Provided by: grass-doc_8.4.0-1_all 
NAME
v.dissolve - Dissolves adjacent or overlapping features sharing a common category number
or attribute.
KEYWORDS
vector, dissolve, area, line
SYNOPSIS
v.dissolve
v.dissolve --help
v.dissolve input=name [layer=string] [column=name] output=name
[aggregate_columns=name[,name,...]] [aggregate_methods=string[,string,...]]
[result_columns=name[,name,...]] [aggregate_backend=string] [--overwrite] [--help]
[--verbose] [--quiet] [--ui]
Flags:
--overwrite
Allow output files to overwrite existing files
--help
Print usage summary
--verbose
Verbose module output
--quiet
Quiet module output
--ui
Force launching GUI dialog
Parameters:
input=name [required]
Name of input vector map
Or data source for direct OGR access
layer=string
Layer number or name.
Vector features can have category values in different layers. This number determines
which layer to use. When used with direct OGR access this is the layer name.
Default: 1
column=name
Name of attribute column used to dissolve features
output=name [required]
Name for output vector map
aggregate_columns=name[,name,...]
Names of attribute columns to get aggregate statistics for
One column name or SQL expression per method if result columns are specified
aggregate_methods=string[,string,...]
Aggregate statistics method (e.g., sum)
Default is all available basic statistics for a given backend (for sql backend: avg,
count, max, min, sum)
result_columns=name[,name,...]
New attribute column names for aggregate statistics results
Defaults to aggregate column name and statistics name and can contain type
aggregate_backend=string
Backend for attribute aggregation
Default is sql unless the provided aggregate methods are for univar
Options: sql, univar
sql: Uses SQL attribute database
univar: Uses v.db.univar
DESCRIPTION
The v.dissolve module is used to merge adjacent or overlapping features in a vector map
that share the same category value. The resulting merged feature(s) retain this category
value.
Figure: Areas with the same attribute value (first image) are merged into one (second
image).
Instead of dissolving features based on the category values, the user can define an
integer or string column using the column parameter. In that case, features that share the
same value in that column are dissolved. Note, the newly created layer does not retain the
category (cat) values from the input layer.
Note that multiple areas with the same category or the same attribute value that are not
adjacent are merged into one entity, which consists of multiple features, i.e., a
multipart feature.
Attribute aggregation
The attributes of merged areas can be aggregated using various aggregation methods. The
specific methods available depend on the backend used for aggregation. Two aggregate
backends (specified with the aggregate_backend parameter) are available, univar and sql.
The backend is determined automatically based on the requested methods. When the function
is one of the SQL build-in aggregate functions, the sql backend is used. Otherwise, the
univar backend is used.
The default behavior is intended for interactive use and testing. For scripting and other
automated usage, explicitly specifying the backend with the aggregate_backend parameter is
strongly recommended. When choosing, note that the sql aggregate backend, regardless of
the underlying database, will typically perform significantly better than the univar
backend.
Aggregation using univar backend
When univar is used, the methods available are the ones which v.db.univar uses by default,
i.e., n, min, max, range, mean, mean_abs, variance, stddev, coef_var, and sum.
Aggregation using sql backend
When the sql backend is used, the methods depend on the SQL database backend used for the
attribute table of the input vector. For SQLite, there are at least the following built-in
aggregate functions: count, min, max, avg, sum, and total. For PostgreSQL, the list of
aggregate functions is much longer and includes, e.g., count, min, max, avg, sum, stddev,
and variance.
Defining the aggregation method
If only the parameter aggregate_columns is provided, all the following aggregation
statistics are calculated: n, min, max, mean, and sum. If the univar backend is specified,
all the available methods for the univar backend are used.
The aggregate_methods parameter can be used to specify which aggregation statistics should
be computed. Alternatively, the parameter aggregate_columns can be used to specify the
method using SQL syntax. This provides the highest flexibility, and it is suitable for
scripting. The SQL statement should specify both the column and the functions applied,
e.g.,
aggregate_columns="sum(cows) / sum(animals)".
Note that when the aggregate_columns parameter is used, the sql backend should be used. In
addition, the aggregate_columns and aggregate_methods cannot be used together.
