.
--expand-tabs=<n>, --expand-tabs, --no-expand-tabs
Perform a tab expansion (replace each tab with enough spaces to fill to the next
display column that is a multiple of <n>) in the log message before showing it in the
output. --expand-tabs is a short-hand for --expand-tabs=8, and --no-expand-tabs is a
short-hand for --expand-tabs=0, which disables tab expansion.
By default, tabs are expanded in pretty formats that indent the log message by 4
spaces (i.e. medium, which is the default, full, and fuller).
--notes[=<ref>]
Show the notes (see git-notes(1)) that annotate the commit, when showing the commit
log message. This is the default for git log, git show and git whatchanged commands
when there is no --pretty, --format, or --oneline option given on the command line.
By default, the notes shown are from the notes refs listed in the core.notesRef and
notes.displayRef variables (or corresponding environment overrides). See git-config(1)
for more details.
With an optional <ref> argument, use the ref to find the notes to display. The ref can
specify the full refname when it begins with refs/notes/; when it begins with notes/,
refs/ and otherwise refs/notes/ is prefixed to form the full name of the ref.
Multiple --notes options can be combined to control which notes are being displayed.
Examples: "--notes=foo" will show only notes from "refs/notes/foo"; "--notes=foo
--notes" will show both notes from "refs/notes/foo" and from the default notes ref(s).
--no-notes
Do not show notes. This negates the above --notes option, by resetting the list of
notes refs from which notes are shown. Options are parsed in the order given on the
command line, so e.g. "--notes --notes=foo --no-notes --notes=bar" will only show
notes from "refs/notes/bar".
--show-notes-by-default
Show the default notes unless options for displaying specific notes are given.
--show-notes[=<ref>], --[no-]standard-notes
These options are deprecated. Use the above --notes/--no-notes options instead.
--show-signature
Check the validity of a signed commit object by passing the signature to gpg --verify
and show the output.
PRETTY FORMATS
If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format is not oneline, email or raw, an
additional line is inserted before the Author: line. This line begins with "Merge: " and
the hashes of ancestral commits are printed, separated by spaces. Note that the listed
commits may not necessarily be the list of the direct parent commits if you have limited
your view of history: for example, if you are only interested in changes related to a
certain directory or file.
There are several built-in formats, and you can define additional formats by setting a
pretty.<name> config option to either another format name, or a format: string, as
described below (see git-config(1)). Here are the details of the built-in formats:
• oneline
<hash> <title-line>
This is designed to be as compact as possible.
• short
commit <hash>
Author: <author>
<title-line>
• medium
commit <hash>
Author: <author>
Date: <author-date>
<title-line>
<full-commit-message>
• full
commit <hash>
Author: <author>
Commit: <committer>
<title-line>
<full-commit-message>
• fuller
commit <hash>
Author: <author>
AuthorDate: <author-date>
Commit: <committer>
CommitDate: <committer-date>
<title-line>
<full-commit-message>
• reference
<abbrev-hash> (<title-line>, <short-author-date>)
This format is used to refer to another commit in a commit message and is the same as
--pretty='format:%C(auto)%h (%s, %ad)'. By default, the date is formatted with
--date=short unless another --date option is explicitly specified. As with any format:
with format placeholders, its output is not affected by other options like --decorate
and --walk-reflogs.
• email
From <hash> <date>
From: <author>
Date: <author-date>
Subject: [PATCH] <title-line>
<full-commit-message>
• mboxrd
Like email, but lines in the commit message starting with "From " (preceded by zero or
more ">") are quoted with ">" so they aren’t confused as starting a new commit.
• raw
The raw format shows the entire commit exactly as stored in the commit object.
Notably, the hashes are displayed in full, regardless of whether --abbrev or
--no-abbrev are used, and parents information show the true parent commits, without
taking grafts or history simplification into account. Note that this format affects
the way commits are displayed, but not the way the diff is shown e.g. with git log
--raw. To get full object names in a raw diff format, use --no-abbrev.
• format:<format-string>
The format:<format-string> format allows you to specify which information you want to
show. It works a little bit like printf format, with the notable exception that you
get a newline with %n instead of \n.
E.g, format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n" would show
something like this:
The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
The title was >>t4119: test autocomputing -p<n> for traditional diff input.<<
The placeholders are:
• Placeholders that expand to a single literal character:
%n
newline
%%
a raw %
%x00
%x followed by two hexadecimal digits is replaced with a byte with the
hexadecimal digits' value (we will call this "literal formatting code" in the
rest of this document).
• Placeholders that affect formatting of later placeholders:
%Cred
switch color to red
%Cgreen
switch color to green
%Cblue
switch color to blue
%Creset
reset color
%C(...)
color specification, as described under Values in the "CONFIGURATION FILE"
section of git-config(1). By default, colors are shown only when enabled for
log output (by color.diff, color.ui, or --color, and respecting the auto
settings of the former if we are going to a terminal). %C(auto,...) is
accepted as a historical synonym for the default (e.g., %C(auto,red)).
Specifying %C(always,...) will show the colors even when color is not
otherwise enabled (though consider just using --color=always to enable color
for the whole output, including this format and anything else git might
color). auto alone (i.e. %C(auto)) will turn on auto coloring on the next
placeholders until the color is switched again.
%m
left (<), right (>) or boundary (-) mark
%w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]])
switch line wrapping, like the -w option of git-shortlog(1).
%<( <N> [,trunc|ltrunc|mtrunc])
make the next placeholder take at least N column widths, padding spaces on the
right if necessary. Optionally truncate (with ellipsis ..) at the left
(ltrunc) ..ft, the middle (mtrunc) mi..le, or the end (trunc) rig.., if the
output is longer than N columns. Note 1: that truncating only works correctly
with N >= 2. Note 2: spaces around the N and M (see below) values are
optional. Note 3: Emojis and other wide characters will take two display
columns, which may over-run column boundaries. Note 4: decomposed character
combining marks may be misplaced at padding boundaries.
