oracular (3) PDF::Builder::Docs.3pm.gz
NAME
PDF::Builder::Docs - additional documentation for Builder module
SOME SPECIAL NOTES
Software Development Kit
There are four levels of involvement with PDF::Builder. Depending on what you want to do, different kinds
of installs are recommended.
1. Simply installing PDF::Builder as a prerequisite for running some other package. All you need to do is
install the CPAN package for PDF::Builder, and it will load the .pm files into your Perl library. If the
other package prereqs PDF::Builder, its installer may download and install PDF::Builder automatically.
2. You want to write a Perl program that uses PDF::Builder functions. In addition to installing
PDF::Builder from CPAN, you will want documentation on it. Obtain a copy of the product from GitHub
(https://github.com/PhilterPaper/Perl-PDF-Builder) or as a gzipped tar file from CPAN. This includes a
utility to build (from POD) a library of HTML documents, as well as examples (examples/ directory) and
contributed sample programs (contrib/ directory).
3. You want to modify PDF::Builder files. In addition to the CPAN and GitHub distributions, you may
choose to keep a local Git repository for tracking your changes. Depending on whether or not your
PDF::Builder copy is being used for production purposes, you may want to do your editing and testing in
the Perl library installation (live) or in a different place. The "t" tests (t/ directory) and examples
provide good regression tests to ensure that you haven't broken anything. If you do your editing on the
live code, don't forget when done to copy the changes back into the master version you keep!
4. You want to contribute to the development of PDF::Builder. You will need a local Git repository (and a
GitHub account), so that when you've got it all done, you can issue a "Pull Request" to bring it to our
attention. We can't guarantee that your work will be incorporated into the project, but at least we will
look at it. From time to time, a new CPAN version will be issued.
If you want to make substantial changes for public use, and can't come to a meeting of minds with us, you
can even start your own GitHub project and register a new CPAN project (that's what we did, forking
PDF::API2). Please don't just assume that we don't want your changes -- at least propose what you want to
do in writing, so we can consider it. We're always looking for people to help out and expand
PDF::Builder.
Optional Libraries
PDF::Builder can make use of some optional libraries, which are not required for a successful
installation. If you want improved speed and capabilities for certain functions, you may want to install
and use these libraries:
• Graphics::TIFF
PDF::Builder inherited a rather slow, buggy, and limited TIFF image library from PDF::API2. If
Graphics::TIFF (available on CPAN, uses libtiff.a) is installed, PDF::Builder will use that instead,
unless you specify that it is to use the old, pure Perl library. The only time you might want to
consider this is when you need to pass an open filehandle to "image_tiff" instead of a file name. See
resolved bug reports RT 84665 and RT 118047, as well as "image_tiff", for more information.
• Image::PNG::Libpng
PDF::Builder inherited a rather slow and buggy pure Perl PNG image library from PDF::API2. If
Image::PNG::Libpng (available on CPAN, uses libpng.a) is installed, PDF::Builder will use that
instead, unless you specify that it is to use the old, pure Perl library. Using the new library will
give you improved speed, the ability to use 16 bit samples, and the ability to read interlaced PNG
files. See resolved bug report RT 124349, as well as "image_png", for more information.
• HarfBuzz::Shaper
This library enables PDF::Builder to handle complex scripts (Arabic, Devanagari, etc.) as well as
non-LTR writing systems. It is also useful for Latin and other simple scripts, for ligatures and
improved kerning. HarfBuzz::Shaper is based on a set of HarfBuzz libraries, which it will attempt to
build if they are not found. See "textHS" for more information.
• Text::Markdown
This library is used if you want to format "Markdown" style code in PDF::Builder, via the "column()"
method. It translates a certain dialect of Markdown into HTML, which is then further processed.
• HTML::TreeBuilder
This library is used to format HTML input into a data structure which PDF::Builder can interpret, via
the "column()" method. Note that if Markdown input is used, it will also need HTML::TreeBuilder to
handle the HTML the Markdown is translated to.
• Pod::Simple::XHTML
This library is used if you wish to generate the HTML documentation from the POD and PM source, using
"docs/buildDoc.pl". Note that the full set of documentation can also be found online at
https://www.catskilltech.com/FreeSW/product/PDF-Builder/title/PDF%3A%3ABuilder/freeSW_full under the
"Documentation" link. This online documentation is updated at every CPAN release, but not necessarily
when the GitHub repository is updated.
Note that the installation process will not attempt to install these libraries automatically. If you
don't wish to use one or more of them, you are free to not install the optional librarie(s). If you may
want to make use of one or more, consider installing them before installing PDF::Builder, so that any
t-tests and/or examples that make use of these libraries may be run during installation and checkout of
PDF::Builder. Remember, you can always install an optional library later, if you want to make use of it.
Strings (Character Text)
Perl, and hence PDF::Builder, use strings that support the full range of Unicode characters. When
importing strings into a Perl program, for example by reading text from a file, you must be aware of what
their character encoding is. Single-byte encodings (default is 'latin1'), represented as bytes of value
0x00 through 0xFF (0..255), will produce different results if you do something that depends on the
encoding, such as sorting, searching, or comparing any two non-ASCII characters. This also applies to any
characters (text) hard coded into the Perl program.
You can always decode the text from external encoding (ASCII, UTF-8, Latin-3, etc.) into the Perl
(internal) UTF-8 multibyte encoding. This uses one to four bytes to represent each character. See pragma
"utf8" and module "Encode" for details about decoding text. Note that only TrueType fonts ("ttfont") can
make direct use of UTF-8-encoded text. Other font types (core, T1, etc.) can only use single-byte encoded
text. If your text is ASCII, Latin-1, or CP-1252, you can just leave the Perl strings as the default
single-byte encoding.
Then, there is the matter of encoding the output to match up with available font character sets. You're
not actually translating the text on output, but are telling the output system (and Reader) what encoding
the output byte stream represents, and what character glyphs they should generate.
If you confine your text to plain ASCII (0x00 .. 0x7F byte values) or even Latin-1 or CP-1252 (0x00 ..
0xFF byte values), you can use default (non-UTF-8) Perl strings and use the default output encoding
(WinAnsiEncoding), which is more-or-less Windows CP-1252 (a superset in turn, of ISO-8859-1 Latin-1). If
your text uses any other characters, you will need to be aware of what encoding your text strings are (in
the Perl string and for declaring output glyph generation). See "Core Fonts", "PS Fonts" and "TrueType
Fonts" in "FONT METHODS" for additional information.
Some Internal Details
Some of the following may be a bit scary or confusing to beginners, so don't be afraid to skip over it
until you're ready for it...
Perl (and PDF::Builder) internally use strings which are either single-byte (ISO-8859-1/Latin-1) or
multibyte UTF-8 encoded (there is an internal flag marking the string as UTF-8 or not). If you work
strictly in ASCII or Latin-1 or CP-1252 (each a superset of the previous), you should be OK in not doing
anything special about your string encoding. You can just use the default Perl single byte strings
(internally marked as not UTF-8) and the default output encoding (WinAnsiEncoding).
If you intend to use input from a variety of sources, you should consider decoding (converting) your text
to UTF-8, which will provide an internally consistent representation (and your Perl code itself should be
saved in UTF-8, in case you want to use any hard coded non-ASCII characters). In any string, non-ASCII
characters (0x80 or higher) would be converted to the Perl UTF-8 internal representation, via "$string =
Encode::decode(MY_ENCODING, $input);". "MY_ENCODING" would be a string like 'latin1', 'cp-1252', 'utf8',
etc. Similar capabilities are available for declaring a file to be in a certain encoding.
Be aware that if you use UTF-8 encoding for your text, that only TrueType font output ("ttfont") can
handle it directly. Corefont and Type1 output will require that the text will have to be converted back
into a single-byte encoding (using "Encode::encode"), which may need to be declared with "encode" (for
"corefont" or "psfont"). If you have any characters not found in the selected single-byte encoding (but
are found in the font itself), you will need to use "automap" to break up the font glyphs into 256
character planes, map such characters to 0x00 .. 0xFF in the appropriate plane, and switch between font
planes as necessary.
Core and Type1 fonts (output) use the byte values in the string (single-byte encoding only!) and provide
a byte-to-glyph mapping record for each plane. TrueType outputs a group of four hexadecimal digits
representing the "CId" (character ID) of each character. The CId does not correspond to either the
single-byte or UTF-8 internal representations of the characters.
The bottom line is that you need to know what the internal representation of your text is, so that the
output routines can tell the PDF reader about it (via the PDF file). The text will not be translated upon
output, but the PDF reader needs to know what the encoding in use is, so it knows what glyph to associate
with each byte (or byte sequence).
Note that some operating systems and Perl flavors are reputed to be strict about encoding names. For
example, latin1 (an alias) may be rejected as invalid, while iso-8859-1 (a canonical value) will work.
By the way, it is recommended that you be using at least Perl 5.10 if you are going to be using any non-
ASCII characters. Perl 5.8 may be a little unpredictable in handling such text.
Rendering Order
For better or worse, for compatibility purposes, PDF::Builder continues the same rendering model as used
by PDF::API2 (and possibly its predecessors). That is, all graphics for one graphics object are put into
one record, and all text output for one text object goes into another record. Which one is output first,
is whichever is declared first. This can lead to unexpected results, where items are rendered in
(apparently) the wrong order. That is, text and graphics items are not necessarily output (rendered) in
the same order as they were created in code. Two items in the same object (e.g., $text) will be rendered
in the same order as they were coded, but items from different objects may not be rendered in the
expected order. The following example (source code and annotated PDF excerpts) will hopefully illustrate
the issue:
use strict;
use warnings;
use PDF::Builder;
# demonstrate text and graphics object order
#
my $fname = "objorder";
my $paper_size = "Letter";
# see the text and graphics stream contents
my $pdf = PDF::Builder->new(compress => 'none');
$pdf->mediabox($paper_size);
my $page = $pdf->page();
# adjust path for your operating system
my $fontTR = $pdf->ttfont('C:\\Windows\\Fonts\\timesbd.ttf');
For the first group, you might expect the "under" line to be output, then the filled circle (disc) partly
covering it, then the "over" line covering the disc, and finally a filled rectangle (bar) over both
lines. What actually happened is that the $grfx graphics object was declared first, so everything in that
object (the disc and bar) is output first, and the text object $text (both lines) comes afterwards. The
result is that the text lines are on top of the graphics drawings.
