Provided by: systemd_256.5-2ubuntu3_amd64 
NAME
file-hierarchy - File system hierarchy overview
DESCRIPTION
Operating systems using the systemd(1) system and service manager are organized based on a
file system hierarchy inspired by UNIX, more specifically the hierarchy described in the
File System Hierarchy[1] specification and hier(7), with various extensions, partially
documented in the XDG Base Directory Specification[2] and XDG User Directories[3]. This
manual page describes a more generalized, though minimal and modernized subset of these
specifications that defines more strictly the suggestions and restrictions systemd makes
on the file system hierarchy.
Many of the paths described here can be queried with the systemd-path(1) tool.
GENERAL STRUCTURE
/
The file system root. Usually writable, but this is not required. Possibly a temporary
file system ("tmpfs"). Not shared with other hosts (unless read-only).
/boot/
The boot partition used for bringing up the system. On EFI systems, this is possibly
the EFI System Partition (ESP), also see systemd-gpt-auto-generator(8). This directory
is usually strictly local to the host, and should be considered read-only, except when
a new kernel or boot loader is installed. This directory only exists on systems that
run on physical or emulated hardware that requires boot loaders.
/efi/
If the boot partition /boot/ is maintained separately from the EFI System Partition
(ESP), the latter is mounted here. Tools that need to operate on the EFI system
partition should look for it at this mount point first, and fall back to /boot/ — if
the former doesn't qualify (for example if it is not a mount point or does not have
the correct file system type MSDOS_SUPER_MAGIC).
/etc/
System-specific configuration. This directory may or may not be read-only. Frequently,
this directory is pre-populated with vendor-supplied configuration files, but
applications should not make assumptions about this directory being fully populated or
populated at all, and should fall back to defaults if configuration is missing.
/home/
The location for normal user's home directories. Possibly shared with other systems,
and never read-only. This directory should only be used for normal users, never for
system users. This directory and possibly the directories contained within it might
only become available or writable in late boot or even only after user authentication.
This directory might be placed on limited-functionality network file systems, hence
applications should not assume the full set of file API is available on this
directory. Applications should generally not reference this directory directly, but
via the per-user $HOME environment variable, or via the home directory field of the
user database.
/root/
The home directory of the root user. The root user's home directory is located outside
of /home/ in order to make sure the root user may log in even without /home/ being
available and mounted.
/srv/
The place to store general server payload, managed by the administrator. No
restrictions are made how this directory is organized internally. Generally writable,
and possibly shared among systems. This directory might become available or writable
only very late during boot.
/tmp/
The place for small temporary files. This directory is usually mounted as a "tmpfs"
instance, and should hence not be used for larger files. (Use /var/tmp/ for larger
files.) This directory is usually flushed at boot-up. Also, files that are not
accessed within a certain time may be automatically deleted.
If applications find the environment variable $TMPDIR set, they should use the
directory specified in it instead of /tmp/ (see environ(7) and IEEE Std 1003.1[4] for
details).
Since /tmp/ is accessible to other users of the system, it is essential that files and
subdirectories under this directory are only created with mkstemp(3), mkdtemp(3), and
similar calls. For more details, see Using /tmp/ and /var/tmp/ Safely[5].
RUNTIME DATA
/run/
A "tmpfs" file system for system packages to place runtime data, socket files, and
similar. This directory is flushed on boot, and generally writable for privileged
programs only. Always writable.
/run/log/
Runtime system logs. System components may place private logs in this directory.
Always writable, even when /var/log/ might not be accessible yet.
/run/user/
Contains per-user runtime directories, each usually individually mounted "tmpfs"
instances. Always writable, flushed at each reboot and when the user logs out. User
code should not reference this directory directly, but via the $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
environment variable, as documented in the XDG Base Directory Specification[2].
