Ubuntu Manpage: podman-pod-create

Provided by: podman_5.0.3+ds1-5ubuntu1_amd64

NAME

       podman-pod-create - Create a new pod

SYNOPSIS

       podman pod create [options] [name]

DESCRIPTION

       Creates  an  empty pod, or unit of multiple containers, and prepares it to have containers
       added to it. The pod can be created with a specific name. If a name is not given a  random
       name  is  generated. The pod ID is printed to STDOUT. You can then use podman create --pod
       <pod_id|pod_name> ... to add containers to the pod, and podman pod start <pod_id|pod_name>
       to start the pod.

       The    operator   can   identify   a   pod   in   three   ways:   UUID   long   identifier
       (“f78375b1c487e03c9438c729345e54db9d20cfa2ac1fc3494b6eb60872e74778”) UUID short identifier
       (“f78375b1c487”) Name (“jonah”)

       podman  generates a UUID for each pod, and if a name is not assigned to the container with
       --name then a random string name is generated for it. This name is useful  to  identify  a
       pod.

       Note:  resource  limit  related  flags  work by setting the limits explicitly in the pod's
       cgroup parent for all containers joining the pod. A container can  override  the  resource
       limits  when  joining  a  pod.   For  example,  if a pod was created via podman pod create
       --cpus=5, specifying podman container create --pod=<pod_id|pod_name> --cpus=4  causes  the
       container  to use the smaller limit. Also, containers which specify their own cgroup, such
       as --cgroupns=host, do NOT get the assigned pod level cgroup resources.

OPTIONS

--add-host=host:ip
Add a custom host-to-IP mapping (host:ip)

Add a line to /etc/hosts. The format is hostname:ip. The --add-host option can be set
multiple times. Conflicts with the --no-hosts option.

The /etc/hosts file is shared between all containers in the pod.

--blkio-weight=weight
Block IO relative weight. The weight is a value between 10 and 1000.

This option is not supported on cgroups V1 rootless systems.

--blkio-weight-device=device:weight
Block IO relative device weight.

--cgroup-parent=path
Path to cgroups under which the cgroup for the pod is created. If the path is not
absolute, the path is considered to be relative to the cgroups path of the init process.
Cgroups are created if they do not already exist.

--cpu-shares, -c=shares
CPU shares (relative weight).

By default, all containers get the same proportion of CPU cycles. This proportion can be
modified by changing the container's CPU share weighting relative to the combined weight
of all the running containers. Default weight is 1024.

The proportion only applies when CPU-intensive processes are running. When tasks in one
container are idle, other containers can use the left-over CPU time. The actual amount of
CPU time varies depending on the number of containers running on the system.

For example, consider three containers, one has a cpu-share of 1024 and two others have a
cpu-share setting of 512. When processes in all three containers attempt to use 100% of
CPU, the first container receives 50% of the total CPU time. If a fourth container is
added with a cpu-share of 1024, the first container only gets 33% of the CPU. The
remaining containers receive 16.5%, 16.5% and 33% of the CPU.

On a multi-core system, the shares of CPU time are distributed over all CPU cores. Even if
a container is limited to less than 100% of CPU time, it can use 100% of each individual
CPU core.

For example, consider a system with more than three cores. If the container C0 is started
with --cpu-shares=512 running one process, and another container C1 with --cpu-shares=1024
running two processes, this can result in the following division of CPU shares:

┌────┬───────────┬─────┬──────────────┐
│PID │ container │ CPU │ CPU share │
├────┼───────────┼─────┼──────────────┤
│100 │ C0 │ 0 │ 100% of CPU0 │
├────┼───────────┼─────┼──────────────┤
│101 │ C1 │ 1 │ 100% of CPU1 │
├────┼───────────┼─────┼──────────────┤
│102 │ C1 │ 2 │ 100% of CPU2 │
└────┴───────────┴─────┴──────────────┘

On some systems, changing the resource limits may not be allowed for non-root users. For
more details, see
https://github.com/containers/podman/blob/main/troubleshooting.md#26-running-containers-
with-resource-limits-fails-with-a-permissions-error

This option is not supported on cgroups V1 rootless systems.

--cpus=amount
Set the total number of CPUs delegated to the pod. Default is 0.000 which indicates that
there is no limit on computation power.

--cpuset-cpus=number
CPUs in which to allow execution. Can be specified as a comma-separated list (e.g. 0,1),
as a range (e.g. 0-3), or any combination thereof (e.g. 0-3,7,11-15).

This option is not supported on cgroups V1 rootless systems.

--cpuset-mems=nodes
Memory nodes (MEMs) in which to allow execution (0-3, 0,1). Only effective on NUMA
systems.

