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NAME

       time_namespaces - overview of Linux time namespaces

DESCRIPTION

       Time namespaces virtualize the values of two system clocks:

       •  CLOCK_MONOTONIC   (and  likewise  CLOCK_MONOTONIC_COARSE  and  CLOCK_MONOTONIC_RAW),  a
          nonsettable clock that represents monotonic time  since—as described   by   POSIX—"some
          unspecified  point in the past".

       •  CLOCK_BOOTTIME  (and  likewise  CLOCK_BOOTTIME_ALARM),  a  nonsettable  clock  that  is
          identical to CLOCK_MONOTONIC, except that it also includes any time that the system  is
          suspended.

       Thus, the processes in a time namespace share per-namespace values for these clocks.  This
       affects various APIs that  measure  against  these  clocks,  including:  clock_gettime(2),
       clock_nanosleep(2), nanosleep(2), timer_settime(2), timerfd_settime(2), and /proc/uptime.

       Currently,  the  only  way  to  create  a time namespace is by calling unshare(2) with the
       CLONE_NEWTIME flag.  This call creates a new time namespace but does not place the calling
       process  in  the  new  namespace.   Instead,  the  calling  process's subsequently created
       children are placed in the new namespace.  This allows clock offsets (see below)  for  the
       new  namespace  to  be  set  before  the  first  process  is placed in the namespace.  The
       /proc/pid/ns/time_for_children symbolic  link  shows  the  time  namespace  in  which  the
       children  of  a  process  will be created.  (A process can use a file descriptor opened on
       this symbolic link in a call to setns(2) in order to move into the namespace.)

   /proc/pid/timens_offsets
       Associated with each time namespace are offsets, expressed with  respect  to  the  initial
       time  namespace,  that  define  the  values  of the monotonic and boot-time clocks in that
       namespace.  These offsets are exposed via the file /proc/pid/timens_offsets.  Within  this
       file, the offsets are expressed as lines consisting of three space-delimited fields:

           <clock-id> <offset-secs> <offset-nanosecs>

       The  clock-id  is  a string that identifies the clock whose offsets are being shown.  This
       field is either monotonic, for CLOCK_MONOTONIC,  or  boottime,  for  CLOCK_BOOTTIME.   The
       remaining  fields express the offset (seconds plus nanoseconds) for the clock in this time
       namespace.  These offsets are expressed relative to the clock values in the  initial  time
       namespace.   The  offset-secs  value can be negative, subject to restrictions noted below;
       offset-nanosecs is an unsigned value.

       In the initial time namespace, the contents of the timens_offsets file are as follows:

           $ cat /proc/self/timens_offsets
           monotonic           0         0
           boottime            0         0

       In a new time namespace that has had  no  member  processes,  the  clock  offsets  can  be
       modified  by  writing  newline-terminated  records  of the same form to the timens_offsets
       file.  The file can be written to multiple times, but after the  first  process  has  been
       created  in  or  has  entered  the  namespace,  write(2)s on this file fail with the error
       EACCES.  In  order  to  write  to  the  timens_offsets  file,  a  process  must  have  the
       CAP_SYS_TIME capability in the user namespace that owns the time namespace.

       Writes to the timens_offsets file can fail with the following errors:

       EINVAL An offset-nanosecs value is greater than 999,999,999.

       EINVAL A clock-id value is not valid.

       EPERM  The caller does not have the CAP_SYS_TIME capability.

       ERANGE An offset-secs value is out of range.  In particular;

              •  offset-secs  can't  be  set  to a value which would make the current time on the
                 corresponding clock inside the namespace a negative value; and

              •  offset-secs can't be set to a value such that  the  time  on  the  corresponding
                 clock inside the namespace would exceed half of the value of the kernel constant
                 KTIME_SEC_MAX (this limits the clock value to a  maximum  of  approximately  146
                 years).

       In a new time namespace created by unshare(2), the contents of the timens_offsets file are
       inherited from the time namespace of the creating process.

NOTES

       Use of time namespaces requires a  kernel  that  is  configured  with  the  CONFIG_TIME_NS
       option.

       Note  that  time namespaces do not virtualize the CLOCK_REALTIME clock.  Virtualization of
       this clock was avoided for reasons of complexity and overhead within the kernel.