# ----------------------------
# 1. text, orange ball over, text over, bar over
my $grfx1 = $page->gfx();
my $text1 = $page->text();
$text1->font($fontTR, 20); # 20 pt Times Roman bold
$text1->fillcolor('black');
$grfx1->strokecolor('blue');
$grfx1->fillcolor('orange');
$text1->translate(50,700);
$text1->text_left("This text should be under everything.");
$grfx1->circle(100,690, 30);
$grfx1->fillstroke();
$text1->translate(50,670);
$text1->text_left("This text should be over the ball and under the bar.");
$grfx1->rect(160,660, 20,70);
$grfx1->fillstroke();
% ---------------- group 1: define graphics object first, then text
11 0 obj << /Length 690 >> stream % obj 11 is graphics for (1)
0 0 1 RG % stroke blue
1 0.647059 0 rg % fill orange
130 690 m ... c h B % draw and fill circle
160 660 20 70 re B % draw and fill bar
endstream endobj
12 0 obj << /Length 438 >> stream % obj 12 is text for (1)
BT
/TiCBA 20 Tf % Times Roman Bold 20pt
0 0 0 rg % fill black
1 0 0 1 50 700 Tm % position text
<0037 ... 0011> Tj % "under" line
1 0 0 1 50 670 Tm % position text
<0037 ... 0011> Tj % "over" line
ET
endstream endobj
The second group is the same as the first, with the only difference being that the text object was
declared first, and then the graphics object. The result is that the two text lines are rendered first,
and then the disc and bar are drawn over them.
# ----------------------------
# 2. (1) again, with graphics and text order reversed
my $text2 = $page->text();
my $grfx2 = $page->gfx();
$text2->font($fontTR, 20); # 20 pt Times Roman bold
$text2->fillcolor('black');
$grfx2->strokecolor('blue');
$grfx2->fillcolor('orange');
$text2->translate(50,600);
$text2->text_left("This text should be under everything.");
$grfx2->circle(100,590, 30);
$grfx2->fillstroke();
$text2->translate(50,570);
$text2->text_left("This text should be over the ball and under the bar.");
$grfx2->rect(160,560, 20,70);
$grfx2->fillstroke();
% ---------------- group 2: define text object first, then graphics
13 0 obj << /Length 438 >> stream % obj 13 is text for (2)
BT
/TiCBA 20 Tf % Times Roman Bold 20pt
0 0 0 rg % fill black
1 0 0 1 50 600 Tm % position text
<0037 ... 0011> Tj % "under" line
1 0 0 1 50 570 Tm % position text
<0037 ... 0011> Tj % "over" line
ET
endstream endobj
14 0 obj << /Length 690 >> stream % obj 14 is graphics for (2)
0 0 1 RG % stroke blue
1 0.647059 0 rg % fill orange
130 590 m ... h B % draw and fill circle
160 560 20 70 re B % draw and fill bar
endstream endobj
The third group defines two text and two graphics objects, in the order that they are expected in. The
"under" text line is output first, then the orange disc graphics is output, partly covering the text. The
"over" text line is now output -- it's actually over the disc, but is orange because the previous object
stream (first graphics object) left the fill color (also used for text) as orange, because we didn't
explicitly set the fill color before outputting the second text line. This is not "inheritance" so much
as it is whatever the graphics (drawing) state (used for both "graphics" and "text") is left in at the
end of one object, it's the state at the beginning of the next object. If you wish to control this,
consider surrounding the graphics or text calls with "save()" and "restore()" calls to save and restore
(push and pop) the graphics state to what it was at the "save()". Finally, the bar is drawn over
everything.
# ----------------------------
# 3. (2) again, with two graphics and two text objects
my $text3 = $page->text();
my $grfx3 = $page->gfx();
$text3->font($fontTR, 20); # 20 pt Times Roman bold
my $text4 = $page->text();
my $grfx4 = $page->gfx();
$text4->font($fontTR, 20); # 20 pt Times Roman bold
$text3->fillcolor('black');
$grfx3->strokecolor('blue');
$grfx3->fillcolor('orange');
# $text4->fillcolor('yellow');
# $grfx4->strokecolor('red');
# $grfx4->fillcolor('purple');
$text3->translate(50,500);
$text3->text_left("This text should be under everything.");
$grfx3->circle(100,490, 30);
$grfx3->fillstroke();
$text4->translate(50,470);
$text4->text_left("This text should be over the ball and under the bar.");
$grfx4->rect(160,460, 20,70);
$grfx4->fillstroke();
% ---------------- group 3: define text1, graphics1, text2, graphics2
15 0 obj << /Length 206 >> stream % obj 15 is text1 for (3)
BT
/TiCBA 20 Tf % Times Roman Bold 20pt
0 0 0 rg % fill black
1 0 0 1 50 500 Tm % position text
<0037 ... 0011> Tj % "under" line
ET
endstream endobj
16 0 obj << /Length 671 >> stream % obj 16 is graphics1 for (3) circle
0 0 1 RG % stroke blue
1 0.647059 0 rg % fill orange
130 490 m ... h B % draw and fill circle
endstream endobj
17 0 obj << /Length 257 >> stream % obj 17 is text2 for (3)
BT
/TiCBA 20 Tf % Times Roman Bold 20pt
1 0 0 1 50 470 Tm % position text
<0037 ... 0011> Tj % "over" line
ET
endstream endobj
18 0 obj << /Length 20 >> stream % obj 18 is graphics for (3) bar
160 460 20 70 re B % draw and fill bar
endstream endobj
The fourth group is the same as the third, except that we define the fill color for the text in the
second line. This makes it clear that the "over" line (in yellow) was written after the orange disc, and
still before the bar.
# ----------------------------
# 4. (3) again, a new set of colors for second group
my $text3 = $page->text();
my $grfx3 = $page->gfx();
$text3->font($fontTR, 20); # 20 pt Times Roman bold
my $text4 = $page->text();
my $grfx4 = $page->gfx();
$text4->font($fontTR, 20); # 20 pt Times Roman bold
$text3->fillcolor('black');
$grfx3->strokecolor('blue');
$grfx3->fillcolor('orange');
$text4->fillcolor('yellow');
$grfx4->strokecolor('red');
$grfx4->fillcolor('purple');
$text3->translate(50,400);
$text3->text_left("This text should be under everything.");
$grfx3->circle(100,390, 30);
$grfx3->fillstroke();
$text4->translate(50,370);
$text4->text_left("This text should be over the ball and under the bar.");
$grfx4->rect(160,360, 20,70);
$grfx4->fillstroke();
% ---------------- group 4: define text1, graphics1, text2, graphics2 with colors for 2
19 0 obj << /Length 206 >> stream % obj 19 is text1 for (4)
BT
/TiCBA 20 Tf % Times Roman Bold 20pt
0 0 0 rg % fill black
1 0 0 1 50 400 Tm % position text
<0037 ... 0011> Tj % "under" line
ET
endstream endobj
20 0 obj << /Length 671 >> stream % obj 20 is graphics1 for (4) circle
0 0 1 RG % stroke blue
1 0.647059 0 rg % fill orange
130 390 m ... h B % draw and fill circle
endstream endobj
21 0 obj << /Length 266 >> stream % obj 21 is text2 for (4)
BT
/TiCBA 20 Tf % Times Roman Bold 20pt
1 1 0 rg % fill yellow
1 0 0 1 50 370 Tm % position text
<0037 ... 0011> Tj % "over" line
ET
endstream endobj
22 0 obj << /Length 52 >> stream % obj 22 is graphics for (4) bar
1 0 0 RG % stroke red
0.498039 0 0.498039 rg % fill purple
160 360 20 70 re B % draw and fill rectangle (bar)
endstream endobj
# ----------------------------
$pdf->saveas("$fname.pdf");
The separation of text and graphics means that only some text methods are available in a graphics object,
and only some graphics methods are available in a text object. There is much overlap, but they differ.
There's really no reason the code couldn't have been written (in PDF::API2, or earlier) as outputting to
a single object, which would keep everything in the same order as the method calls. An advantage would be
less object and stream overhead in the PDF file. The only drawback might be that an object might more
easily overflow and require splitting into multiple objects, but that should be rare.
You should always be able to manually split an object by simply ending output to the first object, and
picking up with output to the second object, so long as it was created immediately after the first
object. The graphics state at the end of the first object should be the initial state at the beginning of
the second object. However, use caution when dealing with text objects -- the PDF specification states
that the Text matrices are not carried over from one object to the next (BT resets them), so you may need
to reset some settings.
$grfx1 = $page->gfx();
$grfx2 = $page->gfx();
# write a huge amount of stuff to $grfx1
# write a huge amount of stuff to $grfx2, picking up where $grfx1 left off
In any case, now that you understand the rendering order and how the order of object declarations affects
it, how text and graphics are drawn can now be completely controlled as desired. There is really no need
to add another "both" type object that will handle all graphics and text objects, as that would probably
be a major code bloat for very little benefit. However, it could be considered in the future if there is
a demonstrated need for it, such as serious PDF file size bloat due to the extra object overhead when
interleaving text and graphics output.
There is not currently a general facility for mixed-use objects, but a limited example is the current
implementation of underline, line-through, and overline text (within "column()" markup); which are
performed within the text object, temporarily exiting (ET) to graphics mode to draw the lines, and then
returning (BT) to text mode. This was done so that baseline coordinate adjustments could be easily made.
Since "BT" resets some text settings, this needs to be done with care!
Notes on Reader support of features
PDF Readers are complex pieces of software, written by different groups at different times. Thus, they
may differ in how they support features and handle non-standard (i.e., not quite meeting standards)
content! Most Readers out there support all or most features up through PDF 1.7, and some support PDF 2.x
features. Note that PDF::Builder supports PDF 1.4 for the most part, with a few PDF 1.5 features added.
Most any Reader out there should (in theory) support any PDF produced with PDF::Builder.
There is no official reference implementation of a Reader, although Adobe's Acrobat Reader (AAR, a free
download) is so prevalent that it is almost a de facto standard. At least, we try to get PDF::Builder and
its tests and examples to run on AAR. Sometimes it can be difficult, as, for example, the handling of
save (q) and restore (Q) operators (commands) within a text stream. The PDF standard sort of suggests
that these apply only to the Graphics Stream, and possibly shouldn't appear in a Text Stream. Most
Readers appear to just ignore q and Q within a text stream, and AAR usually seems to, but certain
combinations of stream size and compression seem to trigger a warning in AAR upon load! This particular
case is now a moot point, as "save()" and "restore()" have been reverted to being no-ops (with a single
warning message given if found) in a Text Stream.
We have been advised that certain stream operators may not be strictly allowed within certain parts of a
stream (particularly certain graphics state operators after path construction has started). No Reader
seems to give problems with this at the moment, but users should be aware that the ordering of their
PDF::Builder calls may need to be updated at some point, to get PDFs usable on all Readers. If necessary,
we will add code to enforce this (or at least, warn of potential problems). Please feel free to report if
you find such restrictions are necessary.
Also note that not all filters (including compression methods) may be supported on all Readers. For
example, at this time, AAR (and a number of other Readers) apparently do not support CCITT Group 4 Fax
compression (for some TIFF images). This remains under investigation.
PDF Versions Supported
When creating a PDF file using the functions in PDF::Builder, the output is marked as PDF 1.4. This does
not mean that all PDF functionality up through 1.4 is supported! There are almost surely features missing
as far back as the PDF 1.0 standard.