If there are four memory nodes on the system (0-3), use --cpuset-mems=0,1 then processes
in the container only uses memory from the first two memory nodes.

This option is not supported on cgroups V1 rootless systems.

--device=host-device[:container-device][:permissions]
Add a host device to the pod. Optional permissions parameter can be used to specify device
permissions by combining r for read, w for write, and m for mknod(2).

Example: --device=/dev/sdc:/dev/xvdc:rwm.

Note: if host-device is a symbolic link then it is resolved first. The pod only stores
the major and minor numbers of the host device.

Podman may load kernel modules required for using the specified device. The devices that
Podman loads modules for when necessary are: /dev/fuse.

In rootless mode, the new device is bind mounted in the container from the host rather
than Podman creating it within the container space. Because the bind mount retains its
SELinux label on SELinux systems, the container can get permission denied when accessing
the mounted device. Modify SELinux settings to allow containers to use all device labels
via the following command:

$ sudo setsebool -P container_use_devices=true

Note: the pod implements devices by storing the initial configuration passed by the user
and recreating the device on each container added to the pod.

--device-read-bps=path:rate
Limit read rate (in bytes per second) from a device (e.g. --device-read-bps=/dev/sda:1mb).

This option is not supported on cgroups V1 rootless systems.

--device-write-bps=path:rate
Limit write rate (in bytes per second) to a device (e.g. --device-write-bps=/dev/sda:1mb).

This option is not supported on cgroups V1 rootless systems.

--dns=ipaddr
Set custom DNS servers in the /etc/resolv.conf file that is shared between all containers
in the pod. A special option, "none" is allowed which disables creation of
/etc/resolv.conf for the pod.

--dns-option=option
Set custom DNS options in the /etc/resolv.conf file that is shared between all containers
in the pod.

--dns-search=domain
Set custom DNS search domains in the /etc/resolv.conf file that is shared between all
containers in the pod.

--exit-policy=continue | stop
Set the exit policy of the pod when the last container exits. Supported policies are:

┌────────────┬──────────────────────────────────┐
│Exit Policy │ Description │
├────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│continue │ The pod continues running, by │
│ │ keeping its infra container │
│ │ alive, when the last container │
│ │ exits. Used by default. │
├────────────┼──────────────────────────────────┤
│stop │ The pod (including its infra │
│ │ container) is stopped when the │
│ │ last container exits. Used in │
│ │ kube play. │
└────────────┴──────────────────────────────────┘

--gidmap=pod_gid:host_gid:amount
GID map for the user namespace. Using this flag runs all containers in the pod with user
namespace enabled. It conflicts with the --userns and --subgidname flags.

--gpus=ENTRY
GPU devices to add to the container ('all' to pass all GPUs) Currently only Nvidia devices
are supported.

--help, -h
Print usage statement.

--hostname=name
Set a hostname to the pod.

--infra
Create an infra container and associate it with the pod. An infra container is a
lightweight container used to coordinate the shared kernel namespace of a pod. Default:
true.

--infra-command=command
The command that is run to start the infra container. Default: "/pause".

--infra-conmon-pidfile=file
Write the pid of the infra container's conmon process to a file. As conmon runs in a
separate process than Podman, this is necessary when using systemd to manage Podman
containers and pods.

--infra-image=image
The custom image that is used for the infra container. Unless specified, Podman builds a
custom local image which does not require pulling down an image.

--infra-name=name
The name that is used for the pod's infra container.

--ip=ipv4
Specify a static IPv4 address for the pod, for example 10.88.64.128. This option can only
be used if the pod is joined to only a single network - i.e., --network=network-name is
used at most once - and if the pod is not joining another container's network namespace
via --network=container:id. The address must be within the network's IP address pool
(default 10.88.0.0/16).

To specify multiple static IP addresses per pod, set multiple networks using the --network
option with a static IP address specified for each using the ip mode for that option.

--ip6=ipv6
Specify a static IPv6 address for the pod, for example fd46:db93:aa76:ac37::10. This
option can only be used if the pod is joined to only a single network - i.e.,
--network=network-name is used at most once - and if the pod is not joining another
container's network namespace via --network=container:id. The address must be within the
network's IPv6 address pool.

To specify multiple static IPv6 addresses per pod, set multiple networks using the
--network option with a static IPv6 address specified for each using the ip6 mode for that
option.

--label, -l=key=value
Add metadata to a pod.

--label-file=file
Read in a line-delimited file of labels.

--mac-address=address
Pod network interface MAC address (e.g. 92:d0:c6:0a:29:33) This option can only be used if
the pod is joined to only a single network - i.e., --network=network-name is used at most
once - and if the pod is not joining another container's network namespace via
--network=container:id.

