Provided by: nbdkit_1.40.4-1ubuntu1_amd64 
NAME
nbdkit-tls - authentication and encryption of NBD connections (sometimes called "SSL")
SYNOPSIS
nbdkit [--tls=off|on|require]
[--tls-certificates=/path/to/certificates]
[--tls-psk=/path/to/pskfile]
[--tls-verify-peer]
PLUGIN [...]
DESCRIPTION
TLS (authentication and encryption, sometimes incorrectly called "SSL") is supported if nbdkit was
compiled with GnuTLS. This allows the server to verify that the client is allowed access, and to encrypt
the contents of the protocol in transit over the network.
TLS can be disabled or enabled by specifying either --tls=off or --tls=on. With --tls=off, if a client
tries to use TLS to connect, it will be rejected by the server (in other words, as if the server doesn't
support TLS).
--tls=on means that the client may choose to connect either with or without TLS.
--tls=require enables TLS and rejects all non-TLS connection attempts. This prevents downgrade attacks
where a malicious proxy pretends not to support TLS in order to force either the client or server to
communicate in plaintext.
Example
If certificates have been set up correctly then you should be able to start a TLS server by doing:
nbdkit --tls=require memory 1G
and connect to it by doing:
nbdinfo nbds://localhost
If certificates are in a non-standard directory and you have libnbd ≥ 1.10:
nbdkit --tls=require --tls-certificates=/certs memory 1G
nbdinfo nbds://localhost?tls-certificates=/certs
TLS with X.509 certificates
When nbdkit starts up, it loads TLS certificates from some built-in paths, or from the directory
specified by the --tls-certificates option.
In this directory, nbdkit expects to find several files:
ca-cert.pem
The Certificate Authority certificate.
server-cert.pem
The server certificate.
server-key.pem
The server private key.
ca-crl.pem
(Optional) The certificate revocation list.
Setting up the Certificate Authority
This step only needs to be done once per organization. It may be that your organization already has a
CA.
$ certtool --generate-privkey > ca-key.pem
$ chmod 0600 ca-key.pem
The ca-key.pem file is the CA private key and is extremely sensitive data. With possession of this key,
anyone can create certificates pretending to be your organization!
To create the CA certificate file:
$ cat > ca.info <<EOF
cn = Name of your organization
ca
cert_signing_key
EOF
$ certtool --generate-self-signed \
--load-privkey ca-key.pem \
--template ca.info \
--outfile ca-cert.pem
Issuing a server certificate for the nbdkit server
Each nbdkit server (or host) needs a secret key and certificate.
$ certtool --generate-privkey > server-key.pem
$ chmod 0600 server-key.pem
The server key file is sensitive. Setting the mode to 0600 helps to prevent other users on the same
machine from reading it.
The common name ("cn" below) field must be the fully qualified hostname that the client connects to.
However most clients and servers including nbdkit support the Subject Alternative Name extension
(RFC 2818) which uses the "dns_name" and "ip_address" fields and deprecates "cn".
$ cat > server.info <<EOF
organization = Name of your organization
cn = nbd-server.example.com
dns_name = nbd-server
dns_name = nbd-server.example.com
ip_address = 10.0.1.2
ip_address = 2001:24::92
tls_www_server
encryption_key
signing_key
EOF
$ certtool --generate-certificate \
--load-ca-certificate ca-cert.pem \
--load-ca-privkey ca-key.pem \
--load-privkey server-key.pem \
--template server.info \
--outfile server-cert.pem
Issuing and checking client certificates
Note: You don't need to create client certificates unless you want to check and limit which clients can
connect to nbdkit. nbdkit does not check client certificates unless you specify the --tls-verify-peer
option on the command line. There are other methods for limiting access to nbdkit including
nbdkit-ip-filter(1).
For each client you should generate a private key and a client certificate:
$ certtool --generate-privkey > client-key.pem
$ chmod 0600 client-key.pem
The client key file is sensitive.
The client DNS name ("cn" below) is the client's name for information only.
$ cat > client.info <<EOF
country = US
state = New York
locality = New York
organization = Name of your organization
cn = client.example.com
tls_www_client
encryption_key
signing_key
EOF
$ certtool --generate-certificate \
--load-ca-certificate ca-cert.pem \
--load-ca-privkey ca-key.pem \
--load-privkey client-key.pem \
--template client.info \
--outfile client-cert.pem
Client certificates do not need to be present anywhere on the nbdkit host. You don't need to copy them
into nbdkit's TLS certificates directory. The security comes from the fact that the client must present
a client certificate signed by the Certificate Authority, and nbdkit can check this because it has the
ca-cert.pem file.
To enable checking of client certificates, specify the --tls-verify-peer option on the command line.
Clients which don't present a valid certificate (eg. not signed, incorrect signature) are denied. Also
denied are clients which present a valid certificate signed by another CA. Also denied are clients with
certificates added to the certificate revocation list (ca-crl.pem).
Connecting nbd-client to nbdkit with TLS certificates
With the TLS certificates files generated above in the current directory (".") you can use:
nbdkit --tls=require --tls-certificates=. --tls-verify-peer memory 1G
nbd-client /dev/nbd0 \
-cacertfile ca-cert.pem \
-certfile client-cert.pem \
-keyfile client-key.pem
--tls-verify-peer is only required if you want to check the client certificate. If you want to allow any
client to connect then you can omit it.
TLS with Pre-Shared Keys (PSK)
As a simpler alternative to TLS certificates, you may use pre-shared keys to authenticate clients.
Create a PSK file containing one or more "username:key" pairs. It is easiest to use psktool(1) for this:
mkdir -m 0700 /tmp/keys
psktool -u alice -p /tmp/keys/keys.psk
The PSK file contains the hex-encoded random keys in plaintext. Any client which can read this file will
be able to connect to the server.
Use the nbdkit --tls-psk option to start the server:
nbdkit --tls=require --tls-psk=/tmp/keys/keys.psk file disk.img
This option overrides X.509 certificate authentication.
Clients must supply one of the usernames in the PSK file and the corresponding key in order to connect.
An example of connecting using nbdinfo(1) using an NBD URI is:
nbdinfo 'nbds://alice@localhost?tls-psk-file=/tmp/keys/keys.psk'
An example of connecting using qemu-img(1) is:
qemu-img info \
--object tls-creds-psk,id=tls0,dir=/tmp/keys,username=alice,endpoint=client \
--image-opts \
file.driver=nbd,file.host=localhost,file.port=10809,file.tls-creds=tls0,file.export=/
Default TLS behaviour
If nbdkit was compiled without GnuTLS support, then TLS is disabled and TLS connections will be rejected
(as if --tls=off was specified on the command line). Also it is impossible to turn on TLS in this
scenario. You can tell if nbdkit was compiled without GnuTLS support because "nbdkit --dump-config" will
contain "tls=no".
If TLS certificates cannot be loaded either from the built-in path or from the directory specified by
--tls-certificates, then TLS defaults to disabled. Turning TLS on will give a warning (--tls=on) or
error (--tls=require) about the missing certificates.
If TLS certificates can be loaded from the built-in path or from the --tls-certificates directory, then
TLS will by default be enabled (like --tls=on), but it is not required. Clients can choose whether or
not to use TLS and whether or not to present certificates.
TLS client certificates are not checked by default unless you specify --tls-verify-peer.
If the --tls-psk option is used then TLS is enabled (but not required). To ensure that all clients are
authorized you must use --tls=require.
Each of these defaults is insecure to some extent (including --tls=on which could be subject to a
downgrade attack). If you expect TLS then it is best to specify --tls=require, and if you want to check
client certificates, additionally use the --tls-verify-peer option.
Controlling TLS fallback to plaintext
When --tls=on is used, the connection can fall back to plaintext. You can use
nbdkit-tls-fallback-filter(1) to provide safe fallback content to plaintext connections. With this
filter the underlying plugin content is only served on secure connections.
Alternatively a plugin may wish to serve different content depending on whether the client is using TLS.
The function nbdkit_is_tls(3) can be used during the ".open" callback for that purpose.
NBD URIs for TLS
Tools such nbdcopy(1), nbdinfo(1) and nbdsh(1) (from libnbd(3)) allow you to use "nbds://" or
"nbds+unix://" URIs to connect to nbdkit servers using TLS.
The syntax is fully documented in the NBD URI specification:
https://github.com/NetworkBlockDevice/nbd/blob/master/doc/uri.md. This section contains an outline. You
can also find further examples in nbd_connect_uri(3).
Use the nbdkit --print-uri option to print the URI when nbdkit starts up.
nbds://example.com
Connect over TCP with TLS, to "example.com" port 10809. If the server does not support TLS then this
will fail.
nbds+unix:///?socket=SOCKET
As above, but connect over a Unix domain socket called SOCKET.
nbds+unix:///?socket=SOCKET&tls-certificates=DIR
As above, but specify the directory DIR containing TLS certificates (used by the client to verify the
server, and to present client authentication to the server). Note this requires libnbd ≥ 1.10.
nbds+unix:///?socket=SOCKET&tls-psk-file=FILENAME
As above, but use TLS with Pre-Shared Keys (PSK), stored in the secrets file FILENAME.
nbds+unix://alice@/?socket=SOCKET&tls-psk-file=FILENAME
As above, but use "alice" as the username.
Default location of certificates
Without --tls-certificates nbdkit and libnbd look in several locations for certificates.
If nbdkit is started as a non-root user (note this does not include use of the -u or -g options), nbdkit
looks in each of these paths in turn:
$HOME/.pki/nbdkit/
$HOME/.config/pki/nbdkit/
If nbdkit is started as root:
$sysconfdir/pki/nbdkit/
where $sysconfdir is set when nbdkit is compiled, usually /etc. (Use "nbdkit --dump-config" and look at
the "root_tls_certificates_dir" setting to get the actual directory built into the binary.)
In libnbd the paths are different. For non-root:
$HOME/.pki/libnbd/
$HOME/.config/pki/libnbd/
For root:
$sysconfdir/pki/libnbd/
In nbdkit you can override these directories by using --tls-certificates=/path/to/certificates.
In libnbd you can use nbd_set_tls_certificates(3). In libnbd ≥ 1.10 you can append
"&tls-certificates=/path/to/certificates" to URIs.
Choice of TLS algorithms
TLS has a bewildering choice of algorithms that can be used. To enable you to choose a default set of
algorithms, there is a configure setting --with-tls-priority. This defaults to "NORMAL" which, to quote
the GnuTLS documentation:
""NORMAL" means all "secure" ciphersuites. The 256-bit ciphers are included as a fallback only. The
ciphers are sorted by security margin."
You could also set the TLS priority so that it can be configured from a file at runtime:
./configure --with-tls-priority=@SYSTEM
means use the policy from /etc/crypto-policies/config.
./configure --with-tls-priority=@NBDKIT,SYSTEM
means use the policy from /etc/crypto-policies/local.d/nbdkit.config and fall back to
/etc/crypto-policies/config if the first file does not exist.
More information can be found in gnutls_priority_init(3).
Debugging TLS connections
Encrypted connections makes snooping on network traffic with Wireshark impossible, by design.
The TLS library used by nbdkit, called gnutls, supports the "SSLKEYLOGFILE" standard:
https://web.archive.org/web/20200118013150/https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Projects/NSS/Key_Log_Format
Before running nbdkit set the environment variable to point to a log file (note it will append to the
file if it already exists):
SSLKEYLOGFILE=/tmp/keylog nbdkit [...]
In Wireshark go to Edit → Preferences → Protocols → TLS and set (Pre)-Master-Secret log filename to the
log file name. Wireshark should be able to see the unencrypted traffic. For further information read:
https://wiki.wireshark.org/TLS#using-the-pre-master-secret
SEE ALSO
nbdkit(1), nbdkit-luks-filter(1), nbdkit-tls-fallback-filter(1), nbdkit_is_tls(3), nbdkit_peer_tls_dn(3), nbdkit_peer_tls_issuer_dn(3), nbdcopy(1), nbdfuse(1), nbdinfo(1), nbdsh(1), nbd_connect_uri(3), nbd_set_tls(3), nbd_set_tls_certificates(3), gnutls_priority_init(3), psktool(1), https://github.com/NetworkBlockDevice/nbd/blob/master/doc/proto.md, https://github.com/NetworkBlockDevice/nbd/blob/master/doc/uri.md, https://nbd.sourceforge.io/.
AUTHORS
Eric Blake
Richard W.M. Jones
Pino Toscano
COPYRIGHT
Copyright Red Hat
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