For convenience, certain methods, namely n, count, mean, and avg, are automatically
converted to the appropriate name for the selected backend. However, for scripting, it is
recommended to specify the appropriate method (function) name for the backend, as the
conversion is a heuristic that may change in the future.
If the result_columns is not provided, each method is applied to each column specified by
aggregate_columns. This results in a column for each of the combinations. These result
columns have auto-generated names based on the aggregate column and method. For example,
setting the following parameters:
aggregate_columns=A,B
aggregate_methods=sum,n
results in the following columns: A_sum, A_n, B_sum, B_n. See the Examples section.
If the result_column is provided, each method is applied only once to the matching column
in the aggregate column list, and the result will be available under the name of the
matching result column. For example, setting the following parameter:
aggregate_columns=A,B
aggregate_methods=sum,max
result_column=sum_a, n_b
results in the column sum_a with the sum of the values of A and the column n_b with the
max of B. Note that the number of items in aggregate_columns, aggregate_methods (unless
omitted), and result_column needs to match, and no combinations are created on the fly.
See the Examples section.
For scripting, it is recommended to specify all resulting column names, while for
interactive use, automatically created combinations are expected to be beneficial,
especially for exploratory analysis.
The type of the result column is determined based on the method selected. For n and count,
the type is INTEGER and for all other methods, it is DOUBLE. Aggregate methods that
produce other types require the type to be specified as part of the result_columns. A type
can be provided in result_columns using the SQL syntax name type, e.g., sum_of_values
double precision. Type specification is mandatory when SQL syntax is used in
aggregate_columns (and aggregate_methods is omitted).
NOTES
GRASS defines a vector area as a composite entity consisting of a set of closed boundaries
and a centroid. The centroids must contain a category number (see v.centroids), this
number is linked to area attributes and database links.
Multiple attributes may be linked to a single vector entity through numbered fields
referred to as layers. Refer to v.category for more details.
Merging of areas can also be accomplished using v.extract -d which provides some
additional options. In fact, v.dissolve is simply a front-end to that module. The use of
the column parameter adds a call to v.reclass before.
EXAMPLES
Basic use
v.dissolve input=undissolved output=dissolved
Dissolving based on column attributes
North Carolina data set:
g.copy vect=soils_general,mysoils_general
v.dissolve mysoils_general output=mysoils_general_families column=GSL_NAME
Dissolving adjacent SHAPE files to remove tile boundaries
If tile boundaries of adjacent maps (e.g. CORINE Landcover SHAPE files) have to be
removed, an extra step is required to remove duplicated boundaries:
# patch tiles after import:
v.patch -e `g.list type=vector pat="clc2000_*" separator=","` out=clc2000_patched
# remove duplicated tile boundaries:
v.clean clc2000_patched out=clc2000_clean tool=snap,break,rmdupl thresh=.01
# dissolve based on column attributes:
v.dissolve input=clc2000_clean output=clc2000_final col=CODE_00
Attribute aggregation
While dissolving, we can aggregate attribute values of the original features. Let’s
aggregate area in acres (ACRES) of all municipal boundaries (boundary_municp) in the full
NC dataset while dissolving common boundaries based on the name in the DOTURBAN_N column
(long lines are split with backslash marking continued line as in Bash):
v.dissolve input=boundary_municp column=DOTURBAN_N output=municipalities \
aggregate_columns=ACRES
To inspect the result, we will use v.db.select retrieving only one row for DOTURBAN_N ==
’Wadesboro’:
v.db.select municipalities where="DOTURBAN_N == ’Wadesboro’" separator=tab
The resulting table may look like this:
cat DOTURBAN_N ACRES_n ACRES_min ACRES_max ACRES_mean ACRES_sum
66 Wadesboro 2 634.987 3935.325 2285.156 4570.312
The above created multiple columns for each of the statistics computed by default. We can
limit the number of statistics computed by specifying the method which should be used:
v.dissolve input=boundary_municp column=DOTURBAN_N output=municipalities_2 \
aggregate_columns=ACRES aggregate_methods=sum
The above gives a single column with the sum for all values in the ACRES column for each
group of original features which had the same value in the DOTURBAN_N column and are now
dissolved (merged) into one.