       For compatibility with  the  initial  implementation,  when  writing  a  clock-id  to  the
       /proc/pid/timens_offsets  file,  the numerical values of the IDs can be written instead of
       the symbolic names show above; i.e., 1 instead of monotonic, and 7  instead  of  boottime.
       For readability, the use of the symbolic names over the numbers is preferred.

       The  motivation for adding time namespaces was to allow the monotonic and boot-time clocks
       to maintain consistent values during container migration and checkpoint/restore.

EXAMPLES

       The following shell session demonstrates the operation of time namespaces.   We  begin  by
       displaying  the  inode  number  of  the  time  namespace  of  a  shell in the initial time
       namespace:

           $ readlink /proc/$$/ns/time
           time:[4026531834]

       Continuing in the initial time namespace, we display the system uptime using uptime(1) and
       use  the  clock_times  example  program  shown in clock_getres(2) to display the values of
       various clocks:

           $ uptime --pretty
           up 21 hours, 17 minutes
           $ ./clock_times
           CLOCK_REALTIME : 1585989401.971 (18356 days +  8h 36m 41s)
           CLOCK_TAI      : 1585989438.972 (18356 days +  8h 37m 18s)
           CLOCK_MONOTONIC:      56338.247 (15h 38m 58s)
           CLOCK_BOOTTIME :      76633.544 (21h 17m 13s)

       We then use unshare(1) to create a time namespace and execute a bash(1) shell.   From  the
       new  shell,  we  use the built-in echo command to write records to the timens_offsets file
       adjusting the offset for the CLOCK_MONOTONIC clock forward 2 days and the offset  for  the
       CLOCK_BOOTTIME clock forward 7 days:

           $ PS1="ns2# " sudo unshare -T -- bash --norc
           ns2# echo "monotonic $((2*24*60*60)) 0" > /proc/$$/timens_offsets
           ns2# echo "boottime  $((7*24*60*60)) 0" > /proc/$$/timens_offsets

       Above,  we  started  the  bash(1) shell with the --norc option so that no start-up scripts
       were executed.  This ensures that no child processes are created from the shell before  we
       have a chance to update the timens_offsets file.

       We  then  use cat(1) to display the contents of the timens_offsets file.  The execution of
       cat(1) creates the first process in the new time namespace, after which  further  attempts
       to update the timens_offsets file produce an error.

           ns2# cat /proc/$$/timens_offsets
           monotonic      172800         0
           boottime       604800         0
           ns2# echo "boottime $((9*24*60*60)) 0" > /proc/$$/timens_offsets
           bash: echo: write error: Permission denied

       Continuing in the new namespace, we execute uptime(1) and the clock_times example program:

           ns2# uptime --pretty
           up 1 week, 21 hours, 18 minutes
           ns2# ./clock_times
           CLOCK_REALTIME : 1585989457.056 (18356 days +  8h 37m 37s)
           CLOCK_TAI      : 1585989494.057 (18356 days +  8h 38m 14s)
           CLOCK_MONOTONIC:     229193.332 (2 days + 15h 39m 53s)
           CLOCK_BOOTTIME :     681488.629 (7 days + 21h 18m  8s)

       From  the  above output, we can see that the monotonic and boot-time clocks have different
       values in the new time namespace.

       Examining the /proc/pid/ns/time and /proc/pid/ns/time_for_children symbolic links, we  see
       that  the shell is a member of the initial time namespace, but its children are created in
       the new namespace.

           ns2# readlink /proc/$$/ns/time
           time:[4026531834]
           ns2# readlink /proc/$$/ns/time_for_children
           time:[4026532900]
           ns2# readlink /proc/self/ns/time   # Creates a child process
           time:[4026532900]

       Returning to the shell in the initial time namespace, we see that the monotonic and  boot-
       time  clocks are unaffected by the timens_offsets changes that were made in the other time
       namespace:

           $ uptime --pretty
           up 21 hours, 19 minutes
           $ ./clock_times
           CLOCK_REALTIME : 1585989401.971 (18356 days +  8h 38m 51s)
           CLOCK_TAI      : 1585989438.972 (18356 days +  8h 39m 28s)
           CLOCK_MONOTONIC:      56338.247 (15h 41m  8s)
           CLOCK_BOOTTIME :      76633.544 (21h 19m 23s)

SEE ALSO

       nsenter(1), unshare(1), clock_settime(2), setns(2), unshare(2), namespaces(7), time(7)