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NAME

     networking — introduction to networking facilities

SYNOPSIS

     #include <sys/types.h>
     #include <sys/time.h>
     #include <sys/socket.h>
     #include <net/if.h>
     #include <net/route.h>

DESCRIPTION

     This section is a general introduction to the networking facilities available in the system.
     Documentation in this part of section 4 is broken up into three areas: protocol families
     (domains), protocols, and network interfaces.

     All network protocols are associated with a specific protocol family.  A protocol family
     provides basic services to the protocol implementation to allow it to function within a
     specific network environment.  These services may include packet fragmentation and
     reassembly, routing, addressing, and basic transport.  A protocol family may support
     multiple methods of addressing, though the current protocol implementations do not.  A
     protocol family is normally comprised of a number of protocols, one per socket(2) type.  It
     is not required that a protocol family support all socket types.  A protocol family may
     contain multiple protocols supporting the same socket abstraction.

     A protocol supports one of the socket abstractions detailed in socket(2).  A specific
     protocol may be accessed either by creating a socket of the appropriate type and protocol
     family, or by requesting the protocol explicitly when creating a socket.  Protocols normally
     accept only one type of address format, usually determined by the addressing structure
     inherent in the design of the protocol family/network architecture.  Certain semantics of
     the basic socket abstractions are protocol specific.  All protocols are expected to support
     the basic model for their particular socket type, but may, in addition, provide non-standard
     facilities or extensions to a mechanism.  For example, a protocol supporting the SOCK_STREAM
     abstraction may allow more than one byte of out-of-band data to be transmitted per out-of-
     band message.

     A network interface is similar to a device interface.  Network interfaces comprise the
     lowest layer of the networking subsystem, interacting with the actual transport hardware.
     An interface may support one or more protocol families and/or address formats.  The SYNOPSIS
     section of each network interface entry gives a sample specification of the related drivers
     for use in providing a system description to the config(8) program.  The DIAGNOSTICS section
     lists messages which may appear on the console and/or in the system error log,
     /var/log/messages (see syslogd(8)), due to errors in device operation.

PROTOCOLS

     The system currently supports the Internet protocols, the Xerox Network Systems(tm)
     protocols, and some of the ISO OSI protocols.  Raw socket interfaces are provided to the IP
     protocol layer of the Internet, and to the IDP protocol of Xerox NS.  Consult the
     appropriate manual pages in this section for more information regarding the support for each
     protocol family.

ADDRESSING

     Associated with each protocol family is an address format.  All network addresses adhere to
     a general structure, called a sockaddr, described below.  However, each protocol imposes
     finer and more specific structure, generally renaming the variant, which is discussed in the
     protocol family manual page alluded to above.

           struct sockaddr {
               u_char      sa_len;
               u_char      sa_family;
               char        sa_data[14];
           };

     The field sa_len contains the total length of the structure, which may exceed 16 bytes.  The
     following address values for sa_family are known to the system (and additional formats are
     defined for possible future implementation):

     #define    AF_UNIX      1    /* local to host (pipes, portals) */
     #define    AF_INET      2    /* internetwork: UDP, TCP, etc. */
     #define    AF_NS        6    /* Xerox NS protocols */
     #define    AF_CCITT     10   /* CCITT protocols, X.25 etc */
     #define    AF_HYLINK    15   /* NSC Hyperchannel */
     #define    AF_ISO       18   /* ISO protocols */

ROUTING

     FreeBSD provides some packet routing facilities.  The kernel maintains a routing information
     database, which is used in selecting the appropriate network interface when transmitting
     packets.

     A user process (or possibly multiple co-operating processes) maintains this database by
     sending messages over a special kind of socket.  This supplants fixed size ioctl(2) used in
     earlier releases.

     This facility is described in route(4).

INTERFACES

     Each network interface in a system corresponds to a path through which messages may be sent
     and received.  A network interface usually has a hardware device associated with it, though
     certain interfaces such as the loopback interface, lo(4), do not.

