Provided by: perl-tk_804.036+dfsg1-1ubuntu3_amd64 
NAME
Tk::Text - Create and manipulate Text widgets
SYNOPSIS
$text = $parent->Text(?options?);
-background -highlightbackground -insertontime -selectborderwidth
-borderwidth -highlightcolor -insertwidth -selectforeground
-cursor -highlightthickness -padx -setgrid
-exportselection -insertbackground -pady -takefocus
-font -insertborderwidth -relief -xscrollcommand
-foreground -insertofftime -selectbackground -yscrollcommand
WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
Name: height
Class: Height
Switch: -height
Specifies the desired height for the window, in units of characters in the font given by the -font
option. Must be at least one.
Name: spacing1
Class: Spacing1
Switch: -spacing1
Requests additional space above each text line in the widget, using any of the standard forms for
screen distances. If a line wraps, this option only applies to the first line on the display. This
option may be overridden with -spacing1 options in tags.
Name: spacing2
Class: Spacing2
Switch: -spacing2
For lines that wrap (so that they cover more than one line on the display) this option specifies
additional space to provide between the display lines that represent a single line of text. The
value may have any of the standard forms for screen distances. This option may be overridden with
-spacing2 options in tags.
Name: spacing3
Class: Spacing3
Switch: -spacing3
Requests additional space below each text line in the widget, using any of the standard forms for
screen distances. If a line wraps, this option only applies to the last line on the display. This
option may be overridden with -spacing3 options in tags.
Name: state
Class: State
Switch: -state
Specifies one of two states for the text: normal or disabled. If the text is disabled then
characters may not be inserted or deleted and no insertion cursor will be displayed, even if the
input focus is in the widget.
Name: tabs
Class: Tabs
Switch: -tabs
Specifies a set of tab stops for the window. The option's value consists of a list of screen
distances giving the positions of the tab stops. Each position may optionally be followed in the
next list element by one of the keywords left, right, center, or numeric, which specifies how to
justify text relative to the tab stop. Left is the default; it causes the text following the tab
character to be positioned with its left edge at the tab position. Right means that the right edge
of the text following the tab character is positioned at the tab position, and center means that the
text is centered at the tab position. Numeric means that the decimal point in the text is positioned
at the tab position; if there is no decimal point then the least significant digit of the number is
positioned just to the left of the tab position; if there is no number in the text then the text is
right-justified at the tab position. For example, -tabs => [qw/2c left 4c 6c center/] creates three
tab stops at two-centimeter intervals; the first two use left justification and the third uses
center justification. If the list of tab stops does not have enough elements to cover all of the
tabs in a text line, then Tk extrapolates new tab stops using the spacing and alignment from the last
tab stop in the list. The value of the tabs option may be overridden by -tabs options in tags. If
no -tabs option is specified, or if it is specified as an empty list, then Tk uses default tabs
spaced every eight (average size) characters.
Name: width
Class: Width
Switch: -width
Specifies the desired width for the window in units of characters in the font given by the -font
option. If the font doesn't have a uniform width then the width of the character ``0'' is used in
translating from character units to screen units.
Name: wrap
Class: Wrap
Switch: -wrap
Specifies how to handle lines in the text that are too long to be displayed in a single line of the
text's window. The value must be none or char or word. A wrap mode of none means that each line of
text appears as exactly one line on the screen; extra characters that don't fit on the screen are
not displayed. In the other modes each line of text will be broken up into several screen lines if
necessary to keep all the characters visible. In char mode a screen line break may occur after any
character; in word mode a line break will only be made at word boundaries.
DESCRIPTION
The Text method creates a new window (given by the $text argument) and makes it into a text widget.
Additional options, described above, may be specified on the command line or in the option database to
configure aspects of the text such as its default background color and relief. The text command returns
the path name of the new window.
A text widget displays one or more lines of text and allows that text to be edited. Text widgets support
four different kinds of annotations on the text, called tags, marks, embedded windows or embedded images.
Tags allow different portions of the text to be displayed with different fonts and colors. In addition,
perl/Tk callbacks can be associated with tags so that scripts are invoked when particular actions such as
keystrokes and mouse button presses occur in particular ranges of the text. See "TAGS" below for more
details.
The second form of annotation consists of marks, which are floating markers in the text. Marks are used
to keep track of various interesting positions in the text as it is edited. See "MARKS" below for more
details.
The third form of annotation allows arbitrary windows to be embedded in a text widget. See "EMBEDDED
WINDOWS" below for more details.
The fourth form of annotation allows Tk images to be embedded in a text widget. See "EMBEDDED IMAGES"
below for more details.
The Perl/Tk Text widget does not support undo/redo, use the TextUndo widget instead.
INDICES
Many of the methods for texts take one or more indices as arguments. An index is a string used to
indicate a particular place within a text, such as a place to insert characters or one endpoint of a
range of characters to delete. Indices have the syntax
base modifier modifier modifier ...
Where base gives a starting point and the modifiers adjust the index from the starting point (e.g. move
forward or backward one character). Every index must contain a base, but the modifiers are optional.
The base for an index must have one of the following forms:
line.char
Indicates char'th character on line line. Lines are numbered from 1 for consistency with other UNIX
programs that use this numbering scheme. Within a line, characters are numbered from 0. If char is
end then it refers to the newline character that ends the line.
@x,y
Indicates the character that covers the pixel whose x and y coordinates within the text's window are
x and y.
end Indicates the end of the text (the character just after the last newline).
mark
Indicates the character just after the mark whose name is mark.
tag.first
Indicates the first character in the text that has been tagged with tag. This form generates an
error if no characters are currently tagged with tag.
tag.last
Indicates the character just after the last one in the text that has been tagged with tag. This form
generates an error if no characters are currently tagged with tag.
$widget
Indicates the position of the embedded window referenced by $widget. This form generates an error if
$widget does not reference to an embedded window.
imageName
Indicates the position of the embedded image whose name is imageName. This form generates an error
if there is no embedded image by the given name.
If the base could match more than one of the above forms, such as a mark and imageName both having the
same value, then the form earlier in the above list takes precedence. If modifiers follow the base
index, each one of them must have one of the forms listed below. Keywords such as chars and wordend may
be abbreviated as long as the abbreviation is unambiguous.
+ count chars
Adjust the index forward by count characters, moving to later lines in the text if necessary. If
there are fewer than count characters in the text after the current index, then set the index to the
last character in the text. Spaces on either side of count are optional.
- count chars
Adjust the index backward by count characters, moving to earlier lines in the text if necessary. If
there are fewer than count characters in the text before the current index, then set the index to the
first character in the text. Spaces on either side of count are optional.
+ count lines
Adjust the index forward by count lines, retaining the same character position within the line. If
there are fewer than count lines after the line containing the current index, then set the index to
refer to the same character position on the last line of the text. Then, if the line is not long
enough to contain a character at the indicated character position, adjust the character position to
refer to the last character of the line (the newline). Spaces on either side of count are optional.
