Ubuntu Manpage: ipv6 - Linux IPv6 protocol implementation

NAME

       ipv6 - Linux IPv6 protocol implementation

SYNOPSIS

       #include <sys/socket.h>
       #include <netinet/in.h>

       tcp6_socket = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
       raw6_socket = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_RAW, protocol);
       udp6_socket = socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, protocol);

DESCRIPTION

Linux 2.2 optionally implements the Internet Protocol, version 6. This man page contains
a description of the IPv6 basic API as implemented by the Linux kernel and glibc 2.1. The
interface is based on the BSD sockets interface; see socket(7).

The IPv6 API aims to be mostly compatible with the IPv4 API (see ip(7)). Only differences
are described in this man page.

To bind an AF_INET6 socket to any process, the local address should be copied from the
in6addr_any variable which has in6_addr type. In static initializations, IN6ADDR_ANY_INIT
may also be used, which expands to a constant expression. Both of them are in network
byte order.

The IPv6 loopback address (::1) is available in the global in6addr_loopback variable. For
initializations, IN6ADDR_LOOPBACK_INIT should be used.

IPv4 connections can be handled with the v6 API by using the v4-mapped-on-v6 address type;
thus a program needs to support only this API type to support both protocols. This is
handled transparently by the address handling functions in the C library.

IPv4 and IPv6 share the local port space. When you get an IPv4 connection or packet to an
IPv6 socket, its source address will be mapped to v6.

Address format
struct sockaddr_in6 {
sa_family_t sin6_family; /* AF_INET6 */
in_port_t sin6_port; /* port number */
uint32_t sin6_flowinfo; /* IPv6 flow information */
struct in6_addr sin6_addr; /* IPv6 address */
uint32_t sin6_scope_id; /* Scope ID (new in Linux 2.4) */
};

struct in6_addr {
unsigned char s6_addr[16]; /* IPv6 address */
};

sin6_family is always set to AF_INET6; sin6_port is the protocol port (see sin_port in
ip(7)); sin6_flowinfo is the IPv6 flow identifier; sin6_addr is the 128-bit IPv6 address.
sin6_scope_id is an ID depending on the scope of the address. It is new in Linux 2.4.
Linux supports it only for link-local addresses, in that case sin6_scope_id contains the
interface index (see netdevice(7))

IPv6 supports several address types: unicast to address a single host, multicast to
address a group of hosts, anycast to address the nearest member of a group of hosts (not
implemented in Linux), IPv4-on-IPv6 to address an IPv4 host, and other reserved address
types.

The address notation for IPv6 is a group of 8 4-digit hexadecimal numbers, separated with
a ':'. "::" stands for a string of 0 bits. Special addresses are ::1 for loopback and
::FFFF:<IPv4 address> for IPv4-mapped-on-IPv6.

The port space of IPv6 is shared with IPv4.

Socket options
IPv6 supports some protocol-specific socket options that can be set with setsockopt(2) and
read with getsockopt(2). The socket option level for IPv6 is IPPROTO_IPV6. A boolean
integer flag is zero when it is false, otherwise true.

IPV6_ADDRFORM
Turn an AF_INET6 socket into a socket of a different address family. Only AF_INET
is currently supported for that. It is allowed only for IPv6 sockets that are
connected and bound to a v4-mapped-on-v6 address. The argument is a pointer to an
integer containing AF_INET. This is useful to pass v4-mapped sockets as file
descriptors to programs that don't know how to deal with the IPv6 API.

IPV6_ADD_MEMBERSHIP, IPV6_DROP_MEMBERSHIP
Control membership in multicast groups. Argument is a pointer to a struct
ipv6_mreq.

IPV6_MTU
getsockopt(): Retrieve the current known path MTU of the current socket. Valid
only when the socket has been connected. Returns an integer.

setsockopt(): Set the MTU to be used for the socket. The MTU is limited by the
device MTU or the path MTU when path MTU discovery is enabled. Argument is a
pointer to integer.

IPV6_MTU_DISCOVER
Control path-MTU discovery on the socket. See IP_MTU_DISCOVER in ip(7) for
details.

IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS
Set the multicast hop limit for the socket. Argument is a pointer to an integer.
-1 in the value means use the route default, otherwise it should be between 0 and
255.