     The following ioctl(2) calls may be used to manipulate network interfaces.  The ioctl() is
     made on a socket (typically of type SOCK_DGRAM) in the desired domain.  Most of the requests
     supported in earlier releases take an ifreq structure as its parameter.  This structure has
     the form

     struct  ifreq {
     #define    IFNAMSIZ    16
         char    ifr_name[IFNAMSIZ];        /* if name, e.g. "en0" */
         union {
             struct    sockaddr ifru_addr;
             struct    sockaddr ifru_dstaddr;
             struct    sockaddr ifru_broadaddr;
             struct    ifreq_buffer ifru_buffer;
             short     ifru_flags[2];
             short     ifru_index;
             int       ifru_metric;
             int       ifru_mtu;
             int       ifru_phys;
             int       ifru_media;
             caddr_t   ifru_data;
             int       ifru_cap[2];
         } ifr_ifru;
     #define ifr_addr      ifr_ifru.ifru_addr      /* address */
     #define ifr_dstaddr   ifr_ifru.ifru_dstaddr   /* other end of p-to-p link */
     #define ifr_broadaddr ifr_ifru.ifru_broadaddr /* broadcast address */
     #define ifr_buffer    ifr_ifru.ifru_buffer    /* user supplied buffer with its length */
     #define ifr_flags     ifr_ifru.ifru_flags[0]  /* flags (low 16 bits) */
     #define ifr_flagshigh ifr_ifru.ifru_flags[1]  /* flags (high 16 bits) */
     #define ifr_metric    ifr_ifru.ifru_metric    /* metric */
     #define ifr_mtu       ifr_ifru.ifru_mtu       /* mtu */
     #define ifr_phys      ifr_ifru.ifru_phys      /* physical wire */
     #define ifr_media     ifr_ifru.ifru_media     /* physical media */
     #define ifr_data      ifr_ifru.ifru_data      /* for use by interface */
     #define ifr_reqcap    ifr_ifru.ifru_cap[0]    /* requested capabilities */
     #define ifr_curcap    ifr_ifru.ifru_cap[1]    /* current capabilities */
     #define ifr_index     ifr_ifru.ifru_index     /* interface index */
     };

     Ioctl() requests to obtain addresses and requests both to set and retrieve other data are
     still fully supported and use the ifreq structure:

     SIOCGIFADDR     Get interface address for protocol family.

     SIOCGIFDSTADDR  Get point to point address for protocol family and interface.

     SIOCGIFBRDADDR  Get broadcast address for protocol family and interface.

     SIOCSIFCAP      Attempt to set the enabled capabilities field for the interface to the value
                     of the ifr_reqcap field of the ifreq structure.  Note that, depending on the
                     particular interface features, some capabilities may appear hard-coded to
                     enabled, or toggling a capability may affect the status of other ones.  The
                     supported capabilities field is read-only, and the ifr_curcap field is
                     unused by this call.

     SIOCGIFCAP      Get the interface capabilities fields.  The values for supported and enabled
                     capabilities will be returned in the ifr_reqcap and ifr_curcap fields of the
                     ifreq structure, respectively.

     SIOCGIFDESCR    Get the interface description, returned in the buffer field of ifru_buffer
                     struct.  The user supplied buffer length should be defined in the length
                     field of ifru_buffer struct passed in as parameter, and the length would
                     include the terminating nul character.  If there is not enough space to hold
                     the interface length, no copy would be done and the buffer field of
                     ifru_buffer would be set to NULL.  The kernel will store the buffer length
                     in the length field upon return, regardless whether the buffer itself is
                     sufficient to hold the data.

     SIOCSIFDESCR    Set the interface description to the value of the buffer field of
                     ifru_buffer struct, with length field specifying its length (counting the
                     terminating nul).

     SIOCSIFFLAGS    Set interface flags field.  If the interface is marked down, any processes
                     currently routing packets through the interface are notified; some
                     interfaces may be reset so that incoming packets are no longer received.
                     When marked up again, the interface is reinitialized.