The big problem is when a PDF of version 1.5 or higher is imported or opened in PDF::Builder. If it
contains content that is actually unsupported by this software, there is a chance that something will
break. This does not guarantee that a PDF marked as "1.7" will go down in flames when read by
PDF::Builder, or that a PDF written back out will break in a Reader, but the possibility is there. Much
PDF writer software simply marks its output as the highest version of PDF at the time (usually 1.7), even
if there is no content beyond, say, 1.2. There is some handling of PDF 1.5 items in PDF::Builder, such
as cross reference streams, but support beyond 1.4 is very limited. All we can say is to be careful when
handling PDFs whose version is above 1.4, and test thoroughly, as they may break at some point.
PDF::Builder includes a simple version control mechanism, where the initial PDF version to be output
(default 1.4) can be set by the programmer. Input PDFs greater than 1.4 (current output level) will
receive a warning (can be suppressed) that the output level will be raised to that level. The use of PDF
features greater than the current output level will likewise trigger a warning that the output level is
to be raised to the necessary level. If this is not desired, you should avoid using those PDF features
which are higher than the desired PDF output level.
History
PDF::API2 was originally written by Alfred Reibenschuh, derived from Martin Hosken's Text::PDF via the
Text::PDF::API wrapper. In 2009, Otto Hirr started the PDF::API3 fork, but it never went anywhere. In
2011, PDF::API2 maintenance was taken over by Steve Simms. In 2017, PDF::Builder was forked by Phil M.
Perry, who desired a more aggressive schedule of new features and bug fixes than Simms was providing,
although some of Simms's work has been ported from PDF::API2.
According to Alfred Reibenschuh's 2005 presentation "pdfapi2_for_fun_and_profit_APW2005.pdf" (on
http://pdfapi2.sourceforge.net, an unmaintained site), the history of PDF::API2 (the predecessor to
PDF::Builder) goes as such:
• First Code implemented based on PDFlib-0.6 (AFPL)
• Changed to Text::PDF with a total rewrite as Text::PDF::API (procedural)
• Unmaintainable Code triggered rewrite into new Namespace PDF::API2 (object-oriented, LGPL)
• Object-Structure streamlined in 0.4x
At Simms's request, the name of the new offering was changed from PDF::API4 to PDF::Builder, to reduce
the chance of confusion due to parallel development. Perry's intent is to keep all internal methods as
upwardly compatible with PDF::API2 as possible, although it is likely that there will be some drift
(incompatibilities) over time. At least initially, any program written based on PDF::API2 should be
convertible to PDF::Builder simply by changing "API2" anywhere it occurs to "Builder". See the
INFO/KNOWN_INCOMP known incompatibilities file for further information.
Thanks...
Many users have helped out by reporting bugs and requesting enhancements. A special shout out goes to
those who have contributed code and tests, or coordinated their package development with the needs of
PDF::Builder: Ben Bullock, Cary Gravel, Gregor Herrmann, Petr Pisar, Jeffrey Ratcliffe, Steve Simms (via
PDF::API2 fixes), and Johan Vromans. Drop me a line if I've overlooked your contribution!
DETAILED NOTES ON METHODS
Note: older versions of this package named various (hash element) options with leading dashes (hyphens)
in the name, e.g., '-encode'. The use of a dash is now optional, and options are documented with names
not using dashes. At some point in the future, it is possible that support for dashed names will be
deprecated (and eventually withdrawn), so it would be good practice to start using undashed names in new
and revised code.
After saving a file...
Note that a PDF object such as $pdf cannot continue to be used after saving an output PDF file or string
with $pdf->"save()", "saveas()", or "stringify()". There is some cleanup and other operations done
internally which make the object unusable for further operations. You will likely receive an error
message about can't call method new_obj on an undefined value if you try to keep using a PDF object.
IntegrityCheck
The PDF::Builder methods that open an existing PDF file, pass it by the integrity checker method,
"$self->IntegrityCheck(level, content)". This method servers two purposes: 1) to find any "/Version"
settings that override the PDF version found in the PDF heading, and 2) perform some basic validations on
the contents of the PDF.
The "level" parameter accepts the following values:
0 Do not output any diagnostic messages; just return any version override.
1 Output error-level (serious) diagnostic messages, as well as returning any version override.
Errors include, in no place was the /Root object specified, or if it was, the indicated object was
not found. An object claims another object as its child (/Kids list), but another object has already
claimed that child. An object claims a child, but that child does not list a Parent, or the child
lists a different Parent.
2 Output error- (serious) and warning- (less serious) level diagnostic messages, as well as returning
any version override. This is the default.
3 Output error- (serious), warning- (less serious), and note- (informational) level diagnostic
messages, as well as returning any version override.
Notes include, in no place was the (optional) /Info object specified, or if it was, the indicated
object was not found. An object was referenced, but no entry for it was found among the objects.
(This may be OK if the object is not defined, or is on the free list, as the reference will then be
ignored.) An object is defined, but it appears that no other object is referencing it.
4 Output error-, warning-, and note-level diagnostic messages, as well as returning any version
override. Also dump the diagnostic data structure.
5 Output error-, warning-, and note-level diagnostic messages, as well as returning any version
override. Also dump the diagnostic data structure and the $self data structure (generally useful only
if you have already read in the PDF file).
The version is a string (e.g., '1.5') if found, otherwise "undef" (undefined value) is returned.
For controlling the "automatic" call to IntegrityCheck (via opens), the level may be given with the
option (flag) "diaglevel => n", where "n" is between 0 and 5.
Preferences - set user display preferences
$pdf->preferences(%options)
Controls viewing preferences for the PDF.
Page Mode Options
fullscreen
Full-screen mode, with no menu bar, window controls, or any other window visible.
thumbs
Thumbnail images visible.
outlines
Document outline visible.
Page Layout Options
singlepage
Display one page at a time.
onecolumn
Display the pages in one column.
twocolumnleft
Display the pages in two columns, with odd-numbered pages on the left.
twocolumnright
Display the pages in two columns, with odd-numbered pages on the right.
Viewer Options
hidetoolbar
Specifying whether to hide tool bars.
hidemenubar
Specifying whether to hide menu bars.
hidewindowui
Specifying whether to hide user interface elements.
fitwindow
Specifying whether to resize the document's window to the size of the displayed page.
centerwindow
Specifying whether to position the document's window in the center of the screen.
displaytitle
Specifying whether the window's title bar should display the document title taken from the Title
entry of the document information dictionary.
afterfullscreenthumbs
Thumbnail images visible after Full-screen mode.
afterfullscreenoutlines
Document outline visible after Full-screen mode.
printscalingnone
Set the default print setting for page scaling to none.
simplex
Print single-sided by default.
duplexflipshortedge
Print duplex by default and flip on the short edge of the sheet.
duplexfliplongedge
Print duplex by default and flip on the long edge of the sheet.
Page Fit Options
These options are used for the "firstpage" layout, as well as for Annotations, Named Destinations and
Outlines.
'fit' => 1
Display the page designated by $page, with its contents magnified just enough to fit the entire page
within the window both horizontally and vertically. If the required horizontal and vertical
magnification factors are different, use the smaller of the two, centering the page within the window
in the other dimension.
'fith' => $top
Display the page designated by $page, with the vertical coordinate $top positioned at the top edge of
the window and the contents of the page magnified just enough to fit the entire width of the page
within the window.
'fitv' => $left
Display the page designated by $page, with the horizontal coordinate $left positioned at the left
edge of the window and the contents of the page magnified just enough to fit the entire height of the
page within the window.
'fitr' => [ $left, $bottom, $right, $top ]
Display the page designated by $page, with its contents magnified just enough to fit the rectangle
specified by the coordinates $left, $bottom, $right, and $top entirely within the window both
horizontally and vertically. If the required horizontal and vertical magnification factors are
different, use the smaller of the two, centering the rectangle within the window in the other
dimension.
'fitb' => 1
Display the page designated by $page, with its contents magnified just enough to fit its bounding box
entirely within the window both horizontally and vertically. If the required horizontal and vertical
magnification factors are different, use the smaller of the two, centering the bounding box within
the window in the other dimension.
'fitbh' => $top
Display the page designated by $page, with the vertical coordinate $top positioned at the top edge of
the window and the contents of the page magnified just enough to fit the entire width of its bounding
box within the window.
'fitbv' => $left
Display the page designated by $page, with the horizontal coordinate $left positioned at the left
edge of the window and the contents of the page magnified just enough to fit the entire height of its
bounding box within the window.
'xyz' => [ $left, $top, $zoom ]
Display the page designated by $page, with the coordinates "$[$left, $top]" positioned at the top-
left corner of the window and the contents of the page magnified by the factor $zoom. A zero (0)
value for any of the parameters $left, $top, or $zoom specifies that the current value of that
parameter is to be retained unchanged.
Initial Page Options
firstpage => [ $page, %options ]
Specifying the page (either a page number or a page object) to be displayed, plus one of the location
options listed above in "Page Fit Options".
Example
$pdf->preferences(
fullscreen => 1,
onecolumn => 1,
afterfullscreenoutlines => 1,
firstpage => [$page, fit => 1],
);
info Example
%h = $pdf->info(
'Author' => "Alfred Reibenschuh",
'CreationDate' => "D:20020911000000+01'00'",
'ModDate' => "D:YYYYMMDDhhmmssOHH'mm'",
'Creator' => "fredos-script.pl",
'Producer' => "PDF::Builder",
'Title' => "some Publication",
'Subject' => "perl ?",
'Keywords' => "all good things are pdf"
);
print "Author: $h{'Author'}\n";
XMP XML example
$xml = $pdf->xmpMetadata();
print "PDFs Metadata reads: $xml\n";
$xml=<<EOT;
<?xpacket begin='' id='W5M0MpCehiHzreSzNTczkc9d'?>
<?adobe-xap-filters esc="CRLF"?>
<x:xmpmeta
xmlns:x='adobe:ns:meta/'
x:xmptk='XMP toolkit 2.9.1-14, framework 1.6'>
<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf='http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#'
xmlns:iX='http://ns.adobe.com/iX/1.0/'>
<rdf:Description
rdf:about='uuid:b8659d3a-369e-11d9-b951-000393c97fd8'
xmlns:pdf='http://ns.adobe.com/pdf/1.3/'
pdf:Producer='Acrobat Distiller 6.0.1 for Macintosh'></rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description
rdf:about='uuid:b8659d3a-369e-11d9-b951-000393c97fd8'
xmlns:xap='http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/'
xap:CreateDate='2004-11-14T08:41:16Z'
xap:ModifyDate='2004-11-14T16:38:50-08:00'
xap:CreatorTool='FrameMaker 7.0'
xap:MetadataDate='2004-11-14T16:38:50-08:00'></rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description
rdf:about='uuid:b8659d3a-369e-11d9-b951-000393c97fd8'
xmlns:xapMM='http://ns.adobe.com/xap/1.0/mm/'
xapMM:DocumentID='uuid:919b9378-369c-11d9-a2b5-000393c97fd8'/></rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description
rdf:about='uuid:b8659d3a-369e-11d9-b951-000393c97fd8'
xmlns:dc='http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/'
dc:format='application/pdf'>
<dc:description>
<rdf:Alt>
<rdf:li xml:lang='x-default'>Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF)</rdf:li>
</rdf:Alt>
</dc:description>
<dc:creator>
<rdf:Seq>
<rdf:li>Adobe Systems Incorporated</rdf:li>
</rdf:Seq>
</dc:creator>
<dc:title>
<rdf:Alt>
<rdf:li xml:lang='x-default'>PDF Reference, version 1.6</rdf:li>
</rdf:Alt>
</dc:title>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
</x:xmpmeta>
<?xpacket end='w'?>
EOT
$xml = $pdf->xmpMetadata($xml);
print "PDF metadata now reads: $xml\n";
"BOX" METHODS
A general note: Use care if specifying a different Media Box (or other "box") for a page, than the global
"box" setting, to define the whole "chain" of boxes on the page, to avoid surprises. For example, to
define a global Media Box (paper size) and a global Crop Box, and then define a new page-level Media Box
without defining a new page-level Crop Box, may give odd results in the resultant cropping. Such
combinations are not well defined.
