Provided by: libxpa-dev_2.1.20-3_amd64 
NAME
XPARace - Race Conditions
SYNOPSIS
Potential XPA race conditions and how to avoid them.
DESCRIPTION
Currently, there is only one known circumstance in which XPA can get (temporarily) deadlocked in a race
condition: if two or more XPA servers send messages to one another using an XPA client routine such as
XPASet(), they can deadlock while each waits for the other server to respond. (This can happen if the
servers call XPAPoll() with a time limit, and send messages in between the polling call.) The reason
this happens is that both client routines send a string to the other server to establish the handshake
and then wait for the server response. Since each client is waiting for a response, neither is able to
enter its event-handling loop and respond to the other's request. This deadlock will continue until one
of the timeout periods expire, at which point an error condition will be triggered and the timed-out
server will return to its event loop.
Starting with version 2.1.6, this rare race condition can be avoided by setting the XPA_IOCALLSXPA
environment variable for servers that will make client calls. Setting this variable causes all XPA socket
IO calls to process outstanding XPA requests whenever the primary socket is not ready for IO. This means
that a server making a client call will (recursively) process incoming server requests while waiting for
client completion. It also means that a server callback routine can handle incoming XPA messages if it
makes its own XPA call. The semi-public routine oldvalue=XPAIOCallsXPA(newvalue) can be used to turn
this behavior off and on temporarily. Passing a 0 will turn off IO processing, 1 will turn it back on.
The old value is returned by the call.
By default, the XPA_IOCALLSXPA option is turned off, because we judge that the added code complication
and overhead involved will not be justified by the amount of its use. Moreover, processing XPA requests
within socket IO can lead to non-intuitive results, since incoming server requests will not necessarily
be processed to completion in the order in which they are received.
Aside from setting XPA_IOCALLSXPA, the simplest way to avoid this race condition is to multi-process:
when you want to send a client message, simply start a separate process to call the client routine, so
that the server is not stopped. It probably is fastest and easiest to use fork() and then have the child
call the client routine and exit. But you also can use either the system() or popen() routine to start
one of the command line programs and do the same thing. Alternatively, you can use XPA's internal
launch() routine instead of system(). Based on fork() and exec(), this routine is more secure than
system() because it does not call /bin/sh.
Starting with version 2.1.5, you also can send an XPAInfo() message with the mode string "ack=false".
This will cause the client to send a message to the server and then exit without waiting for any return
message from the server. This UDP-like behavior will avoid the server deadlock when sending short XPAInfo
messages.
SEE ALSO
See xpa(n) for a list of XPA help pages