VENDOR-SUPPLIED OPERATING SYSTEM RESOURCES
/usr/
Vendor-supplied operating system resources. Usually read-only, but this is not
required. Possibly shared between multiple hosts. This directory should not be
modified by the administrator, except when installing or removing vendor-supplied
packages.
/usr/bin/
Binaries and executables for user commands that shall appear in the $PATH search path.
It is recommended not to place binaries in this directory that are not useful for
invocation from a shell (such as daemon binaries); these should be placed in a
subdirectory of /usr/lib/ instead.
/usr/include/
C and C++ API header files of system libraries.
/usr/lib/
Static, private vendor data that is compatible with all architectures (though not
necessarily architecture-independent). Note that this includes internal executables or
other binaries that are not regularly invoked from a shell. Such binaries may be for
any architecture supported by the system. Do not place public libraries in this
directory, use $libdir (see below), instead.
/usr/lib/arch-id/
Location for placing dynamic libraries into, also called $libdir. The architecture
identifier to use is defined on Multiarch Architecture Specifiers (Tuples)[6] list.
Legacy locations of $libdir are /usr/lib/, /usr/lib64/. This directory should not be
used for package-specific data, unless this data is architecture-dependent, too. To
query $libdir for the primary architecture of the system, invoke:
# systemd-path
system-library-arch
/usr/share/
Resources shared between multiple packages, such as documentation, man pages, time
zone information, fonts and other resources. Usually, the precise location and format
of files stored below this directory is subject to specifications that ensure
interoperability.
Note that resources placed in this directory typically are under shared ownership,
i.e. multiple different packages have provide and consume these resources, on equal
footing, without any obvious primary owner. This makes makes things systematically
different from /usr/lib/, where ownership is generally not shared.
/usr/share/doc/
Documentation for the operating system or system packages.
/usr/share/factory/etc/
Repository for vendor-supplied default configuration files. This directory should be
populated with pristine vendor versions of all configuration files that may be placed
in /etc/. This is useful to compare the local configuration of a system with vendor
defaults and to populate the local configuration with defaults.
/usr/share/factory/var/
Similar to /usr/share/factory/etc/, but for vendor versions of files in the variable,
persistent data directory /var/.
PERSISTENT VARIABLE SYSTEM DATA
/var/
Persistent, variable system data. Writable during normal system operation. This
directory might be pre-populated with vendor-supplied data, but applications should be
able to reconstruct necessary files and directories in this subhierarchy should they
be missing, as the system might start up without this directory being populated.
Persistency is recommended, but optional, to support ephemeral systems. This directory
might become available or writable only very late during boot. Components that are
required to operate during early boot hence shall not unconditionally rely on this
directory.
/var/cache/
Persistent system cache data. System components may place non-essential data in this
directory. Flushing this directory should have no effect on operation of programs,
except for increased runtimes necessary to rebuild these caches.
/var/lib/
Persistent system data. System components may place private data in this directory.
/var/log/
Persistent system logs. System components may place private logs in this directory,
though it is recommended to do most logging via the syslog(3) and sd_journal_print(3)
calls.
/var/spool/
Persistent system spool data, such as printer or mail queues.
/var/tmp/
The place for larger and persistent temporary files. In contrast to /tmp/, this
directory is usually mounted from a persistent physical file system and can thus
accept larger files. (Use /tmp/ for small ephemeral files.) This directory is
generally not flushed at boot-up, but time-based cleanup of files that have not been
accessed for a certain time is applied.
If applications find the environment variable $TMPDIR set, they should use the
directory specified in it instead of /var/tmp/ (see environ(7) for details).
The same security restrictions as with /tmp/ apply: mkstemp(3), mkdtemp(3), and
similar calls should be used. For further details about this directory, see Using
/tmp/ and /var/tmp/ Safely[5].
VIRTUAL KERNEL AND API FILE SYSTEMS
/dev/
The root directory for device nodes. Usually, this directory is mounted as a
"devtmpfs" instance, but might be of a different type in sandboxed/containerized
setups. This directory is managed jointly by the kernel and systemd-udevd(8), and
should not be written to by other components. A number of special purpose virtual file
systems might be mounted below this directory.