All dimensions in boxes default to the default User Unit, which is points (1/72 inch). Note that the PDF
specification limits sizes and coordinates to 14400 User Units (200 inches, for the default User Unit of
one point), and Adobe products (so far) follow this limit for Acrobat and Distiller. It is worth noting
that other PDF writers and readers may choose to ignore the 14400 unit limit, with or without the use of
a specified User Unit. Therefore, PDF::Builder does not enforce any limits on coordinates -- it's your
responsibility to consider what readers and other PDF tools may be used with a PDF you produce! Also
note that earlier Acrobat readers had coordinate limits as small as 3240 User Units (45 inches), and
minimum media size of 72 or 3 User Units.
User Units (userunit)
$pdf->userunit($number)
The default User Unit in the PDF coordinate system is one point (1/72 inch). You can think of it as a
scale factor to enable larger (or even, smaller) documents. This method may be used (for PDF 1.6 and
higher) to set the User Unit to some number of points. For example, "userunit(72)" will set the scale
multiplier to 72.0 points per User Unit, or 1 inch to the User Unit. Any number greater than zero is
acceptable, although some readers and tools may not handle User Units of less than 1.0 very well.
Not all readers respect the User Unit, if you give one, or handle it in exactly the same way. Adobe
Distiller, for one, does not use it. How User Units are handled may vary from reader to reader. Adobe
Acrobat, at this writing, respects User Unit in version 7.0 and up, but limits it to 75000 (giving a
maximum document size of 15 million inches or 236.7 miles or 381 km). Other readers and PDF tools may
allow a larger (or smaller) limit.
Your Mileage May Vary: Some readers ignore a global User Unit setting and do not have pages inherit
it (PDF::Builder duplicates it on each page to simulate inheritance). Some readers may give spurious
warnings about truncated content when a Media Box is changed while User Units are being used. Some
readers do strange things with Crop Boxes when a User Unit is in effect.
Depending on the reader used, the effect of a larger User Unit (greater than 1) may mean lower
resolution (chunkier or coarser appearance) in the rendered document. If you're printing something
the size of a highway billboard, this may not matter to you, but you should be aware of the
possibility (even with fractional coordinates). Conversely, a User Unit of less than 1.0 (if
permitted) reduces the allowable size of your document, but may result in greater resolution.
A global (PDF level) User Unit setting is inherited by each page (an action by PDF::Builder, not
necessarily automatically done by the reader), or can be overridden by calling userunit in the page.
Do not give more than one global userunit setting, as only the last one will be used. Setting a
page's User Unit (if "$page->" instead) is permitted (overriding the global setting for this page).
However, many sources recommend against doing this, as results may not be as expected (once again,
depending on the quirks of the reader).
Remember to call "userunit" before calling anything having to do with page or box sizes, or
coordinates. Especially when setting 'named' box sizes, the methods need to know the current User
Unit so that named page sizes (in points) may be scaled down to the current User Unit.
Media Box (mediabox)
$pdf->mediabox($name)
$pdf->mediabox($name, orient => 'orientation' )
$pdf->mediabox($w,$h)
$pdf->mediabox($llx,$lly, $urx,$ury)
($llx,$lly, $urx,$ury) = $pdf->mediabox()
Sets the global Media Box (or page's Media Box, if "$page->" instead). This defines the width and
height (or by corner coordinates, or by standard name) of the output page itself, such as the
physical paper size. This is normally the largest of the "boxes". If any subsidiary box (within it)
exceeds the media box, the portion of the material or boxes outside of the Media Box will be ignored.
That is, the Media Box is the One Box to Rule Them All, and is the overall limit for other boxes
(some documentation refers to the Media Box as "clipping" other boxes). In addition, the Media Box
defines the overall coordinate system for text and graphics operations.
If no arguments are given, the current Media Box (global or page) coordinates are returned instead.
The former "get_mediabox" (page only) function was deprecated and has been removed. In addition, when
setting the Media Box, the resulting coordinates are returned. This permits you to specify the page
size by a name (alias) and get the dimensions back, all in one call.
Note that many printers can not print all the way to the physical edge of the paper, so you should
plan to leave some blank margin, even outside of any crop marks and bleeds. Printers and on-screen
readers are free to discard any content found outside the Media Box, and printers may discard some
material just inside the Media Box.
A global Media Box is required by the PDF spec; if not explicitly given, PDF::Builder will set the
global Media Box to US Letter size (8.5in x 11in). This is the media size that will be used for all
pages if you do not specify a "mediabox" call on a page. That is, a global (PDF level) mediabox
setting is inherited by each page, or can be overridden by setting mediabox in the page. Do not give
more than one global mediabox setting, as only the last one will be used.
If you give a single string name (e.g., 'A4'), you may optionally add an orientation to turn the page
90 degrees into Landscape mode: "orient => 'L'" or "orient => 'l'". "orient" is the only option
recognized, and a string beginning with an 'L' or 'l' (for Landscape) is the only value of interest
(anything else is treated as Portrait mode). The y axis still runs from 0 at the bottom of the page
to what used to be the page width (now, height) at the top, and likewise for the x axis: 0 at left to
(former) height at the right. That is, the coordinate system is the same as before, except that the
height and width are different.
The lower left corner does not have to be 0,0. It can be any values you want, including negative
values (so long as the resulting media's sides are at least one point long). "mediabox" sets the
coordinate system (including the origin) of the graphics and text that will be drawn, as well as for
subsequent "boxes". It's even possible to give any two opposite corners (such as upper left and
lower right). The coordinate system will be rearranged (by the Reader) to still be the conventional
minimum "x" and "y" in the lower left (i.e., you can't make "y" increase from top to bottom!).
Example:
$pdf = PDF::Builder->new();
$pdf->mediabox('A4'); # A4 size (595 Pt wide by 842 Pt high)
...
$pdf->saveas('our/new.pdf');
$pdf = PDF::Builder->new();
$pdf->mediabox(595, 842); # A4 size, with implicit 0,0 LL corner
...
$pdf->saveas('our/new.pdf');
$pdf = PDF::Builder->new;
$pdf->mediabox(0, 0, 595, 842); # A4 size, with explicit 0,0 LL corner
...
$pdf->saveas('our/new.pdf');
See the PDF::Builder::Resource::PaperSizes source code for the full list of supported names (aliases)
and their dimensions in points. You are free to add additional paper sizes to this file, if you wish.
You might want to do this if you frequently use a standard page size in rotated (Landscape) mode. See
also the "getPaperSizes" call in PDF::Builder::Util. These names (aliases) are also usable in other
"box" calls, although useful only if the "box" is the same size as the full media (Media Box), and
you don't mind their starting at 0,0.
Crop Box (cropbox)
$pdf->cropbox($name)
$pdf->cropbox($name, orient => 'orientation')
$pdf->cropbox($w,$h)
$pdf->cropbox($llx,$lly, $urx,$ury)
($llx,$lly, $urx,$ury) = $pdf->cropbox()
Sets the global Crop Box (or page's Crop Box, if "$page->" instead). This will define the media size
to which the output will later be clipped. Note that this does not itself output any crop marks to
guide cutting of the paper! PDF Readers should consider this to be the visible portion of the page,
and anything found outside it may be clipped (invisible). By default, it is equal to the Media Box,
but may be defined to be smaller, in the coordinate system set by the Media Box. A global setting
will be inherited by each page, but can be overridden on a per-page basis.
A Reader or Printer may choose to discard any clipped (invisible) part of the page, and show only the
area within the Crop Box. For example, if your page Media Box is A4 (0,0 to 595,842 Points), and your
Crop Box is (100,100 to 495,742), a reader such as Adobe Acrobat Reader may show you a page 395 by
642 Points in size (i.e., just the visible area of your page). Other Readers may show you the full
media size (Media Box) and a 100 Point wide blank area (in this example) around the visible content.
If no arguments are given, the current Crop Box (global or page) coordinates are returned instead.
The former "get_cropbox" (page only) function was deprecated and has been removed. If a Crop Box has
not been defined, the Media Box coordinates (which always exist) will be returned instead. In
addition, when setting the Crop Box, the resulting coordinates are returned. This permits you to
specify the crop box by a name (alias) and get the dimensions back, all in one call.
Do not confuse the Crop Box with the "Trim Box", which shows where printed paper is expected to
actually be cut. Some PDF Readers may reduce the visible "paper" background to the size of the crop
box; others may simply omit any content outside it. Either way, you would lose any trim or crop
marks, printer instructions, color alignment dots, or other content outside the Crop Box. A good use
of the Crop Box would be limit printing to the area where a printer can reliably put down ink, and
leave white the edge areas where paper-handling mechanisms prevent ink or toner from being applied.
This would keep you from accidentally putting valuable content in an area where a printer will refuse
to print, yet permit you to include a bleed area and space for printer's marks and instructions.
Needless to say, if your printer cannot print to the very edge of the paper, you will need to trim
(cut) the printed sheets to get true bleeds.
A global (PDF level) cropbox setting is inherited by each page, or can be overridden by setting
cropbox in the page. As with "mediabox", only one crop box may be set at this (PDF) level. As with
"mediabox", a named media size may have an orientation (l or L) for Landscape mode. Note that the
PDF level global Crop Box will be used even if the page gets its own Media Box. That is, the page's
Crop Box inherits the global Crop Box, not the page Media Box, even if the page has its own media
size! If you set the page's own Media Box, you should consider also explicitly setting the page Crop
Box (and other boxes).