- count lines
Adjust the index backward by count lines, retaining the same character position within the line. If
there are fewer than count lines before the line containing the current index, then set the index to
refer to the same character position on the first line of the text. Then, if the line is not long
enough to contain a character at the indicated character position, adjust the character position to
refer to the last character of the line (the newline). Spaces on either side of count are optional.
linestart
Adjust the index to refer to the first character on the line.
lineend
Adjust the index to refer to the last character on the line (the newline).
wordstart
Adjust the index to refer to the first character of the word containing the current index. A word
consists of any number of adjacent characters that are letters, digits, or underscores, or a single
character that is not one of these.
wordend
Adjust the index to refer to the character just after the last one of the word containing the current
index. If the current index refers to the last character of the text then it is not modified.
If more than one modifier is present then they are applied in left-to-right order. For example, the
index ``end - 1 chars'' refers to the next-to-last character in the text and ``insert wordstart - 1 c''
refers to the character just before the first one in the word containing the insertion cursor.
TAGS
The first form of annotation in text widgets is a tag. A tag is a textual string that is associated with
some of the characters in a text. Tags may contain arbitrary characters, but it is probably best to
avoid using the the characters `` '' (space), +, or -: these characters have special meaning in indices,
so tags containing them can't be used as indices. There may be any number of tags associated with
characters in a text. Each tag may refer to a single character, a range of characters, or several ranges
of characters. An individual character may have any number of tags associated with it.
A priority order is defined among tags, and this order is used in implementing some of the tag-related
functions described below. When a tag is defined (by associating it with characters or setting its
display options or binding callbacks to it), it is given a priority higher than any existing tag. The
priority order of tags may be redefined using the ``$text->tagRaise'' and ``$text->tagLower'' methods.
Tags serve three purposes in text widgets. First, they control the way information is displayed on the
screen. By default, characters are displayed as determined by the background, font, and foreground
options for the text widget. However, display options may be associated with individual tags using the
``$text->tagConfigure'' method. If a character has been tagged, then the display options associated with
the tag override the default display style. The following options are currently supported for tags:
-background => color
Color specifies the background color to use for characters associated with the tag. It may have any
of the forms accepted by Tk_GetColor.
-bgstipple => bitmap
Bitmap specifies a bitmap that is used as a stipple pattern for the background. It may have any of
the forms accepted by Tk_GetBitmap. If bitmap hasn't been specified, or if it is specified as an
empty string, then a solid fill will be used for the background.
-borderwidth => pixels
Pixels specifies the width of a 3-D border to draw around the background. It may have any of the
forms accepted by Tk_GetPixels. This option is used in conjunction with the -relief option to give a
3-D appearance to the background for characters; it is ignored unless the -background option has been
set for the tag.
-elide => boolean
Elide specifies whether the data should be elided. Elided data is not displayed and takes no space
on screen, but further on behaves just as normal data.
-data => value
Allows an arbitrary perl scalar value to be associated with the tag.
-fgstipple => bitmap
Bitmap specifies a bitmap that is used as a stipple pattern when drawing text and other foreground
information such as underlines. It may have any of the forms accepted by Tk_GetBitmap. If bitmap
hasn't been specified, or if it is specified as an empty string, then a solid fill will be used.
-font => fontName
FontName is the name of a font to use for drawing characters. It may have any of the forms accepted
by Tk_GetFontStruct.
-foreground => color
Color specifies the color to use when drawing text and other foreground information such as
underlines. It may have any of the forms accepted by Tk_GetColor.
-justify => justify
If the first character of a display line has a tag for which this option has been specified, then
justify determines how to justify the line. It must be one of left, right, or center. If a line
wraps, then the justification for each line on the display is determined by the first character of
that display line.
-lmargin1 => pixels
If the first character of a text line has a tag for which this option has been specified, then pixels
specifies how much the line should be indented from the left edge of the window. Pixels may have any
of the standard forms for screen distances. If a line of text wraps, this option only applies to the
first line on the display; the -lmargin2 option controls the indentation for subsequent lines.
-lmargin2 => pixels
If the first character of a display line has a tag for which this option has been specified, and if
the display line is not the first for its text line (i.e., the text line has wrapped), then pixels
specifies how much the line should be indented from the left edge of the window. Pixels may have any
of the standard forms for screen distances. This option is only used when wrapping is enabled, and
it only applies to the second and later display lines for a text line.
-offset => pixels
Pixels specifies an amount by which the text's baseline should be offset vertically from the baseline
of the overall line, in pixels. For example, a positive offset can be used for superscripts and a
negative offset can be used for subscripts. Pixels may have any of the standard forms for screen
distances.
-overstrike => boolean
Specifies whether or not to draw a horizontal rule through the middle of characters. Boolean may
have any of the forms accepted by Tk_GetBoolean.
-relief => relief
Relief specifies the 3-D relief to use for drawing backgrounds, in any of the forms accepted by
Tk_GetRelief. This option is used in conjunction with the -borderwidth option to give a 3-D
appearance to the background for characters; it is ignored unless the -background option has been set
for the tag.
-rmargin => pixels
If the first character of a display line has a tag for which this option has been specified, then
pixels specifies how wide a margin to leave between the end of the line and the right edge of the
window. Pixels may have any of the standard forms for screen distances. This option is only used
when wrapping is enabled. If a text line wraps, the right margin for each line on the display is
determined by the first character of that display line.
-spacing1 => pixels
Pixels specifies how much additional space should be left above each text line, using any of the
standard forms for screen distances. If a line wraps, this option only applies to the first line on
the display.
-spacing2 => pixels
For lines that wrap, this option specifies how much additional space to leave between the display
lines for a single text line. Pixels may have any of the standard forms for screen distances.
-spacing3 => pixels
Pixels specifies how much additional space should be left below each text line, using any of the
standard forms for screen distances. If a line wraps, this option only applies to the last line on
the display.
-tabs => tabList
TabList specifies a set of tab stops in the same form as for the -tabs option for the text widget.
This option only applies to a display line if it applies to the first character on that display line.
If this option is specified as an empty string, it cancels the option, leaving it unspecified for the
tag (the default). If the option is specified as a non-empty string that is an empty list, such as
-tabs = " ">, then it requests default 8-character tabs as described for the tabs widget option.
-underline => boolean
Boolean specifies whether or not to draw an underline underneath characters. It may have any of the
forms accepted by Tk_GetBoolean.
-wrap => mode
Mode specifies how to handle lines that are wider than the text's window. It has the same legal
values as the -wrap option for the text widget: none, char, or word. If this tag option is
specified, it overrides the -wrap option for the text widget.
If a character has several tags associated with it, and if their display options conflict, then the
options of the highest priority tag are used. If a particular display option hasn't been specified for a
particular tag, or if it is specified as an empty string, then that option will never be used; the next-
highest-priority tag's option will used instead. If no tag specifies a particular display option, then
the default style for the widget will be used.
The second purpose for tags is event bindings. You can associate bindings with a tag in much the same
way you can associate bindings with a widget class: whenever particular X events occur on characters
with the given tag, a given <perl/Tk callback|Tk::callbacks> will be executed. Tag bindings can be used
to give behaviors to ranges of characters; among other things, this allows hypertext-like features to be
implemented. For details, see the description of the tagBind widget method below.
The third use for tags is in managing the selection. See "THE SELECTION" below.
