oracular (3) Math::VectorReal.3pm.gz

NAME

       Math::VectorReal - Module to handle 3D Vector Mathematics

SYNOPSIS

           #!/usr/bin/perl
           use Math::VectorReal;

           $a = vector( 1, 2, .5 );
           print "Vector as string (MatrixReal default format)\n\$a => ", $a;

           print  $a->stringify("Formated Output   \$a => { %g, %g, %g }\n");

           # I hate newline in the default output format (defined as MatrixReal)
           $Math::VectorReal::FORMAT = "[ %.5f %.5f %.5f ]";
           print "Modified default output format   \$a => $a\n";

           print 'length     => ', $a->length, "\n";
           print 'normalised => ', $a->norm, "\n";

           use Math::VectorReal qw(:all);  # Include O X Y Z axis constant vectors
           print 'string concat   $a."**" = ', $a."**", "\n";
           print 'vector constant    X    = ',   X,    "\n";
           print 'subtraction     $a - Z  = ', $a - Z, "\n";
           print 'scalar divide   $a / 3  = ', $a / 3, "\n";
           print 'dot product     $a . Y  = ', $a . Y, "\n";
           print 'cross product   $a x Y  = ', $a x Y, "\n";

           print "Plane containing points X, \$a, Z (in anti-clockwise order)\n";
           ($n,$d) = plane( X, $a, Z ); # return normal and disance from O
           print '      normal      =    $n     = ', $n, "\n";
           print '  disance from O  =    $d     = ', $d, "\n";
           print ' Y axis intersect = $d/($n.Y) = ', $d/($n.Y), "\n";

           print "VectorReal and MatrixReal interaction\n\n";
           use Math::MatrixReal;  # Not required for pure vector math as above

           $r = $a->vector2matrix_row;  # convert to MatrixReal Row Vector
           $c = $a->vector2matrix_col;  # convert to MatrixReal Column Vector
           print 'Vector as a MatrixReal Row $r (vector -> matrix) => ', "\n", $r;
           print 'Vector as a MatrixReal Col $c (vector -> matrix) => ', "\n", $c;

           $nx = $a->norm;   $ny = $nx x Z;  $nz = $nx x $ny; # orthogonal vectors
           $R = vector_matrix( $nx, $ny, $nz );   # make the rotation matrix
           print 'Rotation Matrix from 3 Vectors   $R   => ',"\n", $R, "\n";

           print "Extract the Y row from the matrix as a VectorReal..\n";
           print '$R->matrix_row2vector(1) => ', $R->matrix_row2vector(1), "\n";

           print "Rotate a vector with above rotation matrix\n";
           print '$a * $R (vector -> vector)',"\n", $a * $R, "\n";

           print "Rotate a MatrixReal column (post multiply)...\n";
           print "(NB: matrix must be transposed (~) to match column format)\n";
           print '~$R * $c (col_matrix -> col_matrix) =>',"\n", ~$R * $c, "\n";

DESCRIPTION

       The "Math::VectorReal" package defines a 3D mathematical "vector", in a way that is compatible with the
       previous CPAN module "Math::MatrixReal". However it provides a more vector oriented set of mathematical
       functions and overload operators, to the "MatrixReal" package.  For example the normal perl string
       functions "x" and "." have been overloaded to allow vector cross and dot product operations. Vector math
       formula thus looks like vector math formula in perl programs using this package.

       While this package is compatible with Math::MatrixReal, you DO NOT need to have that package to perform
       purely vector orientated calculations. You will need it however if you wish to do matrix operations with
       these vectors. The interface has been designed with this package flexibility in mind.

       The vectors are defined in the same way as a "row" "Math::MatrixReal" matrix, instead of that packages
       choice of "column" definition for vector operations.  Such vectors are multiplied to matices with the
       vector on the left and the matrix on the right. EG:   v * M -> 'v

       Not only is this the way I prefer to handle vectors, but it is the way most graphics books use vectors.
       As a bonus it results in no overload conflicts between this package and that of Math::MatrixReal, (the
       left objects overload operator is called to do the mathematics). It also is a lot simpler than
       "MatrixReal" column vector methods, which were designed for equation solving rather than 3D geometry
       operations.

       The  vector_matrix()  function provided, simplifies the creation a "MatrixReal" object from 3 (usually
       orthogonal) vectors. This with its vector orientated math operators makes it very easy to define
       orthogonal rotation matrices from "Math::VectorReal" objects.  See a rough example in the synopsis above,
       or in the file "matrix_test" in the packages source.

       NOTE: the 6th element the "Math::MatrixReal" array object is used to hold the length of the vector so
       that it can be re-used without needing to be re-calculated all the time. This means the expensive sqrt()
       function, need not be called unless nessary.  This usage should not effect the direct use of these
       objects in the "Math::MatrixReal" functions.

CONSTANTS

       Four constant vectors are available for export (using an ":all" tag).  these are

           0 = [ 0 0 0 ]   the zero vector or origin
           X = [ 1 0 0 ]   |
           Y = [ 0 1 0 ]    > Unit axis vectors
           Z = [ 0 0 1 ]   |

CONSTRUCTORS

       new(x,y,z)
           Create a new vector with the values of "x", "y", "z" returning the appropriate object.

       vector(x,y,z)
           As "new" but is a exported function which does not require a package reference to create a
           "Math::VectorReal" object.

       clone()
           Return a completely new copy of the referring "Math::VectorReal" object.