Bleed Box (bleedbox)
$pdf->bleedbox($name)
$pdf->bleedbox($name, orient => 'orientation')
$pdf->bleedbox($w,$h)
$pdf->bleedbox($llx,$lly, $urx,$ury)
($llx,$lly, $urx,$ury) = $pdf->bleedbox()
Sets the global Bleed Box (or page's Bleed Box, if "$page->" instead). This is typically used in
printing on paper, where you want ink or color (such as thumb tabs) to be printed a bit beyond the
final paper size, to ensure that the cut paper bleeds (the cut goes through the ink), rather than
accidentally leaving some white paper visible outside. Allow enough "bleed" over the expected trim
line to account for minor variations in paper handling, folding, and cutting; to avoid showing white
paper at the edge. The Bleed Box is where printing could actually extend to; the Trim Box is
normally within it, where the paper would actually be cut. The default value is equal to the Crop
Box, but is often a bit smaller. The space between the Bleed Box and the Crop Box is available for
printer instructions, color alignment dots, etc., while crop marks (trim guides) are at least partly
within the bleed area (and should be printed after content is printed).
If no arguments are given, the current Bleed Box (global or page) coordinates are returned instead.
The former "get_bleedbox" (page only) function was deprecated and has been removed. If a Bleed Box
has not been defined, the Crop Box coordinates (if defined) will be returned, otherwise the Media Box
coordinates (which always exist) will be returned. In addition, when setting the Bleed Box, the
resulting coordinates are returned. This permits you to specify the bleed box by a name (alias) and
get the dimensions back, all in one call.
A global (PDF level) bleedbox setting is inherited by each page, or can be overridden by setting
bleedbox in the page. As with "mediabox", only one bleed box may be set at this (PDF) level. As
with "mediabox", a named media size may have an orientation (l or L) for Landscape mode. Note that
the PDF level global Bleed Box will be used even if the page gets its own Crop Box. That is, the
page's Bleed Box inherits the global Bleed Box, not the page Crop Box, even if the page has its own
media size! If you set the page's own Media Box or Crop Box, you should consider also explicitly
setting the page Bleed Box (and other boxes).
Trim Box (trimbox)
$pdf->trimbox($name)
$pdf->trimbox($name, orient => 'orientation')
$pdf->trimbox($w,$h)
$pdf->trimbox($llx,$lly, $urx,$ury)
($llx,$lly, $urx,$ury) = $pdf->trimbox()
Sets the global Trim Box (or page's Trim Box, if "$page->" instead). This is supposed to be the
actual dimensions of the finished page (after trimming of the paper). In some production
environments, it is useful to have printer's instructions, cut marks, and so on outside of the trim
box. The default value is equal to Crop Box, but is often a bit smaller than any Bleed Box, to allow
the desired "bleed" effect.
If no arguments are given, the current Trim Box (global or page) coordinates are returned instead.
The former "get_trimbox" (page only) function was deprecated and has been removed. If a Trim Box has
not been defined, the Crop Box coordinates (if defined) will be returned, otherwise the Media Box
coordinates (which always exist) will be returned. In addition, when setting the Trim Box, the
resulting coordinates are returned. This permits you to specify the trim box by a name (alias) and
get the dimensions back, all in one call.
A global (PDF level) trimbox setting is inherited by each page, or can be overridden by setting
trimbox in the page. As with "mediabox", only one trim box may be set at this (PDF) level. As with
"mediabox", a named media size may have an orientation (l or L) for Landscape mode. Note that the
PDF level global Trim Box will be used even if the page gets its own Crop Box. That is, the page's
Trim Box inherits the global Trim Box, not the page Crop Box, even if the page has its own media
size! If you set the page's own Media Box or Crop Box, you should consider also explicitly setting
the page Trim Box (and other boxes).
Art Box (artbox)
$pdf->artbox($name)
$pdf->artbox($name, orient => 'orientation')
$pdf->artbox($w,$h)
$pdf->artbox($llx,$lly, $urx,$ury)
($llx,$lly, $urx,$ury) = $pdf->artbox()
Sets the global Art Box (or page's Art Box, if "$page->" instead). This is supposed to define "the
extent of the page's meaningful content (including [margins])". It might exclude some content, such
as Headlines or headings. Any binding or punched-holes margin would typically be outside of the Art
Box, as would be page numbers and running headers and footers. The default value is equal to the Crop
Box, although normally it would be no larger than any Trim Box. The Art Box may often be used for
defining "important" content (e.g., excluding advertisements) that may or may not be brought over to
another page (e.g., N-up printing).
If no arguments are given, the current Art Box (global or page) coordinates are returned instead. The
former "get_artbox" (page only) function was deprecated and has been removed. If an Art Box has not
been defined, the Crop Box coordinates (if defined) will be returned, otherwise the Media Box
coordinates (which always exist) will be returned. In addition, when setting the Art Box, the
resulting coordinates are returned. This permits you to specify the art box by a name (alias) and get
the dimensions back, all in one call.
A global (PDF level) artbox setting is inherited by each page, or can be overridden by setting artbox
in the page. As with "mediabox", only one art box may be set at this (PDF) level. As with
"mediabox", a named media size may have an orientation (l or L) for Landscape mode. Note that the
PDF level global Art Box will be used even if the page gets its own Crop Box. That is, the page's Art
Box inherits the global Art Box, not the page Crop Box, even if the page has its own media size! If
you set the page's own Media Box or Crop Box, you should consider also explicitly setting the page
Art Box (and other boxes).
Suggested Box Usage
See "examples/Boxes.pl" for an example of using boxes.
How you define your boxes (or let them default) is up to you, depending on whether you're duplex printing
US Letter or A4 on your laser printer, to be spiral bound on the bind margin, or engaging a professional
printer. In the latter case, discuss in advance with the print firm what capabilities (and limitations)
they have and what information they need from a PDF file. For instance, they may not want a Crop Box
defined, and may call for very specific box sizes. For large press runs, they may print multiple pages
(N-up) duplexed on large web roll "signatures", which are then intricately folded and guillotined
(trimmed) and bound together into books or magazines. You would usually just supply a PDF with all the
pages; they would take care of the signature layout (which includes offsets and 180 degree rotations).
(As an aside, don't count on a commercial printer having any particular font available, so be sure to
ask. Usually they will want you to embed all fonts used, but ask first, and double-check before handing
over the print job! TTF/OTF fonts ("ttfont()") are embedded by default, but other fonts (core, ps, bdf,
cjk) are not! A printer may have a core font collection, but they are free to substitute a "workalike"
font for any given core font, and the results may not match what you saw on your PC!)
On the assumption that you're using a single sheet (US Letter or A4) laser or inkjet printer, are you
planning to trim each sheet down to a smaller final size? If so, you can do true bleeds by defining a
Trim Box and a slightly larger Bleed Box. You would print bleeds (all the way to the finished edge) out
to the Bleed Box, but nothing is enforced about the Bleed Box. At the other end of the spectrum, you
would define the Media Box to be the physical paper size being printed on. Most printers reserve a little
space on the sides (and possibly top and bottom) for paper handling, so it is often good to define your
Crop Box as the printable area. Remember that the Media Box sets the coordinate system used, so you still
need to avoid going outside the Crop Box with content (most readers and printers will not show any ink
outside of the Crop Box). Whether or not you define a Crop Box, you're going to almost always end up with
white paper on at least the sides.
For small in-house jobs, you probably won't need color alignment dots and other such professional
instructions and information between the Bleed Box and the Crop Box, but crop marks for trimming (if
used) should go just outside the Trim Box (partly or wholly within the Bleed Box), and be drawn after all
content. If you're not trimming the paper, don't try to do any bleed effects (including solid background
color pages/covers), as you will usually have a white edge around the sheet anyway (printers leave a
clean, dry route for the feed rollers). Don't count on a PDF document never being physically printed, and
not just displayed (where you can do things like bleed all the way to the media edge). Finally, for
single sheet printing, an Art Box is probably unnecessary, but if you're combining pages into N-up
prints, or doing other manipulations, it may be useful.
Box Inheritance
What Media, Crop, Bleed, Trim, and Art Boxes a page gets can be a little complicated. Note that usually,
only the Media and Crop Boxes will have a clear visual effect. The visual effect of the other boxes (if
any) may be very subtle.
First, everything is set at the global (PDF) level. The Media Box is always defined, and defaults to US
Letter (8.5 inches wide by 11 inches high). The global Crop Box inherits the Media Box, unless explicitly
defined. The Bleed, Trim, and Art Boxes inherit the Crop Box, unless explicitly defined. A global box
should only be defined once, as the last one defined is the one that will be written to the PDF!
Second, a page inherits the global boxes, for its initial settings. You may call any of the box set
methods ("cropbox", "trimbox", etc.) to explicitly set (override) any box for this page. Note that
setting a new Media Box for the page does not reset the page's Crop Box -- it still uses whatever it
inherited from the global Crop Box. You would need to explicitly set the page's Crop Box if you want a
different setting. Likewise, the page's Bleed, Trim, and Art Boxes will not be reset by a new page Crop
Box -- they will still inherit from the global (PDF) settings.
Third, the page Media Box (the one actually used for output pages), clips or limits all the other boxes
to extend no larger than its size. For example, if the Media Box is US Letter, and you set a Crop Box of
A4 size, the smaller of the two heights (11 inches) would be effective, and the smaller of the two widths
(8.26 inches, 595 Points) would be effective. The given dimensions of a box are returned on query (get),
not the effective dimensions clipped by the Media Box.
FONT METHODS
Core Fonts
Core fonts are limited to single byte encodings. You cannot use UTF-8 or other multibyte encodings with
core fonts. The default encoding for the core fonts is WinAnsiEncoding (roughly the CP-1252 superset of
ISO-8859-1). See the "encode" option below to change this encoding. See "font automap" in
PDF::Builder::Resource::Font method for information on accessing more than 256 glyphs in a font, using
planes, although there is no guarantee that future changes to font files will permit consistent results.
Note that core fonts use fixed lists of expected glyphs, along with metrics such as their widths. This
may not exactly match up with whatever local font file is used by the PDF reader. It's usually pretty
close, but many cases have been found where the list of glyphs is different between the core fonts and
various local font files, so be aware of this.
To allow UTF-8 text and extended glyph counts, you should consider replacing your use of core fonts with
TrueType (.ttf) and OpenType (.otf) fonts. There are tools, such as FontForge, which can do a fairly good
(though, not perfect) job of converting a Type1 font library to OTF.
Examples:
$font1 = $pdf->corefont('Times-Roman', encode => 'latin2');
$font2 = $pdf->corefont('Times-Bold');
$font3 = $pdf->corefont('Helvetica');
$font4 = $pdf->corefont('ZapfDingbats');
Valid %options are:
encode
Changes the encoding of the font from its default. Notice that the encoding (not the entire font's
glyph list) is shown in a PDF object (record), listing 256 glyphs associated with this encoding (and
that are available in this font).
dokern
Enables kerning if data is available.
Notes:
Even though these are called "core" fonts, they are not shipped with PDF::Builder, but are expected to be
found on the machine with the PDF reader. Most core fonts are installed with a PDF reader, and thus are
not coordinated with PDF::Builder. PDF::Builder does ship with core font metrics files (width, glyph
names, etc.), but these cannot be guaranteed to be in sync with what the PDF reader has installed!