%<|( <M> )
make the next placeholder take at least until Mth display column, padding
spaces on the right if necessary. Use negative M values for column positions
measured from the right hand edge of the terminal window.
%>( <N> ), %>|( <M> )
similar to %<( <N> ), %<|( <M> ) respectively, but padding spaces on the left
%>>( <N> ), %>>|( <M> )
similar to %>( <N> ), %>|( <M> ) respectively, except that if the next
placeholder takes more spaces than given and there are spaces on its left, use
those spaces
%><( <N> ), %><|( <M> )
similar to %<( <N> ), %<|( <M> ) respectively, but padding both sides (i.e.
the text is centered)
• Placeholders that expand to information extracted from the commit:
%H
commit hash
%h
abbreviated commit hash
%T
tree hash
%t
abbreviated tree hash
%P
parent hashes
%p
abbreviated parent hashes
%an
author name
%aN
author name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))
%ae
author email
%aE
author email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))
%al
author email local-part (the part before the @ sign)
%aL
author local-part (see %al) respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-
blame(1))
%ad
author date (format respects --date= option)
%aD
author date, RFC2822 style
%ar
author date, relative
%at
author date, UNIX timestamp
%ai
author date, ISO 8601-like format
%aI
author date, strict ISO 8601 format
%as
author date, short format (YYYY-MM-DD)
%ah
author date, human style (like the --date=human option of git-rev-list(1))
%cn
committer name
%cN
committer name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))
%ce
committer email
%cE
committer email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-blame(1))
%cl
committer email local-part (the part before the @ sign)
%cL
committer local-part (see %cl) respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or
git-blame(1))
%cd
committer date (format respects --date= option)
%cD
committer date, RFC2822 style
%cr
committer date, relative
%ct
committer date, UNIX timestamp
%ci
committer date, ISO 8601-like format
%cI
committer date, strict ISO 8601 format
%cs
committer date, short format (YYYY-MM-DD)
%ch
committer date, human style (like the --date=human option of git-rev-list(1))
%d
ref names, like the --decorate option of git-log(1)
%D
ref names without the " (", ")" wrapping.
%(decorate[:<options>])
ref names with custom decorations. The decorate string may be followed by a
colon and zero or more comma-separated options. Option values may contain
literal formatting codes. These must be used for commas (%x2C) and closing
parentheses (%x29), due to their role in the option syntax.
• prefix=<value>: Shown before the list of ref names. Defaults to " (".
• suffix=<value>: Shown after the list of ref names. Defaults to ")".
• separator=<value>: Shown between ref names. Defaults to ", ".
• pointer=<value>: Shown between HEAD and the branch it points to, if any.
Defaults to " -> ".
• tag=<value>: Shown before tag names. Defaults to "tag: ".
For example, to produce decorations with no wrapping or tag annotations, and
spaces as separators:
%(decorate:prefix=,suffix=,tag=,separator= )
%(describe[:<options>])
human-readable name, like git-describe(1); empty string for undescribable
commits. The describe string may be followed by a colon and zero or more
comma-separated options. Descriptions can be inconsistent when tags are added
or removed at the same time.
• tags[=<bool-value>]: Instead of only considering annotated tags, consider
lightweight tags as well.
• abbrev=<number>: Instead of using the default number of hexadecimal digits
(which will vary according to the number of objects in the repository with
a default of 7) of the abbreviated object name, use <number> digits, or as
many digits as needed to form a unique object name.
• match=<pattern>: Only consider tags matching the given glob(7) pattern,
excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix.
• exclude=<pattern>: Do not consider tags matching the given glob(7)
pattern, excluding the "refs/tags/" prefix.
%S
ref name given on the command line by which the commit was reached (like git
log --source), only works with git log
%e
encoding
%s
subject
%f
sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename
%b
body
%B
raw body (unwrapped subject and body)
%N
commit notes
%GG
raw verification message from GPG for a signed commit
%G?
show "G" for a good (valid) signature, "B" for a bad signature, "U" for a good
signature with unknown validity, "X" for a good signature that has expired,
"Y" for a good signature made by an expired key, "R" for a good signature made
by a revoked key, "E" if the signature cannot be checked (e.g. missing key)
and "N" for no signature
%GS
show the name of the signer for a signed commit
%GK
show the key used to sign a signed commit
%GF
show the fingerprint of the key used to sign a signed commit
%GP
show the fingerprint of the primary key whose subkey was used to sign a signed
commit
%GT
show the trust level for the key used to sign a signed commit
%gD
reflog selector, e.g., refs/stash@{1} or refs/stash@{2 minutes ago}; the
format follows the rules described for the -g option. The portion before the @
is the refname as given on the command line (so git log -g refs/heads/master
would yield refs/heads/master@{0}).
%gd
shortened reflog selector; same as %gD, but the refname portion is shortened
for human readability (so refs/heads/master becomes just master).
%gn
reflog identity name
%gN
reflog identity name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-
blame(1))
%ge
reflog identity email
%gE
reflog identity email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or git-
blame(1))
%gs
reflog subject
%(trailers[:<options>])
display the trailers of the body as interpreted by git-interpret-trailers(1).
The trailers string may be followed by a colon and zero or more
comma-separated options. If any option is provided multiple times, the last
occurrence wins.
• key=<key>: only show trailers with specified <key>. Matching is done
case-insensitively and trailing colon is optional. If option is given
multiple times trailer lines matching any of the keys are shown. This
option automatically enables the only option so that non-trailer lines in
the trailer block are hidden. If that is not desired it can be disabled
with only=false. E.g., %(trailers:key=Reviewed-by) shows trailer lines
with key Reviewed-by.
• only[=<bool>]: select whether non-trailer lines from the trailer block
should be included.
• separator=<sep>: specify the separator inserted between trailer lines.
