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NAME
link, linkat — link one file to another file
SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h> int link(const char *path1, const char *path2); #include <fcntl.h> int linkat(int fd1, const char *path1, int fd2, const char *path2, int flag);
DESCRIPTION
The link() function shall create a new link (directory entry) for the existing file, path1.
The path1 argument points to a pathname naming an existing file. The path2 argument points to a pathname
naming the new directory entry to be created. The link() function shall atomically create a new link for
the existing file and the link count of the file shall be incremented by one.
If path1 names a directory, link() shall fail unless the process has appropriate privileges and the
implementation supports using link() on directories.
If path1 names a symbolic link, it is implementation-defined whether link() follows the symbolic link, or
creates a new link to the symbolic link itself.
Upon successful completion, link() shall mark for update the last file status change timestamp of the
file. Also, the last data modification and last file status change timestamps of the directory that
contains the new entry shall be marked for update.
If link() fails, no link shall be created and the link count of the file shall remain unchanged.
The implementation may require that the calling process has permission to access the existing file.
The linkat() function shall be equivalent to the link() function except that symbolic links shall be
handled as specified by the value of flag (see below) and except in the case where either path1 or path2
or both are relative paths. In this case a relative path path1 is interpreted relative to the directory
associated with the file descriptor fd1 instead of the current working directory and similarly for path2
and the file descriptor fd2. If the access mode of the open file description associated with the file
descriptor is not O_SEARCH, the function shall check whether directory searches are permitted using the
current permissions of the directory underlying the file descriptor. If the access mode is O_SEARCH, the
function shall not perform the check.
Values for flag are constructed by a bitwise-inclusive OR of flags from the following list, defined in
<fcntl.h>:
AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW
If path1 names a symbolic link, a new link for the target of the symbolic link is created.
If linkat() is passed the special value AT_FDCWD in the fd1 or fd2 parameter, the current working
directory shall be used for the respective path argument. If both fd1 and fd2 have value AT_FDCWD, the
behavior shall be identical to a call to link(), except that symbolic links shall be handled as specified
by the value of flag.
If the AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW flag is clear in the flag argument and the path1 argument names a symbolic link,
a new link is created for the symbolic link path1 and not its target.
RETURN VALUE
Upon successful completion, these functions shall return 0. Otherwise, these functions shall return -1
and set errno to indicate the error.
ERRORS
These functions shall fail if:
EACCES A component of either path prefix denies search permission, or the requested link requires writing
in a directory that denies write permission, or the calling process does not have permission to
access the existing file and this is required by the implementation.
EEXIST The path2 argument resolves to an existing directory entry or refers to a symbolic link.
ELOOP A loop exists in symbolic links encountered during resolution of the path1 or path2 argument.
EMLINK The number of links to the file named by path1 would exceed {LINK_MAX}.
ENAMETOOLONG
The length of a component of a pathname is longer than {NAME_MAX}.
ENOENT A component of either path prefix does not exist; the file named by path1 does not exist; or path1
or path2 points to an empty string.
ENOENT or ENOTDIR
The path1 argument names an existing non-directory file, and the path2 argument contains at least
one non-<slash> character and ends with one or more trailing <slash> characters. If path2 without
the trailing <slash> characters would name an existing file, an [ENOENT] error shall not occur.
ENOSPC The directory to contain the link cannot be extended.
ENOTDIR
A component of either path prefix names an existing file that is neither a directory nor a
symbolic link to a directory, or the path1 argument contains at least one non-<slash> character
and ends with one or more trailing <slash> characters and the last pathname component names an
existing file that is neither a directory nor a symbolic link to a directory, or the path1
argument names an existing non-directory file and the path2 argument names a nonexistent file,
contains at least one non-<slash> character, and ends with one or more trailing <slash>
characters.
EPERM The file named by path1 is a directory and either the calling process does not have appropriate
privileges or the implementation prohibits using link() on directories.
EROFS The requested link requires writing in a directory on a read-only file system.
EXDEV The link named by path2 and the file named by path1 are on different file systems and the
implementation does not support links between file systems.
EXDEV path1 refers to a named STREAM.
The linkat() function shall fail if:
EACCES The access mode of the open file description associated with fd1 or fd2 is not O_SEARCH and the
permissions of the directory underlying fd1 or fd2, respectively, do not permit directory
searches.