METHODS

       array()
           Return the x,y,z elements of the referring vector are an array of values.

       x() Return the x element of the referring vector.

       y() Return the y element of the referring vector.

       z() Return the z element of the referring vector.

       stringify( [ FORMAT ] )
           Return the referring verctor as a string. The "FORMAT" if given is used to sprintf format the vector.
           This is used for all VectorReal to String conversions.

           By default this format is the same as it would be for a "Math::MatrixReal" object, "[ %#19.12E
           %#19.12E %#19.12E ]\n".  Note that this includes a newline character!.

           However unlike "Math::MatrixReal" you can assign a new default sprintf format by assigning it to the
           packages $FORMAT variable. For Example

              $Math::VectorReal::FORMAT = "{ %g, %g, %g }"

           Which is a good format to output vectors for use by the POVray (Persistence of Vision Raytracer)
           program.

       length()
           Return the length of the given vector. As a side effect the length is saved into that vectors object
           to avoid the use of the expensive sqrt() function.

       norm()
           Normalise the Vector. That is scalar divide the vector by its length, so that it becomes of length
           one.  Normal vectors are commonly use to define directions, without scale, or orientation of a 3
           dimensional plane.

       plane( v1, v2, v3 )
           Given three points defined counter clockwise on a plane, return an array in which the first element
           is the planes normal unit vector, and the second its distance from the origin, along that vector.
           NOTE: the distance may be negitive, in which case the origon is above the defined plane in 3d space.

       vector_matrix( nx, ny, nz )
           Given the new location for the X, Y and Z vectors, concatanate them together (row wise) to create a
           "Math::MatrixReal" translation matrix. For example if the 3 vectors are othogonal to each other, the
           matrix created will be a rotation matrix to rotate the X, Y and Z axis to the given vectors. See
           above for an example.

VECTOR/MATRIX CONVERSION

       The following functions provide links between the "Math::VectorReal" and "Math::MatrixReal" packages.

       NOTE: While this package is closely related to "Math::MatrixReal", it does NOT require that that package
       to be installed unless you actually want to perform matrix operations.

       Also the overload operations will automatically handle vector/matrix mathematics (See below).

   Vector to Matrix Conversion
       vector2matrix_row( [CLASS] )
       vector2matrix_col( [CLASS] )
           Convert "Math::VectorReal" objects to a "Math::MatrixReal" objects.  Optional argument defines the
           object class to be returned (defaults to "Math::MatrixReal").

           Note that as a "Math::VectorReal" is internally equivelent to a "Math::MatrixReal" row matrix,
           "vector2matrix_row" is essentually just a bless operation, which is NOT required to use with
           "Math::MatrixReal" functions.

           The "vector2matrix_col" performs the required transpose to convert the "Math::VectorReal" object into
           a "Math::MatrixReal" version of a vector (a column matrix).

   Matrix to Vector Conversion
       matrix_row2vector( [ROW] )
       matrix_col2vector( [COLUMN] )
           When referred to by a "Math::MatrixReal" object, extracts the vector from the matrix. the optional
           argument defines which row or column of the matrix is to be extracted as a "Math::VectorReal" vector.

OPERATOR OVERLOADING

       Overload operations are provided to perform the usual string conversion, addition, subtraction, unary
       minus, scalar multiplation & division.  On top of this however the multiply have been expanded to look
       for and execute "MatrixReal" multiplation.

       The Main purpose of this package however was to provide the special vector product operations: dot
       product "." and cross product "x".  In perl these operations are normally used for string operations, but
       if either argument is a "VectorReal" object, the operation will attempt the approprate vector math
       operation instead.

       Note however that if one side of the dot "." operator is already a string, then the vector will be
       converted to a sting and a string concatantion will be performed. The cross operator "x" will just
       croak() as it is non-sensical to either repeat the string conversion of a vector, OR to repeat a string,
       vector, times!

       Overloaded operator summery...
           neg     unary minus - multiply vector by -1
            ""     automatic string conversion using stringify() function
             +     vector addition
             -     vector subtraction
             /     scalar division (left argument must be the vector)
             *     scalar multiplication OR MatrixReal multiplication
             x     vector/cross product of two vectors
             .     dot product of two vectors OR vector/string concatanation

       Possible future addition   '~'  to transpose a "VectorReal" into a "MatrixReal" column vector (as per
       that operator on "MatrixReal" objects).  It was not added as it just did not seem to be needed.

SEE ALSO

       The "Math::MatrixReal" CPAN Module by   Steffen Beyer and the "Math::MatrixReal-Ext1" CPAN extension by
       Mike South

AUTHOR

       Anthony Thyssen <anthony@cit.gu.edu.au>

COPYRIGHT

       Copyright (c) 2001 Anthony Thyssen. All rights reserved. This program is free software; you can
       redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. I would appreciate any suggestions
       however.