Defaults to a line feed character. The string <sep> may contain the
literal formatting codes described above. To use comma as separator one
must use %x2C as it would otherwise be parsed as next option. E.g.,
%(trailers:key=Ticket,separator=%x2C ) shows all trailer lines whose key
is "Ticket" separated by a comma and a space.
• unfold[=<bool>]: make it behave as if interpret-trailer’s --unfold option
was given. E.g., %(trailers:only,unfold=true) unfolds and shows all
trailer lines.
• keyonly[=<bool>]: only show the key part of the trailer.
• valueonly[=<bool>]: only show the value part of the trailer.
• key_value_separator=<sep>: specify the separator inserted between the key
and value of each trailer. Defaults to ": ". Otherwise it shares the same
semantics as separator=<sep> above.
Note
Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the revision traversal engine.
For example, the %g* reflog options will insert an empty string unless we are
traversing reflog entries (e.g., by git log -g). The %d and %D placeholders will use
the "short" decoration format if --decorate was not already provided on the command
line.
The boolean options accept an optional value [=<bool-value>]. The values true, false, on,
off etc. are all accepted. See the "boolean" sub-section in "EXAMPLES" in git-config(1).
If a boolean option is given with no value, it’s enabled.
If you add a + (plus sign) after % of a placeholder, a line-feed is inserted immediately
before the expansion if and only if the placeholder expands to a non-empty string.
If you add a - (minus sign) after % of a placeholder, all consecutive line-feeds
immediately preceding the expansion are deleted if and only if the placeholder expands to
an empty string.
If you add a ` ` (space) after % of a placeholder, a space is inserted immediately before
the expansion if and only if the placeholder expands to a non-empty string.
• tformat:
The tformat: format works exactly like format:, except that it provides "terminator"
semantics instead of "separator" semantics. In other words, each commit has the
message terminator character (usually a newline) appended, rather than a separator
placed between entries. This means that the final entry of a single-line format will
be properly terminated with a new line, just as the "oneline" format does. For
example:
$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
| perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
4da45be
7134973 -- NO NEWLINE
$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
| perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
4da45be
7134973
In addition, any unrecognized string that has a % in it is interpreted as if it has
tformat: in front of it. For example, these two are equivalent:
$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef
$ git log -2 --pretty=%h 4da45bef
DIFF FORMATTING
The options below can be used to change the way git show generates diff output.
-p, -u, --patch
Generate patch (see the section called “GENERATING PATCH TEXT WITH -P”).
-s, --no-patch
Suppress all output from the diff machinery. Useful for commands like git show that
show the patch by default to squelch their output, or to cancel the effect of options
like --patch, --stat earlier on the command line in an alias.
-m
Show diffs for merge commits in the default format. This is similar to
--diff-merges=on, except -m will produce no output unless -p is given as well.
-c
Produce combined diff output for merge commits. Shortcut for --diff-merges=combined
-p.
--cc
Produce dense combined diff output for merge commits. Shortcut for
--diff-merges=dense-combined -p.
--dd
Produce diff with respect to first parent for both merge and regular commits. Shortcut
for --diff-merges=first-parent -p.
--remerge-diff
Produce remerge-diff output for merge commits. Shortcut for --diff-merges=remerge -p.
--no-diff-merges
Synonym for --diff-merges=off.
--diff-merges=<format>
Specify diff format to be used for merge commits. Default is dense-combined unless
--first-parent is in use, in which case first-parent is the default.
The following formats are supported:
off, none
Disable output of diffs for merge commits. Useful to override implied value.
on, m
Make diff output for merge commits to be shown in the default format. The default
format can be changed using log.diffMerges configuration variable, whose default
value is separate.
first-parent, 1
Show full diff with respect to first parent. This is the same format as --patch
produces for non-merge commits.
separate
Show full diff with respect to each of parents. Separate log entry and diff is
generated for each parent.
combined, c
Show differences from each of the parents to the merge result simultaneously
instead of showing pairwise diff between a parent and the result one at a time.
Furthermore, it lists only files which were modified from all parents.
dense-combined, cc
Further compress output produced by --diff-merges=combined by omitting
uninteresting hunks whose contents in the parents have only two variants and the
merge result picks one of them without modification.
remerge, r
Remerge two-parent merge commits to create a temporary tree object—potentially
containing files with conflict markers and such. A diff is then shown between that
temporary tree and the actual merge commit.
The output emitted when this option is used is subject to change, and so is its
interaction with other options (unless explicitly documented).
--combined-all-paths
This flag causes combined diffs (used for merge commits) to list the name of the file
from all parents. It thus only has effect when --diff-merges=[dense-]combined is in
use, and is likely only useful if filename changes are detected (i.e. when either
rename or copy detection have been requested).
-U<n>, --unified=<n>
Generate diffs with <n> lines of context instead of the usual three. Implies --patch.
--output=<file>
Output to a specific file instead of stdout.
--output-indicator-new=<char>, --output-indicator-old=<char>,
--output-indicator-context=<char>
Specify the character used to indicate new, old or context lines in the generated
patch. Normally they are +, - and ' ' respectively.
--raw
For each commit, show a summary of changes using the raw diff format. See the "RAW
OUTPUT FORMAT" section of git-diff(1). This is different from showing the log itself
in raw format, which you can achieve with --format=raw.
--patch-with-raw
Synonym for -p --raw.
-t
Show the tree objects in the diff output.
--indent-heuristic
Enable the heuristic that shifts diff hunk boundaries to make patches easier to read.
This is the default.
--no-indent-heuristic
Disable the indent heuristic.
--minimal
Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible diff is produced.
--patience
Generate a diff using the "patience diff" algorithm.
--histogram
Generate a diff using the "histogram diff" algorithm.
--anchored=<text>
Generate a diff using the "anchored diff" algorithm.
This option may be specified more than once.
If a line exists in both the source and destination, exists only once, and starts with
this text, this algorithm attempts to prevent it from appearing as a deletion or
addition in the output. It uses the "patience diff" algorithm internally.