IPV6_MULTICAST_IF
Set the device for outgoing multicast packets on the socket. This is allowed only
for SOCK_DGRAM and SOCK_RAW socket. The argument is a pointer to an interface
index (see netdevice(7)) in an integer.

IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP
Control whether the socket sees multicast packets that it has send itself.
Argument is a pointer to boolean.

IPV6_RECVPKTINFO (since Linux 2.6.14)
Set delivery of the IPV6_PKTINFO control message on incoming datagrams. Such
control messages contain a struct in6_pktinfo, as per RFC 3542. Allowed only for
SOCK_DGRAM or SOCK_RAW sockets. Argument is a pointer to a boolean value in an
integer.

IPV6_RTHDR, IPV6_AUTHHDR, IPV6_DSTOPTS, IPV6_HOPOPTS, IPV6_FLOWINFO, IPV6_HOPLIMIT
Set delivery of control messages for incoming datagrams containing extension
headers from the received packet. IPV6_RTHDR delivers the routing header,
IPV6_AUTHHDR delivers the authentication header, IPV6_DSTOPTS delivers the
destination options, IPV6_HOPOPTS delivers the hop options, IPV6_FLOWINFO delivers
an integer containing the flow ID, IPV6_HOPLIMIT delivers an integer containing the
hop count of the packet. The control messages have the same type as the socket
option. All these header options can also be set for outgoing packets by putting
the appropriate control message into the control buffer of sendmsg(2). Allowed
only for SOCK_DGRAM or SOCK_RAW sockets. Argument is a pointer to a boolean value.

IPV6_RECVERR
Control receiving of asynchronous error options. See IP_RECVERR in ip(7) for
details. Argument is a pointer to boolean.

IPV6_ROUTER_ALERT
Pass forwarded packets containing a router alert hop-by-hop option to this socket.
Allowed only for SOCK_RAW sockets. The tapped packets are not forwarded by the
kernel, it is the user's responsibility to send them out again. Argument is a
pointer to an integer. A positive integer indicates a router alert option value to
intercept. Packets carrying a router alert option with a value field containing
this integer will be delivered to the socket. A negative integer disables delivery
of packets with router alert options to this socket.

IPV6_UNICAST_HOPS
Set the unicast hop limit for the socket. Argument is a pointer to an integer. -1
in the value means use the route default, otherwise it should be between 0 and 255.

IPV6_V6ONLY (since Linux 2.4.21 and 2.6)
If this flag is set to true (nonzero), then the socket is restricted to sending and
receiving IPv6 packets only. In this case, an IPv4 and an IPv6 application can
bind to a single port at the same time.

If this flag is set to false (zero), then the socket can be used to send and
receive packets to and from an IPv6 address or an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address.

The argument is a pointer to a boolean value in an integer.

The default value for this flag is defined by the contents of the file
/proc/sys/net/ipv6/bindv6only. The default value for that file is 0 (false).

ERRORS

       ENODEV The  user  tried  to bind(2) to a link-local IPv6 address, but the sin6_scope_id in
              the supplied sockaddr_in6 structure is not a valid interface index.

VERSIONS

       Linux 2.4 will break binary  compatibility  for  the  sockaddr_in6  for  64-bit  hosts  by
       changing  the  alignment  of  in6_addr  and adding an additional sin6_scope_id field.  The
       kernel interfaces stay compatible, but a program including sockaddr_in6 or  in6_addr  into
       other structures may not be.  This is not a problem for 32-bit hosts like i386.

       The  sin6_flowinfo  field  is  new  in  Linux 2.4.  It is transparently passed/read by the
       kernel when the passed address length contains it.   Some  programs  that  pass  a  longer
       address buffer and then check the outgoing address length may break.

NOTES

       The sockaddr_in6 structure is bigger than the generic sockaddr.  Programs that assume that
       all address types can be stored safely in a struct sockaddr need  to  be  changed  to  use
       struct sockaddr_storage for that instead.

       SOL_IP,  SOL_IPV6,  SOL_ICMPV6, and other SOL_* socket options are nonportable variants of
       IPPROTO_*.  See also ip(7).

BUGS

       The IPv6 extended API as in RFC 2292 is currently only partly  implemented;  although  the
       2.2 kernel has near complete support for receiving options, the macros for generating IPv6
       options are missing in glibc 2.1.

       IPSec support for EH and AH headers is missing.

       Flow label management is not complete and not documented here.

       This man page is not complete.