MARKS
The second form of annotation in text widgets is a mark. Marks are used for remembering particular
places in a text. They are something like tags, in that they have names and they refer to places in the
file, but a mark isn't associated with particular characters. Instead, a mark is associated with the gap
between two characters. Only a single position may be associated with a mark at any given time. If the
characters around a mark are deleted the mark will still remain; it will just have new neighbor
characters. In contrast, if the characters containing a tag are deleted then the tag will no longer have
an association with characters in the file. Marks may be manipulated with the ``$text->mark'' text
widget method, and their current locations may be determined by using the mark name as an index in
methods.
Each mark also has a gravity, which is either left or right. The gravity for a mark specifies what
happens to the mark when text is inserted at the point of the mark. If a mark has left gravity, then the
mark is treated as if it were attached to the character on its left, so the mark will remain to the left
of any text inserted at the mark position. If the mark has right gravity, new text inserted at the mark
position will appear to the right of the mark. The gravity for a mark defaults to right.
The name space for marks is different from that for tags: the same name may be used for both a mark and
a tag, but they will refer to different things.
Two marks have special significance. First, the mark insert is associated with the insertion cursor, as
described under "THE INSERTION CURSOR" below. Second, the mark current is associated with the character
closest to the mouse and is adjusted automatically to track the mouse position and any changes to the
text in the widget (one exception: current is not updated in response to mouse motions if a mouse button
is down; the update will be deferred until all mouse buttons have been released). Neither of these
special marks may be deleted.
EMBEDDED WINDOWS
The third form of annotation in text widgets is an embedded window. Each embedded window annotation
causes a window to be displayed at a particular point in the text. There may be any number of embedded
windows in a text widget, and any widget may be used as an embedded window (subject to the usual rules
for geometry management, which require the text window to be the parent of the embedded window or a
descendant of its parent). The embedded window's position on the screen will be updated as the text is
modified or scrolled, and it will be mapped and unmapped as it moves into and out of the visible area of
the text widget. Each embedded window occupies one character's worth of index space in the text widget,
and it may be referred to either by the name of its embedded window or by its position in the widget's
index space. If the range of text containing the embedded window is deleted then the window is
destroyed.
When an embedded window is added to a text widget with the widgetCreate method, several configuration
options may be associated with it. These options may be modified later with the widgetConfigure method.
The following options are currently supported:
-align => where
If the window is not as tall as the line in which it is displayed, this option determines where the
window is displayed in the line. Where must have one of the values top (align the top of the window
with the top of the line), center (center the window within the range of the line), bottom (align the
bottom of the window with the bottom of the line's area), or baseline (align the bottom of the window
with the baseline of the line).
-create => callback
Specifies a callback that may be evaluated to create the window for the annotation. If no -window
option has been specified for the annotation this callback will be evaluated when the annotation is
about to be displayed on the screen. Callback must create a window for the annotation and return the
name of that window as its result. If the annotation's window should ever be deleted, callback will
be evaluated again the next time the annotation is displayed.
-padx => pixels
Pixels specifies the amount of extra space to leave on each side of the embedded window. It may have
any of the usual forms defined for a screen distance (see Tk_GetPixels).
-pady => pixels
Pixels specifies the amount of extra space to leave on the top and on the bottom of the embedded
window. It may have any of the usual forms defined for a screen distance (see Tk_GetPixels).
-stretch => boolean
If the requested height of the embedded window is less than the height of the line in which it is
displayed, this option can be used to specify whether the window should be stretched vertically to
fill its line. If the -pady option has been specified as well, then the requested padding will be
retained even if the window is stretched.
-window => $widget
Specifies the name of a window to display in the annotation.
EMBEDDED IMAGES
The final form of annotation in text widgets is an embedded image. Each embedded image annotation causes
an image to be displayed at a particular point in the text. There may be any number of embedded images
in a text widget, and a particular image may be embedded in multiple places in the same text widget. The
embedded image's position on the screen will be updated as the text is modified or scrolled. Each
embedded image occupies one character's worth of index space in the text widget, and it may be referred
to either by its position in the widget's index space, or the name it is assigned when the image is
inserted into the text widget with imageCreate. If the range of text containing the embedded image is
deleted then that copy of the image is removed from the screen.
When an embedded image is added to a text widget with the image create method, a name unique to this
instance of the image is returned. This name may then be used to refer to this image instance. The name
is taken to be the value of the -name option (described below). If the -name option is not provided, the
-image name is used instead. If the imageName is already in use in the text widget, then #nn is added to
the end of the imageName, where nn is an arbitrary integer. This insures the imageName is unique. Once
this name is assigned to this instance of the image, it does not change, even though the -image or -name
values can be changed with image configure.
When an embedded image is added to a text widget with the imageCreate method, several configuration
options may be associated with it. These options may be modified later with the image configure method.
The following options are currently supported:
-align => where
If the image is not as tall as the line in which it is displayed, this option determines where the
image is displayed in the line. Where must have one of the values top (align the top of the image
with the top of the line), center (center the image within the range of the line), bottom (align the
bottom of the image with the bottom of the line's area), or baseline (align the bottom of the image
with the baseline of the line).
-image => image
Specifies the name of the Tk image to display in the annotation. If image is not a valid Tk image,
then an error is returned.
-name => ImageName
Specifies the name by which this image instance may be referenced in the text widget. If ImageName is
not supplied, then the name of the Tk image is used instead. If the imageName is already in use, #nn
is appended to the end of the name as described above.
-padx => pixels
Pixels specifies the amount of extra space to leave on each side of the embedded image. It may have
any of the usual forms defined for a screen distance.
-pady => pixels
Pixels specifies the amount of extra space to leave on the top and on the bottom of the embedded
image. It may have any of the usual forms defined for a screen distance.
THE SELECTION
Selection support is implemented via tags. If the exportSelection option for the text widget is true
then the sel tag will be associated with the selection:
[1] Whenever characters are tagged with sel the text widget will claim ownership of the selection.
[2] Attempts to retrieve the selection will be serviced by the text widget, returning all the characters
with the sel tag.
[3] If the selection is claimed away by another application or by another window within this application,
then the sel tag will be removed from all characters in the text.
[4] Whenever the sel tag range changes a virtual event <<Selection>> is generated.
The sel tag is automatically defined when a text widget is created, and it may not be deleted with
the ``$text->tagDelete'' method. Furthermore, the selectBackground, selectBorderWidth, and
selectForeground options for the text widget are tied to the -background, -borderwidth, and
-foreground options for the sel tag: changes in either will automatically be reflected in the other.
THE INSERTION CURSOR
The mark named insert has special significance in text widgets. It is defined automatically when a text
widget is created and it may not be unset with the ``$text->markUnset'' widget command. The insert mark
represents the position of the insertion cursor, and the insertion cursor will automatically be drawn at
this point whenever the text widget has the input focus.
THE MODIFIED FLAG
The text widget can keep track of changes to the content of the widget by means of the modified flag.
Inserting or deleting text will set this flag. The flag can be queried, set and cleared programatically
as well. Whenever the flag changes state a <<Modified>> virtual event is gener- ated. See the edit
modified widget command for more details.
WIDGET METHODS
The Text method creates a widget object. This object supports the configure and cget methods described
in Tk::options which can be used to enquire and modify the options described above. The widget also
inherits all the methods provided by the generic Tk::Widget class.