--diff-algorithm={patience|minimal|histogram|myers}
Choose a diff algorithm. The variants are as follows:
default, myers
The basic greedy diff algorithm. Currently, this is the default.
minimal
Spend extra time to make sure the smallest possible diff is produced.
patience
Use "patience diff" algorithm when generating patches.
histogram
This algorithm extends the patience algorithm to "support low-occurrence common
elements".
For instance, if you configured the diff.algorithm variable to a non-default value and
want to use the default one, then you have to use --diff-algorithm=default option.
--stat[=<width>[,<name-width>[,<count>]]]
Generate a diffstat. By default, as much space as necessary will be used for the
filename part, and the rest for the graph part. Maximum width defaults to terminal
width, or 80 columns if not connected to a terminal, and can be overridden by <width>.
The width of the filename part can be limited by giving another width <name-width>
after a comma or by setting diff.statNameWidth=<width>. The width of the graph part
can be limited by using --stat-graph-width=<width> or by setting
diff.statGraphWidth=<width>. Using --stat or --stat-graph-width affects all commands
generating a stat graph, while setting diff.statNameWidth or diff.statGraphWidth does
not affect git format-patch. By giving a third parameter <count>, you can limit the
output to the first <count> lines, followed by ... if there are more.
These parameters can also be set individually with --stat-width=<width>,
--stat-name-width=<name-width> and --stat-count=<count>.
--compact-summary
Output a condensed summary of extended header information such as file creations or
deletions ("new" or "gone", optionally "+l" if it’s a symlink) and mode changes ("+x"
or "-x" for adding or removing executable bit respectively) in diffstat. The
information is put between the filename part and the graph part. Implies --stat.
--numstat
Similar to --stat, but shows number of added and deleted lines in decimal notation and
pathname without abbreviation, to make it more machine friendly. For binary files,
outputs two - instead of saying 0 0.
--shortstat
Output only the last line of the --stat format containing total number of modified
files, as well as number of added and deleted lines.
-X[<param1,param2,...>], --dirstat[=<param1,param2,...>]
Output the distribution of relative amount of changes for each sub-directory. The
behavior of --dirstat can be customized by passing it a comma separated list of
parameters. The defaults are controlled by the diff.dirstat configuration variable
(see git-config(1)). The following parameters are available:
changes
Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the lines that have been removed from the
source, or added to the destination. This ignores the amount of pure code
movements within a file. In other words, rearranging lines in a file is not
counted as much as other changes. This is the default behavior when no parameter
is given.
lines
Compute the dirstat numbers by doing the regular line-based diff analysis, and
summing the removed/added line counts. (For binary files, count 64-byte chunks
instead, since binary files have no natural concept of lines). This is a more
expensive --dirstat behavior than the changes behavior, but it does count
rearranged lines within a file as much as other changes. The resulting output is
consistent with what you get from the other --*stat options.
files
Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the number of files changed. Each changed
file counts equally in the dirstat analysis. This is the computationally cheapest
--dirstat behavior, since it does not have to look at the file contents at all.
cumulative
Count changes in a child directory for the parent directory as well. Note that
when using cumulative, the sum of the percentages reported may exceed 100%. The
default (non-cumulative) behavior can be specified with the noncumulative
parameter.
<limit>
An integer parameter specifies a cut-off percent (3% by default). Directories
contributing less than this percentage of the changes are not shown in the output.
Example: The following will count changed files, while ignoring directories with less
than 10% of the total amount of changed files, and accumulating child directory counts
in the parent directories: --dirstat=files,10,cumulative.
--cumulative
Synonym for --dirstat=cumulative
--dirstat-by-file[=<param1,param2>...]
Synonym for --dirstat=files,<param1>,<param2>...
--summary
Output a condensed summary of extended header information such as creations, renames
and mode changes.
--patch-with-stat
Synonym for -p --stat.
-z
Separate the commits with NULs instead of newlines.
Also, when --raw or --numstat has been given, do not munge pathnames and use NULs as
output field terminators.
Without this option, pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as explained for
the configuration variable core.quotePath (see git-config(1)).
--name-only
Show only names of changed files. The file names are often encoded in UTF-8. For more
information see the discussion about encoding in the git-log(1) manual page.
--name-status
Show only names and status of changed files. See the description of the --diff-filter
option on what the status letters mean. Just like --name-only the file names are often
encoded in UTF-8.
--submodule[=<format>]
Specify how differences in submodules are shown. When specifying --submodule=short the
short format is used. This format just shows the names of the commits at the beginning
and end of the range. When --submodule or --submodule=log is specified, the log format
is used. This format lists the commits in the range like git-submodule(1) summary
does. When --submodule=diff is specified, the diff format is used. This format shows
an inline diff of the changes in the submodule contents between the commit range.
Defaults to diff.submodule or the short format if the config option is unset.
--color[=<when>]
Show colored diff. --color (i.e. without =<when>) is the same as --color=always.
<when> can be one of always, never, or auto.
--no-color
Turn off colored diff. It is the same as --color=never.
--color-moved[=<mode>]
Moved lines of code are colored differently. The <mode> defaults to no if the option
is not given and to zebra if the option with no mode is given. The mode must be one
of:
no
Moved lines are not highlighted.
default
Is a synonym for zebra. This may change to a more sensible mode in the future.
plain
Any line that is added in one location and was removed in another location will be
colored with color.diff.newMoved. Similarly color.diff.oldMoved will be used for
removed lines that are added somewhere else in the diff. This mode picks up any
moved line, but it is not very useful in a review to determine if a block of code
was moved without permutation.
blocks
Blocks of moved text of at least 20 alphanumeric characters are detected greedily.
The detected blocks are painted using either the color.diff.{old,new}Moved color.