There are some 14 core fonts (regular, italic, bold, and bold-italic for Times [serif], Helvetica [sans
serif], Courier [fixed pitch]; plus two symbol fonts) that are supposed to be available on any PDF
reader, although other fonts with very similar metrics are often substituted. You should not count on any
of the 15 Windows core fonts (Bank Gothic, Georgia, Trebuchet, Verdana, and two more symbol fonts) being
present, especially on Linux, Mac, or other non-Windows platforms. Be aware if you are producing PDFs to
be read on a variety of different systems!
If you want to ensure the widest portability for a PDF document you produce, you should consider using
TTF fonts (instead of core fonts) and embedding them in the document. This ensures that there will be no
substitutions, that all metrics are known and match the glyphs, UTF-8 encoding can be used, and that the
glyphs will be available on the reader's machine. At least on Windows platforms, most of the fonts are
TTF anyway, which are used behind the scenes for "core" fonts, while missing most of the capabilities of
TTF (now or possibly later in PDF::Builder) such as embedding, ligatures, UTF-8, etc. The downside is,
obviously, that the resulting PDF file will be larger because it includes the font(s). There might also
be copyright or licensing issues with the redistribution of font files in this manner (you might want to
check, before widely distributing a PDF document with embedded fonts, although many do permit the part of
the font used, to be embedded.).
See also PDF::Builder::Resource::Font::CoreFont.
PS Fonts
WARNING: End of Adobe Support
Adobe has announced an end to support for Type 1 (Postscript/T1) fonts in its products. The announcement
wordings are a bit vague, sometimes referring to "all products" and other times just to "authoring
software". Presumably, Adobe PDF Readers (as well as Readers supplied by other parties) will continue to
display PDFs with Type 1 fonts for quite some time, although this is by no means absolutely certain. Note
that this does NOT mean that PDF::Builder or other Third Party authoring tools may not continue to
support Type 1 fonts. This termination by Adobe of support of a now old and obsolete font format does
not affect the use of PDF::Builder for authoring PDFs, nor is it binding on other non-Adobe readers and
authoring tools. However, using Adobe products for editing of PDFs with Type 1 fonts, and possibly of
displaying them, may no longer be possible. At any rate, users may want to consider starting to move away
from Type 1 font usage and switch to TTF or even core fonts, although it is unknown how long Type 1
Reader support will continue.
PS (T1) fonts are limited to single byte encodings. You cannot use UTF-8 or other multibyte encodings
with T1 fonts. The default encoding for the T1 fonts is WinAnsiEncoding (roughly the CP-1252 superset of
ISO-8859-1). See the "encode" option below to change this encoding. See "font automap" in
PDF::Builder::Resource::Font method for information on accessing more than 256 glyphs in a font, using
planes, although there is no guarantee that future changes to font files will permit consistent results.
Note: many Type1 fonts are limited to 256 glyphs, but some are available with more than 256 glyphs.
Still, a maximum of 256 at a time are usable.
"psfont" accepts ASCII (.pfa), binary (.pfb), and .t1 Type1 glyph files. Font metrics can be supplied in
either ASCII (.afm) or binary (.pfm) format, as can be seen in the examples given below. It is possible
to use .pfa with .pfm and .pfb with .afm if that's what's available. The ASCII and binary files have the
same content, just in different formats.
Caution: the file name given for the glyph file (first argument to "psfont") must have a file extension
of .pfa, .pfb, or .t1; as the extension will be checked to see how to parse the file.
To allow UTF-8 text and extended glyph counts in one font, you should consider replacing your use of
Type1 fonts with TrueType (.ttf) and OpenType (.otf) fonts. There are tools, such as FontForge, which can
do a fairly good (though, not perfect) job of converting your font library to OTF.
Examples:
$font1 = $pdf->psfont('Times-Book.pfa', afmfile => 'Times-Book.afm');
$font2 = $pdf->psfont('/fonts/Synest-FB.pfb', pfmfile => '/fonts/Synest-FB.pfm');
Valid %options are:
encode
Changes the encoding of the font from its default. Notice that the encoding (not the entire font's
glyph list) is shown in a PDF object (record), listing 256 glyphs associated with this encoding (and
that are available in this font).
afmfile
Specifies the location of the ASCII font metrics file (.afm). It may be used with either an ASCII
(.pfa) or binary (.pfb) glyph file.
pfmfile
Specifies the location of the binary font metrics file (.pfm). It may be used with either an ASCII
(.pfa) or binary (.pfb) glyph file.
dokern
Enables kerning if data is available.
Note: these T1 (Type1) fonts are not shipped with PDF::Builder, but are expected to be found on the
machine with the PDF reader. Most PDF readers do not install T1 fonts, and it is up to the user of the
PDF reader to install the needed fonts. Unlike TrueType fonts, PS (T1) fonts are not embedded in the PDF,
and must be supplied on the Reader end.
See also PDF::Builder::Resource::Font::Postscript.
TrueType Fonts
Warning: BaseEncoding is not set by default for TrueType fonts, so text in the PDF isn't searchable (by
the PDF reader) unless a ToUnicode CMap is included. A ToUnicode CMap is included by default (unicodemap
set to 1) by PDF::Builder, but allows it to be disabled (for performance and file size reasons) by
setting unicodemap to 0. This will produce non-searchable text, which, besides being annoying to users,
may prevent screen readers and other aids to disabled users from working correctly!
Examples:
$font1 = $pdf->ttfont('Times.ttf');
$font2 = $pdf->ttfont('Georgia.otf');
Valid %options are:
encode
Changes the encoding of the font from its default (WinAnsiEncoding).
Note that for a single byte encoding (e.g., 'latin1'), you are limited to 256 characters defined for
that encoding. 'automap' does not work with TrueType. If you want more characters than that, use
'utf8' encoding with a UTF-8 encoded text string.
isocmap
Use the ISO Unicode Map instead of the default MS Unicode Map.
unicodemap
If 1 (default), output ToUnicode CMap to permit text searches and screen readers. Set to 0 to save
space by not including the ToUnicode CMap, but text searching and screen reading will not be
possible.
dokern
Enables kerning if data is available.
noembed
Disables embedding of the font file. Note that this is potentially hazardous, as the glyphs provided
on the PDF reader machine may not match what was used on the PDF writer machine (the one running
PDF::Builder)! If you know for sure that all PDF readers will be using the same TTF or OTF file
you're using with PDF::Builder; not embedding the font may be acceptable, in return for a smaller PDF
file size. Note that the Reader needs to know where to find the font file -- it can't be in any
random place, but typically needs to be listed in a path that the Reader follows. Otherwise, it will
be unable to render the text!
The only value for the "noembed" flag currently checked for is 1, which means to not embed the font
file in the PDF. Any other value currently results in the font file being embedded (by default),
although in the future, other values might be given significance (such as checking permission bits).
Some additional comments on embedding font file(s) into the PDF: besides substantially increasing the
size of the PDF (even if the font is subsetted, by default), PDF::Builder does not check the font
file for any flags indicating font licensing issues and limitations on use. A font foundry may not
permit embedding at all, may permit a subset of the font to be embedded, may permit a full font to be
embedded, and may specify what can be done with an embedded font (e.g., may or may not be extracted
for further use beyond displaying this one PDF). When you choose to use (and embed) a font, you
should be aware of any such licensing issues.
nosubset
Disables subsetting of a TTF/OTF font, when embedded. By default, only the glyphs used by a document
are included in the file, and not the entire font. This can result in a tremendous savings in PDF
file size. If you intend to allow the PDF to be edited by users, not having the entire font glyph set
available may cause problems, so be aware of that (and consider using "nosubset => 1". Setting this
flag to any value results in the entire font glyph set being embedded in the file. It might be a good
idea to use only the value 1, in case other values are assigned roles in the future.
debug
If set to 1 (default is 0), diagnostic information is output about the CMap processing.
usecmf
If set to 1 (default is 0), the first priority is to make use of one of the four ".cmap" files for
CJK fonts. This is the old way of processing TTF files. If, after all is said and done, a working
internal CMap hasn't been found (for usecmf=>0), "ttfont()" will fall back to using a ".cmap" file if
possible.
cmaps
This flag may be set to a string listing the Platform/Encoding pairs to look for of any internal
CMaps in the font file, in the desired order (highest priority first). If one list (comma and/or
space-separated pairs) is given, it is used for both Windows and non-Windows platforms (on which
PDF::Builder is running, not the PDF reader's). Two lists, separated by a semicolon ; may be given,
with the first being used for a Windows platform and the second for non-Windows. The default list is
"0/6 3/10 0/4 3/1 0/3; 0/6 0/4 3/10 0/3 3/1". Finally, instead of a P/E list, a string "find_ms" may
be given to tell it to simply call the Font::TTF "find_ms()" method to find a (preferably Windows)
internal CMap. "cmaps" set to 'find_ms' would emulate the old way of looking for CMaps. Symbol fonts
(3/0) always use find_ms(), and the new default lookup is (if ".cmap" isn't used, see "usecmf") to
try to get a match with the default list for the appropriate OS. If none can be found, find_ms() is
tried, and as last resort use the ".cmap" (if available), even if "usecmf" is not 1.
CAUTION: There is a "gotcha" with TrueType fonts that you need to be aware of when using them.
PDF::Builder outputs to the text stream a list of glyph IDs as four-digit hex codes, rather than the
list of character byte codes used by other font types. The Tw operator, if used
("$text-"wordspace(n)>) to adjust inter-word spacing, will be ignored by most, if not all, PDF
Readers (including Adobe products). This is because this operator is looking for actual ASCII spaces
(x20 bytes) in the stream, to apply the width change to. Note that only ASCII spaces are affected
(not other spaces), and not at all for TrueType and OpenType fonts! We are considering adding ways to
emulate word spacing for TrueType font support, as well as possibly extending it to non-ASCII spaces
for all font types. Note that inter-character spacing (via "$text-"charspace(n)> and the Tc operator)
still works for all font types.
PDF::Builder has been updated to attempt to respect the Tw operator when using TTF/OTF fonts. If the
"Tw" amount is non-zero, it will split up sentences on ASCII spaces (x20) and individually place
words on the page. This necessarily bloats the PDF file size, but is the only way to adjust word
spacing via the "wordspace()" method. Note that again, only ASCII spaces (x20) are affected (to match
the behavior of the Tw operator for other font types), and other spaces (xA0 required/non-breaking
space, thin space, etc.) are not handled.
Where is the font I just added? Well, sometimes you get lucky and can specify the exact directory
that the ".ttf" or ".otf" file will reside in, making it easy to specify the path to the font file
(for uses such as "ttfont()", "font()", or Font Manager calls). Other times, the operating system
will play hide and seek with you, leaving you to expend much time and energy to track down where the
file is. Linux distributions tend to have their own favorite hiding places for font files, but at
least they tend to be consistent! On the other hand, Windows often decides that it knows better than
you, and will put files in an unexpected place, and under an unexpected name!