The following additional methods are available for text widgets. In addition, the extended text widget
methods as documented in "Mastering Perl/Tk" are included in this pod (with permission from the
publisher, O'Reilly and Associates Inc.).
$text->adjustSelect
Moves the end point of the selection and anchor point to the mouse pointer location.
$text->bbox(index)
Returns a list of four elements describing the screen area of the character given by index. The
first two elements of the list give the x and y coordinates of the upper-left corner of the area
occupied by the character, and the last two elements give the width and height of the area. If the
character is only partially visible on the screen, then the return value reflects just the visible
part. If the character is not visible on the screen then the return value is an empty list.
$text->clipboardColumnCopy
Performs a rectangular copy of the currently selected text with basic compensation for tab
characters.
$text->clipboardColumnCut
Performs a rectangular cut of the currently selected text with basic compensation for tab characters.
$text->clipboardColumnPaste
Performs a rectangular paste of the text in the clipboard. The upper-left corner is specified by the
current position of the insert mark with basic compensation for tab characters.
$text->compare(index1, op, index2)
Compares the indices given by index1 and index2 according to the relational operator given by op, and
returns 1 if the relationship is satisfied and 0 if it isn't. Op must be one of the operators <, <=,
==, >=, >, or !=. If op is == then 1 is returned if the two indices refer to the same character, if
op is < then 1 is returned if index1 refers to an earlier character in the text than index2, and so
on.
$text->Contents(?args?)
Query or change the entire contents of the text widget. If no arguments are given, the entire
contents of the text widget are returned. If any arguments are given, the entire contents of the text
widget are deleted and replaced by the argument list.
$text->debug(?boolean?)
If boolean is specified, then it must have one of the true or false values accepted by
Tcl_GetBoolean. If the value is a true one then internal consistency checks will be turned on in the
B-tree code associated with text widgets. If boolean has a false value then the debugging checks
will be turned off. In either case the command returns an empty string. If boolean is not specified
then the command returns on or off to indicate whether or not debugging is turned on. There is a
single debugging switch shared by all text widgets: turning debugging on or off in any widget turns
it on or off for all widgets. For widgets with large amounts of text, the consistency checks may
cause a noticeable slow-down.
$text->delete(index1, ?index2?)
Delete a range of characters from the text. If both index1 and index2 are specified, then delete all
the characters starting with the one given by index1 and stopping just before index2 (i.e. the
character at index2 is not deleted). If index2 doesn't specify a position later in the text than
index1 then no characters are deleted. If index2 isn't specified then the single character at index1
is deleted. It is not allowable to delete characters in a way that would leave the text without a
newline as the last character. The command returns an empty string. If more indices are given,
multiple ranges of text will be deleted. All indices are first checked for validity before any
deletions are made. They are sorted and the text is removed from the last range to the first range
to deleted text does not cause a undesired index shifting side-effects. If multiple ranges
with the same start index are given, then the longest range is used. If overlapping ranges are
given, then they will be merged into spans that do not cause deletion of text outside the given
ranges due to text shifted during deletion.
$text->deleteSelected
Delete the currently selected text.
$text->deleteTextTaggedWith(tag)
Delete the text tagged with the tag parameter.
$text->deleteToEndofLine
Delete from the insert mark location to the end of line.
$text->dlineinfo(index)
Returns a list with five elements describing the area occupied by the display line containing index.
The first two elements of the list give the x and y coordinates of the upper-left corner of the area
occupied by the line, the third and fourth elements give the width and height of the area, and the
fifth element gives the position of the baseline for the line, measured down from the top of the
area. All of this information is measured in pixels. If the current wrap mode is none and the line
extends beyond the boundaries of the window, the area returned reflects the entire area of the line,
including the portions that are out of the window. If the line is shorter than the full width of the
window then the area returned reflects just the portion of the line that is occupied by characters
and embedded windows. If the display line containing index is not visible on the screen then the
return value is an empty list.
$text->dump(?switches?, index1, ?index2?)
Return the contents of the text widget from index1 up to, but not including index2, including the
text and information about marks, tags, and embedded windows. If index2 is not specified, then it
defaults to one character past index1. The information is returned in the following format:
key1 value1 index1 key2 value2 index2 ...
The possible key values are text, mark, tagon, tagoff, and $text. The corresponding value is the
text, mark name, tag name, or window name. The index information is the index of the start of the
text, the mark, the tag transition, or the window. One or more of the following switches (or
abbreviations thereof) may be specified to control the dump:
-all
Return information about all elements: text, marks, tags, and windows. This is the default.
-command => callback
Instead of returning the information as the result of the dump operation, invoke the callback on
each element of the text widget within the range. The callback has three arguments appended to
it before it is evaluated: the key, value, and index.
-mark
Include information about marks in the dump results.
-tag
Include information about tag transitions in the dump results. Tag information is returned as
tagon and tagoff elements that indicate the begin and end of each range of each tag,
respectively.
-text
Include information about text in the dump results. The value is the text up to the next element
or the end of range indicated by index2. A text element does not span newlines. A multi-line
block of text that contains no marks or tag transitions will still be dumped as a set of text
seqments that each end with a newline. The newline is part of the value.
-window
Include information about embedded windows in the dump results. The value of a window is its Tk
pathname, unless the window has not been created yet. (It must have a create script.) In this case
an empty string is returned, and you must query the window by its index position to get more
information.
$text->edit( option, ?arg, arg ...? );
This command controls the undo mechanism and the modified flag. The exact behavior of the command
depends on the option argument that follows the edit argument. The following forms of the command
are currently supported:
$text->editModified( ?boolean? );
If boolean is not specified, returns the modified flag of the widget. The insert, delete, edit
undo and edit redo commands or the user can set or clear the modified flag. If boolean is
specified, sets the modified flag of the widget to boolean.
$text->editRedo;
(Not implemented, use TextUndo.) When the -undo option is true, reapplies the last undone edits
provided no other edits were done since then. Generates an error when the redo stack is empty.
Does nothing when the -undo option is false.
$text->editReset;
(Not implemented, use TextUndo.) Clears the undo and redo stacks.
$text->editSeparator;
(Not implemented, use TextUndo.) Inserts a separator (boundary) on the undo stack. Does nothing
when the -undo option is false.
$text->editUndo;
(Not implemented, use TextUndo.) Undoes the last edit action when the -undo option is true. An
edit action is defined as all the insert and delete commands that are recorded on the undo stack
in between two separators. Generates an error when the undo stack is empty. Does nothing when
the -undo option is false.
$text->FindAll(mode, case, pattern)
Removes any current selections and then performs a global text search. All matches are tagged with
the sel tag.
mode can be be -exact or -regexp. See the search command for more information
case can be -nocase or -case. See the search command for more information
pattern is an exact string to match if mode is -exact or a regular expression if the match mode is
-regexp.
$text->FindAndReplaceAll(mode, case, find, replace)
Same as the FindAll method, however additionally substitutes the matched text with the characters
replace.
$text->FindAndReplacePopUp
Creates a find-and-replace popup window if one does not already exist. If there is currently
selected text, then the 'find' field will be 'pre-filled' with the selection.