Adjacent blocks cannot be told apart.
zebra
Blocks of moved text are detected as in blocks mode. The blocks are painted using
either the color.diff.{old,new}Moved color or
color.diff.{old,new}MovedAlternative. The change between the two colors indicates
that a new block was detected.
dimmed-zebra
Similar to zebra, but additional dimming of uninteresting parts of moved code is
performed. The bordering lines of two adjacent blocks are considered interesting,
the rest is uninteresting. dimmed_zebra is a deprecated synonym.
--no-color-moved
Turn off move detection. This can be used to override configuration settings. It is
the same as --color-moved=no.
--color-moved-ws=<modes>
This configures how whitespace is ignored when performing the move detection for
--color-moved. These modes can be given as a comma separated list:
no
Do not ignore whitespace when performing move detection.
ignore-space-at-eol
Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL.
ignore-space-change
Ignore changes in amount of whitespace. This ignores whitespace at line end, and
considers all other sequences of one or more whitespace characters to be
equivalent.
ignore-all-space
Ignore whitespace when comparing lines. This ignores differences even if one line
has whitespace where the other line has none.
allow-indentation-change
Initially ignore any whitespace in the move detection, then group the moved code
blocks only into a block if the change in whitespace is the same per line. This is
incompatible with the other modes.
--no-color-moved-ws
Do not ignore whitespace when performing move detection. This can be used to override
configuration settings. It is the same as --color-moved-ws=no.
--word-diff[=<mode>]
Show a word diff, using the <mode> to delimit changed words. By default, words are
delimited by whitespace; see --word-diff-regex below. The <mode> defaults to plain,
and must be one of:
color
Highlight changed words using only colors. Implies --color.
plain
Show words as [-removed-] and {+added+}. Makes no attempts to escape the
delimiters if they appear in the input, so the output may be ambiguous.
porcelain
Use a special line-based format intended for script consumption.
Added/removed/unchanged runs are printed in the usual unified diff format,
starting with a +/-/` ` character at the beginning of the line and extending to
the end of the line. Newlines in the input are represented by a tilde ~ on a line
of its own.
none
Disable word diff again.
Note that despite the name of the first mode, color is used to highlight the changed
parts in all modes if enabled.
--word-diff-regex=<regex>
Use <regex> to decide what a word is, instead of considering runs of non-whitespace to
be a word. Also implies --word-diff unless it was already enabled.
Every non-overlapping match of the <regex> is considered a word. Anything between
these matches is considered whitespace and ignored(!) for the purposes of finding
differences. You may want to append |[^[:space:]] to your regular expression to make
sure that it matches all non-whitespace characters. A match that contains a newline is
silently truncated(!) at the newline.
For example, --word-diff-regex=. will treat each character as a word and,
correspondingly, show differences character by character.
The regex can also be set via a diff driver or configuration option, see
gitattributes(5) or git-config(1). Giving it explicitly overrides any diff driver or
configuration setting. Diff drivers override configuration settings.
--color-words[=<regex>]
Equivalent to --word-diff=color plus (if a regex was specified)
--word-diff-regex=<regex>.
--no-renames
Turn off rename detection, even when the configuration file gives the default to do
so.
--[no-]rename-empty
Whether to use empty blobs as rename source.
--check
Warn if changes introduce conflict markers or whitespace errors. What are considered
whitespace errors is controlled by core.whitespace configuration. By default, trailing
whitespaces (including lines that consist solely of whitespaces) and a space character
that is immediately followed by a tab character inside the initial indent of the line
are considered whitespace errors. Exits with non-zero status if problems are found.
Not compatible with --exit-code.
--ws-error-highlight=<kind>
Highlight whitespace errors in the context, old or new lines of the diff. Multiple
values are separated by comma, none resets previous values, default reset the list to
new and all is a shorthand for old,new,context. When this option is not given, and the
configuration variable diff.wsErrorHighlight is not set, only whitespace errors in new
lines are highlighted. The whitespace errors are colored with color.diff.whitespace.
--full-index
Instead of the first handful of characters, show the full pre- and post-image blob
object names on the "index" line when generating patch format output.
--binary
In addition to --full-index, output a binary diff that can be applied with git-apply.
Implies --patch.
--abbrev[=<n>]
Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal object name in diff-raw format output
and diff-tree header lines, show the shortest prefix that is at least <n> hexdigits
long that uniquely refers the object. In diff-patch output format, --full-index takes
higher precedence, i.e. if --full-index is specified, full blob names will be shown
regardless of --abbrev. Non default number of digits can be specified with
--abbrev=<n>.
-B[<n>][/<m>], --break-rewrites[=[<n>][/<m>]]
Break complete rewrite changes into pairs of delete and create. This serves two
purposes:
It affects the way a change that amounts to a total rewrite of a file not as a series
of deletion and insertion mixed together with a very few lines that happen to match
textually as the context, but as a single deletion of everything old followed by a
single insertion of everything new, and the number m controls this aspect of the -B
option (defaults to 60%). -B/70% specifies that less than 30% of the original should
remain in the result for Git to consider it a total rewrite (i.e. otherwise the
resulting patch will be a series of deletion and insertion mixed together with context
lines).
When used with -M, a totally-rewritten file is also considered as the source of a
rename (usually -M only considers a file that disappeared as the source of a rename),
and the number n controls this aspect of the -B option (defaults to 50%). -B20%
specifies that a change with addition and deletion compared to 20% or more of the
file’s size are eligible for being picked up as a possible source of a rename to
another file.
-M[<n>], --find-renames[=<n>]
If generating diffs, detect and report renames for each commit. For following files
across renames while traversing history, see --follow. If n is specified, it is a
threshold on the similarity index (i.e. amount of addition/deletions compared to the
file’s size). For example, -M90% means Git should consider a delete/add pair to be a
rename if more than 90% of the file hasn’t changed. Without a % sign, the number is to
be read as a fraction, with a decimal point before it. I.e., -M5 becomes 0.5, and is
thus the same as -M50%. Similarly, -M05 is the same as -M5%. To limit detection to
exact renames, use -M100%. The default similarity index is 50%.