/dev/shm/
Place for POSIX shared memory segments, as created via shm_open(3). This directory is
flushed on boot, and is a "tmpfs" file system. Since all users have write access to
this directory, special care should be taken to avoid name clashes and
vulnerabilities. For normal users, shared memory segments in this directory are
usually deleted when the user logs out. Usually, it is a better idea to use memory
mapped files in /run/ (for system programs) or $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR (for user programs)
instead of POSIX shared memory segments, since these directories are not
world-writable and hence not vulnerable to security-sensitive name clashes.
/proc/
A virtual kernel file system exposing the process list and other functionality. This
file system is mostly an API to interface with the kernel and not a place where normal
files may be stored. For details, see proc(5). A number of special purpose virtual
file systems might be mounted below this directory.
/proc/sys/
A hierarchy below /proc/ that exposes a number of kernel tunables. The primary way to
configure the settings in this API file tree is via sysctl.d(5) files. In
sandboxed/containerized setups, this directory is generally mounted read-only.
/sys/
A virtual kernel file system exposing discovered devices and other functionality. This
file system is mostly an API to interface with the kernel and not a place where normal
files may be stored. In sandboxed/containerized setups, this directory is generally
mounted read-only. A number of special purpose virtual file systems might be mounted
below this directory.
/sys/fs/cgroup/
A virtual kernel file system exposing process control groups (cgroups). This file
system is an API to interface with the kernel and not a place where normal files may
be stored. On current systems running in the default "unified" mode, this directory
serves as the mount point for the "cgroup2" filesystem, which provides a unified
cgroup hierarchy for all resource controllers. On systems with non-default
configurations, this directory may instead be a tmpfs filesystem containing mount
points for various "cgroup" (v1) resource controllers; in such configurations, if
"cgroup2" is mounted it will be mounted on /sys/fs/cgroup/unified/, but cgroup2 will
not have resource controllers attached. In sandboxed/containerized setups, this
directory may either not exist or may include a subset of functionality.
COMPATIBILITY SYMLINKS
/bin/, /sbin/, /usr/sbin/
These compatibility symlinks point to /usr/bin/, ensuring that scripts and binaries
referencing these legacy paths correctly find their binaries.
/lib/
This compatibility symlink points to /usr/lib/, ensuring that programs referencing
this legacy path correctly find their resources.
/lib64/
On some architecture ABIs, this compatibility symlink points to $libdir, ensuring that
binaries referencing this legacy path correctly find their dynamic loader. This
symlink only exists on architectures whose ABI places the dynamic loader in this path.
/var/run/
This compatibility symlink points to /run/, ensuring that programs referencing this
legacy path correctly find their runtime data.
HOME DIRECTORY
User applications may want to place files and directories in the user's home directory.
They should follow the following basic structure. Note that some of these directories are
also standardized (though more weakly) by the XDG Base Directory Specification[2].
Additional locations for high-level user resources are defined by xdg-user-dirs[3].
~/.cache/
Persistent user cache data. User programs may place non-essential data in this
directory. Flushing this directory should have no effect on operation of programs,
except for increased runtimes necessary to rebuild these caches. If an application
finds $XDG_CACHE_HOME set, it should use the directory specified in it instead of this
directory.
~/.config/
Application configuration. When a new user is created, this directory will be empty or
not exist at all. Applications should fall back to defaults should their configuration
in this directory be missing. If an application finds $XDG_CONFIG_HOME set, it should
use the directory specified in it instead of this directory.
~/.local/bin/
Executables that shall appear in the user's $PATH search path. It is recommended not
to place executables in this directory that are not useful for invocation from a
shell; these should be placed in a subdirectory of ~/.local/lib/ instead. Care should
be taken when placing architecture-dependent binaries in this place, which might be
problematic if the home directory is shared between multiple hosts with different
architectures.