EBADF The path1 or path2 argument does not specify an absolute path and the fd1 or fd2 argument,
respectively, is neither AT_FDCWD nor a valid file descriptor open for reading or searching.
ENOTDIR
The path1 or path2 argument is not an absolute path and fd1 or fd2, respectively, is a file
descriptor associated with a non-directory file.
These functions may fail if:
ELOOP More than {SYMLOOP_MAX} symbolic links were encountered during resolution of the path1 or path2
argument.
ENAMETOOLONG
The length of a pathname exceeds {PATH_MAX}, or pathname resolution of a symbolic link produced an
intermediate result with a length that exceeds {PATH_MAX}.
The linkat() function may fail if:
EINVAL The value of the flag argument is not valid.
The following sections are informative.
EXAMPLES
Creating a Link to a File
The following example shows how to create a link to a file named /home/cnd/mod1 by creating a new
directory entry named /modules/pass1.
#include <unistd.h>
char *path1 = "/home/cnd/mod1";
char *path2 = "/modules/pass1";
int status;
...
status = link (path1, path2);
Creating a Link to a File Within a Program
In the following program example, the link() function links the /etc/passwd file (defined as PASSWDFILE)
to a file named /etc/opasswd (defined as SAVEFILE), which is used to save the current password file.
Then, after removing the current password file (defined as PASSWDFILE), the new password file is saved as
the current password file using the link() function again.
#include <unistd.h>
#define LOCKFILE "/etc/ptmp"
#define PASSWDFILE "/etc/passwd"
#define SAVEFILE "/etc/opasswd"
...
/* Save current password file */
link (PASSWDFILE, SAVEFILE);
/* Remove current password file. */
unlink (PASSWDFILE);
/* Save new password file as current password file. */
link (LOCKFILE,PASSWDFILE);
APPLICATION USAGE
Some implementations do allow links between file systems.
If path1 refers to a symbolic link, application developers should use linkat() with appropriate flags to
select whether or not the symbolic link should be resolved.
RATIONALE
Linking to a directory is restricted to the superuser in most historical implementations because this
capability may produce loops in the file hierarchy or otherwise corrupt the file system. This volume of
POSIX.1‐2017 continues that philosophy by prohibiting link() and unlink() from doing this. Other
functions could do it if the implementor designed such an extension.
Some historical implementations allow linking of files on different file systems. Wording was added to
explicitly allow this optional behavior.
The exception for cross-file system links is intended to apply only to links that are programmatically
indistinguishable from ``hard'' links.
The purpose of the linkat() function is to link files in directories other than the current working
directory without exposure to race conditions. Any part of the path of a file could be changed in
parallel to a call to link(), resulting in unspecified behavior. By opening a file descriptor for the
directory of both the existing file and the target location and using the linkat() function it can be
guaranteed that the both filenames are in the desired directories.
The AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW flag allows for implementing both common behaviors of the link() function. The
POSIX specification requires that if path1 is a symbolic link, a new link for the target of the symbolic
link is created. Many systems by default or as an alternative provide a mechanism to avoid the implicit
symbolic link lookup and create a new link for the symbolic link itself.
Earlier versions of this standard specified only the link() function, and required it to behave like
linkat() with the AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW flag. However, historical practice from SVR4 and Linux kernels had
link() behaving like linkat() with no flags, and many systems that attempted to provide a conforming
link() function did so in a way that was rarely used, and when it was used did not conform to the
standard (e.g., by not being atomic, or by dereferencing the symbolic link incorrectly). Since
applications could not rely on link() following links in practice, the linkat() function was added taking
a flag to specify the desired behavior for the application.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
None.
SEE ALSO
rename(), symlink(), unlink()
The Base Definitions volume of POSIX.1‐2017, <fcntl.h>, <unistd.h>
COPYRIGHT
Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in electronic form from IEEE Std 1003.1-2017, Standard
for Information Technology -- Portable Operating System Interface (POSIX), The Open Group Base
Specifications Issue 7, 2018 Edition, Copyright (C) 2018 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, Inc and The Open Group. In the event of any discrepancy between this version and the original
IEEE and The Open Group Standard, the original IEEE and The Open Group Standard is the referee document.
The original Standard can be obtained online at http://www.opengroup.org/unix/online.html .
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