-C[<n>], --find-copies[=<n>]
Detect copies as well as renames. See also --find-copies-harder. If n is specified, it
has the same meaning as for -M<n>.
--find-copies-harder
For performance reasons, by default, -C option finds copies only if the original file
of the copy was modified in the same changeset. This flag makes the command inspect
unmodified files as candidates for the source of copy. This is a very expensive
operation for large projects, so use it with caution. Giving more than one -C option
has the same effect.
-D, --irreversible-delete
Omit the preimage for deletes, i.e. print only the header but not the diff between the
preimage and /dev/null. The resulting patch is not meant to be applied with patch or
git apply; this is solely for people who want to just concentrate on reviewing the
text after the change. In addition, the output obviously lacks enough information to
apply such a patch in reverse, even manually, hence the name of the option.
When used together with -B, omit also the preimage in the deletion part of a
delete/create pair.
-l<num>
The -M and -C options involve some preliminary steps that can detect subsets of
renames/copies cheaply, followed by an exhaustive fallback portion that compares all
remaining unpaired destinations to all relevant sources. (For renames, only remaining
unpaired sources are relevant; for copies, all original sources are relevant.) For N
sources and destinations, this exhaustive check is O(N^2). This option prevents the
exhaustive portion of rename/copy detection from running if the number of
source/destination files involved exceeds the specified number. Defaults to
diff.renameLimit. Note that a value of 0 is treated as unlimited.
--diff-filter=[(A|C|D|M|R|T|U|X|B)...[*]]
Select only files that are Added (A), Copied (C), Deleted (D), Modified (M), Renamed
(R), have their type (i.e. regular file, symlink, submodule, ...) changed (T), are
Unmerged (U), are Unknown (X), or have had their pairing Broken (B). Any combination
of the filter characters (including none) can be used. When * (All-or-none) is added
to the combination, all paths are selected if there is any file that matches other
criteria in the comparison; if there is no file that matches other criteria, nothing
is selected.
Also, these upper-case letters can be downcased to exclude. E.g. --diff-filter=ad
excludes added and deleted paths.
Note that not all diffs can feature all types. For instance, copied and renamed
entries cannot appear if detection for those types is disabled.
-S<string>
Look for differences that change the number of occurrences of the specified string
(i.e. addition/deletion) in a file. Intended for the scripter’s use.
It is useful when you’re looking for an exact block of code (like a struct), and want
to know the history of that block since it first came into being: use the feature
iteratively to feed the interesting block in the preimage back into -S, and keep going
until you get the very first version of the block.
Binary files are searched as well.
-G<regex>
Look for differences whose patch text contains added/removed lines that match <regex>.
To illustrate the difference between -S<regex> --pickaxe-regex and -G<regex>, consider
a commit with the following diff in the same file:
+ return frotz(nitfol, two->ptr, 1, 0);
...
- hit = frotz(nitfol, mf2.ptr, 1, 0);
While git log -G"frotz\(nitfol" will show this commit, git log -S"frotz\(nitfol"
--pickaxe-regex will not (because the number of occurrences of that string did not
change).
Unless --text is supplied patches of binary files without a textconv filter will be
ignored.
See the pickaxe entry in gitdiffcore(7) for more information.
--find-object=<object-id>
Look for differences that change the number of occurrences of the specified object.
Similar to -S, just the argument is different in that it doesn’t search for a specific
string but for a specific object id.
The object can be a blob or a submodule commit. It implies the -t option in git-log to
also find trees.
--pickaxe-all
When -S or -G finds a change, show all the changes in that changeset, not just the
files that contain the change in <string>.
--pickaxe-regex
Treat the <string> given to -S as an extended POSIX regular expression to match.
-O<orderfile>
Control the order in which files appear in the output. This overrides the
diff.orderFile configuration variable (see git-config(1)). To cancel diff.orderFile,
use -O/dev/null.
The output order is determined by the order of glob patterns in <orderfile>. All files
with pathnames that match the first pattern are output first, all files with pathnames
that match the second pattern (but not the first) are output next, and so on. All
files with pathnames that do not match any pattern are output last, as if there was an
implicit match-all pattern at the end of the file. If multiple pathnames have the same
rank (they match the same pattern but no earlier patterns), their output order
relative to each other is the normal order.
<orderfile> is parsed as follows:
• Blank lines are ignored, so they can be used as separators for readability.
• Lines starting with a hash ("#") are ignored, so they can be used for comments.
Add a backslash ("\") to the beginning of the pattern if it starts with a hash.
• Each other line contains a single pattern.
Patterns have the same syntax and semantics as patterns used for fnmatch(3) without
the FNM_PATHNAME flag, except a pathname also matches a pattern if removing any number
of the final pathname components matches the pattern. For example, the pattern
"foo*bar" matches "fooasdfbar" and "foo/bar/baz/asdf" but not "foobarx".
--skip-to=<file>, --rotate-to=<file>
Discard the files before the named <file> from the output (i.e. skip to), or move
them to the end of the output (i.e. rotate to). These options were invented primarily
for the use of the git difftool command, and may not be very useful otherwise.
-R
Swap two inputs; that is, show differences from index or on-disk file to tree
contents.
--relative[=<path>], --no-relative
When run from a subdirectory of the project, it can be told to exclude changes outside
the directory and show pathnames relative to it with this option. When you are not in
a subdirectory (e.g. in a bare repository), you can name which subdirectory to make
the output relative to by giving a <path> as an argument. --no-relative can be used
to countermand both diff.relative config option and previous --relative.
-a, --text
Treat all files as text.
--ignore-cr-at-eol
Ignore carriage-return at the end of line when doing a comparison.
--ignore-space-at-eol
Ignore changes in whitespace at EOL.