~/.local/lib/
Static, private vendor data that is compatible with all architectures.
~/.local/lib/arch-id/
Location for placing public dynamic libraries. The architecture identifier to use is
defined on Multiarch Architecture Specifiers (Tuples)[6] list.
~/.local/share/
Resources shared between multiple packages, such as fonts or artwork. Usually, the
precise location and format of files stored below this directory is subject to
specifications that ensure interoperability. If an application finds $XDG_DATA_HOME
set, it should use the directory specified in it instead of this directory.
~/.local/state/
Application state. When a new user is created, this directory will be empty or not
exist at all. Applications should fall back to defaults should their state in this
directory be missing. If an application finds $XDG_STATE_HOME set, it should use the
directory specified in it instead of this directory.
WRITE ACCESS
Unprivileged Write Access
Unprivileged processes generally lack write access to most of the hierarchy.
The exceptions for normal users are /tmp/, /var/tmp/, /dev/shm/, as well as the home
directory $HOME (usually found below /home/) and the runtime directory $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR
(found below /run/user/) of the user, which are all writable.
For unprivileged system processes, only /tmp/, /var/tmp/ and /dev/shm/ are writable. If an
unprivileged system process needs a private writable directory in /var/ or /run/, it is
recommended to either create it before dropping privileges in the daemon code, to create
it via tmpfiles.d(5) fragments during boot, or via the StateDirectory= and
RuntimeDirectory= directives of service units (see systemd.unit(5) for details).
/tmp/, /var/tmp/ and /dev/shm/ should be mounted nosuid and nodev, which means that
set-user-id mode and character or block special devices are not interpreted on those file
systems. In general it is not possible to mount them noexec, because various programs use
those directories for dynamically generated or optimized code, and with that flag those
use cases would break. Using this flag is OK on special-purpose installations or systems
where all software that may be installed is known and doesn't require such functionality.
See the discussion of nosuid/nodev/noexec in mount(8) and PROT_EXEC in mmap(2).
Lack of Write Access on Read-Only Systems and during System Recovery
As noted above, some systems operate with the /usr and /etc hierarchies mounted read-only,
possibly only allowing write access during package upgrades. Other part of the hierarchy
are generally mounted read-write (in particular /var and /var/tmp), but may be read-only
when the kernel remounts the file system read-only in response to errors, or when the
system is booted read-only for recovery purposes. To the extent reasonable, applications
should be prepared to execute without write access, so that for example, failure to save
non-essential data to /var/cache/ or failure to create a custom log file under /var/log
does not prevent the application from running.
The /run/ directory is available since the earliest boot and is always writable. It should
be used for any runtime data and sockets, so that write access to e.g. /etc or /var is
not needed.
NODE TYPES
Unix file systems support different types of file nodes, including regular files,
directories, symlinks, character and block device nodes, sockets and FIFOs.
It is strongly recommended that /dev/ is the only location below which device nodes shall
be placed. Similarly, /run/ shall be the only location to place sockets and FIFOs. Regular
files, directories and symlinks may be used in all directories.
SYSTEM PACKAGES
Developers of system packages should follow strict rules when placing their files in the
file system. The following table lists recommended locations for specific types of files
supplied by the vendor.