$text->FindNext(direction, mode, case, pattern)
Removes any current selections and then performs a forward or reverse text search. All matches are
tagged with the sel tag. direction can be -forwards or -backwards. mode, case and pattern are as for
the FindAll method.
$text->FindPopUp
Creates a find popup, if one does not yet exist. If there is currently selected text, then the 'find'
field will be 'pre-filled' with the selection.
$text->FindSelectionNext
Gets the currently selected text and removes all selections. It then finds the next exact, case-
sensitive string that matches in a forward direction and selects the text and makes the new selection
visible.
$text->FindSelectionPrevious
Gets the currently selected text and removes all selections. It then finds the next exact, case-
sensitive string that matches in a reverse direction and selects the text and makes the new selection
visible.
$text->get(index1, ?index2?)
Return a range of characters from the text. The return value will be all the characters in the text
starting with the one whose index is index1 and ending just before the one whose index is index2 (the
character at index2 will not be returned). If index2 is omitted then the single character at index1
is returned. If there are no characters in the specified range (e.g. index1 is past the end of the
file or index2 is less than or equal to index1) then an empty string is returned. If the specified
range contains embedded windows, no information about them is included in the returned string. If
multiple index pairs are given, multiple ranges of text will be returned in a list. Invalid ranges
will not be represented with empty strings in the list. The ranges are returned in the order passed
to get.
$text->getSelected
Return the currently selected text.
$text->GetTextTaggedWith(tag)
Return the text tagged with the tag parameter.
$text->GotoLineNumber(line_number)
Set the insert mark to line_number and ensures the line is visible.
$text->GotoLineNumberPopUp(line_number)
Displays a popup, pre-filling it with selected numeric text (if any), or the line number from
GotoLineNumber (if any).
$text->image(option, ?arg, arg, ...?)
$text->imageOption(?arg, arg, ...?)
This method is used to manipulate embedded images. The behavior of the method depends on the option
argument that follows the image prefix. The following forms of the methods are currently supported:
$text->imageCget(index, option)
Returns the value of a configuration option for an embedded image. Index identifies the
embedded image, and option specifies a particular configuration option, which must be one of
the ones listed in "EMBEDDED IMAGES".
$text->imageConfigure(index, ?option, value, ...?)
Query or modify the configuration options for an embedded image. If no option is specified,
returns a list describing all of the available options for the embedded image at index (see
Tk::options for information on the format of this list). If option is specified with no
value, then the command returns a list describing the one named option (this list will be
identical to the corresponding sublist of the value returned if no option is specified). If
one or more option-value pairs are specified, then the command modifies the given option(s)
to have the given value(s); in this case the command returns an empty string. See "EMBEDDED
IMAGES" for information on the options that are supported.
$text->imageCreate(index, ?option, value, ...?)
This command creates a new image annotation, which will appear in the text at the position
given by index. Any number of option-value pairs may be specified to configure the
annotation. Returns a unique identifier that may be used as an index to refer to this image.
See "EMBEDDED IMAGES" for information on the options that are supported, and a description of
the identifier returned.
$text->imageNames
Returns a list whose elements are the names of all image instances currently embedded in
$text.
$text->index(index)
Returns the position corresponding to index in the form line.char where line is the line number and
char is the character number. Index may have any of the forms described under "INDICES" above.
$text->insert(index, chars, ?tagList, chars, tagList, ...?)
Inserts all of the chars arguments just before the character at index. If index refers to the end of
the text (the character after the last newline) then the new text is inserted just before the last
newline instead. If there is a single chars argument and no tagList, then the new text will receive
any tags that are present on both the character before and the character after the insertion point;
if a tag is present on only one of these characters then it will not be applied to the new text. If
tagList is specified then it consists of a list of tag names; the new characters will receive all of
the tags in this list and no others, regardless of the tags present around the insertion point. If
multiple chars-tagList argument pairs are present, they produce the same effect as if a separate
insert widget command had been issued for each pair, in order. The last tagList argument may be
omitted.
$text->Insert(string)
Do NOT confuse this with the lower-case insert method. Insert string at the point of the insertion
cursor. If there is a selection in the text, and it covers the point of the insertion cursor, then it
deletes the selection before inserting.
$text->InsertKeypress(character)
Inserts character at the insert mark. If in overstrike mode, it firsts deletes the character at the
insert mark.
$text->InsertSelection
Inserts the current selection at the insert mark.
$text->insertTab
Inserts a tab (\t) character at the insert mark.
$text->mark(option, ?arg, arg, ...?)
This command is used to manipulate marks. The exact behavior of the command depends on the option
argument that follows the mark argument. The following forms of the command are currently supported:
$text->markGravity(markName, ?direction?)
If direction is not specified, returns left or right to indicate which of its adjacent
characters markName is attached to. If direction is specified, it must be left or right; the
gravity of markName is set to the given value.
$text->markNames
Returns a list whose elements are the names of all the marks that are currently set.
$text->markNext(index)
Returns the name of the next mark at or after index. If index is specified in numerical
form, then the search for the next mark begins at that index. If index is the name of a
mark, then the search for the next mark begins immediately after that mark. This can still
return a mark at the same position if there are multiple marks at the same index. These
semantics mean that the mark next operation can be used to step through all the marks in a
text widget in the same order as the mark information returned by the dump operation. If a
mark has been set to the special end index, then it appears to be after end with respect to
the mark next operation. An empty string is returned if there are no marks after index.
$text->markPrevious(index)
Returns the name of the mark at or before index. If index is specified in numerical form,
then the search for the previous mark begins with the character just before that index. If
index is the name of a mark, then the search for the next mark begins immediately before that
mark. This can still return a mark at the same position if there are multiple marks at the
same index. These semantics mean that the mark previous operation can be used to step
through all the marks in a text widget in the reverse order as the mark information returned
by the dump operation. An empty string is returned if there are no marks before index.
$text->markSet(markName, index)
Sets the mark named markName to a position just before the character at index. If markName
already exists, it is moved from its old position; if it doesn't exist, a new mark is
created. This command returns an empty string.
$text->markUnset(markName?, markName, markName, ...?)
Remove the mark corresponding to each of the markName arguments. The removed marks will not
be usable in indices and will not be returned by future calls to ``$text->markNames''. This
command returns an empty string.
$text->markExists(markname)
Returns true if markname exists - false otherwise.
$text->menu(?menu?)
If menu reference is given as an argument, then the text widget menu is adjusted to use this new
menu. If the menu argument is undef, then this command disables the current text widget menu. If the
menu argument is omitted altogether, then the current text widget menu reference is returned.
$text->openLine
Inserts a newline (\n) at the insert mark.
$text->OverstrikeMode(?boolean?)
Returns the overstrike mode if boolean is omitted or sets the overstrike mode to boolean. True means
overstrike mode is enabled.
$text->PostPopupMenu(x,y)
Creates a popup menu at the specified (x,y) pixel coordinates. The default menu has File, Edit,
Search and View menu items which cascade to sub-menus for further commands. There is an implicit
<Button-3> binding to this method that posts the menu over the cursor.
$text->ResetAnchor
Sets the selection anchor to whichever end is farthest from the index argument.