To find out where your TTF or OTF file ended up, if you don't see an obvious entry in /Windows/Fonts
(even if you drag and dropped the font file there), you need to look in
/Users/XXXX/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/Fonts, depending on what user name you were signed on as
when you installed the font. Even then, you may not be done, as the name may have been changed to
something unrecognizable. You may need to look at Windows' mapping of font name to filename.
In the command shell (command line), or whatever equivalent you like to use, enter "regedit" to bring
up the registry editor. For the top level, choose (click on) either "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE" (for global
font settings, in /Windows/Fonts) or "HKEY_CURRENT_USER" (for fonts installed by whoever is currently
signed on, in /Users/XXXX/AppData...). From there, both have the same path: "SOFTWARE > Microsoft >
Windows NT > CurrentVersion > Fonts". This should bring up a listing of all the installed fonts (full
name, e.g. "Papyrus Regular") and their actual filename ("PAPYRUS.TTF"). For instance, I just
installed (drag and drop into /Windows/Fonts) a blackletter "Gothic" font named English Towne Medium.
It ended up in my /Users/XXXX... directory as "EnglishTowne.ttf".
You don't need to change anything in the registry, just look. You do have the capability to change
things, including hiding/showing the font, if you care to get into those things.
CJK Fonts
Examples:
$font = $pdf->cjkfont('korean');
$font = $pdf->cjkfont('traditional');
Valid %options are:
encode
Changes the encoding of the font from its default.
Warning: Unlike "ttfont", the font file is not embedded in the output PDF file. This is evidently
behavior left over from the early days of CJK fonts, where the "Cmap" and "Data" were always external
files, rather than internal tables. If you need a CJK-using PDF file to embed the font, for portability,
you can create a PDF using "cjkfont", and then use an external utility (e.g., "pdfcairo") to embed the
font in the PDF. It may also be possible to use "ttfont" instead, to produce the PDF, provided you can
deduce the correct font file name from examining the PDF file (e.g., on my Windows system, the "Ming"
font would be "$font = $pdf->ttfont("C:/Program Files/Adobe/Acrobat
DC/Resource/CIDFont/AdobeMingStd-Light.otf")". Of course, the font file used would have to be ".ttf" or
".otf". It may act a little differently than "cjkfont" (due a a different Cmap), but you should be able
to embed the font file into the PDF.
See also PDF::Builder::Resource::CIDFont::CJKFont
Synthetic Fonts
Warning: BaseEncoding is not set by default for these fonts, so text in the PDF isn't searchable (by the
PDF reader) unless a ToUnicode CMap is included. A ToUnicode CMap is included by default (unicodemap set
to 1) by PDF::Builder, but allows it to be disabled (for performance and file size reasons) by setting
unicodemap to 0. This will produce non-searchable text, which, besides being annoying to users, may
prevent screen readers and other aids to disabled users from working correctly!
Examples:
$cf = $pdf->corefont('Times-Roman', encode => 'latin1');
$sf = $pdf->synfont($cf, condense => 0.85); # compressed 85%
$sfb = $pdf->synfont($cf, bold => 1); # embolden by 10em
$sfi = $pdf->synfont($cf, oblique => -12); # italic at -12 degrees
Valid %options are:
condense
Character width condense/expand factor (0.1-0.9 = condense, 1 = normal/default, 1.1+ = expand). It is
the multiplier to apply to the width of each character.
oblique
Italic angle (+/- degrees, default 0), sets skew of character box.
bold
Emboldening factor (0.1+, bold = 1, heavy = 2, ...), additional thickness to draw outline of
character (with a heavier line width) before filling.
space
Additional character spacing in milliems (0-1000)
caps
0 for normal text, 1 for small caps. Implemented by asking the font what the uppercased translation
(single character) is for a given character, and outputting it at 80% height and 88% width (heavier
vertical stems are better looking than a straight 80% scale).
Note that only lower case letters which appear in the "standard" font (plane 0 for core fonts and PS
fonts) will be small-capped. This may include eszett (German sharp s), which becomes SS, and dotless
i and j which become I and J respectively. There are many other accented Latin alphabet letters which
may show up in planes 1 and higher. Ligatures (e.g., ij and ffl) do not have uppercase equivalents,
nor does a long s. If you have text which includes such characters, you may want to consider
preprocessing it to replace them with Latin character expansions (e.g., i+j and f+f+l) before small-
capping.
Note that CJK fonts (created with the "cjkfont" method) do not work properly with "synfont". This is due
to a different internal structure of the CJK fonts, as compared to corefont, ttfont, and psfont base
fonts. If you require a synthesized (modified) CJK font, you might try finding the TTF or OTF original,
use "ttfont" to create the base font, and running "synfont" against that, in the manner described for
embedding "CJK Fonts".
See also PDF::Builder::Resource::Font::SynFont
IMAGE METHODS
This is additional information on enhanced libraries available for TIFF and PNG images. See specific
information listings for GD, GIF, JPEG, and PNM image formats. In addition, see "examples/Content.pl" for
an example of placing an image on a page, as well as using in a "Form".
Why is my image flipped or rotated?
Something not uncommonly seen when using JPEG photos in a PDF is that the images will be rotated and/or
mirrored (flipped). This may happen when using TIFF images too. What happens is that the camera stores an
image just as it comes off the CCD sensor, regardless of the camera orientation, and does not rotate it
to the correct orientation! It does store a separate "orientation" flag to suggest how the image might be
corrected, but not all image processing obeys this flag (PDF::Builder does not.). For example, if you
take a "portrait" (tall) photo of a tree (with the phone held vertically), and then use it in a PDF, the
tree may appear to have been cut down! (appears in landscape mode)
I have found some code that should allow the "image_jpeg" or "image" routine to auto-rotate to
(supposedly) the correct orientation, by looking for the Exif metadata "Orientation" tag in the file.
However, three problems arise:
1. If a photo has been edited, and rotated or flipped in the process, there is no guarantee that the
Orientation tag has been corrected.
2. More than one Orientation tag may exist (e.g., in the binary APP1/Exif header, and in XML data), and
they may not agree with each other -- which should be used?
3. The code would need to uncompress the raster data, swap and/or transpose rows and/or columns, and
recompress the raster data for inclusion into the PDF. This is costly and error-prone. In any case,
the user would need to be able to override any auto-rotate function.
For the time being, PDF::Builder will simply leave it up to the user of the library to take care of
rotating and/or flipping an image which displays incorrectly. It is possible that we will consider adding
some sort of query or warning that the image appears to not be "normally" oriented (Orientation value 1
or "Top-left"), according to the Orientation flag. You can consider either (re-)saving the photo in an
editor such as PhotoShop or GIMP, or using PDF::Builder code similar to the following (for images rotated
180 degrees):
$pW = 612; $pH = 792; # page dimensions (US Letter)
my $img = $pdf->image_jpeg("AliceLake.jpeg");
# raw size WxH 4032x3024, scaled down to 504x378
$sW = 4032/8; $sH = 3024/8;
# intent is to center on US Letter sized page (LL at 54,207)
# Orientation flag on this image is 3 (rotated 180 degrees).
# if naively displayed (just $gfx->image call), it will be upside down
$gfx->save();
## method 0: simple display, is rotated 180 degrees!
#$gfx->image($img, ($pW-$sW)/2,($pH-$sH)/2, $sW,$sH);
## method 1: translate, then rotate
#$gfx->translate($pW,$pH); # to new origin (media UR corner)
#$gfx->rotate(180); # rotate around new origin
#$gfx->image($img, ($pW-$sW)/2,($pH-$sH)/2, $sW,$sH);
# image's UR corner, not LL
# method 2: rotate, then translate
$gfx->rotate(180); # rotate around current origin
$gfx->translate(-$sW,-$sH); # translate in rotated coordinates
$gfx->image($img, -($pW-$sW)/2,-($pH-$sH)/2, $sW,$sH);
# image's UR corner, not LL
## method 3: flip (mirror) twice
#$scale = 1; # not rescaling here
#$size_page = $pH/$scale;
#$invScale = 1.0/$scale;
#$gfx->add("-$invScale 0 0 -$invScale 0 $size_page cm");
#$gfx->image($img, -($pW-$sW)/2-$sW,($pH-$sH)/2, $sW,$sH);
$gfx->restore();
If your image is also mirrored (flipped about an axis), simple rotation will not suffice. You could do
something with a reversal of the coordinate system, as in "method 3" above (see "Advanced Methods" in
PDF::Builder::Content). To mirror only left/right, the second $invScale would be positive; to mirror only
top/bottom, the first would be positive. If all else fails, you could save a mirrored copy in a photo
editor. 90 or 270 degree rotations will require a "rotate" call, possibly with "cm" usage to reverse
mirroring. Incidentally, do not confuse this issue with the coordinate flipping performed by some Chrome
browsers when printing a page to PDF.
Note that TIFF images may have the same rotation/mirroring problems as JPEG, which is not surprising, as
the Exif format was lifted from TIFF for use in JPEG. The cure will be similar to JPEG's.
TIFF Images
Note that the Graphics::TIFF support library does not currently permit a filehandle for $file.
PDF::Builder will use the Graphics::TIFF support library for TIFF functions, if it is available, unless
explicitly told not to. Your code can test whether Graphics::TIFF is available by examining
"$tiff->usesLib()" or "$pdf->LA_GT()".
Note that the first query is only available once the $tiff object has been created. This may or may not
be too late for your purposes.
= -1
Graphics::TIFF is installed, but your code has specified "nouseGT", to not use it. The old, pure
Perl, code (buggy!) will be used instead, as if Graphics::TIFF was not installed.
= 0 Graphics::TIFF is not installed. Not all systems are able to successfully install this package, as it
requires libtiff.a.
= 1 Graphics::TIFF is installed and is being used.
Options:
nouseGT => 1
Do not use the Graphics::TIFF library, even if it's available. Normally you would want to use this
library, but there may be cases where you don't, such as when you want to use a file handle instead
of a name.
silent => 1
Do not give the message that Graphics::TIFF is not installed. This message will be given only once,
but you may want to suppress it, such as during t-tests.
PNG Images
PDF::Builder will use the Image::PNG::Libpng support library for PNG functions, if it is available,
unless explicitly told not to. Your code can test whether Image::PNG::Libpng is available by examining
"$png->usesLib()" or "$pdf->LA_IPL()".
Note that the first query is only available once the $png object has been created. This may or may not be
too late for your purposes.
= -1
Image::PNG::Libpng is installed, but your code has specified "nouseIPL", to not use it. The old, pure
Perl, code (slower and less capable) will be used instead, as if Image::PNG::Libpng was not
installed.
= 0 Image::PNG::Libpng is not installed. Not all systems are able to successfully install this package,
as it requires libpng.a.
= 1 Image::PNG::Libpng is installed and is being used.