-b, --ignore-space-change
Ignore changes in amount of whitespace. This ignores whitespace at line end, and
considers all other sequences of one or more whitespace characters to be equivalent.
-w, --ignore-all-space
Ignore whitespace when comparing lines. This ignores differences even if one line has
whitespace where the other line has none.
--ignore-blank-lines
Ignore changes whose lines are all blank.
-I<regex>, --ignore-matching-lines=<regex>
Ignore changes whose all lines match <regex>. This option may be specified more than
once.
--inter-hunk-context=<lines>
Show the context between diff hunks, up to the specified number of lines, thereby
fusing hunks that are close to each other. Defaults to diff.interHunkContext or 0 if
the config option is unset.
-W, --function-context
Show whole function as context lines for each change. The function names are
determined in the same way as git diff works out patch hunk headers (see Defining a
custom hunk-header in gitattributes(5)).
--ext-diff
Allow an external diff helper to be executed. If you set an external diff driver with
gitattributes(5), you need to use this option with git-log(1) and friends.
--no-ext-diff
Disallow external diff drivers.
--textconv, --no-textconv
Allow (or disallow) external text conversion filters to be run when comparing binary
files. See gitattributes(5) for details. Because textconv filters are typically a
one-way conversion, the resulting diff is suitable for human consumption, but cannot
be applied. For this reason, textconv filters are enabled by default only for git-
diff(1) and git-log(1), but not for git-format-patch(1) or diff plumbing commands.
--ignore-submodules[=<when>]
Ignore changes to submodules in the diff generation. <when> can be either "none",
"untracked", "dirty" or "all", which is the default. Using "none" will consider the
submodule modified when it either contains untracked or modified files or its HEAD
differs from the commit recorded in the superproject and can be used to override any
settings of the ignore option in git-config(1) or gitmodules(5). When "untracked" is
used submodules are not considered dirty when they only contain untracked content (but
they are still scanned for modified content). Using "dirty" ignores all changes to the
work tree of submodules, only changes to the commits stored in the superproject are
shown (this was the behavior until 1.7.0). Using "all" hides all changes to
submodules.
--src-prefix=<prefix>
Show the given source prefix instead of "a/".
--dst-prefix=<prefix>
Show the given destination prefix instead of "b/".
--no-prefix
Do not show any source or destination prefix.
--default-prefix
Use the default source and destination prefixes ("a/" and "b/"). This overrides
configuration variables such as diff.noprefix, diff.srcPrefix, diff.dstPrefix, and
diff.mnemonicPrefix (see git-config(1)).
--line-prefix=<prefix>
Prepend an additional prefix to every line of output.
--ita-invisible-in-index
By default entries added by "git add -N" appear as an existing empty file in "git
diff" and a new file in "git diff --cached". This option makes the entry appear as a
new file in "git diff" and non-existent in "git diff --cached". This option could be
reverted with --ita-visible-in-index. Both options are experimental and could be
removed in future.
For more detailed explanation on these common options, see also gitdiffcore(7).
GENERATING PATCH TEXT WITH -P
Running git-diff(1), git-log(1), git-show(1), git-diff-index(1), git-diff-tree(1), or git-
diff-files(1) with the -p option produces patch text. You can customize the creation of
patch text via the GIT_EXTERNAL_DIFF and the GIT_DIFF_OPTS environment variables (see
git(1)), and the diff attribute (see gitattributes(5)).
What the -p option produces is slightly different from the traditional diff format:
1. It is preceded by a "git diff" header that looks like this:
diff --git a/file1 b/file2
The a/ and b/ filenames are the same unless rename/copy is involved. Especially, even
for a creation or a deletion, /dev/null is not used in place of the a/ or b/
filenames.
When a rename/copy is involved, file1 and file2 show the name of the source file of
the rename/copy and the name of the file that the rename/copy produces, respectively.
2. It is followed by one or more extended header lines:
old mode <mode>
new mode <mode>
deleted file mode <mode>
new file mode <mode>
copy from <path>
copy to <path>
rename from <path>
rename to <path>
similarity index <number>
dissimilarity index <number>
index <hash>..<hash> <mode>
File modes are printed as 6-digit octal numbers including the file type and file
permission bits.
Path names in extended headers do not include the a/ and b/ prefixes.
The similarity index is the percentage of unchanged lines, and the dissimilarity index
is the percentage of changed lines. It is a rounded down integer, followed by a
percent sign. The similarity index value of 100% is thus reserved for two equal files,
while 100% dissimilarity means that no line from the old file made it into the new
one.
The index line includes the blob object names before and after the change. The <mode>
is included if the file mode does not change; otherwise, separate lines indicate the
old and the new mode.
3. Pathnames with "unusual" characters are quoted as explained for the configuration
variable core.quotePath (see git-config(1)).
4. All the file1 files in the output refer to files before the commit, and all the file2
files refer to files after the commit. It is incorrect to apply each change to each
file sequentially. For example, this patch will swap a and b:
diff --git a/a b/b
rename from a
rename to b
diff --git a/b b/a
rename from b
rename to a
5. Hunk headers mention the name of the function to which the hunk applies. See "Defining
a custom hunk-header" in gitattributes(5) for details of how to tailor this to
specific languages.
COMBINED DIFF FORMAT
Any diff-generating command can take the -c or --cc option to produce a combined diff when
showing a merge. This is the default format when showing merges with git-diff(1) or git-
show(1). Note also that you can give suitable --diff-merges option to any of these
commands to force generation of diffs in a specific format.