     SIOCGIFFLAGS    Get interface flags.

     SIOCSIFMETRIC   Set interface routing metric.  The metric is used only by user-level
                     routers.

     SIOCGIFMETRIC   Get interface metric.

     SIOCIFCREATE    Attempt to create the specified interface.  If the interface name is given
                     without a unit number the system will attempt to create a new interface with
                     an arbitrary unit number.  On successful return the ifr_name field will
                     contain the new interface name.

     SIOCIFDESTROY   Attempt to destroy the specified interface.

     There are two requests that make use of a new structure:

     SIOCAIFADDR     An interface may have more than one address associated with it in some
                     protocols.  This request provides a means to add additional addresses (or
                     modify characteristics of the primary address if the default address for the
                     address family is specified).  Rather than making separate calls to set
                     destination or broadcast addresses, or network masks (now an integral
                     feature of multiple protocols) a separate structure is used to specify all
                     three facets simultaneously (see below).  One would use a slightly tailored
                     version of this struct specific to each family (replacing each sockaddr by
                     one of the family-specific type).  Where the sockaddr itself is larger than
                     the default size, one needs to modify the ioctl() identifier itself to
                     include the total size, as described in ioctl().

     SIOCDIFADDR     This requests deletes the specified address from the list associated with an
                     interface.  It also uses the ifaliasreq structure to allow for the
                     possibility of protocols allowing multiple masks or destination addresses,
                     and also adopts the convention that specification of the default address
                     means to delete the first address for the interface belonging to the address
                     family in which the original socket was opened.

     SIOCGIFCONF     Get interface configuration list.  This request takes an ifconf structure
                     (see below) as a value-result parameter.  The ifc_len field should be
                     initially set to the size of the buffer pointed to by ifc_buf.  On return it
                     will contain the length, in bytes, of the configuration list.

     SIOCIFGCLONERS  Get list of clonable interfaces.  This request takes an if_clonereq
                     structure (see below) as a value-result parameter.  The ifcr_count field
                     should be set to the number of IFNAMSIZ sized strings that can be fit in the
                     buffer pointed to by ifcr_buffer.  On return, ifcr_total will be set to the
                     number of clonable interfaces and the buffer pointed to by ifcr_buffer will
                     be filled with the names of clonable interfaces aligned on IFNAMSIZ
                     boundaries.

     /*
     * Structure used in SIOCAIFADDR request.
     */
     struct ifaliasreq {
             char    ifra_name[IFNAMSIZ];   /* if name, e.g. "en0" */
             struct  sockaddr        ifra_addr;
             struct  sockaddr        ifra_broadaddr;
             struct  sockaddr        ifra_mask;
     };

     /*
     * Structure used in SIOCGIFCONF request.
     * Used to retrieve interface configuration
     * for machine (useful for programs which
     * must know all networks accessible).
     */
     struct ifconf {
         int   ifc_len;              /* size of associated buffer */
         union {
             caddr_t    ifcu_buf;
             struct     ifreq *ifcu_req;
         } ifc_ifcu;
     #define ifc_buf ifc_ifcu.ifcu_buf /* buffer address */
     #define ifc_req ifc_ifcu.ifcu_req /* array of structures returned */
     };

     /* Structure used in SIOCIFGCLONERS request. */
     struct if_clonereq {
             int     ifcr_total;     /* total cloners (out) */
             int     ifcr_count;     /* room for this many in user buffer */
             char    *ifcr_buffer;   /* buffer for cloner names */
     };

     /* Structure used in SIOCGIFDESCR and SIOCSIFDESCR requests */
     struct ifreq_buffer {
             size_t  length;         /* length of the buffer */
             void   *buffer;         /* pointer to userland space buffer */
     };

SEE ALSO

     ioctl(2), socket(2), intro(4), config(8), routed(8), ifnet(9)

HISTORY

     The netintro manual appeared in 4.3BSD-Tahoe.