Aggregating multiple attributes
Expanding on the previous example, we can compute values for multiple columns at once by
adding more columns to the aggregate_columns option. We will compute average of values in
the NEW_PERC_G column:
v.dissolve input=boundary_municp column=DOTURBAN_N output=municipalities_3 \
aggregate_columns=ACRES,NEW_PERC_G aggregate_methods=sum,avg
By default, all methods specified in the aggregate_methods are applied to all columns, so
result of the above is four columns. While this is convenient for getting multiple
statistics for similar columns (e.g. averages and standard deviations of multiple
population statistics columns), in our case, each column is different and each aggregate
method should be applied only to its corresponding column.
The v.dissolve module will apply each aggregate method only to the corresponding column
when column names for the results are specified manually with the result_columns option:
v.dissolve input=boundary_municp column=DOTURBAN_N output=municipalities_4 \
aggregate_columns=ACRES,NEW_PERC_G aggregate_methods=sum,avg \
result_columns=acres,new_perc_g
Now we have full control over what columns are created, but we also need to specify an
aggregate method for each column even when the aggregate methods are the same:
v.dissolve input=boundary_municp column=DOTURBAN_N output=municipalities_5 \
aggregate_columns=ACRES,DOTURBAN_N,TEXT_NAME aggregate_methods=sum,count,count \
result_columns=acres,number_of_parts,named_parts
While it is often not necessary to specify aggregate methods or names for interactive
exploratory analysis, specifying both aggregate_methods and result_columns manually is a
best practice for scripting (unless SQL syntax is used for aggregate_columns, see below).
Aggregating using SQL syntax
The aggregation can be done also using the full SQL syntax and set of aggregate functions
available for a given attribute database backend. Here, we will assume the default SQLite
database backend for attribute.
Modifying the previous example, we will now specify the SQL aggregate function calls
explicitly instead of letting v.dissolve generate them for us. We will compute sum of the
ACRES column using sum(ACRES) (alternatively, we could use SQLite specific total(ACRES)
which returns zero even when all values are NULL). Further, we will count number of
aggregated (i.e., dissolved) parts using count(*) which counts all rows regardless of NULL
values. Then, we will count all unique names of parts as distinguished by the MB_NAME
column using count(distinct MB_NAME). Finally, we will collect all these names into a
comma-separated list using group_concat(MB_NAME):
v.dissolve input=boundary_municp column=DOTURBAN_N output=municipalities_6 \
aggregate_columns="total(ACRES),count(*),count(distinct MB_NAME),group_concat(MB_NAME)" \
result_columns="acres REAL,named_parts INTEGER,unique_names INTEGER,names TEXT"
Here, v.dissolve doesn’t make any assumptions about the resulting column types, so we
specified both named and the type of each column.
When working with general SQL syntax, v.dissolve turns off its checks for number of
aggregate and result columns to allow for all SQL syntax to be used for aggregate columns.
This allows us to use also functions with multiple parameters, for example specify
separator to be used with group_concat:
v.dissolve input=boundary_municp column=DOTURBAN_N output=municipalities_7 \
aggregate_columns="group_concat(MB_NAME, ’;’)" \
result_columns="names TEXT"
To inspect the result, we will use v.db.select retrieving only one row for DOTURBAN_N ==
’Wadesboro’:
v.db.select municipalities_7 where="DOTURBAN_N == ’Wadesboro’" separator=tab
The resulting table may look like this:
cat DOTURBAN_N names
66 Wadesboro Wadesboro;Lilesville
SEE ALSO
v.category, v.centroids, v.extract, v.reclass, v.db.univar, v.db.select
AUTHORS
M. Hamish Bowman, Department of Marine Science, Otago University, New Zealand (module)
Markus Neteler (column support)
Trevor Wiens (help page)
Vaclav Petras, NC State University, Center for Geospatial Analytics, GeoForAll Lab
(aggregate statistics)
SOURCE CODE
Available at: v.dissolve source code (history)
Accessed: Thursday Aug 01 11:31:53 2024
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