$text->scan(option, args) or
$text->scanoption(args)
This method is used to implement scanning on texts. It has two forms, depending on option:
$text->scanMark(x, y)
Records x and y and the current view in the text window, for use in conjunction with later
scanDragto method. Typically this method is associated with a mouse button press in the
widget. It returns an empty string.
$text->scanDragto(x, y)
This command computes the difference between its x and y arguments and the x and y arguments
to the last scanMark method for the widget. It then adjusts the view by 10 times the
difference in coordinates. This command is typically associated with mouse motion events in
the widget, to produce the effect of dragging the text at high speed through the window. The
return value is an empty string.
$text->search(?switches,? pattern, index, ?stopIndex?)
Searches the text in $text starting at index for a range of characters that matches pattern. If a
match is found, the index of the first character in the match is returned as result; otherwise an
empty string is returned. One or more of the following switches (or abbreviations thereof) may be
specified to control the search:
-forwards
The search will proceed forward through the text, finding the first matching range starting
at or after the position given by index. This is the default.
-backwards
The search will proceed backward through the text, finding the matching range closest to
index whose first character is before index.
-exact Use exact matching: the characters in the matching range must be identical to those in
pattern. This is the default.
-regexp Treat pattern as a regular expression and match it against the text using the rules for
regular expressions (see the regexp command for details).
-nocase Ignore case differences between the pattern and the text.
-count varName
The argument following -count gives the name of a variable; if a match is found, the number
of characters in the matching range will be stored in the variable.
-hidden Find hidden text as well. By default only displayed text is found.
-- This switch has no effect except to terminate the list of switches: the next argument will be
treated as pattern even if it starts with -.
The matching range must be entirely within a single line of text. For regular expression matching the
newlines are removed from the ends of the lines before matching: use the $ feature in regular
expressions to match the end of a line. For exact matching the newlines are retained. If stopIndex is
specified, the search stops at that index: for forward searches, no match at or after stopIndex will be
considered; for backward searches, no match earlier in the text than stopIndex will be considered. If
stopIndex is omitted, the entire text will be searched: when the beginning or end of the text is reached,
the search continues at the other end until the starting location is reached again; if stopIndex is
specified, no wrap-around will occur.
$text->see(index)
Adjusts the view in the window so that the character given by index is completely visible. If index
is already visible then the command does nothing. If index is a short distance out of view, the
command adjusts the view just enough to make index visible at the edge of the window. If index is
far out of view, then the command centers index in the window.
$text->selectAll
Selects all the text in the widget.
$text->selectLine
Selects the line with the insert mark.
$text->selectWord
Selects the word with the insert mark.
$text->SetCursor(position)
Moves the insert mark to position.
$text->tag(option, ?arg, arg, ...?)
This command is used to manipulate tags. The exact behavior of the command depends on the option
argument that follows the tag argument. The following forms of the command are currently supported:
$text->tagAdd(tagName, index1, ?index2, index1, index2, ...?)
Associate the tag tagName with all of the characters starting with index1 and ending just
before index2 (the character at index2 isn't tagged). A single command may contain any
number of index1-index2 pairs. If the last index2 is omitted then the single character at
index1 is tagged. If there are no characters in the specified range (e.g. index1 is past the
end of the file or index2 is less than or equal to index1) then the command has no effect.
$text->tagBind(tagName, ?sequence?, ?script?)
This command associates script with the tag given by tagName. Whenever the event sequence
given by sequence occurs for a character that has been tagged with tagName, the script will
be invoked. This method is similar to the bind command except that it operates on characters
in a text rather than entire widgets. See the Tk::bind documentation for complete details on
the syntax of sequence and the substitutions performed on script before invoking it. If all
arguments are specified then a new binding is created, replacing any existing binding for the
same sequence and tagName (if the first character of script is ``+'' then script augments an
existing binding rather than replacing it). In this case the return value is an empty
string. If script is omitted then the command returns the script associated with tagName and
sequence (an error occurs if there is no such binding). If both script and sequence are
omitted then the command returns a list of all the sequences for which bindings have been
defined for tagName.
The only events for which bindings may be specified are those related to the mouse and
keyboard (such as Enter, Leave, ButtonPress, Motion, and KeyPress) or virtual events. Event
bindings for a text widget use the current mark described under "MARKS" above. An Enter
event triggers for a tag when the tag first becomes present on the current character, and a
Leave event triggers for a tag when it ceases to be present on the current character. Enter
and Leave events can happen either because the current mark moved or because the character at
that position changed. Note that these events are different than Enter and Leave events for
windows. Mouse and keyboard events are directed to the current character. If a virtual
event is used in a binding, that binding can trigger only if the virtual event is defined by
an underlying mouse-related or keyboard-related event.
It is possible for the current character to have multiple tags, and for each of them to have
a binding for a particular event sequence. When this occurs, one binding is invoked for each
tag, in order from lowest-priority to highest priority. If there are multiple matching
bindings for a single tag, then the most specific binding is chosen (see the the
documentation for the bind command for details). continue and break commands within binding
scripts are processed in the same way as for bindings created with the bind command.
If bindings are created for the widget as a whole using the bind command, then those bindings
will supplement the tag bindings. The tag bindings will be invoked first, followed by
bindings for the window as a whole.
$text->tagCget(tagName, option)
This command returns the current value of the option named option associated with the tag
given by tagName. Option may have any of the values accepted by the tag configure method.
$text->tagConfigure(tagName, ?option?, ?value?, ?option, value, ...?)
This command is similar to the configure method except that it modifies options associated
with the tag given by tagName instead of modifying options for the overall text widget. If
no option is specified, the command returns a list describing all of the available options
for tagName (see Tk::options for information on the format of this list). If option is
specified with no value, then the command returns a list describing the one named option
(this list will be identical to the corresponding sublist of the value returned if no option
is specified). If one or more option-value pairs are specified, then the command modifies
the given option(s) to have the given value(s) in tagName; in this case the command returns
an empty string. See "TAGS" above for details on the options available for tags.
$text->tagDelete(tagName, ?tagName, ...?)
Deletes all tag information for each of the tagName arguments. The command removes the tags
from all characters in the file and also deletes any other information associated with the
tags, such as bindings and display information. The command returns an empty string.
$text->tagLower(tagName?, belowThis?)
Changes the priority of tag tagName so that it is just lower in priority than the tag whose
name is belowThis. If belowThis is omitted, then tagName's priority is changed to make it
lowest priority of all tags.
$text->tagNames(?index?)
Returns a list whose elements are the names of all the tags that are active at the character
position given by index. If index is omitted, then the return value will describe all of the
tags that exist for the text (this includes all tags that have been named in a ``$text->tag''
widget command but haven't been deleted by a ``$text->tagDelete'' method, even if no
characters are currently marked with the tag). The list will be sorted in order from lowest
priority to highest priority.
$text->tagNextrange(tagName, index1, ?index2?)
This command searches the text for a range of characters tagged with tagName where the first
character of the range is no earlier than the character at index1 and no later than the
character just before index2 (a range starting at index2 will not be considered). If several
matching ranges exist, the first one is chosen. The command's return value is a list
containing two elements, which are the index of the first character of the range and the
index of the character just after the last one in the range. If no matching range is found
then the return value is an empty string. If index2 is not given then it defaults to the end
of the text.
$text->tagPrevrange(tagName, index1, ?index2?)
This command searches the text for a range of characters tagged with tagName where the first
character of the range is before the character at index1 and no earlier than the character at
index2 (a range starting at index2 will be considered). If several matching ranges exist,
the one closest to index1 is chosen. The command's return value is a list containing two
elements, which are the index of the first character of the range and the index of the
character just after the last one in the range. If no matching range is found then the
return value is an empty string. If index2 is not given then it defaults to the beginning of
the text.
$text->tagRaise(tagName, ?aboveThis?)
Changes the priority of tag tagName so that it is just higher in priority than the tag whose
name is aboveThis. If aboveThis is omitted, then tagName's priority is changed to make it
highest priority of all tags.
$text->tagRanges(tagName)
Returns a list describing all of the ranges of text that have been tagged with tagName. The
first two elements of the list describe the first tagged range in the text, the next two
elements describe the second range, and so on. The first element of each pair contains the
index of the first character of the range, and the second element of the pair contains the
index of the character just after the last one in the range. If there are no characters
tagged with tag then an empty string is returned.
$text->tagRemove(tagName, index1, ?index2, index1, index2, ...?)
Remove the tag tagName from all of the characters starting at index1 and ending just before
index2 (the character at index2 isn't affected). A single command may contain any number of
index1-index2 pairs. If the last index2 is omitted then the single character at index1 is
tagged. If there are no characters in the specified range (e.g. index1 is past the end of
the file or index2 is less than or equal to index1) then the command has no effect. This
command returns an empty string.
$text->ToggleInsertMode
Toggles the current overstrike mode.
$text->unselectAll
Unselects all the text in the widget.
$text->WhatLineNumberPopup
Creates a popup that displays the current line number of the insert mark.
$text->widget(option?, arg, arg, ...?)
$text->widgetOption(?arg, arg, ...?)
This method is used to manipulate embedded windows. The behavior of the method depends on the option
argument that follows the window argument. The following forms of the method are currently
supported:
$text->windowCget(index, option)
Returns the value of a configuration option for an embedded window. Index identifies the
embedded window, and option specifies a particular configuration option, which must be one of
the ones listed in "EMBEDDED WINDOWS" above.
$text->windowConfigure(index?, option, value, ...?)
Query or modify the configuration options for an embedded window. If no option is specified,
returns a list describing all of the available options for the embedded window at index (see
Tk::options for information on the format of this list). If option is specified with no
value, then the command returns a list describing the one named option (this list will be
identical to the corresponding sublist of the value returned if no option is specified). If
one or more option-value pairs are specified, then the command modifies the given option(s)
to have the given value(s); in this case the command returns an empty string. See "EMBEDDED
WINDOWS" above for information on the options that are supported.
$text->windowCreate(index?, option, value, ...?)
This command creates a new window annotation, which will appear in the text at the position
given by index. Any number of option-value pairs may be specified to configure the
annotation. See "EMBEDDED WINDOWS" above for information on the options that are supported.
Returns an empty string.
$text->windowNames
Returns a list whose elements are the names of all windows currently embedded in $text.
$text->xview(option, args)
This command is used to query and change the horizontal position of the text in the widget's window.
It can take any of the following forms:
$text->xview
Returns a list containing two elements. Each element is a real fraction between 0 and 1;
together they describe the portion of the document's horizontal span that is visible in the
window. For example, if the first element is .2 and the second element is .6, 20% of the
text is off-screen to the left, the middle 40% is visible in the window, and 40% of the text
is off-screen to the right. The fractions refer only to the lines that are actually visible
in the window: if the lines in the window are all very short, so that they are entirely
visible, the returned fractions will be 0 and 1, even if there are other lines in the text
that are much wider than the window. These are the same values passed to scrollbars via the
-xscrollcommand option.
$text->xviewMoveto(fraction)
Adjusts the view in the window so that fraction of the horizontal span of the text is off-
screen to the left. Fraction is a fraction between 0 and 1.
$text->xviewScroll(number, what)
This command shifts the view in the window left or right according to number and what.
Number must be an integer. What must be either units or pages or an abbreviation of one of
these. If what is units, the view adjusts left or right by number average-width characters
on the display; if it is pages then the view adjusts by number screenfuls. If number is
negative then characters farther to the left become visible; if it is positive then
characters farther to the right become visible.
$text->yview(?args?)
This command is used to query and change the vertical position of the text in the widget's window.
It can take any of the following forms:
$text->yview
Returns a list containing two elements, both of which are real fractions between 0 and 1.
The first element gives the position of the first character in the top line in the window,
relative to the text as a whole (0.5 means it is halfway through the text, for example). The
second element gives the position of the character just after the last one in the bottom line
of the window, relative to the text as a whole. These are the same values passed to
scrollbars via the -yscrollcommand option.
$text->yviewMoveto(fraction)
Adjusts the view in the window so that the character given by fraction appears on the top
line of the window. Fraction is a fraction between 0 and 1; 0 indicates the first character
in the text, 0.33 indicates the character one-third the way through the text, and so on.
$text->yviewScroll(number, what)
This command adjust the view in the window up or down according to number and what. Number
must be an integer. What must be either units or pages. If what is units, the view adjusts
up or down by number lines on the display; if it is pages then the view adjusts by number
screenfuls. If number is negative then earlier positions in the text become visible; if it
is positive then later positions in the text become visible.
$text->yview(?-pickplace,? index)
Changes the view in the $text's window to make index visible. If the -pickplace option isn't
specified then index will appear at the top of the window. If -pickplace is specified then
the widget chooses where index appears in the window:
[1] If index is already visible somewhere in the window then the command does
nothing.
[2] If index is only a few lines off-screen above the window then it will be
positioned at the top of the window.
[3] If index is only a few lines off-screen below the window then it will be
positioned at the bottom of the window.
[4] Otherwise, index will be centered in the window.
The -pickplace option has been obsoleted by the see widget command (see handles both x- and y-motion to
make a location visible, whereas -pickplace only handles motion in y).
$text->yview(number)
This command makes the first character on the line after the one given by number visible at the top
of the window. Number must be an integer. This command used to be used for scrolling, but now it is
obsolete.
BINDINGS
Tk automatically creates class bindings for texts that give them the following default behavior. In the
descriptions below, ``word'' refers to a contiguous group of letters, digits, or ``_'' characters, or any
single character other than these.
[1] Clicking mouse button 1 positions the insertion cursor just before the character underneath the mouse
cursor, sets the input focus to this widget, and clears any selection in the widget. Dragging with
mouse button 1 strokes out a selection between the insertion cursor and the character under the
mouse.
[2] Double-clicking with mouse button 1 selects the word under the mouse and positions the insertion
cursor at the beginning of the word. Dragging after a double click will stroke out a selection
consisting of whole words.
[3] Triple-clicking with mouse button 1 selects the line under the mouse and positions the insertion
cursor at the beginning of the line. Dragging after a triple click will stroke out a selection
consisting of whole lines.