Table 1. System package vendor files locations
┌──────────────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────┐
│Directory │ Purpose │
├──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/usr/bin/ │ Package executables that shall │
│ │ appear in the $PATH executable │
│ │ search path, compiled for any of │
│ │ the supported architectures │
│ │ compatible with the operating │
│ │ system. It is not recommended to │
│ │ place internal binaries or │
│ │ binaries that are not commonly │
│ │ invoked from the shell in this │
│ │ directory, such as daemon │
│ │ binaries. As this directory is │
│ │ shared with most other packages │
│ │ of the system, special care │
│ │ should be taken to pick unique │
│ │ names for files placed here, │
│ │ that are unlikely to clash with │
│ │ other package's files. │
├──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/usr/lib/arch-id/ │ Public shared libraries of the │
│ │ package. As above, be careful │
│ │ with using too generic names, │
│ │ and pick unique names for your │
│ │ libraries to place here to avoid │
│ │ name clashes. │
├──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/usr/lib/package/ │ Private static vendor resources │
│ │ of the package, including │
│ │ private binaries and libraries, │
│ │ or any other kind of read-only │
│ │ vendor data. │
├──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/usr/lib/arch-id/package/ │ Private other vendor resources │
│ │ of the package that are │
│ │ architecture-specific and cannot │
│ │ be shared between architectures. │
│ │ Note that this generally does │
│ │ not include private executables │
│ │ since binaries of a specific │
│ │ architecture may be freely │
│ │ invoked from any other supported │
│ │ system architecture. │
├──────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/usr/include/package/ │ Public C/C++ APIs of public │
│ │ shared libraries of the package. │
└──────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘
Additional static vendor files with shared ownership may be installed in the /usr/share/
hierarchy to the locations defined by the various relevant specifications.
The following directories shall be used by the package for local configuration and files
created during runtime:
Table 2. System package variable files locations
┌────────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────┐
│Directory │ Purpose │
├────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/etc/package/ │ System-specific configuration │
│ │ for the package. It is │
│ │ recommended to default to safe │
│ │ fallbacks if this configuration │
│ │ is missing, if this is possible. │
│ │ Alternatively, a tmpfiles.d(5) │
│ │ fragment may be used to copy or │
│ │ symlink the necessary files and │
│ │ directories from │
│ │ /usr/share/factory/ during boot, │
│ │ via the "L" or "C" directives. │
├────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/run/package/ │ Runtime data for the package. │
│ │ Packages must be able to create │
│ │ the necessary subdirectories in │
│ │ this tree on their own, since │
│ │ the directory is flushed │
│ │ automatically on boot. │
│ │ Alternatively, a tmpfiles.d(5) │
│ │ fragment may be used to create │
│ │ the necessary directories during │
│ │ boot, or the RuntimeDirectory= │
│ │ directive of service units may │
│ │ be used to create them at │
│ │ service startup (see │
│ │ systemd.unit(5) for details). │
├────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/run/log/package/ │ Runtime log data for the │
│ │ package. As above, the package │
│ │ needs to make sure to create │
│ │ this directory if necessary, as │
│ │ it will be flushed on every │
│ │ boot. │
├────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/var/cache/package/ │ Persistent cache data of the │
│ │ package. If this directory is │
│ │ flushed, the application should │
│ │ work correctly on next │
│ │ invocation, though possibly │
│ │ slowed down due to the need to │
│ │ rebuild any local cache files. │
│ │ The application must be capable │
│ │ of recreating this directory │
│ │ should it be missing and │
│ │ necessary. To create an empty │
│ │ directory, a tmpfiles.d(5) │
│ │ fragment or the CacheDirectory= │
│ │ directive of service units (see │
│ │ systemd.unit(5)) may be used. │
├────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/var/lib/package/ │ Persistent private data of the │
│ │ package. This is the primary │
│ │ place to put persistent data │
│ │ that does not fall into the │
│ │ other categories listed. │
│ │ Packages should be able to │
│ │ create the necessary │
│ │ subdirectories in this tree on │
│ │ their own, since the directory │
│ │ might be missing on boot. To │
│ │ create an empty directory, a │
│ │ tmpfiles.d(5) fragment or the │
│ │ StateDirectory= directive of │
│ │ service units (see │
│ │ systemd.unit(5)) may be used. │
├────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/var/log/package/ │ Persistent log data of the │
│ │ package. As above, the package │
│ │ should make sure to create this │
│ │ directory if necessary, possibly │
│ │ using tmpfiles.d(5) or │
│ │ LogsDirectory= (see │
│ │ systemd.exec(5)), as it might be │
│ │ missing. │
├────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│/var/spool/package/ │ Persistent spool/queue data of │
│ │ the package. As above, the │
│ │ package should make sure to │
│ │ create this directory if │
│ │ necessary, as it might be │
│ │ missing. │
└────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘
USER PACKAGES
Programs running in user context should follow strict rules when placing their own files
in the user's home directory. The following table lists recommended locations in the home
directory for specific types of files supplied by the vendor if the application is
installed in the home directory. (User applications installed system-wide are covered by
the rules outlined above for vendor files.)