Options:
nouseIPL => 1
Do not use the Image::PNG::Libpng library, even if it's available. Normally you would want to use
this library, when available, but there may be cases where you don't.
silent => 1
Do not give the message that Image::PNG::Libpng is not installed. This message will be given only
once, but you may want to suppress it, such as during t-tests.
notrans => 1
No transparency -- ignore tRNS chunk if provided, ignore Alpha channel if provided.
USING SHAPER (HarfBuzz::Shaper library)
# if HarfBuzz::Shaper is not installed, either bail out, or try to
# use regular TTF calls instead
my $rc;
$rc = eval {
require HarfBuzz::Shaper;
1;
};
if (!defined $rc) { $rc = 0; }
if ($rc == 0) {
# bail out in some manner
} else {
# can use Shaper
}
my $fontfile = '/WINDOWS/Fonts/times.ttf'; # used by both Shaper and textHS
my $fontsize = 15; # used by both Shaper and textHS
my $font = $pdf->ttfont($fontfile);
$text->font($font, $fontsize);
my $hb = HarfBuzz::Shaper->new(); # only need to set up once
my %settings; # for textHS(), not Shaper
$settings{'dump'} = 1; # see the diagnostics
$settings{'script'} = 'Latn';
$settings('dir'} = 'L'; # LTR
$settings{'features'} = (); # required
# -- set language (override automatic setting)
#$settings{'language'} = 'en';
#$hb->set_language( 'en_US' );
# -- turn OFF ligatures
#push @{ $settings{'features'} }, 'liga';
#$hb->add_features( 'liga' );
# -- turn OFF kerning
#push @{ $settings{'features'} }, 'kern';
#$hb->add_features( 'kern' );
$hb->set_font($fontfile);
$hb->set_size($fontsize);
$hb->set_text("Let's eat waffles in the field for brunch.");
# expect ffl and fi ligatures, and perhaps some kerning
my $info = $hb->shaper();
$text->textHS($info, \%settings); # strikethru, underline allowed
The package HarfBuzz::Shaper may be optionally installed in order to use the text-shaping capabilities of
the HarfBuzz library. These include kerning and ligatures in Western scripts (such as the Latin
alphabet). More complex scripts can be handled, such as Arabic family and Indic scripts, where multiple
forms of a character may be automatically selected, characters may be reordered, and other modifications
made. The examples/HarfBuzz.pl script gives some examples of what may be done.
Keep in mind that HarfBuzz works only with TrueType (.ttf) and OpenType (.otf) font files. It will not
work with PostScript (Type1), core, bitmapped, or CJK fonts. Not all .ttf fonts have the instructions
necessary to guide HarfBuzz, but most proper .otf fonts do. In other words, there are no guarantees that
a particular font file will work with Shaper!
The basic idea is to break up text into "chunks" which are of the same script (alphabet), language,
direction, font face, font size, and variant (italic, bold, etc.). These could range from a single
character to paragraph-length strings of text. These are fed to HarfBuzz::Shaper, along with flags, the
font file to be used, and other supporting information, to create an array of output glyphs. Each element
is a hash describing the glyph to be output, including its name (if available), its glyph ID (number) in
the selected font, its x and y displacement (usually 0), and its "advance" x and y values, all in points.
For horizontal languages (LTR and RTL), the y advance is normally 0 and the x advance is the font's
character width, less any kerning amount.
Shaper will attempt to figure out the script used and the text direction, based on the Unicode range; and
a reasonable guess at the language used. The language can be overridden, but currently the script and
text direction cannot be overridden.
An important note: the number of glyphs (array elements) may not be equal to the number of Unicode points
(characters) given in the chunk's text string! Sometimes a character will be decomposed into several
pieces (multiple glyphs); sometimes multiple characters may be combined into a single ligature glyph; and
characters may be reordered (especially in Indic and Southeast Asian languages). As well, for Right-to-
Left (bidirectional) scripts such as Hebrew and Arabic families, the text is output in Left-to-Right
order (reversed from the input).
With due care, a Shaper array can be manipulated in code. The elements are more or less independent of
each other, so elements can be modified, rearranged, inserted, or deleted. You might adjust the position
of a glyph with 'dx' and 'dy' hash elements. The 'ax' value should be left alone, so that the wrong
kerning isn't calculated, but you might need to adjust the "advance x" value by means of one of the
following:
axs is a value to be substituted for 'ax' (points)
axsp
is a substituted value (percentage) of the original 'ax'
axr reduces 'ax' by the value (points). If negative, increase 'ax'
axrp
reduces 'ax' by the given percentage. Again, negative increases 'ax'
Caution: a given character's glyph ID is not necessarily going to be the same between any two fonts! For
example, an ASCII space (U+0020) might be "<0001>" in one font, and "<0003>" in another font (even one
closely related!). A U+00A0 required blank (non-breaking space) may be output as a regular ASCII space
U+0020. Take care if you need to find a particular glyph in the array, especially if the number of
elements don't match. Consider making a text string of "marker" characters (space, nbsp, hyphen, soft
hyphen, etc.) and processing it through HarfBuzz::Shaper to get the corresponding glyph numbers. You may
have to count spaces, say, to see where you could break a glyph array to fit a line.
The "advancewidthHS()" method uses the same inputs as does "textHS()". Like "advancewidth()", it returns
the chunk length in points. Unlike "advancewidth()", you cannot override the glyph array's font, font
size, etc.
Once you have your (possibly modified) array of glyphs, you feed it to the "textHS()" method to render it
to the page. Remember that this method handles only a single line of text; it does not do line splitting
or fitting -- that you currently need to do manually. For Western scripts (e.g., Latin), that might not
be too difficult, but for other scripts that involve extensive modification of the raw characters, it may
be quite difficult to split words, but you still may be able to split at inter-word spaces.
A useful, but not exhaustive, set of functions are allowed by "textHS()" use. Support includes direction
setting (top-to-bottom and bottom-to-top directions, e.g., for Far Eastern languages in traditional
orientation), and explicit script names and language (depending on what support HarfBuzz itself gives).
Not yet supported are features such as discretionary ligatures and manual selection of glyphs (e.g.,
swashes and alternate forms).
Currently, "textHS()" can only handle a single text string. We are looking at how fitting to a line
length (splitting up an array) could be done, as well as how words might be split on hard and soft
hyphens. At some point, full paragraph and page shaping could be possible.
MARKUP
This section documents the markup capabilities of the "column()" method. It is expected to be updated
over time as more functionality is added.
A certain flavor of Markdown is supported, as translated by the Text::Markdown package into HTML. That
HTML (and more, as direct input), along with a subset of CSS, is supported by "column()". This is not the
full Markdown or HTML languages, by any stretch of the imagination, so check before using! Also, a small
none markup which only does paragraphs (separated by empty lines) is provided.
In all markup cases, certain CSS settings can be given as parameters or options to the "column()" call,
including a CSS <style> section which applies to both 'none' and Markdown source input.
Other input formats
PDF::Builder currently only supports the markup languages described above. If you want to use something
else (e.g., Perl's POD, or man format, or even MS Word or some other WYSIWYG format), you will need to
find a converter utility to convert it to a supported flavor of Markdown or HTML. Many such converters
already exist, so take a look (although you may well have to do some cleanup before "column()" accepts
it).
Perhaps in the future, PDF::Builder will directly support additional formats, but no promises. You will
probably never see TeX/LaTeX input, as these already have excellent PDF output (and would be a massive
undertaking to process).
Current HTML/Markdown supported
• <i> and <em> tags (Markdown _, *) as italic font style
• <b> and <strong> tags (Markdown **) as bold font weight
• <p> tag (Markdown empty line) as a paragraph
• <font face="font-family" color="color" size="font-size"> as selecting face, color and size
• <span> needs style= attribute with CSS to do anything useful
• <ul> tag (Markdown -) unordered (bulleted) list. type to override marker supported
• <ol> tag (Markdown 1.) ordered (numbered) list. start and type supported.
• <li> tag list item. value to override ordered list counter, and type to override marker type
supported
• <a href="URL"> tag (Markdown []()) anchor/link, web page URL or this document target "#p[-x-y[-z]]"
• <h1> through <h6> tags (Markdown # through ######) headings
• <hr width="length" size="length"> tag (Markdown ---) horizontal rule. currently no align property
(left alignment only). Default is "width" = full column, and "size" = 0.5pt.
• <s>, <strike>, <del> tags (Markdown ~~) text line-through
• <u>, <ins> tags text underline
• <blockquote> tag (Markdown >) indented both sides block of smaller text
Numbered (decimal and hexadecimal) entities are supported, as well as named entities (e.g., "—").
Both lists get a "gutter" (for the marker) of marker_width points wide, so list formats are consistent
over the call.
Current CSS supported
Note that the default CSS also applies to Markdown, unless you give a "style =>" entry to the column()
call to revise the CSS.
In HTML, you can define <style> tags, but caution: these are pulled out into a global style block
(cumulative and global, as though they had all been given in the <head>), applied after the CSS property
defaults are defined and then any column() global "style => 'CSS list'" has been applied.
CSS Selectors are very primitive:: a simple tag name (including body), such as ol; a class name such as
.error; or an ID such as #myID. There are no hierarchies or combinations supported (e.g., nothing like
p.abstract or li > p). The (decreasing) order of precedence follows a browser's: in a style = attribute,
as a tag attribute (which may have a different name from the CSS's), an ID, a class, or a tag name.
Comments /* and */ are NOT currently supported in CSS.
color
foreground color, in standard PDF::Builder formats
display
inline or block
font-family
as defined to Font Manager, e.g., Times
font-size
n points, npt, n% of current font size. more units in future
font-style
normal or italic
font-weight
normal or bold
height
n points or npt, thickness/size of horizontal rule ONLY
list-style-position
outside or inside, currently only outside supported
list-style-typemarker
description, per standard CSS, plus "box" for unordered list to give a box outline marker (not a
filled "square")
margin-top/right/bottom/left
per standard CSS. combined margin in the future
_marker-before
extension: text to insert before ordered list marker
_marker-after
extension: text to insert after ordered list marker
text-decoration
per standard CSS
text-height
change leading, ratio of baseline-to-baseline to font size. future: set as a length or % of font size
text-indent
paragraph etc. indentation, n points, npt, n% of font size
width
n point or, npt, width of horizontal rule ONLY
Global Settings
There are a number of global settings either required or available for tuning the behavior of "column()".
In the parameter list you can set
font_size
default initial font size (points) to be used, but can be overridden by CSS or "<font size>".
Initially 12.
leading
default leading (text-height) ratio. Initially 1.125.
marker_width
points, set width of gutter where a list's marker goes. Initially "2 * <font size>".
para
list of indentation (text-indent) and inter-paragraph spacing (margin-top), both in points. These are
the defaults for all formatting modes, unless overridden by a style => entry. Initially "[ <font
size>, 0 ]".
color
initial text and graphics color setting, in standard PDF::Builder formats. Initially 'black'.
style
CSS declarations to be applied after CSS properties initialization and before any global <style>
tags, Initially ''.