Remember that the MAC address in an Ethernet network must be unique. The IPv6 link-local
address is based on the device's MAC address according to RFC4862.

To specify multiple static MAC addresses per pod, set multiple networks using the
--network option with a static MAC address specified for each using the mac mode for that
option.

--memory, -m=number[unit]
Memory limit. A unit can be b (bytes), k (kibibytes), m (mebibytes), or g (gibibytes).

Allows the memory available to a container to be constrained. If the host supports swap
memory, then the -m memory setting can be larger than physical RAM. If a limit of 0 is
specified (not using -m), the container's memory is not limited. The actual limit may be
rounded up to a multiple of the operating system's page size (the value is very large,
that's millions of trillions).

This option is not supported on cgroups V1 rootless systems.

--memory-swap=number[unit]
A limit value equal to memory plus swap. A unit can be b (bytes), k (kibibytes), m
(mebibytes), or g (gibibytes).

Must be used with the -m (--memory) flag. The argument value must be larger than that of
-m (--memory) By default, it is set to double the value of --memory.

Set number to -1 to enable unlimited swap.

This option is not supported on cgroups V1 rootless systems.

--name, -n=name
Assign a name to the pod.

--network=mode, --net
Set the network mode for the pod.

Valid mode values are:

• bridge[:OPTIONS,...]: Create a network stack on the default bridge. This is the
default for rootful containers. It is possible to specify these additional
options:

• alias=name: Add network-scoped alias for the container.

• ip=IPv4: Specify a static ipv4 address for this container.

• ip=IPv6: Specify a static ipv6 address for this container.

• mac=MAC: Specify a static mac address for this container.

• interface_name: Specify a name for the created network interface inside the
container.

For example, to set a static ipv4 address and a static mac address, use --network
bridge:ip=10.88.0.10,mac=44:33:22:11:00:99.

• <network name or ID>[:OPTIONS,...]: Connect to a user-defined network; this is
the network name or ID from a network created by podman network create. Using the
network name implies the bridge network mode. It is possible to specify the same
options described under the bridge mode above. Use the --network option multiple
times to specify additional networks.

For backwards compatibility it is also possible to specify comma-separated networks on the
first --network argument, however this prevents you from using the options described under
the bridge section above. - none: Create a network namespace for the container but do not
configure network interfaces for it, thus the container has no network connectivity. -
container:id: Reuse another container's network stack. - host: Do not create a network
namespace, the container uses the host's network. Note: The host mode gives the container
full access to local system services such as D-bus and is therefore considered insecure.
- ns:path: Path to a network namespace to join. - private: Create a new namespace for the
container. This uses the bridge mode for rootful containers and slirp4netns for rootless
ones. - slirp4netns[:OPTIONS,...]: use slirp4netns(1) to create a user network stack.
This is the default for rootless containers. It is possible to specify these additional
options, they can also be set with network_cmd_options in containers.conf:
- allow_host_loopback=true|false: Allow slirp4netns to reach the host loopback IP
(default is 10.0.2.2 or the second IP from slirp4netns cidr subnet when changed, see the
cidr option below). The default is false.
- mtu=MTU: Specify the MTU to use for this network. (Default is 65520).
- cidr=CIDR: Specify ip range to use for this network. (Default is 10.0.2.0/24).
- enable_ipv6=true|false: Enable IPv6. Default is true. (Required for outbound_addr6).
- outbound_addr=INTERFACE: Specify the outbound interface slirp binds to (ipv4 traffic
only).
- outbound_addr=IPv4: Specify the outbound ipv4 address slirp binds to.
- outbound_addr6=INTERFACE: Specify the outbound interface slirp binds to (ipv6 traffic
only).
- outbound_addr6=IPv6: Specify the outbound ipv6 address slirp binds to.
- port_handler=rootlesskit: Use rootlesskit for port forwarding. Default.
Note: Rootlesskit changes the source IP address of incoming packets to an IP address in
the container network namespace, usually 10.0.2.100. If the application requires the real
source IP address, e.g. web server logs, use the slirp4netns port handler. The rootlesskit
port handler is also used for rootless containers when connected to user-defined networks.
- port_handler=slirp4netns: Use the slirp4netns port forwarding, it is slower than
rootlesskit but preserves the correct source IP address. This port handler cannot be used
for user-defined networks.

• pasta[:OPTIONS,...]: use pasta(1) to create a user-mode networking stack.
This is only supported in rootless mode.
By default, IPv4 and IPv6 addresses and routes, as well as the pod interface
name, are copied from the host. If port forwarding isn't configured, ports are
forwarded dynamically as services are bound on either side (init namespace or
container namespace). Port forwarding preserves the original source IP address.
Options described in pasta(1) can be specified as comma-separated arguments.
In terms of pasta(1) options, --config-net is given by default, in order to
configure networking when the container is started, and --no-map-gw is also
assumed by default, to avoid direct access from container to host using the
gateway address. The latter can be overridden by passing --map-gw in the pasta-
specific options (despite not being an actual pasta(1) option).
Also, -t none and -u none are passed if, respectively, no TCP or UDP port
forwarding from host to container is configured, to disable automatic port
forwarding based on bound ports. Similarly, -T none and -U none are given to
disable the same functionality from container to host.
Some examples:

• pasta:--map-gw: Allow the container to directly reach the host using the
gateway address.

• pasta:--mtu,1500: Specify a 1500 bytes MTU for the tap interface in the
container.

• pasta:--ipv4-only,-a,10.0.2.0,-n,24,-g,10.0.2.2,--dns-
forward,10.0.2.3,-m,1500,--no-ndp,--no-dhcpv6,--no-dhcp, equivalent to default
slirp4netns(1) options: disable IPv6, assign 10.0.2.0/24 to the tap0 interface
in the container, with gateway 10.0.2.3, enable DNS forwarder reachable at
10.0.2.3, set MTU to 1500 bytes, disable NDP, DHCPv6 and DHCP support.

• pasta:-I,tap0,--ipv4-only,-a,10.0.2.0,-n,24,-g,10.0.2.2,--dns-
forward,10.0.2.3,--no-ndp,--no-dhcpv6,--no-dhcp, equivalent to default
slirp4netns(1) options with Podman overrides: same as above, but leave the MTU
to 65520 bytes

• pasta:-t,auto,-u,auto,-T,auto,-U,auto: enable automatic port forwarding based
on observed bound ports from both host and container sides

• pasta:-T,5201: enable forwarding of TCP port 5201 from container to host, using
the loopback interface instead of the tap interface for improved performance

Invalid if using --dns, --dns-option, or --dns-search with --network set to none or
container:id.

--network-alias=alias
Add a network-scoped alias for the pod, setting the alias for all networks that the
container joins. To set a name only for a specific network, use the alias option as
described under the --network option. If the network has DNS enabled (podman network
inspect -f {{.DNSEnabled}} <name>), these aliases can be used for name resolution on the
given network. This option can be specified multiple times. NOTE: When using CNI a pod
only has access to aliases on the first network that it joins. This limitation does not
exist with netavark/aardvark-dns.

--no-hosts
Do not create /etc/hosts for the pod. By default, Podman manages /etc/hosts, adding the
container's own IP address and any hosts from --add-host. --no-hosts disables this, and
the image's /etc/hosts is preserved unmodified.

This option conflicts with --add-host.

--pid=pid
Set the PID mode for the pod. The default is to create a private PID namespace for the
pod. Requires the PID namespace to be shared via --share.

host: use the host’s PID namespace for the pod
ns: join the specified PID namespace
private: create a new namespace for the pod (default)

--pod-id-file=path
Write the pod ID to the file.

--publish, -p=[[ip:][hostPort]:]containerPort[/protocol]
Publish a container's port, or range of ports, within this pod to the host.

Both hostPort and containerPort can be specified as a range of ports. When specifying
ranges for both, the number of container ports in the range must match the number of host
ports in the range.

If host IP is set to 0.0.0.0 or not set at all, the port is bound on all IPs on the host.

By default, Podman publishes TCP ports. To publish a UDP port instead, give udp as
protocol. To publish both TCP and UDP ports, set --publish twice, with tcp, and udp as
protocols respectively. Rootful containers can also publish ports using the sctp protocol.

Host port does not have to be specified (e.g. podman run -p 127.0.0.1::80). If it is not,
the container port is randomly assigned a port on the host.

Use podman port to see the actual mapping: podman port $CONTAINER $CONTAINERPORT.

Note that the network drivers macvlan and ipvlan do not support port forwarding, it will
have no effect on these networks.

Note: You must not publish ports of containers in the pod individually, but only by the
pod itself.

Note: This cannot be modified once the pod is created.

--replace
If another pod with the same name already exists, replace and remove it. The default is
false.

--restart=policy
Restart policy to follow when containers exit. Restart policy does not take effect if a
container is stopped via the podman kill or podman stop commands.

Valid policy values are:

• no : Do not restart containers on exit

• never : Synonym for no; do not restart containers on exit

• on-failure[:max_retries] : Restart containers when they exit with a non-zero exit
code, retrying indefinitely or until the optional max_retries count is hit

• always : Restart containers when they exit, regardless of
status, retrying indefinitely

• unless-stopped : Identical to always

Podman provides a systemd unit file, podman-restart.service, which restarts containers
after a system reboot.

When running containers in systemd services, use the restart functionality provided by
systemd. In other words, do not use this option in a container unit, instead set the
Restart= systemd directive in the [Service] section. See podman-systemd.unit(5) and
systemd.service(5).

Default restart policy for all the containers in a pod.

--security-opt=option
Security Options

• apparmor=unconfined : Turn off apparmor confinement for the pod

• apparmor=alternate-profile : Set the apparmor confinement profile for the pod

• label=user:USER: Set the label user for the pod processes

• label=role:ROLE: Set the label role for the pod processes

• label=type:TYPE: Set the label process type for the pod processes

• label=level:LEVEL: Set the label level for the pod processes

• label=filetype:TYPE: Set the label file type for the pod files

• label=disable: Turn off label separation for the pod

Note: Labeling can be disabled for all pods/containers by setting label=false in the
containers.conf (/etc/containers/containers.conf or
$HOME/.config/containers/containers.conf) file.

• label=nested: Allows SELinux modifications within the container. Containers are
allowed to modify SELinux labels on files and processes, as long as SELinux
policy allows. Without nested, containers view SELinux as disabled, even when it
is enabled on the host. Containers are prevented from setting any labels.

• mask=/path/1:/path/2: The paths to mask separated by a colon. A masked path
cannot be accessed inside the containers within the pod.

• no-new-privileges: Disable container processes from gaining additional
privileges.

• seccomp=unconfined: Turn off seccomp confinement for the pod.

• seccomp=profile.json: JSON file to be used as a seccomp filter. Note that the
io.podman.annotations.seccomp annotation is set with the specified value as shown
in podman inspect.

• proc-opts=OPTIONS : Comma-separated list of options to use for the /proc mount.
More details for the possible mount options are specified in the proc(5) man
page.

• unmask=ALL or /path/1:/path/2, or shell expanded paths (/proc/*): Paths to unmask
separated by a colon. If set to ALL, it unmasks all the paths that are masked or
made read-only by default. The default masked paths are /proc/acpi, /proc/kcore,
/proc/keys, /proc/latency_stats, /proc/sched_debug, /proc/scsi, /proc/timer_list,
/proc/timer_stats, /sys/firmware, and /sys/fs/selinux,
/sys/devices/virtual/powercap. The default paths that are read-only are
/proc/asound, /proc/bus, /proc/fs, /proc/irq, /proc/sys, /proc/sysrq-trigger,
/sys/fs/cgroup.

Note: Labeling can be disabled for all containers by setting label=false in the
containers.conf(5) file.

--share=namespace
A comma-separated list of kernel namespaces to share. If none or "" is specified, no
namespaces are shared, and the infra container is not created unless explicitly specified
via --infra=true. The namespaces to choose from are cgroup, ipc, net, pid, uts. If the
option is prefixed with a "+", the namespace is appended to the default list. Otherwise,
it replaces the default list. Defaults match Kubernetes default (ipc, net, uts)

--share-parent
This boolean determines whether or not all containers entering the pod use the pod as
their cgroup parent. The default value of this option is true. Use the --share option to
share the cgroup namespace rather than a cgroup parent in a pod.

Note: This option conflicts with the --share=cgroup option since that option sets the pod
as the cgroup parent but enters the container into the same cgroupNS as the infra
container.

--shm-size=number[unit]
Size of /dev/shm. A unit can be b (bytes), k (kibibytes), m (mebibytes), or g (gibibytes).
If the unit is omitted, the system uses bytes. If the size is omitted, the default is 64m.
When size is 0, there is no limit on the amount of memory used for IPC by the pod. This
option conflicts with --ipc=host.

--shm-size-systemd=number[unit]
Size of systemd-specific tmpfs mounts such as /run, /run/lock, /var/log/journal and /tmp.
A unit can be b (bytes), k (kibibytes), m (mebibytes), or g (gibibytes). If the unit is
omitted, the system uses bytes. If the size is omitted, the default is 64m. When size is
0, the usage is limited to 50% of the host's available memory.

--subgidname=name
Run the container in a new user namespace using the map with name in the /etc/subgid file.
If running rootless, the user needs to have the right to use the mapping. See subgid(5).
This flag conflicts with --userns and --gidmap.

--subuidname=name
Run the container in a new user namespace using the map with name in the /etc/subuid file.
If running rootless, the user needs to have the right to use the mapping. See subuid(5).
This flag conflicts with --userns and --uidmap.

--sysctl=name=value
Configure namespaced kernel parameters for all containers in the pod.

For the IPC namespace, the following sysctls are allowed:

• kernel.msgmax

• kernel.msgmnb

• kernel.msgmni

• kernel.sem

• kernel.shmall

• kernel.shmmax

• kernel.shmmni

• kernel.shm_rmid_forced

• Sysctls beginning with fs.mqueue.*

Note: if the ipc namespace is not shared within the pod, the above sysctls are not
allowed.

For the network namespace, only sysctls beginning with net.* are allowed.

Note: if the network namespace is not shared within the pod, the above sysctls are not
allowed.

--uidmap=container_uid:from_uid:amount
Run all containers in the pod in a new user namespace using the supplied mapping. This
option conflicts with the --userns and --subuidname options. This option provides a way to
map host UIDs to container UIDs. It can be passed several times to map different ranges.

--userns=mode
Set the user namespace mode for all the containers in a pod. It defaults to the
PODMAN_USERNS environment variable. An empty value ("") means user namespaces are
disabled.

Rootless user --userns=Key mappings:

┌────────┬───────────┬──────────────────────────┐
│Key │ Host User │ Container User │
├────────┼───────────┼──────────────────────────┤
│"" │ $UID │ 0 (Default User account │
│ │ │ mapped to root user in │
│ │ │ container.) │
├────────┼───────────┼──────────────────────────┤
│host │ $UID │ 0 (Default User account │
│ │ │ mapped to root user in │
│ │ │ container.) │
├────────┼───────────┼──────────────────────────┤
│keep-id │ $UID │ $UID (Map user account │
│ │ │ to same UID within │
│ │ │ container.) │
├────────┼───────────┼──────────────────────────┤
│auto │ $UID │ nil (Host User UID is │
│ │ │ not mapped into │
│ │ │ container.) │
├────────┼───────────┼──────────────────────────┤
│nomap │ $UID │ nil (Host User UID is │
│ │ │ not mapped into │
│ │ │ container.) │
└────────┴───────────┴──────────────────────────┘

Valid mode values are:

• auto[:OPTIONS,...]: automatically create a namespace. It is possible to specify
these options to auto:

• gidmapping=CONTAINER_GID:HOST_GID:SIZE to force a GID mapping to be present in
the user namespace.

• size=SIZE: to specify an explicit size for the automatic user namespace. e.g.
--userns=auto:size=8192. If size is not specified, auto estimates the size for
the user namespace.

• uidmapping=CONTAINER_UID:HOST_UID:SIZE to force a UID mapping to be present in
the user namespace.

• host: run in the user namespace of the caller. The processes running in the
container have the same privileges on the host as any other process launched by
the calling user (default).

• keep-id: creates a user namespace where the current rootless user's UID:GID are
mapped to the same values in the container. This option is not allowed for
containers created by the root user.

• nomap: creates a user namespace where the current rootless user's UID:GID are not
mapped into the container. This option is not allowed for containers created by
the root user.

--uts=mode
Set the UTS namespace mode for the pod. The following values are supported:

• host: use the host's UTS namespace inside the pod.

• private: create a new namespace for the pod (default).

• ns:[path]: run the pod in the given existing UTS namespace.

--volume, -v=[[SOURCE-VOLUME|HOST-DIR:]CONTAINER-DIR[:OPTIONS]]
Create a bind mount. If -v /HOST-DIR:/CONTAINER-DIR is specified, Podman bind mounts
/HOST-DIR from the host into /CONTAINER-DIR in the Podman container. Similarly, -v SOURCE-
VOLUME:/CONTAINER-DIR mounts the named volume from the host into the container. If no such
named volume exists, Podman creates one. If no source is given, the volume is created as
an anonymously named volume with a randomly generated name, and is removed when the pod is
removed via the --rm flag or the podman rm --volumes command.

(Note when using the remote client, including Mac and Windows (excluding WSL2) machines,
the volumes are mounted from the remote server, not necessarily the client machine.)

The OPTIONS is a comma-separated list and can be one or more of:

• rw|ro

• z|Z

• [O]

• [U]

• [no]copy

• [no]dev

• [no]exec

• [no]suid

• [r]bind

• [r]shared|[r]slave|[r]private[r]unbindable [1] ⟨#Footnote1⟩

• idmap[=options]

The CONTAINER-DIR must be an absolute path such as /src/docs. The volume is mounted into
the container at this directory.

If a volume source is specified, it must be a path on the host or the name of a named
volume. Host paths are allowed to be absolute or relative; relative paths are resolved
relative to the directory Podman is run in. If the source does not exist, Podman returns
an error. Users must pre-create the source files or directories.

Any source that does not begin with a . or / is treated as the name of a named volume. If
a volume with that name does not exist, it is created. Volumes created with names are not
anonymous, and they are not removed by the --rm option and the podman rm --volumes
command.

Specify multiple -v options to mount one or more volumes into a pod.

Write Protected Volume Mounts

Add :ro or :rw option to mount a volume in read-only or read-write mode, respectively. By
default, the volumes are mounted read-write. See examples.

Chowning Volume Mounts

By default, Podman does not change the owner and group of source volume directories
mounted into containers. If a pod is created in a new user namespace, the UID and GID in
the container may correspond to another UID and GID on the host.

The :U suffix tells Podman to use the correct host UID and GID based on the UID and GID
within the pod, to change recursively the owner and group of the source volume. Chowning
walks the file system under the volume and changes the UID/GID on each file. If the volume
has thousands of inodes, this process takes a long time, delaying the start of the pod.

Warning use with caution since this modifies the host filesystem.

Labeling Volume Mounts

Labeling systems like SELinux require that proper labels are placed on volume content
mounted into a pod. Without a label, the security system might prevent the processes
running inside the pod from using the content. By default, Podman does not change the
labels set by the OS.

To change a label in the pod context, add either of two suffixes :z or :Z to the volume
mount. These suffixes tell Podman to relabel file objects on the shared volumes. The z
option tells Podman that two or more pods share the volume content. As a result, Podman
labels the content with a shared content label. Shared volume labels allow all containers
to read/write content. The Z option tells Podman to label the content with a private
unshared label Only the current pod can use a private volume. Relabeling walks the file
system under the volume and changes the label on each file, if the volume has thousands of
inodes, this process takes a long time, delaying the start of the pod. If the volume was
previously relabeled with the z option, Podman is optimized to not relabel a second time.
If files are moved into the volume, then the labels can be manually change with the chcon
-Rt container_file_t PATH command.

Note: Do not relabel system files and directories. Relabeling system content might cause
other confined services on the machine to fail. For these types of containers we
recommend disabling SELinux separation. The option --security-opt label=disable disables
SELinux separation for the pod. For example if a user wanted to volume mount their entire
home directory into a pod, they need to disable SELinux separation.

$ podman pod create --security-opt label=disable -v $HOME:/home/user fedora touch /home/user/file

Overlay Volume Mounts

The :O flag tells Podman to mount the directory from the host as a temporary storage using
the overlay file system. The pod processes can modify content within the mountpoint which
is stored in the container storage in a separate directory. In overlay terms, the source
directory is the lower, and the container storage directory is the upper. Modifications to
the mount point are destroyed when the pod finishes executing, similar to a tmpfs mount
point being unmounted.

For advanced users, the overlay option also supports custom non-volatile upperdir and
workdir for the overlay mount. Custom upperdir and workdir can be fully managed by the
users themselves, and Podman does not remove it on lifecycle completion. Example
:O,upperdir=/some/upper,workdir=/some/work

Subsequent executions of the container sees the original source directory content, any
changes from previous pod executions no longer exist.

One use case of the overlay mount is sharing the package cache from the host into the
container to allow speeding up builds.

Note: The O flag conflicts with other options listed above.

Content mounted into the container is labeled with the private label. On SELinux systems,
labels in the source directory must be readable by the pod infra container label. Usually
containers can read/execute container_share_t and can read/write container_file_t. If
unable to change the labels on a source volume, SELinux container separation must be
disabled for the pod or infra container to work.

Do not modify the source directory mounted into the pod with an overlay mount, it can
cause unexpected failures. Only modify the directory after the container finishes running.

Mounts propagation

By default, bind-mounted volumes are private. That means any mounts done inside the pod
are not visible on the host and vice versa. One can change this behavior by specifying a
volume mount propagation property. When a volume is shared, mounts done under that volume
inside the pod are visible on host and vice versa. Making a volume slave[1] ⟨#Footnote1⟩
enables only one-way mount propagation: mounts done on the host under that volume are
visible inside the container but not the other way around.

To control mount propagation property of a volume one can use the [r]shared, [r]slave,
[r]private or the [r]unbindable propagation flag. Propagation property can be specified
only for bind mounted volumes and not for internal volumes or named volumes. For mount
propagation to work the source mount point (the mount point where source dir is mounted
on) has to have the right propagation properties. For shared volumes, the source mount
point has to be shared. And for slave volumes, the source mount point has to be either
shared or slave. [1] ⟨#Footnote1⟩

To recursively mount a volume and all of its submounts into a pod, use the rbind option.
By default the bind option is used, and submounts of the source directory is not mounted
into the pod.

Mounting the volume with a copy option tells podman to copy content from the underlying
destination directory onto newly created internal volumes. The copy only happens on the
initial creation of the volume. Content is not copied up when the volume is subsequently
used on different containers. The copy option is ignored on bind mounts and has no effect.

Mounting volumes with the nosuid options means that SUID executables on the volume can not
be used by applications to change their privilege. By default volumes are mounted with
nosuid.

Mounting the volume with the noexec option means that no executables on the volume can be
executed within the pod.

Mounting the volume with the nodev option means that no devices on the volume can be used
by processes within the pod. By default volumes are mounted with nodev.

If the HOST-DIR is a mount point, then dev, suid, and exec options are ignored by the
kernel.

Use df HOST-DIR to figure out the source mount, then use findmnt -o TARGET,PROPAGATION
source-mount-dir to figure out propagation properties of source mount. If findmnt(1)
utility is not available, then one can look at the mount entry for the source mount point
in /proc/self/mountinfo. Look at the "optional fields" and see if any propagation
properties are specified. In there, shared:N means the mount is shared, master:N means
mount is slave, and if nothing is there, the mount is private. [1] ⟨#Footnote1⟩

To change propagation properties of a mount point, use mount(8) command. For example, if
one wants to bind mount source directory /foo, one can do mount --bind /foo /foo and mount
--make-private --make-shared /foo. This converts /foo into a shared mount point.
Alternatively, one can directly change propagation properties of source mount. Say / is
source mount for /foo, then use mount --make-shared / to convert / into a shared mount.

Note: if the user only has access rights via a group, accessing the volume from inside a
rootless pod fails.

Idmapped mount

If idmap is specified, create an idmapped mount to the target user namespace in the
container. The idmap option supports a custom mapping that can be different than the user
namespace used by the container. The mapping can be specified after the idmap option like:
idmap=uids=0-1-10#10-11-10;gids=0-100-10. For each triplet, the first value is the start
of the backing file system IDs that are mapped to the second value on the host. The
length of this mapping is given in the third value. Multiple ranges are separated with #.

--volumes-from=CONTAINER[:OPTIONS]
Mount volumes from the specified container(s). Used to share volumes between containers
and pods. The options is a comma-separated list with the following available elements:

• rw|ro

• z

Mounts already mounted volumes from a source container onto another pod. CONTAINER may be
a name or ID. To share a volume, use the --volumes-from option when running the target
container. Volumes can be shared even if the source container is not running.

By default, Podman mounts the volumes in the same mode (read-write or read-only) as it is
mounted in the source container. This can be changed by adding a ro or rw option.

Labeling systems like SELinux require that proper labels are placed on volume content
mounted into a pod. Without a label, the security system might prevent the processes
running inside the container from using the content. By default, Podman does not change
the labels set by the OS.

To change a label in the pod context, add z to the volume mount. This suffix tells Podman
to relabel file objects on the shared volumes. The z option tells Podman that two entities
share the volume content. As a result, Podman labels the content with a shared content
label. Shared volume labels allow all containers to read/write content.

If the location of the volume from the source container overlaps with data residing on a
target pod, then the volume hides that data on the target.

EXAMPLES

       Create a named pod.

       $ podman pod create --name test

       Create a named pod.

       $ podman pod create mypod

       Create a pod without an infra container.

       $ podman pod create --infra=false

       Create a named pod with infra container command to run.

       $ podman pod create --infra-command /top toppod

       Create a pod with published ports on the host.

       $ podman pod create --publish 8443:443

       Create a pod with the specified network configuration.

       $ podman pod create --network slirp4netns:outbound_addr=127.0.0.1,allow_host_loopback=true

       Create a pod with the specified network.

       $ podman pod create --network pasta

       Create a pod on two networks.

       $ podman pod create --network net1:ip=10.89.1.5 --network net2:ip=10.89.10.10

HISTORY

       July 2018, Originally compiled by Peter Hunt pehunt@redhat.com ⟨mailto:pehunt@redhat.com⟩

FOOTNOTES

       1: The Podman project is committed to inclusivity, a core value of open source. The master
       and  slave  mount propagation terminology used here is problematic and divisive, and needs
       to be changed. However, these terms are currently used within the Linux kernel and must be
       used  as-is  at  this  time.  When  the kernel maintainers rectify this usage, Podman will
       follow suit immediately.

                                                                             podman-pod-create(1)

NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

OPTIONS

EXAMPLES

SEE ALSO

HISTORY

FOOTNOTES