Table 3. Vendor package file locations under the home directory of the user
┌──────────────────────────────┬──────────────────────────────────┐
│Directory │ Purpose │
├──────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│~/.local/bin/ │ Package executables that shall │
│ │ appear in the $PATH executable │
│ │ search path. It is not │
│ │ recommended to place internal │
│ │ executables or executables that │
│ │ are not commonly invoked from │
│ │ the shell in this directory, │
│ │ such as daemon executables. As │
│ │ this directory is shared with │
│ │ most other packages of the user, │
│ │ special care should be taken to │
│ │ pick unique names for files │
│ │ placed here, that are unlikely │
│ │ to clash with other package's │
│ │ files. │
├──────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│~/.local/lib/arch-id/ │ Public shared libraries of the │
│ │ package. As above, be careful │
│ │ with using overly generic names, │
│ │ and pick unique names for your │
│ │ libraries to place here to avoid │
│ │ name clashes. │
├──────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│~/.local/lib/package/ │ Private, static vendor resources │
│ │ of the package, compatible with │
│ │ any architecture, or any other │
│ │ kind of read-only vendor data. │
├──────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│~/.local/lib/arch-id/package/ │ Private other vendor resources │
│ │ of the package that are │
│ │ architecture-specific and cannot │
│ │ be shared between architectures. │
└──────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘
Additional static vendor files with shared ownership may be installed in the
~/.local/share/ hierarchy, mirroring the subdirectories specified in the section
"Vendor-supplied operating system resources" above.
The following directories shall be used by the package for per-user local configuration
and files created during runtime:
Table 4. User package variable file locations
┌──────────────────────────┬─────────────────────────────────┐
│Directory │ Purpose │
├──────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────┤
│~/.config/package/ │ User-specific configuration for │
│ │ the package. It is required to │
│ │ default to safe fallbacks if │
│ │ this configuration is missing. │
├──────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────┤
│$XDG_RUNTIME_DIR/package/ │ User runtime data for the │
│ │ package. │
├──────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────┤
│~/.cache/package/ │ Persistent cache data of the │
│ │ package. If this directory is │
│ │ flushed, the application should │
│ │ work correctly on next │
│ │ invocation, though possibly │
│ │ slowed down due to the need to │
│ │ rebuild any local cache files. │
│ │ The application must be capable │
│ │ of recreating this directory │
│ │ should it be missing and │
│ │ necessary. │
├──────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────────────┤
│~/.local/state/package/ │ Persistent state data of the │
│ │ package. │
└──────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────┘
SEE ALSO
systemd(1), hier(7), systemd-path(1), systemd-gpt-auto-generator(8), sysctl.d(5),
tmpfiles.d(5), pkg-config(1), systemd.unit(5)
NOTES
1. File System Hierarchy
http://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/FHS_3.0/fhs-3.0.html
2. XDG Base Directory Specification
https://standards.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/basedir-spec-latest.html
3. XDG User Directories
https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/xdg-user-dirs
4. IEEE Std 1003.1
http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/basedefs/V1_chap08.html#tag_08_03
5. Using /tmp/ and /var/tmp/ Safely
https://systemd.io/TEMPORARY_DIRECTORIES
6. Multiarch Architecture Specifiers (Tuples)
https://wiki.debian.org/Multiarch/Tuples