A "combined diff" format looks like this:
diff --combined describe.c
index fabadb8,cc95eb0..4866510
--- a/describe.c
+++ b/describe.c
@@@ -98,20 -98,12 +98,20 @@@
return (a_date > b_date) ? -1 : (a_date == b_date) ? 0 : 1;
}
- static void describe(char *arg)
-static void describe(struct commit *cmit, int last_one)
++static void describe(char *arg, int last_one)
{
+ unsigned char sha1[20];
+ struct commit *cmit;
struct commit_list *list;
static int initialized = 0;
struct commit_name *n;
+ if (get_sha1(arg, sha1) < 0)
+ usage(describe_usage);
+ cmit = lookup_commit_reference(sha1);
+ if (!cmit)
+ usage(describe_usage);
+
if (!initialized) {
initialized = 1;
for_each_ref(get_name);
1. It is preceded by a "git diff" header, that looks like this (when the -c option is
used):
diff --combined file
or like this (when the --cc option is used):
diff --cc file
2. It is followed by one or more extended header lines (this example shows a merge with
two parents):
index <hash>,<hash>..<hash>
mode <mode>,<mode>..<mode>
new file mode <mode>
deleted file mode <mode>,<mode>
The mode <mode>,<mode>..<mode> line appears only if at least one of the <mode> is
different from the rest. Extended headers with information about detected content
movement (renames and copying detection) are designed to work with the diff of two
<tree-ish> and are not used by combined diff format.
3. It is followed by a two-line from-file/to-file header:
--- a/file
+++ b/file
Similar to the two-line header for the traditional unified diff format, /dev/null is
used to signal created or deleted files.
However, if the --combined-all-paths option is provided, instead of a two-line
from-file/to-file, you get an N+1 line from-file/to-file header, where N is the number
of parents in the merge commit:
--- a/file
--- a/file
--- a/file
+++ b/file
This extended format can be useful if rename or copy detection is active, to allow you
to see the original name of the file in different parents.
4. Chunk header format is modified to prevent people from accidentally feeding it to
patch -p1. Combined diff format was created for review of merge commit changes, and
was not meant to be applied. The change is similar to the change in the extended index
header:
@@@ <from-file-range> <from-file-range> <to-file-range> @@@
There are (number of parents + 1) @ characters in the chunk header for combined diff
format.
Unlike the traditional unified diff format, which shows two files A and B with a single
column that has - (minus — appears in A but removed in B), + (plus — missing in A but
added to B), or " " (space — unchanged) prefix, this format compares two or more files
file1, file2,... with one file X, and shows how X differs from each of fileN. One column
for each of fileN is prepended to the output line to note how X’s line is different from
it.
A - character in the column N means that the line appears in fileN but it does not appear
in the result. A + character in the column N means that the line appears in the result,
and fileN does not have that line (in other words, the line was added, from the point of
view of that parent).
In the above example output, the function signature was changed from both files (hence two
- removals from both file1 and file2, plus ++ to mean one line that was added does not
appear in either file1 or file2). Also, eight other lines are the same from file1 but do
not appear in file2 (hence prefixed with +).
When shown by git diff-tree -c, it compares the parents of a merge commit with the merge
result (i.e. file1..fileN are the parents). When shown by git diff-files -c, it compares
the two unresolved merge parents with the working tree file (i.e. file1 is stage 2 aka
"our version", file2 is stage 3 aka "their version").
EXAMPLES
git show v1.0.0
Shows the tag v1.0.0, along with the object the tag points at.
git show v1.0.0^{tree}
Shows the tree pointed to by the tag v1.0.0.
git show -s --format=%s v1.0.0^{commit}
Shows the subject of the commit pointed to by the tag v1.0.0.
git show next~10:Documentation/README
Shows the contents of the file Documentation/README as they were current in the 10th
last commit of the branch next.
git show master:Makefile master:t/Makefile
Concatenates the contents of said Makefiles in the head of the branch master.
DISCUSSION
Git is to some extent character encoding agnostic.
• The contents of the blob objects are uninterpreted sequences of bytes. There is no
encoding translation at the core level.
• Path names are encoded in UTF-8 normalization form C. This applies to tree objects,
the index file, ref names, as well as path names in command line arguments,
environment variables and config files (.git/config (see git-config(1)), gitignore(5),
gitattributes(5) and gitmodules(5)).
Note that Git at the core level treats path names simply as sequences of non-NUL
bytes, there are no path name encoding conversions (except on Mac and Windows).
Therefore, using non-ASCII path names will mostly work even on platforms and file
systems that use legacy extended ASCII encodings. However, repositories created on
such systems will not work properly on UTF-8-based systems (e.g. Linux, Mac, Windows)
and vice versa. Additionally, many Git-based tools simply assume path names to be
UTF-8 and will fail to display other encodings correctly.
• Commit log messages are typically encoded in UTF-8, but other extended ASCII encodings
are also supported. This includes ISO-8859-x, CP125x and many others, but not
UTF-16/32, EBCDIC and CJK multi-byte encodings (GBK, Shift-JIS, Big5, EUC-x, CP9xx
etc.).
Although we encourage that the commit log messages are encoded in UTF-8, both the core and
Git Porcelain are designed not to force UTF-8 on projects. If all participants of a
particular project find it more convenient to use legacy encodings, Git does not forbid
it. However, there are a few things to keep in mind.
1. git commit and git commit-tree issue a warning if the commit log message given to it
does not look like a valid UTF-8 string, unless you explicitly say your project uses a
legacy encoding. The way to say this is to have i18n.commitEncoding in .git/config
file, like this:
[i18n]
commitEncoding = ISO-8859-1
Commit objects created with the above setting record the value of i18n.commitEncoding
in their encoding header. This is to help other people who look at them later. Lack of
this header implies that the commit log message is encoded in UTF-8.
2. git log, git show, git blame and friends look at the encoding header of a commit
object, and try to re-code the log message into UTF-8 unless otherwise specified. You
can specify the desired output encoding with i18n.logOutputEncoding in .git/config
file, like this:
[i18n]
logOutputEncoding = ISO-8859-1
If you do not have this configuration variable, the value of i18n.commitEncoding is
used instead.
Note that we deliberately chose not to re-code the commit log message when a commit is
made to force UTF-8 at the commit object level, because re-coding to UTF-8 is not
necessarily a reversible operation.
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite