Provided by: sshuttle_1.1.1-2ubuntu2_all 
NAME
sshuttle - sshuttle documentation
SYNOPSIS
sshuttle [options] -r [username@]sshserver[:port] <subnets …>
DESCRIPTION
sshuttle allows you to create a VPN connection from your machine to any remote server that you can
connect to via ssh, as long as that server has a sufficiently new Python installation.
To work, you must have root access on the local machine, but you can have a normal account on the server.
It’s valid to run sshuttle more than once simultaneously on a single client machine, connecting to a
different server every time, so you can be on more than one VPN at once.
If run on a router, sshuttle can forward traffic for your entire subnet to the VPN.
OPTIONS
<subnets>
A list of subnets to route over the VPN, in the form a.b.c.d[/width][port[-port]]. Valid examples
are 1.2.3.4 (a single IP address) and 1.2.3.4/32 (equivalent to 1.2.3.4), 1.2.3.0/24 (a 24-bit
subnet, ie. with a 255.255.255.0 netmask). Specify subnets 0/0 to match all IPv4 addresses and
::/0 to match all IPv6 addresses. Any of the previous examples are also valid if you append a port
or a port range, so 1.2.3.4:8000 will only tunnel traffic that has as the destination port 8000 of
1.2.3.4 and 1.2.3.0/24:8000-9000 will tunnel traffic going to any port between 8000 and 9000
(inclusive) for all IPs in the 1.2.3.0/24 subnet. A hostname can be provided instead of an IP
address. If the hostname resolves to multiple IPs, all of the IPs are included. If a width is
provided with a hostname, the width is applied to all of the hostnames IPs (if they are all either
IPv4 or IPv6). Widths cannot be supplied to hostnames that resolve to both IPv4 and IPv6. Valid
examples are example.com, example.com:8000, example.com/24, example.com/24:8000 and
example.com:8000-9000.
--method <auto|nat|nft|tproxy|pf|ipfw>
Which firewall method should sshuttle use? For auto, sshuttle attempts to guess the appropriate
method depending on what it can find in PATH. The default value is auto.
-l <[ip:]port>, --listen=<[ip:]port>
Use this ip address and port number as the transparent proxy port. By default sshuttle finds an
available port automatically and listens on IP 127.0.0.1 (localhost), so you don’t need to
override it, and connections are only proxied from the local machine, not from outside machines.
If you want to accept connections from other machines on your network (ie. to run sshuttle on a
router) try enabling IP Forwarding in your kernel, then using --listen 0.0.0.0:0. You can use any
name resolving to an IP address of the machine running sshuttle, e.g. --listen localhost.
For the nft, tproxy and pf methods this can be an IPv6 address. Use this option with comma
separated values if required, to provide both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, e.g. --listen
127.0.0.1:0,[::1]:0.
-H, --auto-hosts
Scan for remote hostnames and update the local /etc/hosts file with matching entries for as long
as the VPN is open. This is nicer than changing your system’s DNS (/etc/resolv.conf) settings,
for several reasons. First, hostnames are added without domain names attached, so you can ssh
thatserver without worrying if your local domain matches the remote one. Second, if you sshuttle
into more than one VPN at a time, it’s impossible to use more than one DNS server at once anyway,
but sshuttle correctly merges /etc/hosts entries between all running copies. Third, if you’re
only routing a few subnets over the VPN, you probably would prefer to keep using your local DNS
server for everything else.
sshuttle tries to store a cache of the hostnames in ~/.sshuttle.hosts on the remote host.
Similarly, it tries to read the file when you later reconnect to the host with –auto-hosts enabled
to quickly populate the host list. When troubleshooting this feature, try removing this file on
the remote host when sshuttle is not running.
-N, --auto-nets
In addition to the subnets provided on the command line, ask the server which subnets it thinks we
should route, and route those automatically. The suggestions are taken automatically from the
server’s routing table.
This feature does not detect IPv6 routes. Specify IPv6 subnets manually. For example, specify the
::/0 subnet on the command line to route all IPv6 traffic.
--dns Capture local DNS requests and forward to the remote DNS server. All queries to any of the local
system’s DNS servers (/etc/resolv.conf and, if it exists, /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf) will
be intercepted and resolved on the remote side of the tunnel instead, there using the DNS
specified via the --to-ns option, if specified. Only plain DNS traffic sent to these servers on
port 53 are captured.
--ns-hosts=<server1[,server2[,server3[...]]]>
Capture local DNS requests to the specified server(s) and forward to the remote DNS server.
Contrary to the --dns option, this flag allows to specify the DNS server(s) the queries to which
to intercept, instead of intercepting all DNS traffic on the local machine. This can be useful
when only certain DNS requests should be resolved on the remote side of the tunnel, e.g. in
combination with dnsmasq.
--to-ns=<server>
The DNS to forward requests to when remote DNS resolution is enabled. If not given, sshuttle will
simply resolve using the system configured resolver on the remote side (via /etc/resolv.conf on
the remote side).
--python
Specify the name/path of the remote python interpreter. The default is to use python3 (or python,
if python3 fails) in the remote system’s PATH.
-r <[username@]sshserver[:port]>, --remote=<[username@]sshserver[:port]>
The remote hostname and optional username and ssh port number to use for connecting to the remote
server. For example, example.com, testuser@example.com, testuser@example.com:2222, or
example.com:2244. This hostname is passed to ssh, so it will recognize any aliases and settings
you may have configured in ~/.ssh/config.
-x <subnet>, --exclude=<subnet>
Explicitly exclude this subnet from forwarding. The format of this option is the same as the
<subnets> option. To exclude more than one subnet, specify the -x option more than once. You can
say something like 0/0 -x 1.2.3.0/24 to forward everything except the local subnet over the VPN,
for example.
-X <file>, --exclude-from=<file>
Exclude the subnets specified in a file, one subnet per line. Useful when you have lots of subnets
to exclude.
-v, --verbose
Print more information about the session. This option can be used more than once for increased
verbosity. By default, sshuttle prints only error messages.
-e, --ssh-cmd
The command to use to connect to the remote server. The default is just ssh. Use this if your ssh
client is in a non-standard location or you want to provide extra options to the ssh command, for
example, -e 'ssh -v'.
--seed-hosts
A comma-separated list of hostnames to use to initialize the --auto-hosts scan algorithm.
--auto-hosts does things like poll netstat output for lists of local hostnames, but can speed
things up if you use this option to give it a few names to start from.
If this option is used without --auto-hosts, then the listed hostnames will be scanned and added,
but no further hostnames will be added.
--no-latency-control
Sacrifice latency to improve bandwidth benchmarks. ssh uses really big socket buffers, which can
overload the connection if you start doing large file transfers, thus making all your other
sessions inside the same tunnel go slowly. Normally, sshuttle tries to avoid this problem using a
“fullness check” that allows only a certain amount of outstanding data to be buffered at a time.
But on high-bandwidth links, this can leave a lot of your bandwidth underutilized. It also makes
sshuttle seem slow in bandwidth benchmarks (benchmarks rarely test ping latency, which is what
sshuttle is trying to control). This option disables the latency control feature, maximizing
bandwidth usage. Use at your own risk.
--latency-buffer-size
Set the size of the buffer used in latency control. The default is 32768. Changing this option
allows a compromise to be made between latency and bandwidth without completely disabling latency
control (with --no-latency-control).
-D, --daemon
Automatically fork into the background after connecting to the remote server. Implies --syslog.
-s <file>, --subnets=<file>
Include the subnets specified in a file instead of on the command line. One subnet per line.
--syslog
after connecting, send all log messages to the syslog(3) service instead of stderr. This is
implicit if you use --daemon.
--pidfile=<pidfilename>
when using --daemon, save sshuttle’s pid to pidfilename. The default is sshuttle.pid in the
current directory.
--disable-ipv6
Disable IPv6 support for methods that support it (nat, nft, tproxy, and pf).
--firewall
(internal use only) run the firewall manager. This is the only part of sshuttle that must run as
root. If you start sshuttle as a non-root user, it will automatically run sudo or su to start the
firewall manager, but the core of sshuttle still runs as a normal user.
--hostwatch
(internal use only) run the hostwatch daemon. This process runs on the server side and collects
hostnames for the --auto-hosts option. Using this option by itself makes it a lot easier to debug
and test the --auto-hosts feature.
--sudoers-no-modify
sshuttle prints a configuration to stdout which allows a user to run sshuttle without a password.
This option is INSECURE because, with some cleverness, it also allows the user to run any command
as root without a password. The output also includes a suggested method for you to install the
configuration.
Use –sudoers-user to modify the user that it applies to.
--sudoers-user
Set the user name or group with %group_name for passwordless operation. Default is the current
user. Set to ALL for all users (NOT RECOMMENDED: See note about security in –sudoers-no-modify
documentation above). Only works with the –sudoers-no-modify option.
-t <mark>, --tmark=<mark>
An option used by the tproxy method: Use the specified traffic mark. The mark must be a
hexadecimal value. Defaults to 0x01.
--version
Print program version.
CONFIGURATION FILE
All the options described above can optionally be specified in a configuration file.
To run sshuttle with options defined in, e.g., /etc/sshuttle.conf just pass the path to the file preceded
by the @ character, e.g. @/etc/sshuttle.conf.
When running sshuttle with options defined in a configuration file, options can still be passed via the
command line in addition to what is defined in the file. If a given option is defined both in the file
and in the command line, the value in the command line will take precedence.
Arguments read from a file must be one per line, as shown below:
value
--option1
value1
--option2
value2
The configuration file supports comments for human-readable annotations. For example:
# company-internal API
8.8.8.8/32
# home IoT
192.168.63.0/24
EXAMPLES
Use the following command to route all IPv4 TCP traffic through remote (-r) host example.com (and
possibly other traffic too, depending on the selected –method). The 0/0 subnet, short for 0.0.0.0/0,
matches all IPv4 addresses. The ::/0 subnet, matching all IPv6 addresses could be added to the example.
We also exclude (-x) example.com:22 so that we can establish ssh connections from our local machine to
the remote host without them being routed through sshuttle. Excluding the remote host may be necessary on
some machines for sshuttle to work properly. Press Ctrl+C to exit. To also route DNS queries through
sshuttle, try adding –dns. Add or remove -v options to see more or less information:
$ sshuttle -r example.com -x example.com:22 0/0
Starting sshuttle proxy (version ...).
[local sudo] Password:
fw: Starting firewall with Python version 3.9.5
fw: ready method name nat.
c : IPv6 disabled since it isn't supported by method nat.
c : Method: nat
c : IPv4: on
c : IPv6: off (not available with nat method)
c : UDP : off (not available with nat method)
c : DNS : off (available)
c : User: off (available)
c : Subnets to forward through remote host (type, IP, cidr mask width, startPort, endPort):
c : (<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, '0.0.0.0', 0, 0, 0)
c : Subnets to exclude from forwarding:
c : (<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, '...', 32, 22, 22)
c : (<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, '127.0.0.1', 32, 0, 0)
c : TCP redirector listening on ('127.0.0.1', 12299).
c : Starting client with Python version 3.9.5
c : Connecting to server...
user@example.com's password:
s: Starting server with Python version 3.6.8
s: latency control setting = True
s: auto-nets:False
c : Connected to server.
fw: setting up.
fw: iptables -w -t nat -N sshuttle-12299
fw: iptables -w -t nat -F sshuttle-12299
...
Accept: 192.168.42.121:60554 -> 77.141.99.22:22.
^C
c : Keyboard interrupt: exiting.
c : SW'unknown':Mux#1: deleting (1 remain)
c : SW#7:192.168.42.121:60554: deleting (0 remain)
Connect to a remote server, with automatic hostname and subnet guessing:
$ sshuttle -vNHr example.com -x example.com:22
Starting sshuttle proxy (version ...).
[local sudo] Password:
fw: Starting firewall with Python version 3.9.5
fw: ready method name nat.
c : IPv6 disabled since it isn't supported by method nat.
c : Method: nat
c : IPv4: on
c : IPv6: off (not available with nat method)
c : UDP : off (not available with nat method)
c : DNS : off (available)
c : User: off (available)
c : Subnets to forward through remote host (type, IP, cidr mask width, startPort, endPort):
c : NOTE: Additional subnets to forward may be added below by --auto-nets.
c : Subnets to exclude from forwarding:
c : (<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, '...', 32, 22, 22)
c : (<AddressFamily.AF_INET: 2>, '127.0.0.1', 32, 0, 0)
c : TCP redirector listening on ('127.0.0.1', 12300).
c : Starting client with Python version 3.9.5
c : Connecting to server...
user@example.com's password:
s: Starting server with Python version 3.6.8
s: latency control setting = True
s: auto-nets:True
c : Connected to server.
c : seed_hosts: []
s: available routes:
s: 77.141.99.0/24
fw: setting up.
fw: iptables -w -t nat -N sshuttle-12300
fw: iptables -w -t nat -F sshuttle-12300
...
c : Accept: 192.168.42.121:60554 -> 77.141.99.22:22.
^C
c : Keyboard interrupt: exiting.
c : SW'unknown':Mux#1: deleting (1 remain)
c : SW#7:192.168.42.121:60554: deleting (0 remain)
Run sshuttle with a /etc/sshuttle.conf configuration file:
$ sshuttle @/etc/sshuttle.conf
Use the options defined in /etc/sshuttle.conf but be more verbose:
$ sshuttle @/etc/sshuttle.conf -vvv
Override the remote server defined in /etc/sshuttle.conf:
$ sshuttle @/etc/sshuttle.conf -r otheruser@test.example.com
Example configuration file:
192.168.0.0/16
--remote
user@example.com
DISCUSSION
When it starts, sshuttle creates an ssh session to the server specified by the -r option.
After connecting to the remote server, sshuttle uploads its (python) source code to the remote end and
executes it there. Thus, you don’t need to install sshuttle on the remote server, and there are never
sshuttle version conflicts between client and server.
Unlike most VPNs, sshuttle forwards sessions, not packets. That is, it uses kernel transparent proxying
(iptables REDIRECT rules on Linux) to capture outgoing TCP sessions, then creates entirely separate TCP
sessions out to the original destination at the other end of the tunnel.
Packet-level forwarding (eg. using the tun/tap devices on Linux) seems elegant at first, but it results
in several problems, notably the ‘tcp over tcp’ problem. The tcp protocol depends fundamentally on
packets being dropped in order to implement its congestion control algorithm; if you pass tcp packets
through a tcp-based tunnel (such as ssh), the inner tcp packets will never be dropped, and so the inner
tcp stream’s congestion control will be completely broken, and performance will be terrible. Thus,
packet-based VPNs (such as IPsec and openvpn) cannot use tcp-based encrypted streams like ssh or ssl, and
have to implement their own encryption from scratch, which is very complex and error prone.
sshuttle’s simplicity comes from the fact that it can safely use the existing ssh encrypted tunnel
without incurring a performance penalty. It does this by letting the client-side kernel manage the
incoming tcp stream, and the server-side kernel manage the outgoing tcp stream; there is no need for
congestion control to be shared between the two separate streams, so a tcp-based tunnel is fine.
SEE ALSO:
ssh(1), python(1)
AUTHOR
Brian May
COPYRIGHT
2024, Brian May