[4] The ends of the selection can be adjusted by dragging with mouse button 1 while the Shift key is
down; this will adjust the end of the selection that was nearest to the mouse cursor when button 1
was pressed. If the button is double-clicked before dragging then the selection will be adjusted in
units of whole words; if it is triple-clicked then the selection will be adjusted in units of whole
lines.
[5] Clicking mouse button 1 with the Control key down will reposition the insertion cursor without
affecting the selection.
[6] If any normal printing characters are typed, they are inserted at the point of the insertion cursor.
[7] The view in the widget can be adjusted by dragging with mouse button 2. If mouse button 2 is clicked
without moving the mouse, the selection is copied into the text at the position of the mouse cursor.
The Insert key also inserts the selection, but at the position of the insertion cursor.
[8] If the mouse is dragged out of the widget while button 1 is pressed, the entry will automatically
scroll to make more text visible (if there is more text off-screen on the side where the mouse left
the window).
[9] The Left and Right keys move the insertion cursor one character to the left or right; they also
clear any selection in the text. If Left or Right is typed with the Shift key down, then the
insertion cursor moves and the selection is extended to include the new character. Control-Left and
Control-Right move the insertion cursor by words, and Control-Shift-Left and Control-Shift-Right move
the insertion cursor by words and also extend the selection. Control-b and Control-f behave the same
as Left and Right, respectively. Meta-b and Meta-f behave the same as Control-Left and Control-
Right, respectively.
[10]
The Up and Down keys move the insertion cursor one line up or down and clear any selection in the
text. If Up or Right is typed with the Shift key down, then the insertion cursor moves and the
selection is extended to include the new character. Control-Up and Control-Down move the insertion
cursor by paragraphs (groups of lines separated by blank lines), and Control-Shift-Up and Control-
Shift-Down move the insertion cursor by paragraphs and also extend the selection. Control-p and
Control-n behave the same as Up and Down, respectively.
[11]
The Next and Prior keys move the insertion cursor forward or backwards by one screenful and clear any
selection in the text. If the Shift key is held down while Next or Prior is typed, then the
selection is extended to include the new character. Control-v moves the view down one screenful
without moving the insertion cursor or adjusting the selection.
[12]
Control-Next and Control-Prior scroll the view right or left by one page without moving the insertion
cursor or affecting the selection.
[13]
Home and Control-a move the insertion cursor to the beginning of its line and clear any selection in
the widget. Shift-Home moves the insertion cursor to the beginning of the line and also extends the
selection to that point.
[14]
End and Control-e move the insertion cursor to the end of the line and clear any selection in the
widget. Shift-End moves the cursor to the end of the line and extends the selection to that point.
[15]
Control-Home and Meta-< move the insertion cursor to the beginning of the text and clear any
selection in the widget. Control-Shift-Home moves the insertion cursor to the beginning of the text
and also extends the selection to that point.
[16]
Control-End and Meta-> move the insertion cursor to the end of the text and clear any selection in
the widget. Control-Shift-End moves the cursor to the end of the text and extends the selection to
that point.
[17]
The Select key and Control-Space set the selection anchor to the position of the insertion cursor.
They don't affect the current selection. Shift-Select and Control-Shift-Space adjust the selection
to the current position of the insertion cursor, selecting from the anchor to the insertion cursor if
there was not any selection previously.
[18]
Control-/ selects the entire contents of the widget.
[19]
Control-\ clears any selection in the widget.
[20]
The F16 key (labelled Copy on many Sun workstations) or Meta-w copies the selection in the widget to
the clipboard, if there is a selection.
[21]
The F20 key (labelled Cut on many Sun workstations) or Control-w copies the selection in the widget
to the clipboard and deletes the selection. If there is no selection in the widget then these keys
have no effect.
[22]
The F18 key (labelled Paste on many Sun workstations) or Control-y inserts the contents of the
clipboard at the position of the insertion cursor.
[23]
The Delete key deletes the selection, if there is one in the widget. If there is no selection, it
deletes the character to the right of the insertion cursor.
[24]
Backspace and Control-h delete the selection, if there is one in the widget. If there is no
selection, they delete the character to the left of the insertion cursor.
[25]
Control-d deletes the character to the right of the insertion cursor.
[26]
Meta-d deletes the word to the right of the insertion cursor.
[27]
Control-k deletes from the insertion cursor to the end of its line; if the insertion cursor is
already at the end of a line, then Control-k deletes the newline character.
[28]
Control-o opens a new line by inserting a newline character in front of the insertion cursor without
moving the insertion cursor.
[29]
Meta-backspace and Meta-Delete delete the word to the left of the insertion cursor.
[30]
Control-x deletes whatever is selected in the text widget.
[31]
Control-t reverses the order of the two characters to the right of the insertion cursor.
[32]
Control-z (and Control-underscore on UNIX when tk_strictMotif is true) undoes the last edit action
if the -undo option is true. Does nothing otherwise.
[33]
Control-Z (or Control-y on Windows) reapplies the last undone edit action if the -undo option is
true. Does nothing otherwise.
If the widget is disabled using the -state option, then its view can still be adjusted and text can still
be selected, but no insertion cursor will be displayed and no text modifications will take place.
The behavior of texts can be changed by defining new bindings for individual widgets or by redefining the
class bindings.
TIED INTERFACE
The Perl/Tk Text widget also has built-in TIEHANDLE methods for print and printf statements. This means
you can print to file handles tied to a Text widget, and the tied methods automatically insert the print
statement's arguments into the Text widget.
For example:
#!/usr/local/bin/perl -w
use POSIX 'acos';
use Tk;
use strict;
my $mw = MainWindow->new;
my $text = $mw->Text(qw/-width 40 -height 10/)->pack;
tie *STDOUT, ref $text, $text;
print "Hello Text World!\n";
printf "pi ~= %1.5f", acos(-1.0);
MainLoop;
To tie a scrolled Text widget, use the Subwidget method to get to the "real" widget:
my $text = $mw->Scrolled('Text')->pack;
tie *STDOUT, 'Tk::Text', $text->Subwidget('scrolled');
PERFORMANCE ISSUES
Text widgets should run efficiently under a variety of conditions. The text widget uses about 2-3 bytes
of main memory for each byte of text, so texts containing a megabyte or more should be practical on most
workstations. Text is represented internally with a modified B-tree structure that makes operations
relatively efficient even with large texts. Tags are included in the B-tree structure in a way that
allows tags to span large ranges or have many disjoint smaller ranges without loss of efficiency. Marks
are also implemented in a way that allows large numbers of marks. In most cases it is fine to have large
numbers of unique tags, or a tag that has many distinct ranges.
One performance problem can arise if you have hundreds or thousands of different tags that all have the
following characteristics: the first and last ranges of each tag are near the beginning and end of the
text, respectively, or a single tag range covers most of the text widget. The cost of adding and
deleting tags like this is proportional to the number of other tags with the same properties. In
contrast, there is no problem with having thousands of distinct tags if their overall ranges are
localized and spread uniformly throughout the text.
Very long text lines can be expensive, especially if they have many marks and tags within them.
The display line with the insert cursor is redrawn each time the cursor blinks, which causes a steady
stream of graphics traffic. Set the -insertofftime option to 0 avoid this.
SEE ALSO
Tk::ROText Tk::TextUndo
KEYWORDS
text, widget